Born, 1820; educated at private schools in King's Lynn; apprenticed to a painter of heraldic arms on coach panels; began sketching marine subjects; sailed for Cape Town, where he practised his trade, 1842-1845; became a marine and portrait painter, 1845; official war artist to the British forces during the Cape Frontier War, 1851-1852; returned to England and worked for the Royal Geographical Society, 1853; joined Augustus Gregory's expedition to north-west Australia, 1855; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1857-1875; storekeeper and artist to David Livingstone's expedition to open up the Zambezi for trade, 1857; joined James Chapman on an expedition from the south-west coast of Africa to the Victoria Falls, 1861; returned to England to write and lecture before going back to southern Africa to lead an expedition which successfully secured concessions for a gold mining company; testimonial gold watch by the Royal Geographical Society, 1873; continued to travel in southern Africa, surveying, drawing, and painting; died, 1875.
Henry Carey Baird was born in Bridesburg, Pennsylvania in 1825. He became a partner in the Philadelphia publishing house of Carey and Hart in 1845, but left in 1849 to establish his own firm, H C Baird and Co. Baird also wrote on economics. The economist and publisher Henry Charles Carey was his uncle.
Born, 8 January 1803; educated at the high school, Edinburgh, and studied medicine at Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris; surgeon with the East India Company, 1823; visited India and China five times, availing himself of every possibility to pursue his interest in natural history; returned to Britain, 1829; helped to establish the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club; private medical practice; appointment in the zoological department of the British Museum, 1841; FRS, 1867; died, 1872.
Publications: Cyclopaedia of the Natural Sciences (1858)
This company was registered in 1911 to acquire Bajoe Kidoel, Anim Sand and Trebla Sala estates in Besoeki residency in Java. Its leaseholds and other assets in Java were vested in: N.V. Rubber Cultuur Mij Bajoe Kidoel (from 1960 known as P.T. Perusahaan Perkebunan Bajoe Kidoel), N.V. Bajoe Kidoel Mij and N.V. Celebes Landbouw Mij (from 1960 known as P.T. Perusahaan Perkebunan Sulawesi).
In 1933 it acquired Macassar Plantations Limited. Bajoe Kidoel Rubber and Produce Company Limited was acquired by London Sumatra Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-110) in 1961, and in 1982 it became a private company.
Arnold Adrian Baké was born in Hilversum in the Netherlands on 19 May 1899. He was educated at the Haarlem Gymnasium and entered the University of Leiden in 1918, where he studied languages including Javanese, Malay, Arabic and Sanskrit. His hope was to enter government service in the Netherland Indies. Economic pressures on the government meant that this was not possible and instead, Baké considered becoming a professional singer. In 1923 he went to the University of Utrecht to work on Sanskrit treatises on the theory of music. This research became the basis of his doctorate gained in 1930. He also met Rabindranath Tagore for the first time. In 1925 Baké married Cornelia Timmers and for the next four years they lived in Santiniketan where Baké continued his studies and came into contact with many Indian musicians and scholars, especially through Rabindranath Tagore.
In 1931 he went to India under the auspices of the Kern Institute at Leiden, during which time he began to record material including music from Nepal. He returned to Europe in 1934, and embarked on a lecture tour of the United States. In 1937 he became a Senior Research fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. During the War he remained in India working as Music Adviser to All-India Radio, returning to England in 1946. He became a lecturer at the School of Oriental and African Studies in Sanskrit and Indian Music in 1948 and was appointed Reader in Sanskrit in 1949. In this position he was not only responsible for encouraging research into Indian music but also into other non-European languages.
He was a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, the International Folk Music Council, the International Society for Folk Narrative Research and the Council of the Folk-Lore Society and an original member of the Committee for Ethnomusicology of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In 1958 he was involved in a street accident in Leiden, which led to recurring bouts of ill health. He died on 8 October 1963.
William Evans was born on 5 September 1860. He was attached to the Chinese Protectorate Service in 1882. He held numerous positions in Singapore and Penang before becoming Protector of Chinese, Straits Settlements in 1895. He held the position of Municipal Commissioner for Singapore for a number of stretches between 1895 and 1903. In 1911 he became Resident Councillor for Penang.
William Evans's son-in-law, Alan Custance Baker, was a member of the Malayan Civil Service from 1908-1940.
Born, c1923; volunteered for the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) at Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 1940; basic training at Guildford; posted to the Records Office at Winchester; moved to Bournemouth; the work included writing up secret war diaries; posted to London to study for six months at Regent Street Polytechnic, 1942; kept apart from the civilian students; taught in the electrical and radio workshops; sent to Gainsborough for the final stages of training, including learning how to search for signals which could be relayed to guns and to calibrate the information; posted to Charminster, working in the radio workshops and on the gun sites; posted to various workshops around England, eventually at Kippings Cross near Pembury, Kent; discharged, 1946; married P R Baker.
The Schools of Engineering at Regent Street Polytechnic were used between 1940 and 1945 for training technicians in various disciplines for the army, navy and air force. Departmental laboratories were used under a double-shift system, and several thousand personnel were trained over the period. Civilian day courses were maintained, but with a restricted number of students, and evening courses were discontinued until the end of the war.
Daniel Baker was a merchant based at Hatton Gardens. Hatton Gardens is named after the house built there by Sir Christopher Hatton in 1576, which had been demolished by 1720. The street was first known as Hatton Street, Hatton Gardens being the name for the area between Leather Lane, Saffron Hill, Holborn and Hatton Wall. Until the early 19th century it was a location for gentlemen's homes, with views over the fields towards Pentonville. Shops were permitted only on the lower side. The first jewellers were established there by 1836, and the street has subsequently become the centre of London diamond trade.
Edward Baker, mathematical instrument maker, was born in 1737. He was a freeman of the Merchant Taylor's Company.
Born, 1927; Royal Military College, Sandhurst; 10 Field Regt Royal Artillery, 1949-1951; 2 Regt Royal Horse Artillery, 1951-1953; Royal Armoured Corps Centre, 1953-1955; 4 Royal Tank Regiment, 1955-1957; HQ 10 Infantry Bde, 1957-1958; Staff College, Camberley, 1959; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, HQ 17 Gurkha Div, Overseas Commonwealth Land Forces, Malaya and Singapore, 1960-1962; Officer Commanding Parachute Sqdn, Royal Armoured Corps, 1962-1965; Instructor, Staff College, Camberley, 1965; General Staff Officer 1 and Assistant Secretary, Chiefs of Staff Committee, Ministry of Defence, 1966-1967; Commanding Officer 1 Royal Tank Regiment, UK and British Army of the Rhine, 1967-1969; Royal Tank Regiment, 1970-1971; Commander 7 Armoured Bde, British Army of the Rhine, 1972-1974; Royal College of Defence Studies, 1974; Staff, HQ UK Land Forces, 1975-1977; Assistant Chief of General Staff, 1978-1980; Colonel Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment, 1981-1986; died, 2005.
Jonathan Baker was probably a cobbler somewhere in Gloucestershire.
Born, 1821; educated, private school at Rottingdean; College School, Gloucester, 1833-1835; private tutor, 1838-1840; departed for Germany to finish his education, 1840; travelled to Mauritius to manage the family estate, 1845; relocated to Ceylon to establish a coffee plantation and an English colony at Nuwera Eliya, 1845-1854; while in Ceylon he established an impressive reputation as a big game hunter; traveled in eastern Europe; manager-general with the Danube and Black Sea Railway, 1859-1860; traveled in Asia Minor; expedition to discover the sources of the Nile River, 1861-1865; Royal Geographical Society's gold medal, 1865; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1865-1893; governor-general of the equatorial Nile basin, 1869-1873; returned to England, 1873; died, 1893.
Thomas Baker was Surgeon at St Thomas' Hospital, London.
Born 1913, Deolali, Bombay; educated at Portsmouth and Lancaster Grammar Schools; joined Royal Air Force 1921, serving in England, Egypt and Palestine; joined 90 Squadron, 1939; joined 107 Squadron, Jul 1940; joined 114 Squadron, Apr 1941; crashed and severely injured during raid against Schipol aerodrome, Amsterdam, 17 Apr 1942, hospitalised, Apr-Dec 1942; sent to Stalag Luft III, Sagan, Germany (now Zagan, Poland), Dec 1942; transferred to Stalag Luft XIIID, Nuremberg, Germany, Feb 1945, and Stalag VIIB, Moosburg, Mar 1945; liberated 29 Apr 1945; joined 210 Squadron; worked at Bomber Command and Royal Air Force Staff College; group navigation officer, Air Headquarters, Malta; administrator, Leeming airfield; retired, Jan 1958; died, Mar 2006.
The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway was constructed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited. The line opened in March 1906 running between Baker Street and Lambeth North, and was later extended to Elephant and Castle. The line was soon given the nickname 'Bakerloo', a contraction of Baker and Waterloo; which became so popular that the official name of the line was changed in 1906. By 1913 the line was extended to interchange with Marylebone, Paddington and Edgware Road stations.
Balch and Balch were estate agents in Kentish Town.
Robert Bald was born in Perthshire in 1776. He learnt colliery management and engineering under his father and Thomas Telford. He subsequently spent many years managing the collieries on the Earl of Mar's estate at Alloa, Clackmannanshire, and became Scotland's most highly regarded mining engineer. Bald was deeply concerned with improving both productivity and working conditions, particularly for women employed as coal 'bearers'.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Born at Otley, Yorkshire, of devout Methodist parents, 1864; educated at Otley Collegiate School; entered the Primitive Methodist ministry, 1887; minister at Barrowford, 1887-1888; Halifax, 1888-1889; sent by the Primitive Methodist Missionary Committee on a pioneering mission to northern Rhodesia, 1889-1902; his time in Africa affected his health and he returned to England, 1902; minister at Halifax, 1902-1903; Brighouse, 1903-1908; Nottingham, 1908-1911; Gainsborough, 1911-1916; Leeds, 1916-1919; Financial Secretary to the Missionary Department, 1919-1924; Kingston, 1924-1925; Secretary of the Chapel Aid Association, 1925-1936; supernumerary, 1936; married firstly Elizabeth Anne (née Smith) and secondly Harriet (née Wright); died, 1937. Publication: The Rev Henry Buckenham, pioneer missionary (Joseph Johnson, London [1920]).
Born in Gloucester, 1909; educated at the Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester, 1920-1928; graduated from St John's College Cambridge with a first class degree in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos (Part ll Biochemistry); began postgraduate research in the Biochemistry Department at Cambridge, receiving his PhD for 'Some comparative studies on phosphagen', 1934; principal research interest was comparative biochemistry; Fellow of St John's College Cambridge, 1936-1941; worked under Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins as Demonstrator in Biochemistry, 1936-1943; also worked for periods at marine biological stations in France and at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, in the 1930s; undertook a series of investigations of the pharmacology and physiology of Ascaris lumbricoides, 1940-1949; Lecturer in the Biochemistry Department at Cambridge, 1943-1950; Senior Fellow of the Lalor Foundation, USA, carrying out research into the phosphagen of the invertebrates at the Marine Biological Laboratories at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 1948; as Joint Honorary Secretary and member of the Congress and Executive Committees, active in the organisation of the First International Congress of Biochemistry, in Cambridge, 1949; Professor of Biochemistry at University College London (UCL), 1950-1969; his reputation as an educator was one of the principal reasons for his appointment; established the first undergraduate biochemistry course at the College and orientated the biochemistry department as a branch of biological rather than chemical science; awarded the Cortina Ulisse Prize for the Italian edition of Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry, 1952; after his move to UCL, his principal research interests were the comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism and water shortage effects on the ureotelic metabolism; carried out research on ureogenesis in elasmobranch fishes during a period as Visiting Professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, University of California, 1956-1957; author of several influential books on biochemistry; died, 1969. Publications include: An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry (1937); Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry (1947); The Nature of Biochemistry (1962).
Born in 1917; served in World War Two with RAF 177 Sqn; Wing Cdr, General Duties Branch, 1949.
James Baldwin (c 1791-1846) set himself up as a saddler and ironmonger at 59 Cannon Street in 1825. In 1829 he moved to 4 Martins Lane and went into partnership with John Hawkins Elliott (1803-1881), who continued to trade at the premises after Baldwin's death, until the firm was taken over by Chase and Fenner in 1870. Elliott served as a common councillor for Candlewick Ward for many years.
William Baldwyn, the son of a Bristol brewer also named William and his wife Joanna, was made free of the Merchant Taylors' Company on 26 November 1627. He had served an apprenticeship with Andrew Barker of Watling Street, and subsequently with Francis Buckley, a draper, and Richard Bunbury, a merchant tailor. The partnership with Tynte may not have lasted. Tynte leased a house and warehouse in Bishopsgate Street in 1631. Baldwin died in 1661. Tynte may have been the John Tynte who died in Chelvey, Somerset in 1671.
Balfour served as a Lieutenant on the Challenger expedition (1873-1875) and was Commander on HMS Penguin (1893-1896).
George Balfour was born in Portsmouth. He qualified as an electrical engineer and came to specialize in electric tramways and power plants. With the accountant Andrew Beatty, he founded the construction firm Balfour Beatty in 1909, and helped to pioneer the National Grid in the 1930s. Balfour also served as Unionist MP for Hampstead from 1918 until his death in 1941.
Born in 1912; educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, joined Royal Navy in 1925; served in China, 1930-1932 and South Africa, 1935-1937; commanded destroyers during World War Two on various stations; served in the Mediterranean, 1948; Far East, 1949-1950 and USA, 1951-1953; Capt (D), 2 Destroyer Flotilla, 1956-1958, Director of Officer Appointments, 1958-1959 and Senior Naval Member, Imperial Defence College, 1960-1963; retired in 1963.
Born, 1853; educated at Eton, Trinity College, Cambridge; member of Commission on Labour; Private Secretary to A J Balfour, 1885-1886; MP for Central Leeds, 1885-1906; Chief Secretary for Ireland, 1895-1900; President of Board of Trade, 1900-1905; President of Local Government Board, 1905-1906; member of the Governing Body, Imperial College, 1907-1914; Chairman, Commission on Lighthouse Administration, 1908; Chairman of Cambridge Committee, Commission on Oxford and Cambridge Universities; Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; died, 1945.
The author was Professor of Botany at Glasgow University in 1841, and at Edinburgh in 1845.
Born in Edinburgh in 1873, Balfour received his education at George Watson's college and at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MB CM in 1894. After graduation he joined his father in general practice but it soon became clear that he was inclined toward preventive rather than curative medicine. He went to Cambridge University in 1895, taking his Diploma in Public Health in 1897. He returned to Edinburgh University where he graduated MD with a thesis on the toxicity of dyestuffs and river pollution for which he was awarded the Gold Medal. He took the Edinburgh BSc in Public Health at Edinburgh University in 1900 before serving as a civil surgeon in the Transvaal in the second Boer War, 1900-1901. On his return he became interested in tropical medicine through his friendship with Sir Patrick Manson and took a course at the School. In 1902 he was appointed Director of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory at Khartoum and Medical Officer of Health to that city. He remained in Khartoum until 1913 and his work was published in four reports from the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories (1904-1911). On his return to England, he founded and directed the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research and organised what was to become the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science. He made an extensive tour of South America and the West Indies. He took on many different roles during world war one, at the outbreak he was in uniform in France, in 1915 he became a temporary Lt Col, Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1915-1916 he became a member of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, he was the President of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mesopotamia 1916-1917, Scientific Adviser to Inspecting Surgeon-General, British Expeditionary Force, East Africa, 1917 and President of the Egyptian Public Health Commission, 1918. He returned as Director in Chief of the Wellcome Bureau and became a member of the Colonial Advisory Medical and Sanitary Committee and Medical Research Committee. In 1921 he visited Mauritius to advise on sanitation and went to Bermuda in 1923 on a similar expedition. In 1923 he was appointed the first Director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In 1926 he revisited the Sudan at the invitation of the Government, presided at the opening of the State Institute in Warsaw and gave an address at the opening of the School of Hygiene in John Hopkins University in America. He was elected President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1925-1927, he became D.Sc and LL.D (Edinburgh) and LL.D of John Hopkins and Rochester Universities in USA and also a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and Edinburgh. In 1920 he received the Mary Kingsley Medal of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He was knighted in 1930. He died from a fall from a window of a nursing home in Kent on 1 January 1931. Selected publications include (medicine): Medicine, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (with C. J. Lewis, 1902); Memoranda on Medical Diseases in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas (1916); War Against Tropical Disease (1920); Reports to the Health Committee of the League of Nations on Tuberculosis and Sleeping Sickness in Equatorial Africa (1923); Health Problems of the Empire (with H. H. Scott, 1924); (novels/historical adventures): By Stroke of Sword (1897); To Arms (1898); Vengeance is Mine (1899); Cashiered and Other War Stories (1902); The Golden Kingdom (1903).
Born in Edinburgh in 1873, Balfour received his education at George Watson's College and at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MB CM in 1894. After graduation he joined his father in general practice but it soon became clear that he was inclined toward preventive rather than curative medicine. He went to Cambridge University in 1895, taking his Diploma in Public Health in 1897. He returned to Edinburgh University where he graduated MD with a thesis on the toxicity of dyestuffs and river pollution for which he was awarded the Gold Medal. He took the Edinburgh BSc in Public Health at Edinburgh University in 1900 before serving as a civil surgeon in the Transvaal in the second Boer War, 1900-1901. On his return he became interested in tropical medicine through his friendship with Sir Patrick Manson and took a course at the School. In 1902 he was appointed Director of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory at Khartoum and Medical Officer of Health to that city. He remained in Khartoum until 1913 and his work was published in four reports from the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories (1904-1911). On his return to England, he founded and directed the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research and organised what was to become the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science. He made an extensive tour of South America and the West Indies. He took on many different roles during World War One, at the outbreak he was in uniform in France, in 1915 he became a temporary Lt Col, Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1915-1916 he became a member of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, he was the President of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mesopotamia 1916-1917, Scientific Adviser to Inspecting Surgeon-General, British Expeditionary Force, East Africa, 1917 and President of the Egyptian Public Health Commission, 1918.
He returned as Director in Chief of the Wellcome Bureau and became a member of the Colonial Advisory Medical and Sanitary Committee and Medical Research Committee. In 1921 he visited Mauritius to advise on sanitation and went to Bermuda in 1923 on a similar expedition. In 1923 he was appointed the first Director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In 1926 he revisited the Sudan at the invitation of the Government, presided at the opening of the State Institute in Warsaw and gave an address at the opening of the School of Hygiene in John Hopkins University in America. He was elected President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1925-1927, he became D.Sc and LL.D (Edinburgh) and LL.D of Johns Hopkins and Rochester Universities in USA and also a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and Edinburgh. In 1920 he received the Mary Kingsley Medal of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He was knighted in 1930. He died from a fall from a window of a nursing home in Kent on 1 January 1931. Selected publications include (medicine): Medicine, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (with C. J. Lewis, 1902); Memoranda on Medical Diseases in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas (1916); War Against Tropical Disease (1920); Reports to the Health Committee of the League of Nations on Tuberculosis and Sleeping Sickness in Equatorial Africa (1923); Health Problems of the Empire (with H. H. Scott, 1924); (novels/historical adventures): By Stroke of Sword (1897); To Arms (1898); Vengeance is Mine (1899); Cashiered and Other War Stories (1902); The Golden Kingdom (1903).
The Chilean merchants Balfour Williamson & Company Ltd were founded in 1851, with an interest in most Chilean imports and exports including nitrates, and some business with Peru.
Born, 1874; educated at St Paul's School; studied botany at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating, 1896; called to the bar, 1898; studied zoology at Oxford, 1899; Assistant Naturalist, Marine Biological Association's Laboratory, Plymouth, 1900; Director of the Sutton Broad Laboratory, Norfolk, 1902; Naturalist to Ulster Fishery and Biology Department, Northern Ireland; Assistant in Biology at Queen's College, Belfast, 1906; Lecturer in Botany at Queen's University, Belfast; Lecturer in Entomology, University of Cambridge, 1913; served with the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1915-[1916]; Lecturer in Zoology (Entomology), University of Cambridge, 1917; Professor of Entomology, Imperial College, 1925-1930; President, Royal Microscopical Society, 1934-1935; Vice-President, Royal Entomological Society, 1934-1935; President, Zoological Section of the Royal Association, 1935; President, Association of British Zoologists, 1935; President, Society for British Entomology, 1939; died, 1967.
Publications: include: Keys to the Orders of Insects; Concerning the Habits of Insects; Textbook of Practical Entomology (1932).
The Balham Seventh Day Adventist Church is situated at 16a The Boulevard, Balham High Road.
Ruth Balint (née Neumann) was born in Berlin in 1926. She was sent to school in Schöneiche, Brandenburg, where she was one of very few Jewish children. In 1938 she was sent to a Jewish school in Berlin. Shortly after her father's return from 3 months in a concentration camp, in the immediate aftermath of Kristallnacht, he wrote to a relative in Newcastle, Kurt Banski, a furniture maker, with regard to looking after Ruth. Ruth came to England circa July 1939 on the Kindertransport. She spent the following 5 years with an English Methodist family in Kendall, Lake District. She remained in contact with the family for the rest of their lives. Ruth died in 2000.
During the war years Ruth received the letters in this collection from her parents, who were eventually deported to Warsaw, then Treblinka in 1942 and grandparents to Theresienstadt in the same year. The only indication of concern about their predicament, which Ruth discerned in the letters after a re-reading of them many years later, was the occasional enquiry regarding news of relatives who had managed to flee to South America, and who had promised to help them also to emigrate.
Born 23 July 1906; student, King's College London, 1926-1930; BSc General, 1929; elected an Associate of King's College, November 1929; Teaching Diploma, 1929-1930; died 1984.
Glaciologist and politician, born in Dublin on 20 August 1818, the eldest child of Nicholas Ball (1791-1865), judge and politician, and his wife, Jane (née Sherlock) of Butlerstown Castle in co. Waterford. Until the age of eleven he received little formal education, but from his earliest years he displayed a precocious interest in science. In his seventh year he was taken to Switzerland, where he was deeply affected by the view of the Alps from the Jura. The following year he began to measure the heights of hills barometrically and to construct geological sections, and before his twelfth year he had completed the manuscript of what he termed his 'Elements of chemistry'.
Ball's parents were Roman Catholics, and in 1831 he was sent to St Mary's College at Oscott near Birmingham, whence he was admitted into Christ's College, Cambridge, on 23 June 1835. That summer he participated in the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (he attended many of the association's subsequent meetings), and in Cambridge, over the next four years, he joined the classes of John Stevens Henslow in botany, and Adam Sedgwick in geology.
On 13 April 1840 Ball was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy, and in Trinity term 1843 he was called to the Irish bar at the King's Inns. He never practised at the bar, and between 1840 and 1845 can have spent little time in Ireland. For much of that period he travelled in Europe, visiting the mountain regions (for which he felt a deep affinity), botanizing, and communing with kindred scientific spirits. During 1845 he was at Zermatt seeking to develop the glaciological studies pioneered by James David Forbes, but that was the year when a failure of the Irish potato crop marked the beginning of the great Irish famine, and Ball felt duty-bound to return to his distressed homeland.
While in the Dingle peninsula, co. Kerry, during 1846, Ball recognized that many of the landforms were analogous to features which he had seen being shaped by modern glacial processes within the Alps. Clearly, he reasoned, there must once have been glaciers in Ireland, and the paper on this subject which he presented to the Geological Society of Dublin on 14 November 1849 is the earliest published study of Pleistocene events within any region of Ireland.
In July 1848 Ball stood, without success, as a parliamentary candidate for Sligo borough, but on 26 July 1852 he was returned (by a majority of only two votes) as the member for Carlow County. In February 1855 the prime minister, Lord Palmerston, named him as assistant under-secretary of state in the colonial department. In this office he took the opportunity to further the cause of science in several ways. His energetic representations were largely responsible for ensuring the adequate financing of the expedition led by John Palliser for the exploration of western Canada, and he was instrumental in inducing the home government to support the efforts of Sir William Jackson Hooker towards the publication of colonial floras.
At the election on 11 April 1857 he was heavily defeated when he stood for Sligo County, and on 15 February in the following year he was again defeated when he contested Limerick City. Although subsequently offered several parliamentary seats, he resolved henceforth, as a man of independent financial means, to devote himself exclusively to travel and to natural history.
Following the foundation of the Alpine Club in December 1857 he served as its first president (1858-60), and he edited Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers, the club's earliest publication (two editions in 1859). The three volumes of his Alpine Guide (first editions 1863, 1864, 1868) are classics among the literature of mountain travel. In 1856 he married Eliza Parolini, daughter of the naturalist and traveller Count Alberto Parolini (there were two sons of the marriage), and between 1861 and 1869 he lived much in Italy, where, on his wife's death about 1867, he inherited an estate near to Bassano and at the foot of the Venetian Alps. By 1863 he had crossed the main chain of the Alps forty-eight times by thirty-two different routes, being accompanied upon some of his journeys by his close friend William Edward Forster. In 1869 Ball married Julia O'Beirne, the youngest child of Francis and Winefred O'Beirne of Jamestown, co. Leitrim.
In the company of Joseph Dalton Hooker he visited Morocco and the Atlas Mountains between April and June 1871, and their joint work descriptive of the excursion was published in 1878. Between March and August 1882 he sailed to the Caribbean, crossed the isthmus of Panama, and completed a circumnavigation of South America via the Strait of Magellan, his account of this journey being published in 1887. During the 1880s trouble with his throat caused him to winter abroad in places such as Algeria, Tunisia, and the Canary Islands.
While in the Engadine during the autumn of 1889 Ball was stricken with illness. He was taken home to London where, shortly after an operation and somewhat unexpectedly, he died at midnight on 21 October 1889 at his home, 10 Southwell Gardens, South Kensington. Among his distinctions were the Italian order of SS Maurizio e Lazzaro (1865), fellowship of the Linnean Society (2 December 1856), fellowship of the Royal Society (4 June 1868), and honorary fellowship of Christ's College, Cambridge (3 October 1888).
Sir Charles Alfred Ballance was born in Clapton, Middlesex, in 1856. He was educated at Taunton College under the Rev William Tuckwell, and afterwards in Germany. He entered St Thomas's Hospital where he served as house-surgeon and was for a time demonstrator of anatomy. At the University of London he gained one of the gold medals at the examination for the BS in 1881. He was appointed aural surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital in 1888. He quickly developed the department, practically and scientifically. He was among the first to perform the radical mastoid operation with ligation of the jugular vein and drainage of the lateral sinus. He further improved the operation by lining the cavity in the mastoid with an epithelial graft. He was made assistant surgeon in 1891, and surgeon in 1900. He held office until 1919 when he resigned and was appointed consulting surgeon. He was also elected surgeon to the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic in Queen Square, Bloomsbury, 1891-1908. He was chief surgeon to the Metropolitan Police, 1912-1926. Having already accepted a commission as captain a la suite, to which he was gazetted in 1908, in the newly formed RAMC branch of the territorial force, Ballance was called up on the outbreak of World War One, and attached to the second London (City) general hospital. He was promoted temporary colonel AMS in 1915 and was ordered to proceed to the Near East. Here he was posted as consulting surgeon at Malta with Sir Charters Symonds, FRCS as his colleague. The two surgeons organised, supervised, and inspired with enthusiasm the large number of emergency hospitals required during the Gallipoli campaign. For his services he was given an honorary MD by the University of Malta, became a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, was decorated CB (military) in 1916, and was made a KCMG in 1918. At the Royal College of Surgeons, Ballance was an examiner in anatomy, 1887-1891; a member of the Court of Examiners from 1900-1919; served on the Council, 1910-1926; and was a vice president in 1920. He was Erasmus Wilson lecturer, 1888-1889; Bradshaw lecturer, 1919; Vicary lecturer, 1921; Lister memorial lecturer, 1933, and received the Lister memorial medal for his distinguished contributions to surgical science. Finally he gave the Macewen memorial lecture at Glasgow. He served as President of the Medical Society of London in 1906 and was the first President of the newly founded Society of British Neurological Surgeons in 1927. He only held office for a year, but on resigning he was elected honorary president. He died in 1936.
Born in 1868; 2nd Lt, Norfolk Regt, 1888; Lt, 1890; served in Burma, 1891-1892; Chitral, 1895; Tirah, 1897-1898; Capt, 1898; Station Commandant, South Africa, 1899-1900; Staff Officer, Mounted Infantry Corps Mobile Column, South Africa, 1900-1902; Transport Officer, Somaliland Field Force, 1903-1904; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, Ceylon, 1905; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Ceylon, 1905-1908; Maj, 1908; General Staff Officer Grade 2, 2 London Div, 1909-1910; General Staff Officer, Staff College, 1911-1913; Lt Col, 1913; Commander, 1 Norfolk Regt and later 7, 95 and 14 Infantry Bdes, BEF, France and Belgium, 1914-1916; Commander, 57 Infantry Bde, British Armies in France, 1916-1917; Military Attaché, Romania, 1917-1918; Officer Commanding No 2 District, Scottish Command, 1919-1920; publication of Russia in rule and misrule (John Murray, London, 1920); President, Allied Police Commission, Constantinople, 1920-1923; retired, 1923; publication of Napoleon, an outline (Duckworth and Co, London, 1924), Military genius of Abraham Lincoln (Oxford University Press, London, 1926), The great Earl of Peterborough (Skeffington and Son, London, 1926); Kitchener (Faber and Faber, London, 1930), Smith-Dorrien (Constable and Co, London, 1931); died in 1941.
Edward Ballard was born in Islington, London, on 15 April 1820. He attended University College London and qualified as a doctor. One of his lecturers at UCL was William Sharpey, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1836 to 1874; another was Charles James Blasius Williams, Professor of Medicine from 1838 to 1848. Ballard went on to become a Medical Inspector of the Local Government Board. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He published 'Materia Medica' conjointly with Dr.Sir A.B.Garrod. Ballard died on 19 February 1897.
Ballard was born in London 18th March 1896 and died Chiswick, Middlesex on 25th January 1976. He graduated with a BSc in London in 1927 before being appointed temporary assistant at the Herbarium at RBG Kew on 23/09/1929. He was later made a permanent member of staff there on 1 January 1946. During his career Ballard worked as a pteriodologist (fern specialist), travelling to work with Carl Christensen, in Copenhagen 'the greatest authority on ferns in Europe' in 1937, and to Ceylon with Irene Manton and Sledge in 1950 to look at the native flora there. Ballard finally retired from the Herbarium at Kew in 1961. Ballard was also involved with international botanical work including the Special Committee for Pteridophyta, which he worked with Pichi-Sermolli, Alston, Copeland, Holttum, Morton and Tardieu-Blot.
John Balleny was the English captain of a whaling schooner, the ELIZA SCOTT, who led an commercial voyage of discovery, hoping to find new lands and sealing grounds for the English whaling firm Enderby Brothers to the Antarctic in 1838-1839. Balleny, sailing in company with Thomas Freeman and the SABRINA, sailed into the Southern Ocean along a corridor of longitude centering on the line of 175°E., south of New Zealand. During their voyage they discovered the Balleny Islands, Feb 1839, and caught a brief sight of Antarctica itself at 64°58'S., 121°08'E.
John Balleny was born c 1770; may have been a Londoner, brought up in the Newcastle coal trade; from 1798, he is occasionally recorded in the coasting, home, and foreign trades as master of various vessels; master of the ELIZA SCOTT, 1838; died in or after 1842.
Born, 1780; Regius Professor of Military Surgery at Edinburgh University; died, 1855.
Henry Ballow was born in 1643, the son of Henry Ballow of St Helen Bishopsgate. He gained his freedom of the Dyers' Company on 3 November 1676. He died in 1715, when he was described as gent of St Margaret Westminster.
Eliazer (or Eleazer) Hasell (1656-1731), the son of James Hasell a saymaker of Sudbury, Suffolk, was apprenticed to Samuel Totton, mercer, on 22 Sept 1671 and gained his freedom of the Mercers' Company on 10 November 1682.
Born, 1892; Edward Kent Balls was involved in Quaker relief work for eleven years, from 1918 after the First World War, in France, then in the Balkans and Russia; this is where me met with his wife, Natalia Timonova, who was to play an active part in his plant collecting activities. His career in horticulture started in 1926, when he worked for the Six Hills Nursery, Stevenage, in Kent. although he had little training in horticulture or botany, he quickly became the chief rock garden builder. After a few years he decided to switch to plant hunting and made his first trip in 1932, to Persia with Dr P L Giuseppi, a founder member and later President of the Alpine Garden Society. Although Giuseppi could only spare one month, Balls stayed four months and a half. They travelled through Hamadan and Ispahan to Shiraz and west to Kerman and the mountains of Kuh Banan. Balls later explored Mount Elwend and its neighbourood. He also exploredKhalat an Mount Kuh Ajub and the mountains of Schir Kuh (ion Mountain) and Barf Kahnnich (Snow Mountain). They brought back a wide variety of plants, new or lost to cultivation, including six species of Dionysa curviflora which at that time were virtually unknown to cultivation.
This expedition launched Balls on a collecting career. He then teamed up with Dr W Balfour Gourlay, a wealthy and dedicated amateur botanist, who had accompanied Nursery owner Clarence Elliott of Six Hills Nursery on his South American plant hunting trips. Together they made two trips to Turkey (Feb-Sep 1933), where they explored Taurus Mountains and later the Pontine Mountains south of Trebizond. This expedition yielded many good plants, some new firmly established such as campanula betulifolia, geranium armenium and cyclamen cilicium var. intaminatum, the smallest of the cyclamen species. In 1934, Balls and Balfour Gourlay returned to Turkey exploring several mountain ranges; the third expedition again to Turkey in 1935 had to be abandoned, due to difficulties by the Turkish officials, forbidding them to explore certain areas; they thought them to be secret service agents.
In 1936 Balls went to Morocco with Dr Richard Seligman, an alpine gardener. they explored th oasis of Aguelmous and the volcanic mountains of Djebel Siroua and Djebel Amezdour; , they also explored the foot and area of Djebel Toubkal in the Atlas mountains, Balls climbing its summit they collected amongst various species, narcissus watieri. Seligman returned to England and Balls carried on alone, going also further east in the company of an ornithologist from Marrakesh. They went to Tirsal and the foot of Djebel Ghat, where Balls found an attractive alpine flora. Having followed Hooker's footsteps he was however, more successful in his collecting and received the RHS Award of Merit in 1937 for having discovered Colchicum triphyllum, collected near Tashdirt.
In 1937 Balls then made a four month visit to Greece with Balfour Gourlay concentrating mainly to the Pindus mountains of Epirus. In 1938, they went to Mexico, accompanied by Mrs Balls. Part of their mission was to collect wild species of potatoes for research and breeding purposes. They explored the areas of Nevada de Toluca and Ojos de Agua as well as Cofre de Perote; they found their first potates on Popocatepetl. On the Pico de Orizaba they stayed first in the village of of Lomagrande at 900ft, and despite the villagers' evil reputation, they were well received; the flora was so rich that they later returned to collect seeds. Their trip ended with the ascent of Mt Malinche, the upper slopes of which are now a national park, and found many interesting plants.
They were recalled to England in November when Balls was asked by the Agriculural Bureau to continue his potato research into South America. Mrs Balls returned to England with many drawings of plants she had made during the trip. Balls and Balfour Gourlay sailed for Buenaventura and on to Quito where they were met by potato expert Jack Hawkes and together they explored several mountainous areas. Balfour Gorlay returned to England but Balls stayed on, he had also obtained from the Agricultural Bureau to collect ornamental plants for himself.
The project was incomplete as World War II broke out, and unable to return to England, Balls went to the USA working for the British Purchasing Commission. He again undertook relief work from 1944 to 1947, working for the UNRAA, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which dealt with refugees in territories liberated from axis powers. Balls travelled for this work in Yugoslavia and China; he later returned to the USA, working for Mrs Lester Rowntree in an extensive seed collecting project, before joining the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden in Claremont, California. Here he stayed until his retirement in 1960. The Balls later moved to Spain but returned to England in 1967 and made their home with their daughter in Hull.
Natalia Balls died in November 1983 and Edward in October 1984 aged 92.
Born in 1883; educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford; tutor to Counts Gianbattista and Cesare Spaletti, Italy, 1906-1907; called to the Bar, Inner Temple, 1909; secretary to T Fisher Unwin, publisher, 1912-1914; served in France and Belgium with 12 Gloucestershire Regt, 1914-1919; Staff Capt, 96 Infantry Bde, 1915-1917; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, 3 Div, 1917-1918, and 3 Corps, 1918-1919; worked for Duckworth and Co, publishers, 1921-1934; started to paint, 1934; one-man exhibition, Redfern Gallery, 1938; recalled to Southern Command as Staff Capt, Dec 1939, but invalided out after three months by pneumonia; organised and catalogued Exhibition of Wood-Engraving in Modern English Books, National Book League, 1949, Mark Gertler Memorial Exhibition, Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1949, and John Martin Exhibition, Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1953; died in 1967.
William Baly was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, in 1814. He was educated at the local grammar school, and was apprenticed in 1828 to Mr (later Dr) Ingle, an esteemed general practitioner in the town of Emsworth. In 1831 he went to study at University College, London, and in 1832, at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1834, after passing the diplomas of the Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries, Baly went to Paris, Heidelberg, and Berlin to continue his studies. He graduated MD from Berlin in 1836.
He returned to England and set up practice in London, first at Vigo Street and then Devonshire Street, whilst there he held, for a short time the post of Medical Officer to the St Pancras Infirmary, and finally Brook Street. His translation of Johannes Peter Muller's Elements of Physiology (1838-42) was his first accomplishment to attract attention, occupying the first four years of his time in London.
In 1840 he was appointed to visit and report on the state of the Millbank Penitentiary, where dysentery was prevalent. In the following year he was made physician to the Penitentiary, and came to be regarded by the Government as a leading adviser on questions of prison hygiene. It was also in 1841 that he became lecturer in forensic medicine at St Bartholomew's. His work in the Penitentiary led to a number of reports, including the elaborate paper `Diseases in Prisons', published in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions (vol. XXVIII, 1845), and provided the material for his Goulstonian Lectures on Dysentery, given to the Royal College of Physicians in 1847. He had been elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1846, and in 1847 Fellow of the Royal Society. Baly proved he was the first to observe that dysenteric sloughs in the large intestine may be associated with the ulcers of enteric fever in the small intestine. He later produced his Report on Epidemic Cholera (1854) for the College.
In 1854 he was made assistant physician at St Bartholomew's, and in 1855 he relinquished his lectureship in order to become joint lecturer on medicine, with Dr (later Sir) George Burrows, fellow physician.
Baly was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, in 1859, to work alongside Sir James Clark, the Queen's physician, and to then attend alone the Queen and the Royal Family. He was subsequently nominated to the General Medical Council as Crown Representative. He was also Censor for the Royal College of Physicians, 1858-59. By this stage Baly had become `one of the brightest ornaments of the medical profession' (DNB, vol. III, p.99).
Baly's life and career however were brought to a sudden, tragic, end by his death in a railway accident, just south west of London, on 28 January 1861. The Royal College of Physicians instituted a gold medal, to be awarded biennially in his name, for distinction in physiology.
Publications:
Elements of Physiology, Translation with Notes by William Baly, author: Johannes Peter Muller, translator: William Baly (2 vols. London, 1838-42)
`Diseases in Prisons', Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, (vol. XXVIII, 1845)
Recent Advances in the Physiology of Motion, the Senses, Generation, and Development. Being a Supplement to the 2nd Volume of Professor Muller's "Elements of Physiology" (London, 1848)
Reports on Epidemic Cholera (2 parts) (London, 1854)
The papers in this collection were used for the making of a BBC TV documentary series German History, 1919-1945. They are a set of copies deposited by Rudi Bamber, an interviewee for the programme, in which he describes his experiences of Kristallnacht and, in particular, the murder of his father.
Ludwig Bamberger was born in Mainz and after studying at Geissen, Heidelberg and Gottingen, became a lawyer. During the 1848 revolution Bamberger was a leader of the Republican party in Mainz and in 1849 he continued to campaign in the Palatinate and Baden, for which he was condemned to death, despite escaping to Switzerland.
Bamberger's exile was spent in London, the Netherlands and Paris, where he became managing director of Bischoffheim and Goldschmidt bank. He returned to Germany in 1866 following an amnesty. He was elected to the Reichstag and joined the National Liberal Party, supporting the work of Bismark. He became a leading authority on finance and economics in the Reichstag, attending the Versailles peace negotiations in 1870. Bamberger was also influential in the establishment of the German Imperial Bank. He retired from public life in 1892.