Born, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1710; educated, Glasgow University, and became pupil of a physician; surgeon to a merchant ship, 1729; apothecary's assistant, London; practiced at Auchinlee, near Hamilton, 1731-1732; student, Edinburgh Medical School, 1734-1736; practiced as a surgeon in Hamilton, 1736-1744; chief magistrate of Hamilton, 1739-1740; graduated MD, Glasgow, 1740; practiced in Glasgow, 1744-; founded a medical school, lecturing on medicine and several other subjects; made some discoveries on the evolution of heat in chemical combinations and the cooling of solutions; Professor of Medicine, Glasgow University, 1751; joint Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University; began to give clinical lectures in the infirmary, 1757; delivered a course of lectures on materia medica, continuing his chemistry course, 1760-1761; Professor of the 'Institutes' or theory of physic, Edinburgh University, 1766-1773; lectured in alternate years on the theory and the practice of medicine with John Gregory; Professor of the Practice of Physic, Edinburgh University, 1773-1789; President, Edinburgh College of Physicians, 1773-1775; helped prepare the new edition of the 'Edinburgh Pharmacopeia', 1774; foreign associate of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, 1776; Fellow, Royal Society of London, 1777; died, 1790.
Publications include: Lectures on the Materia Medica, etc (T Lowndes, London, 1773); A Letter to Lord Cathcart ... concerning the recovery of persons drowned and seemingly dead (J Murray, London, 1776); Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids, and of some other means of producing cold (1777); Institutions of Medicine. Part I. Physiology. For the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition (W Creech, Edinburgh, 1677 [1777]); First Lines of the Practice of Physic, for the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition 4 volumes (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1778-1784); The Substance of Nine Lectures on Vegetation and Agriculture, delivered to a private audience in the year 1768 (1796); Clinical Lectures delivered in the years 1765 and 1766 (Lee & Hurst, London, 1797); Nosology: or, a Systematic arrangement of diseases, by classes, orders, genera, and species; with the distinguishing characters of each, and outlines of the systems of Sauvages, Linnæus, Vogel, Sagar, and Macbride. Translated from the Latin of W Cullen (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1800); The Works of William Cullen ... Containing his Physiology, Nosology and First Lines of the Practice of Physic: with numerous extracts from his manuscript papers, and from his Treatise of the Materia Medica Edited by John Thomson 2 volumes (William Blackwood, Edinburgh; T & G Underwood, London, 1827).
Unknown. Thought to have been the St Thoma's Hospital Medical School Librarian.
Born, Bakewll, Derbyshire, 1733; educated at Bakewell grammar school; studied medicine at St George's Hospital, London from 1853; surgeon's mate in the navy, surgeon, 1757; attached to the ship Edgar to 1763; continued his medical studies, attending the lectures on midwifery of Dr Smellie; graduated MD, Aberdeen, 1764; began practice as a physician, Winchester; surgeon to a royal yacht; lectured on midwifery, and continued to do so for fifteen years; physician accoucheur to the Middlesex Hospital, 1769-1783; licentiate in midwifery, College of Physicians, 1783; moved to Feltham, Middlesex, 1791 and reduced his practice; made the practice of inducing premature labour in cases of narrow pelvis and other conditions general in England; died, London, 1815.
Publications include: Essays on the Puerperal Fever, and on puerperal convulsions (J Walter, London, 1768); A Letter to Dr. Richard Huck, on the construction and method of using vapor baths [London, 1768]; Aphorisms, respecting the distinction and management of preternatural presentations [London, c 1780]; Directions for the application of the forceps [London, c 1780]; An Essay on Uterine Hemorrhages depending on Pregnancy and Parturition (J Johnson, London, 1785); An Essay on Difficult Labours (J. Johnson, London, 1787-1791); An Essay on Natural Labours (J Johnson, [London,] 1786); An Essay on Preternatural Labours (J Johnson, London, 1786); A Collection of Engravings, tending to illustrate the generation and parturition of animals, and of the human species (J Johnson, London, 1787); An Introduction to the Practice of Midwifery (J Johnson, London, 1794, 95); Observations on the Cure of Cancer (J Johnson, London, 1810).
John Hulbert was a pupil at St Thomas's Hospital,London, entered Oct 1807.
Lee attended St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, 1939-1944. He was awarded MD London, FRCP, MB, BS. He also workrd at John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Oxford District Health Authority.
Miss E M McInness, BA, Archivist to St Thomas's Hospital, London.
Publications: St Thomas Hospital, Special Trustees for St Thomas's Hospital London, 1963.
Born, London, 1714; educated, educated privately at 'Darne' (Darenth), Kent; apprentice to Edward Nourse, assistant-surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1729-1736; admitted to the Barber-Surgeons' Company, 1736; lecturer on anatomy, 1753, master, 1765, Corporation of Surgeons; assistant-surgeon, 1744, surgeon, 1749, senior surgeon, 1765-1787, St Bartholomew's Hospital; introduced many improvements to surgery; became the leading surgeon of his time, and perhaps the earliest 'modern' surgeon; thrown from his horse, and suffered a compound fracture of the leg, 1756, that type of fracture becoming known as a 'Pott's fracture'; fellow of the Royal Society, 1764; instituted a course of lectures for the pupils at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1765; honorary fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1786; honorary member, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1787; Governor, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1787; died, 1788.
Publications include: A Treatise on Ruptures (C Hitch & L Hawes, London, 1756); An Account of a particular kind of Rupture, frequently attendant upon children, and sometimes met with in adults; viz. that in which the intestine, or omentum, is found in the same cavity, and in contact with the testicle (London, 1757); Observations on that Disorder of the Corner of the Eye, commonly called Fistula Lachrymalis second edition (L Hawes & Co, London, 1763); Remarks on the disease commonly called a fistula in ano (L Hawes, London, 1765); A Treatise on the Hydrocele, or Watry Rupture, and other Diseases of the Testicle second edition (L Hawes, London, 1767); Observations on the nature and consequences of those injuries to which the head is liable from external violence, etc (L Hawes, London, 1768); Some few General Remarks on Fractures and Dislocations second edition (L Hawes, London, 1773); Chirurgical Observations relative to the Cataract, the polypus of the nose, the cancer of the scrotum, ... ruptures, and the mortification of the toes, etc (London, 1775); The Chirurgical Works of Percival Pott (London, 1775); Farther Remarks on the useless state of the lower limbs in consequence of a Curvature of the Spine, being a supplement to a former treatise on that subject (London, 1782); Observations on Chimney Sweeper's Cancer [London, 1810?].
Born, West Norwood, 1860; educated; Dulwich College, St Thomas's Hospital, London; graduated Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, University of London, 1885; Surgeon for Diseases of the Throat, and Lecturer and Demonstrator of Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital; Hunterian Professor of Surgery and Pathology at the Royal College of Surgeons, England, giving lectures on diseases of the breast, 1892; Examiner in Surgery, Universities of London and Manchester; Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery and Teacher of Operative Surgery, St Thomas' Hospital; Consulting Surgeon, East London Hospital for Children, Shadwel; Consulting Surgeon, Children's Hospital, Plaistow; Major, Royal Army Medical Corps (Territorial Force); died, 1918.
Publications include: St Thomas' Hospital Surgeons and the Practice of their Art in the Past; papers relating to surgery and diseases of the throat in medical periodicals.
Thomas Smart, entered St Thomas's Hospital as a pupil, Feb 1786. He practiced in London, and then Cheshunt until he retired in 1830. He died in Tottenham in 1845.
Henry Cline: born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827.
Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
C W Bartley, MA , DM Oxon, MD, FRCP London, Hon Consulting Physician, St Thomas's Hospital, formerly consultant Physician Lambeth Hospital and the Bolingbroke Hospital.
Alicia Still was the daughter of Henry Lloyd Still, Ceylon Civil Service, of Walton by Clevedon, Somerset. She was educated at home, and at the Nightingale Training School, St Thomas's Hospital.
Still was appointed as Sister, St Thomas's Hospital; Matron, Brompton Hospital; Matron, Middlesex Hospital; Matron St Thomas's Hospital and Superintendent Nightingale Training School, St Thomas's Hospital, 1913-1937.
She was also a Member of Queen Alexandra's Army Nursing Board and Imperial Nursing Service Committee; President Association of Hospital Matrons, 1919-1937; President International Council of Nurses, 1933-1937; President Florence Nightingale International Memorial Foundation and Chairman of Committee of Management, 1934-1939; Vice-President National Florence Nightingale Memorial Committee and member of Executive Committee; International Florence Nightingale Medal, 1933, of the League of Red Cross Societies.
Created DBE, 1934; CBE 1917; RRC; Lady of Grace of Order of Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in England.
She died 23 July 1944.
William Sturton became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, London, 1832; and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, 1838.
Edward Hyde (1609-1674) was a member of the Short Parliament (April-May 1640), called to finance Charles I's war against Scotland, and the Long Parliament, which opposed Charles during the Civil War. Hyde worked behind the scenes as an adviser of the crown, recommending moderate measures, but was thwarted, however, when Charles I attempted to arrest five members of Parliament in Jan 1642. Joining Charles I at York in May 1642, Hyde became a member of the Royalist council of war, though he never participated in the ensuing conflict. He remained moderate in his views, and, as Chancellor of the Exchequer and a Privy Councillor, tried to reduce the influence of the military leaders and mediate between the two sides. He was appointed guardian to the Prince of Wales (later King Charles II) in 1645 and removed from active political office. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Hyde (appointed Chancellor that year), answered the overtures of the Presbyterians for a restoration of the monarchy in the Declaration of Breda (1660). As Lord Chancellor of the new Parliament, he unsuccessfully pressed for the disbanding of the army, religious tolerance, and a lack of royalist vengeance. Hyde was created Earl of Clarendon in 1661, and became linked more closely to the Royal family upon his daughter Anne's marriage to James, Duke of York. In Aug 1667, Clarendon, used as a scapegoat for the disastrous Anglo-Dutch War of 1665, was dismissed from the House of Commons and impeached. He spent the remainder of his life in exile in France, and died there in 1674.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The British Linen Company was incorporated by Royal Charter on 5 Jul 1746, 'to do everything that may conduce to the promoting and carrying on' the manufacture of linen.
In 1846 the council unanimously agreed to petition Parliament for the formation of a public water supply company - the Edinburgh and Leith Water Company - in order to ensure an adequate supply of water to the inhabitants. The situation was so bad that people were talking about water famine. During 1850 the first water pipes were laid not by a new water company as the council had initially wanted, but by the Edinburgh Water Company. The first water began to flow in January of 1847.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
The Committee of Plundered Ministers was set up by the Puritan party in 1643, during the English Civil War, for the purpose of replacing those clergy who were loyal to the King. THese displaced clergy were described as 'scandalous', though this mainly related to their political and theological views. The Committee heard evidence, often from local parishioners, of the misdeeds of the parish priest. If the allegations were proved, the rector would be removed from his position, and his goods and monies sequestrated.
Dr Henry Watkins was the Rector of Sutton-upon-Brailes, Gloucestershire (transferred to the county of Warwickshire in 1844).
The River Medway is Kent's premier river, rising in the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex and flowing roughly in a north easterly direction for some 70 miles through Kent to its mouth in the Thames estuary at Sheerness. It is tidal up to the lock at Allington, near Maidstone, and is navigable as far as Tonbridge. The first Act Of Parliament enabling a navigation on the Medway was in 1664 and the last was in 1884, the purpose of the Navigation being to facilitate trade.
Malachy Postlethwayt was born c 1707. He spent twenty years compiling The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, 1751-1774. Between 1745 and 1758 Postlethwayt published other works on trade and commerce, including The African Trade the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in America, 1745 and Considerations on the Revival of Royal-British Assiento, 1749. Postlethwayt died in London on 13 September 1767.
The building of Cobham College was completed in 1598 on the site of a chantry of five chaplains in the church of Cobham, founded by John de Cobham, 1362. The college survives today in the form of almshouses.
Herbert Somerton Foxwell (1849-1936) was born and grew up in Shepton Mallet in the Mendip Hills in Somerset, where his father had a business as an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. At the age of 12 he went to the Wesleyan Collegiate Institute (later Queen's College), Taunton. He passed the London matriculation examination at the minimum age, and obtained the London External B.A. degree when only 18 years of age. He went to Saint John's, Cambridge, in 1868, where he was made a Fellow in 1874. He was associated with Saint John's for the rest of his life, holding his College lectureship for sixty years.
Cambridge was Foxwell's University, but his work in London was even more extensive and continued from 1876 to 1927. He succeeded his friend Stanley Jevons to the Chair of Economics at University College, London in May 1881 - an appointment he held until 1927. He became Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College and lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at the newly founded London School of Economics. In 1907 he became, jointly with Edward Cannan, the first Professor of Political Economy at the University. His last appointment, which ended in 1931, was as external examiner of the University of Wales.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
During the late Middle Ages, the Book of Hours developed as a popular devotional text for the laity, who would recite the particular prayer for the hour of the day and time of year according to the ecclesiastical calendar. The accompanying illuminations and miniatures of saints, the Virgin Mary, and Christ provided an opportunity for spiritual reflection and prayer for salvation.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Sir Guilford Lindsey Molesworth (1828-1925) was a prolific writer, and published works on politics, economics, decimal and metric measurements and engineering. He published Molesworth's textbook of bi-metallism (E & F N Spon, London) in 1886.
Sir Robert Giffen (1837-1910) was an economist and statistician who published The case against Bimetallism (G Bell and Sons, London) in 1892. Bi-metallism involved the coining of both silver and gold and making them legal tender at a fixed ratio.
The Hapsburg family dominated Europe for over 700 years. They were hereditary Archdukes of Austria from 1270 to 1918, and the head of the family was, with only one exception, elected Holy Roman Emperor from 1438 to 1806.
The Court of King's Bench was formerly one of the superior courts of common law in England. King's, or Queen's, Bench was so called because it descended from the English court held coram rege ("before the monarch") and thus traveled wherever the king went. King's Bench heard cases that concerned the sovereign or cases affecting great persons privileged to be tried only before him. It could also correct the errors and defaults of all other courts, and, after the close of the civil wars of Henry III's reign (1216-72), it mainly tried criminal or quasi-criminal cases. In 1268 it obtained its own chief justice, but only very gradually did it lose its close connections with the king and become a separate court of common law. The Court of King's Bench exercised a supreme and general jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases as well as special jurisdiction over the other superior common-law courts until 1830.
William Hewitt was born in Coventry in 1719. In 1767 Hewitt was appointed a Commissioner 'for the sale and disposal of lands in the Ceded Islands in the West Indies' (Grenada, the Grenadines, St. Vincent, Dominica and Tobago), and also held several minor appointments such as Customs officer and aide-de-camp. The work of the Commission terminated in 1771 and Hewitt returned to England. However, in 1776 he was appointed Commissioner 'for adjusting the differences that have arisen or may arise in respect to sales and leases of lands in the islands of Grenada, the Grenadines, St. Vincent, Dominica and Tobago,' although he did not receive his salary or expenses for the period 1776 to 1781. He lost his estates on Dominica when the island fell to the French in 1778, and having been involved adversely in several bankruptcies, he left considerable debts. He died in St. Eustatius on 16 May 1781.
Mention of the Newton Family in Barbados dates back to 1654 when one Samuel Newton is recorded and who was, by the time of his death, a substantial landowner. The family estate passed through several generations of Newtons until finally being inherited by the brothers John and Thomas Lane sometime after the death of John Newton in 1783.
A militia was a military organization of citizens with limited military training, which was available for emergency service, usually local defence.
No information available at present.
Richard Simon (1638-1712) was a Professor of Philosophy and a Hebrew scholar, who wrote commentaries on the language of the Bible. Isaac-Louis (Le Maistre) de Sacy (1613-1684) was a scripture translator and commentator, and director of the Port Royal Monastery. He was imprisoned for three years in the Bastille for his Jansenist opinions, and translated the Bible during his captivity (1666-1670). Nicolas le Tourneux (1640-1686) was Prior of Villiers sur Fere, and a respected theologian. Adrien Baillet (1649-1706) was a theologian and the librarian to Francois-Chrétien de Lamoignon.
A pontifical is a book of ceremonies performed by a bishop.
Thomas Wentworth was of an ancient and wealthy Yorkshire family, and was born at London, in 1593. He studied at Cambridge, married in 1611, was knighted, and travelled on the continent. He was returned to parliament as member for Yorkshire in 1614, and the next year was named custus rotulorum for the West Riding. He sat in several parliaments for Yorkshire, and without going to extremes, took part with the opponents of the court. In 1628 he went over to the side of the king, and was created Baron Wentworth, then Viscount, Lord President of the Council of the North, and in 1629 Privy-Councillor. In 1633 he was made Lord-Deputy of Ireland (1632-1640), where his harsh government led to the rebellion of 1641. In 1639 Wentworth was created Earl of Strafford, and received the title of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Strafford took his seat in the House of Lords in November 1640 and was immediately impeached of high treason for attempting to raise Irish troops to fight the King's English enemies, and committed to the Tower. In March, 1641 his trial began - Strafford defended himself admirably and, as the impeachment seemed likely to fail, a bill of attainder was proposed. Though he initially refused his assent to the attainder, King Charles I finally gave way and his minister, who had trusted in his promise of protection, was beheaded on Tower Hill, May 12, 1641.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
The English Parliament is the main legislative body of the country. The House of Commons has the right to impose taxes and to vote money to various public departments and services.
George Rennie was born in London on 3 December 1791. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh. In 1811 he joined his father's engineering practice, where he remained until 1818. From 1818 to 1826 he was inspector of machinery and clerk of the irons at the Royal Mint. On the death of his father Rennie entered into practice with his brother. At the firm Rennie was responsible for the construction of the Grosvenor Bridge over the River Dee at Chester and several railway projects. He was also responsible for the firm's manufacturing business, which made various types of machinery including biscuit making machinery and engines for the Royal Navy. In 1822 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society and contributed papers to Transactions in 1829. Rennie died in 1866.
Thomas Lovell Beddoes was a poet whose work featured strongly in the Elizabethan revival of the late Romantic period. Born in 1803, his father was the radical physician Thomas Beddoes, and his mother Anna Edgeworth, sister of the novelist Maria Edgeworth. Educated at Charterhouse and Pembroke College, Oxford, Beddoes published The Improvisatore (1821) and The Bride's Tragedy (1822) soon after his graduation. Following a spell among the literary circles of London, he attended medical school in Gottingen, Hanover, and Wurzburg, Bavaria. He achieved his medical doctorate in 1831, but was banished from Bavaria the next year for writing anti-establishment pamphlets, and moved to Switzerland, where he was to spend the rest of his life. Beddoes committed suicide in 1849. After his death, his friend and literary executor, Thomas Forbes Kelsall, published his play Death's Jest Book, and a collected volume of his poems.
Robert Clayton was born in Northamptonshire in 1629. He became an apprentice to his uncle who was a London scrivener where he became acquainted with fellow apprentice Alderman John Morris. They both went on to become successful businessmen and to establish the bank, Clayton & Morris Co. Clayton entered politics representing several wards depending on Whig favour. He was knighted in 1671 and went on to be elected Lord Mayor for 1679-80. Clayton built a considerable fortune and, as a mark of his wealth, in 1697 he lent the king 30000l to pay off the troops. He died in 1707.
The East India Company was an English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on Dec. 31, 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century. The company's defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them trading concessions from the Mughal Empire. The Company mainly traded in cotton and silk piece goods, indigo, and saltpetre, with spices from South India. It extended its activities to the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.
Sir John Dawnay may have been the son of Sir Guy Dawnay, who died in 1552.
Clark was the chaplain at the Royal Military Asylum, Chelsea.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. In time the upper Exchequer developed into the judicial system, while the lower Exchequer became the Treasury.
No information available at present.
George Gordon Noel Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale, began writing Don Juan in Italy in 1818, and continued to add episodes until his death in 1824. The long, digressive satiric poem is a loose narrative, based on the life and adventures of the eponymous hero. The first two cantos were published in 1819, though the poem was not published in its entirety until eighty years after Byron's death. Willis W. Pratt, in his Notes on the Variorum Edition of Byron's Don Juan, Vol IV (1957), says (p.312) '...throughout the forties and fifties...there was still a spate of imitations and continuations [of Don Juan], but they became fewer, and, if possible, worse'. Among those he cites (on p.313) is 'John Clark (?), second of two volumes, titlepage missing, printed between 1834 and 1847'. The British Museum does not record a copy of this work.
The Conseil d'Etat is the highest court in France for issues and cases involving public administration. Its origin dates back to 1302, though it was extensively reorganized under Napoleon and was given further powers in 1872. It has long had the responsibility of deciding or advising on state issues and legislative measures submitted to it by the sovereign or, later, by the president, the cabinet, or the parliament. It is the court in which French citizens may bring claims against the administration.
Sir Ralph de Hengham (d 1311) was the Lord Chief Justice of Edward I from 1274-1290, when he was imprisoned and fined for corruption. He continued as a judge of the common pleas, and was the reputed author of the law tracts 'Hengham magna' and 'Hengham parva'.
At a date some time after 1139 (probably 1140), Johannes Gratian compiled the Church laws (`canons') from all available sources and called the collection Concordia Discordantium Canonum (the harmonizing of discordant canons). The collection became known as the Decretum Gratiani.
The Digestum Novum was a section of the Digests or Pandects of the Corpus Iurus Civilis organised by the Roman emperor Justinian I, which compiled the writings of the great Roman jurists such as Ulpian along with current edicts (533).
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was a Greek philosopher who was the student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great. His De anima (On the Soul) was a discussion of issues in the philosophy of mind.