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The Textbook Colloquium was founded by Christopher Stray and Ian Michael in 1988 to promote the interdisciplinary study of textbooks,especially from a historical perspective. It was affiliated with the Institute of English Studies, University of London and had members in Britain, Europe, North America and Australasia.

Members of the Board included: John Fauvel, Ian Michael, Jean Russell-Gebbett, Chris Stray and John Wilkes.

Their interests ranged from printing and publishing history to the history of education; from particular school subjects to the writing of textbooks; from collecting books to the sociology of the classroom. The group held three Colloquia a year and published its own journal Paradigm, the last issue of which came out in Autumn 2007. The Colloquium closed in 2008.

David Hylton Thomas was born in 1910 in Chester, where his father and grandfather had been superintendants of the Chester Industrial School. He was educated at grammar schools in Chester and Altrincham, and won a technological scholarship to university. As part of his course at the Manchester College of Technology (now UMIST), he undertook a nine-month probationary apprenticeship at the Metropolitan Vickers factory in Trafford Park. he graduated in eletrical engineering in 1933, specialising in light-current engineering; having won a further research scholarship, he took an MSc(Tech) for research on the synthesis of musical tone by photo-electrical means. Thomas also gained an external degree of the University of London during the war. In 1934, he returned to Metropolitan Vickers to complete his apprenticeship and then took up a research post there, working on high-vacuum problems and acoustics. In 1936 Thomas was awarded the Joseph Swan Scholarship by the Institute of Electrical Engineers, which enabled him to go to Germany to study under Professor Barkhausen. His study was cut short by the approach of World War Two, and he returned home after two semesters. Upon his return he was appointed Lecturer in electrical engineering at University College, Nottingham, 1938-1946, subsequently becoming senior lecturer and departmental head at the Nottingham and District Technical College, 1946-1947. In November 1947, Thomas became Head of the Electrical Engineering Department at the Rutherford College of Technology in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (later the Newcastle Polytechnic and the University of Northumbria), a post which he held until his retirement in 1975. He was also an active member of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1931-1999; and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions. He travelled to Chile and West Germany as an adviser on technical education, and published numerous books and articles on electronics and teaching methods. His other interests included music, including participation in the Northumberland Orchestra. He also invented a device for duplicating Braille simply and cheaply (The Anwell-Thomas Embosser), and founded a talking newspaper for the blind on Tyneside in 1976. In retirement, with a grant from the Nuffield Foundation, Thomas conducted extensive research into the history of the industrial school movement, publishing eight articles on individual schools.

A distinguished social and economic historian, Richard Henry Tawney (1880-1962) was educated at Rubgy School and Balliol College, Oxford, from where he graduated in 1903. He lived and worked at the University Settlement, Toynbee Hall, in the East End of London and then lectured at Glasgow University from 1906-1908. Tawney joined the Executive Committee of the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) in 1905, serving for over forty years, and between 1908 and 1913 was a WEA class tutor in Lancashire. He was appointed Director of the Ratan Tata Foundation for the Study of Poverty at the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1913. He moved from LSE to Balliol College, Oxford University, in 1918, where he was a Fellow, returning again in 1919 as a Reader in economic history. He was Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, 1931-1949. Tawney served on the Consultative Committee of the Board of Education, 1912-1931, and on the University Grants Committee, 1943-1948. He was also a Christian Socialist and proponent of democratic education. Tawney took an active part in discussions on educational reform and exercised influence on policy-making in the area of education. His publications on the topic include: Secondary Education for All (1922) and Education: the Socialist Policy (1924). As an economic historian he is best known for The Acquisitive Society (1921) and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926).

The Universities Council for the Education of Teachers (UCET) was created in 1966-1967 by the merger of the Conference of Heads of University Departments of Education (CHUDE) and the Conference of Institute Directors (CID). CHUDE had been founded in 1959 as a forum for the heads of university education departments in England and Wales whilst CID, founded in 1957, acted similarly for the directors of institutes of education. The Council 's objects are to provide a forum for discussion, make a contribution to policy and act as a clearing house for information on all matters relating to the education of teachers of relevance to its members.

In 1968 the Advisory Centre for Education published a supplement to Where: Information on Education entitled Unstreaming Comprehensives. As a result of this, the Librarian of the Institute of Education, University of London, Douglas John Foskett, wrote to schools which were listed as participating in mixed ability teaching.

Founded in 1904 as the Equal Pay League, part of the National Union of Teachers, in 1906 this organisation was re-named the National Federation of Women Teachers. In 1920 it it broke away to form an independent union, the National Union of Women Teachers. It was a feminist organisation and maintained close links with other groups and individuals in the women's movement. Its main aim was to obtain equal pay but it also interested itself in the wide range of issues affecting women teachers, including the marriage bar, maternity rights and family allowances. It was also concerned with education in its widest sense and took an interest in many issues such as class sizes, corporal punishment, the school leaving age, teacher training, and wider social and political debates such as capital punishment, the minimum wage and health policy. In 1961, when equal pay had been achieved, the Union was wound up.

Founded in 1921 as the New Education Fellowship by a small group of progressive educationists and liberal thinkers who were heavily involved with the British Theosophical Society and the Theosophical Educational Trust, this organisation grew into a national and then international organisation, with local sections in many countries worldwide, and was re-named the World Education Fellowship in 1966. Although the Fellowship has embraced a wide range of individual philosophies, the central focus has been on child-centred education, social reform through education, democracy, world citizenship, international understanding and the promulgation of world peace. Many famous thinkers and educationists have been involved with the Fellowship and it has forged close links with academic institutions, including the Institute of Education, University of London, and with international organisations, especially UNESCO. An English Section of the Fellowship was founded in 1927 and has included amongst its prominent members, Sir Michael Sadler, Sir Percy Nunn, Sir Fred Clarke, R.H. Tawney and J.A. Lauwerys. The English Section was also instrumental in the establishment of the Home and School Council and the English Association of New Schools.

In 1864, Louisa Makin (1836-1912) married Robert White (1825-1887). He had two surviving children by his first wife, Elizabeth (1827-1855), a daughter Fanny Alicia White (1853-1922 - later married to Dr Julian Willis) and a son Robert Hornby White (1850-1888). Robert and Louisa White had several children. After their first child, a son, was still-born in 1865, Louisa went on to have Mary Louisa (Louie) White (1866-1935); Lucy Winifred (Winnie) White (1869-1962); Jessie Gertrude (1871-[1941]; and Agnes Sarah (1873-1882). Winnie married Charles Henry Nicholls (1866-1938) in 1902. Their daughter, born after the death of a first child) was Agnes Margaret (Poppy) Nicholls (1907-1993). All three daughters were educated at Sheffield High School and worked as teachers.

Winnie Nicholls worked for two years for the London University matriculation, but gave up her studies when her father died. She worked as a private governess (1888-1892) and then as a staff and form mistress at Kensington High School (1892-1901). During this period she trained in elocution at the Guildhall School of Music, and between 1902 and 1917 she taught elocution and history of art at various local schools including St Margaret's, Harrow, Kensington High School, Putney High School, Croyden High School and Leinster House School. In 1916-1917 she founded and was Head of The Garden School, which was based on principles of love, freedom, brotherhood, cooperation and service. The school moved from London to Ballinger, Great Missenden in 1921, and in 1928 to Lane End, near High Wycombe, 'where open air and contact with great natural beauty played an important part in the lives of pupils and staff. While academic subjects were given their due importance in the curriculum, music, rhythmic movement, drama, art and handicrafts were considered equally essential. All forms of original expression were encouraged'. Winnie Nicholls retired in 1937, though the school continued for another 10 years. She was also heavily involved with the New Education Fellowship, which held conferences at the Garden School.

Mary Louisa (Louie) White worked as a music teacher. She was also a composer and pianist of some skill, and invented the 'Letterless Method' of teaching music to beginners.

Jessie Gertrude White appears to have been a music teacher.

The Hands family consisted of William Joseph (b 1865) and his three children, Mary Constance (b 1889), Wilma Sybil (b 1890) and William Joseph George (b 1892). Mary Ann Walker was probably his wife and mother of the children. William Joseph Hands trained as a teacher at Battersea St John's Training College (1884-1885), and seems to have specialised in science and art. Upon qualification, he worked for a time at Wheathampstead National School, Hertfordshire (at least 1885-1890). Mary and Sybil Hands also trained as teachers at Salisbury Training College. William Joseph George Hands studied mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge, 1910-1914. Although it is not known where he trained as a teacher, he later became His Majesty's Divisional Inspector of Schools for Derby (c.1920s). He was instrumental in the organisation of the Board of Education Exhibition which took place in connection with the Imperial Education Conference, 1923. He also helped to found the International Educational Society which was formed for the purpose of circulating lectures by scholars in literature, science, art and music on gramophone record for use in schools, adult education classes and at home.

Ronald (Ronnie) Haig Wilson (1917-2005) was a prominent educationalist who devoted his life to the advancement of international adult education in UK and Europe.

Born 1917; studied German and French at St Andrew's University, 1935-1938; part of an exchange scholarship to Germany from 1938-1939, where he had first-hand experience of the Third Reich regime and Nazi propaganda. Joined the army after completing his MA , 1940, Royal Artillery; volunteered for the intelligence corps and was based at Fort William, where he was responsible for military security and counter intelligence. In the last months of the War he was stationed in Germany; after the war he was in a unit which gathered intelligence necessary for the aims of the occupation to be carried out and was seconded to carry out work for Education Control; discharged, 1946; worked for the 'Education Branch of the Internal Affairs and Communication Division, Control Commission for Germany (British Element)'; posted to Rhineland/Westphalia, 1947; moved to the adult education section; worked for the Education Branch (Control Commission for Germany), later the Cultural Department of the British High Commission, 1947-1958, moving to Berlin in 1950, and Bonn in 1956; part of the Cultural Relations Group, Berlin; helped found the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband (DVV), a German adult education association, 1953. In 1957 the British Government closed the Education branch and Wilson returned to the UK. Senior Adult Tutor at Ivanhoe Community College in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. 1958-1962; served on Leicestershire County Council (1958-1962); Educational Organiser (Further Education) for Huddersfield, 1962-1964; served on the Huddersfield Education Authority (1962-1964); head of Manchester's College of Adult Education, 1964-1980; retired, 1980; President of the Educational Centres Association, 1994-1996; died 2005.

Tobias Rushton Weaver was born in London in 1911, the younger son of Sir Lawrence and Lady Weaver (nee Kathleen Purcell, harpist). He was educated at Temple Grove School, Eastbourne, and at Clifton College, Bristol. In 1929 he attended Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, gaining degrees in classics and law. In October 1932, Weaver moved to Toronto to work as a bank clerk for two years at the Canadian Bank of Commerce. Upon his return to England, he enrolled at the London Day Training College (later the Institute of Education) and gained a teaching certificate. Weaver's first post (1935-1936) was as a class teacher at the Park Modern School, Barking, which he followed with a one-term appointment as a 'beak' at Eton. In 1936 he was appointed Assistant Director of Education to Wiltshire County Council, and in 1939 became Assistant Director for Higher Education to the Essex County Council. Weaver served in the Royal Navy during World War Two, before taking up a post at the War Office in the Army Education Branch in 1942. Here he was Civil Assistant to the Director and later the Director General of Army Education. It was also during the war that Weaver married Marjorie Trevelyan (1941) and saw his first two children born. In 1946, Toby Weaver joined the Civil Service and was posted to the Ministry of Education, where he joined the Teachers Branch. The Branch was at that time employed in the creation of 55 Emergency Training Colleges to absorb the 100,000 applicants for a shortened training. By 1947, he had moved to the Schools Branch as Territorial Officer in charge of LEAs in the south east. In Jan 1948 Weaver became the Assistant Secretary to the External Relations Branch, with the title of Chief Information Officer. Responsibilities included the Ministry's press and public relations, editing the Annual Report, and representing the Ministry at overseas educational conferences. His next role was once more in the Schools Branch as Assistant Secretary in charge of the School Building Programme and the organisation of schools, 1952-1956. In 1956, Weaver became Under-Secretary in charge of Schools Branch, taking responsibility for advising on all aspects of policy affecting schools, including the reorganisation of all-age schools, the comprehensive system, maintenance allowances, and attendance on the Minister during debates. In Jan 1962 he was promoted Deputy-Secretary, Schools. In 1963, he was appointed Deputy-Secretary, Higher Education, a post he held until his retirement in 1973. Early on, the role included advising Ministers on the implementation of the Robbins Report on Higher Education, and Weaver largely drafted the 1966 White Paper `A Plan for Polytechnics and Other Colleges'. His work was therefore largely responsible for the establishment of the binary policy for higher education and the creation of polytechnics. Other responsibilities included liasing with the University Grants Committee, university salaries, teachers' salaries and assessor on the Burnham Committee, further education, art education and teacher training. Following his retirement, Weaver acted as Visiting Professor of Education at the University of Southampton, 1973; Professor of Higher Education at the Institute of Education, 1974-1976; and Professor of Educational Administration at the Open University, 1976-1978. In addition to the above, Toby Weaver acted as Governor of Clifton College; a member of the Education for Capability Committee of the Royal Society of Arts; Governor of Imperial College (1963-1987); Chairman of the Validation Board of the School of Independent Study, North-East London Polytechnic; Chairman of the Housing Association for Officers and their families; Member of the All Souls Group; and a Member of the British Academy. Toby Weaver was honoured with a CB in 1961 and a knighthood in 1973.

The British National Antarctic or Discovery Expedition of 1901-1904
was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage, 1839-1843. It was organised by a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and it aimed to carry out scientific research and geographical exploration. Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology, zoology, geology, meteorology and magnetism and King Edward VII Land, and the Polar Plateau via the western mountains route were discovered. The expedition did not make a serious attempt on the South Pole, its principal southern journey reaching a Furthest South at 82°17'S.

Mrs Archer and her husband emigrated to South America in 1907 and lived in Argentina and Chile until they returned to England in 1945.

The African Association (whose full title was the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa) was founded in London in 1788. It offered patronage to many explorers of Africa, among them Mungo Park, John Lewis Burkhardt and Frederick Hornemann. In 1831 the Association merged with the newly formed Royal Geographical Society of London.

Balfour served as a Lieutenant on the Challenger expedition (1873-1875) and was Commander on HMS Penguin (1893-1896).

In March 1965, at the requests of the Governments of Argentina and Chile, the British Government established a Boundary Court to determine the border between the two countries in a disputed area between Boundary Posts 16 and 17. L P Kirwan, the Secretary and Director of the RGS, was a member of the court and of the field mission. The court made its award on 24 November 1966.

Explored the Mustagh Pass in the Karakoram Himalayas with E Honigmann, 1903; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1907-1959.

A C Hoey accompanied N C Cockburn on his journey to Abyssinia and made astronomical observations of the area South of Mount Nyiro and West of Mount Ndoto, 1909.

An H Cecil Hoey was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1909-1919, but it is not certain whether this was the same person.

Captain A G Stigand was Resident Magistrate of Toteng, Ngamiland, administrator of the Batawana Reserve and the head of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police in the region, 1910-1923. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1910-1950 (resigned).

Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers was born in London on 4 October 1882; educated at Haileybury College and Trinity College, Cambridge; worked as secretary to a number of people active at the Royal Geographical Society, and underwent training in land survey work, also becoming an expert taxidermist. He took part in the British Museum expedition to Ruwenzori and the Congo, 1905-1906 and sent home specimens of birds and mammals. He later joined John H Miller and Morgan Philips Price in an expedition through the desert of Outer Mongolia, publishing two volumes on Unknown Mongolia in 1913.

During the First World War he was employed mainly at the War Office compiling maps of the Middle East; his later career consisted largely of map making and working with explorers and travellers. Carruthers was awarded the Gill memorial, 1910 and the patron's gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1912, which he was to serve as honorary secretary in 1916-1921 and Fellow in 1909-1962 and was awarded the Sykes medal of the Royal Central Asian Society in 1956. Carruthers died in the Royal Free Hospital, Islington, on 23 May 1962.

Arnold Danvers Power was a publisher with Hutchinsons and the London manager for Sir Isaac Pitman, he became a partner in W.H. Smith in 1911. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1918-1959.

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1927-1932; travelled widely in South America.

Author of Over Land and Sea: A Log of Travel Round the World in 1873-1874. Brother of F H H Guillemard, FRGS.

Born, 1914; teacher in Ipswich; became interested in Ipswich’s 18th century whaling trade; completed a comprehensive study of the Greenland and Davis Strait trade, 1740-1880; published numerous articles on the part played by the British navy in the exploration of the Northwest Passage and in particular the fate of Sir John Franklin and the subsequent attempts at his rescue; Head of the Department of Commerce and Business Studies, West Kent College, Tunbridge Wells; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1950-2002, died, 2002.

Born, 1850; educated at Rugby; Ceylon Civil Service, 1871-1875; joined the Hakluyt Society, 1877; called to the Bar, 1879; Council of the Hakluyt Society, 1887; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1892-1928; Chancellor of the Diocese of Ely, 1894; Counsel of the Chairman of Committees at the House of Lords, 1896-1922; President of the Hakluyt Society, 1908-1926; member of the RGS Council, 1912; Inner Temple Bencher, 1914; died,1928.

Publications: The Voyage of François Pyrard de Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil translated by Albert Grey, assisted by H.C.P. Bell (1888)

Born, 1841; educated at home and at Eastman's Royal Naval Academy, Southsea; entered the Royal Navy, 1856; served eight years on the China station; served in the Mediterranean and then on the Australian station; took advantage of a period of leave to sail as second mate in the whaler ARCTIC to Davis Strait and Baffin's Bay in order to study ice conditions, 1873; commanded HMS ALERT in the Arctic expedition under George Strong Nares, 1875-1876; accompanied Sir Henry Gore-Booth on a cruise to Novaya Zemlya, 1879; surveyed ice conditions in Hudson Strait and Bay, 1886; served in the Pacific, 1879-1882; captain of HMS VERNON, the naval torpedo school at Portsmouth, 1883-1886; commodore of the training squadron, 891-1892; second in command of the Mediterranean squadron under Sir George Tryon, 1892; commander-in-chief at the Nore, 1901-1904; retired from the navy, 1906; died, 1918.

Publications: A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay (1874).

A Polar Reconnaissance(1879)

Aubrey Howard Ninnis was commissioned as purser in SS AURORA on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1916, he was intended for the shore party but stranded when the AURORA broke adrift. He was on the Aurora Relief Expedition, 1916-1917; he died in New Zealand in 1956.

Born, 1875; educated Harvard; MD, 1904; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1901-1956; RGS Patron's Medal, 1914; Vice-President of the RGS, 1930-1933; series of expeditions to South America, chiefly the North Western Amazon Basin; expedition to the tributaries of the Rio Negro, 1924-1925; died, 1956.

Born, 1902; US Navy, 1919-1923; educated, Lowell Institute, MIT, 1926; helped to build the first State Police Radio Station in Massachusetts, 1927; Massachusetts National Guard, 1925-1934; Chief Operator of the first TV station in Boston, 1929-1933; member of Byrd Antarctic Expedition, to rescue R Adm Richard Evelyn Byrd, 1934; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Radio Engineer in charge of the US Army Signal Corps Arctic and Antarctic research teams, undertaking 23 polar expeditions, 1945-1965; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1962-1980; died, [1984].

SS TERRA NOVA was a relief vessel sent to DISCOVERY in the Antarctic. A P Jackson was Chief Officer.

Leo Austen was Assistant Resident Magistrate of the Western Division of Papua in the 1920s and served elsewhere in Papua during the 1930s. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1929-1938.

Born, 1881; educated, Bedford Modern School; entered the Merchant Navy; appointment on the P and O line, 1899; second officer on HMS NIMROD for the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1909; commander of the HMS AURORA and the Ross Sea party, for Shackleton's Trans-Antarctic expedition, 1914-1916; died 1916.

Born, 1853; acting stipendiary magistrate, Fiji, 1885-1886; elephant hunter in connection to the African Lakes Corporation, East Africa; actively engaged in the defence of the recently founded Nyasaland Protectorate and played a leading role in the establishment of British rule in the region; Commissioner of British Central Africa, 1897-1910 (title known as Governor of the Nyasaland Protectorate from 1907); Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1891-1935; RGS Cuthbert Peek Award, 1898; Member of the Council of the RGS, 1913-1917; died, 1935.

Born, 1787; received some legal training; joined Royal Navy, 1803 and served off Spain and later in the West Indies; midshipman, 1804; stationed off Cadiz, 1909; on active service during the Napoleonic wars, and in 1810 was a lieutenant on the brig GRASSHOPPER; prisoner of war, 1811-1814; rejoined the Navy and saw active service in the war against the United States at the capture of Washington and the assaults on New Orleans; commander of the brig CALLIOPE; paid off in 1815 and placed on the reserve list; Edinburgh, 1815-1828; moved to London, 1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1830-1860; appointed the first Secretary of the Society at the RGS's inaugural meeting, 1830; Professor of Geography, University College London, 1833-1836; left England for Hobart Town as private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Franklin, 1836; appointed Superintendent of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island, 1840-1844; Governor of the new prison at Birmingham, England, 1849-1851; died, 1860.

Publications: A Summary View of the Statistics and Existing Commerce of the Principal Shores of the Pacific Ocean, etc. (London, 1818).

Report on the State of Prison Discipline in Van Diemen's Land (London, 1838)

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

The Raleigh Traveller's Club was founded by Captain Arthur de Capell Broke and was the immediate forerunner of the Royal Geographical Society. The Raleigh Club was a dining club composed solely of travelers. The world was to be mapped out into divisions and each division should be represented by a member so the Club collectively should have visited nearly every part of the globe. The first meeting of the Club was held 7 Feb 1827. At a meeting of that club in 1830, The Geographical Society of London was formed, subsequently becoming the Royal Geographical Society. After the formation of the Geographical Society the Raleigh Club continued to flourish, becoming more and more closely connected to the Society until 1854 when the affiliation became complete and the Club was renamed the Geographical Club. The Geographical Club still exists at the time of writing and has kept close links with the RGS-IBG.

The Kosmos Club, now defunct, was another dining club connected to the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1977 the Royal Geographical Society organised a lecture programme to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession to the throne.

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). Since 1831 the Society has published a Journal, initially containing the principal papers read at the Society's evening meetings and abstracts of Geographical works published elsewhere, it is now a refereed academic publication. The journal has appeared under various titles: Journal of the RGS (JRGS) 1831-1880; Proceedings of the RGS (PRGS) 1857-1878; Proceedings of the RGS (New Series) (PRGS (NS)) 1879-1892; Supplementary Papers (1882-1893); and the Geographical Journal (GJ) 1893 onwards. At first edited by the Secretary of the Society, the preparation and editing of these journals is currently carried out by the Geographical Journal Office.

The Royal Geographical Society was based in 21 Regent Street, 1830-1839; 3 Waterloo Place, 1839-1854; 15 Whitehall Place, 1854-1870; 1 Saville Row, 1870-1913; and its present home in Lowther Lodge , Kensington Gore in 1913.

In 1887 the President first suggested to the Council that women may be allowed to become members of the Royal Geographical Society, however the subject was soon dropped. Two years later a Fellow revived the question but it was again refused. In 1892 the Scottish Geographical Society, which had allowed female members and fellows since its inception, established a branch in London - this was a rival to the Royal Geographical Society and as a result they granted access to their meetings to members of all British geographical societies. That a woman should have rights in the RGS by belonging to another body was an anomaly, and on 4 Jul 1892 the President moved in the Council that women should be eligible for Fellowship. This was carried at once and almost unanimously. However there were dissenters among the Fellows and on 24 April 1893 the decision to allow female Fellows was reversed, although the 22 women who had already been made Fellows were retained. This provoked controversy among the Fellows and another Special General Meeting was held in July, but the proposal for women Fellows was again lost. It was not until a Special General Meeting on 15 Jan 1913 that women were again admitted as Fellows.

The first evening meeting of the Royal Geographical Society was held 8 Nov 1830. The meetings were held on a Monday evening and were a chance for members and Fellows to meet and to read papers. The principal papers read at the evening meetings were published in the RGS Journal. The evening meetings are still held to the time of writing and are now called the 'Monday night lectures'.

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). The RGS has a board of trustees known as the Council, who are responsible for the Society's governance. The Council also has committees that consider matters of strategy and implementation relating to their specific areas of expertise and which advise the Council and Society staff. These committees change over the years. The committees at the time of writing are: Finance, Education, Expeditions and Fieldwork, Information Services, and Research and Higher Education.

Born, 1850; educated Harrow School, 1863-1867; Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1868-1872; Private Secretary to the Governor of Trinidad; appointed to Queensland; staff of Sir Arthur Gordon, the first Governor of Fiji, 1875; held various posts in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, including that of Acting Consul-General for the Western Pacific; resigned 1880 and returned to England; archaeological expedition to Guatemala, 1880; second expedition to Guatemala to make casts of Mayan sculptures and inscriptions, 1883; moved to England, 1905; President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1912; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1884-1931; Member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, Honorary Secretary and Vice-President; died, 1931.

Publications: A Glimpse at Guatemala , with Anne Maudslay (1899)

The True History of the Conquest of New Spain

Life in the Pacific Fifty Years Ago, (1930)

Born, 1873; educated at Whitgift Grammar School, Croydon, 1882-1892; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1892-1895; second assistant at the Cambridge observatory under Sir Robert Ball and demonstrator in practical astronomy, 1895; chief assistant, 1903-1913; studied the surveying methods taught at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, 1903; appointment as Lecturer in Surveying and Cartography in the Cambridge School of Geography, 1908; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1911-1945; gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1912; FRS, 1913; Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1909-1912 and a Vice-President from 1912-1913; Assistant Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1912-1915; RGS Secretary and editor of the Geographical Journal, 1915-1945; geographical and map preparation work for the General Staff, First World War; President of geography section of the British Association, 1925; RGS Victoria medal, 1938; died, 1945.

Born 1884; educated, Clifton and Sandhurst; served in 32 Sikh Pioneers; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (Life Member), 1907-1940; Indian Political Department, 1909; British Commissioner on the Turco-Persian Boundary Commission, 1914; political officer with Indian Expeditionary Force, Mesopotamia; Deputy Civil Commissioner, 1916; Acting Civil Commissioner and Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, 1918-1920; Anglo-Persian oil company, 1920-1932; MP, 1933; Pilot Officer in the RAF, Oct 1939; died in action, Nov 1940.

Publications:
The Persian Gulf, by Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson, (Oxford, Clarendan Press, 1928).

Born in Berlin, 1769; educated, Freiberg Academy of Mines under the famous geologist A.G. Werner; hiked around Europe with George Forester, Captain James Cook's scientific illustrator from his second voyage; government mines inspector in Franconia, Prussia, 1792-1800; expedition with botanist Aime Bonpland in South America, 1800-1803; lived in France, 1804-1827; King of Prussia's advisor, 1827-; invited to make geographical explorations of Russia by the tsar: discovered permafrost and recommended that Russia establish weather observatories across the country which were set up in 1835; gave public lectures in Berlin, 1827-1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1859, died, 1859.

Publications: Kosmos (1845)

Born, 1935; hydrographic surveyor in the Royal Navy; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1978-1984; after retiring from the Navy he wrote a number of books about the Caribbean.