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Samuel Lambe's publications include: Seasonable observations humbly offered to His Highness the Lord Protector, (London, 1657); The humble Representation of S. L. [respecting the Commerce of England] [London? 1658?].

The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or Exchequer of Receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted. In time the upper Exchequer developed into the judicial system, while the lower Exchequer became the Treasury.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

Richard Payne Knight (1750-1824) was a numismatist. Having travelled in Sicily, in 1777, he began to form a magnificent collection of bronzes, which he bequeathed upon his death to the British Museum. He was MP for Leominster, 1780, and Ludlow, 1784-1806. He was Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries, and wrote extensively on ancient art.

Peru was a Spanish colony from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and was governed by a series of Spanish viceroys from the capital at Lima.

No information available at present.

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) was a celebrated French writer. His La Pucelle D'Orleans was a mock-heroic poem, a comic satire of fundamental Catholic religion, as well as of Voltaire's own personal enemies, and was written for his own pleasure and that of his friends. The outrageous work was an open secret in Europe, and manuscript copies circulated freely. Several versions were printed against Voltaire's wishes, and he denied authorship until 1762, when he allowed the publication of an authorised copy.

The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is on 15th August.

The Naylor family owned land at Hurstmonceux, Sussex. Francis Hare Naylor's son also named Francis, became a well-known author in the late eighteenth century. Francis Hare Naylor, senior, died in 1797.

Secretary hand was a universal hand which could be written easily and read by all. It rose out of the cursive business hands, and became popular during the fifteenth century. Italic hand was another easily written cursive script. It had a distinctive lean, and could be written rapidly with the minimum number of pen lifts. Italic script came to prominence in the fifteenth century and its use continued into the seventeenth century.

Enoch Arnold Bennett was born in Staffordshire on 27 May 1867. In 1885 he joined his father's office in order to finish preparing for matriculation at the University of London and to study for a law degree which he never completed. In 1888 he left Staffordshire to become a clerk at a firm of London solicitors. After working as a freelance journalist and writing several novels and short stories, Bennett in 1893 became the assistant editor, later editor (1896) of the weekly journal Woman. At the end of 1902 Bennett left England for Paris. While in Paris Bennett continued to write. He remained in Paris until 1912, when he returned to England.

During World War One, 1914-1918, Bennett became a public servant, serving on the War Memorials and Wounded Allies Relief Committee and head of propaganda in France. Whilst in France Bennett wrote on the conditions at the front. After the war Bennett published several novels and contributed articles to the Evening Standard newspaper. After a trip to France, he returned to London in January 1931, ill with typhoid fever. Bennett died on 27 March 1931.

Teresa Ann Englefield was the daughter of Sir Henry Englefield by his second wife. She was a pupil of Samuel Dunn who gained a considerable reputation as a geographer and astronomer and was in demand as a private tutor in London during the 1770's.

The Privy Council is descended from the curia regis, which was made up of the king's tenants in chief, household officials, and anyone else the king chose. This group performed all the functions of government. About the time of Edward I (reigned 1272-1307), the executive and advising duties of the Curia Regis came to be handled by a select group, the king's secret council, which later came to be called the Privy Council. From the Privy Council there later developed the Cabinet.

Argenta is a town in the province of Ferrara, North-East Italy, situated on the Fiume Reno. Ferrara was a signoria run by the Este family from 1240 - in this period, Duke Nicolò III. In 1598 direct Papal rule was established in Ferrara.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

Sir William Courten (1572-1636) was a highly successful silk and linen merchant, possessing a fleet of over 20 ships which traded with Guinea, Spain and the West Indies. He lent money to both James I and Charles I, and was rewarded with a knighthood and grants of Barbados (which had been discovered by one of his ships). Courten sent colonists to Barbados in 1625 and 1628, but they were forcibly ejected by the Earl of Carlisle in 1629. Courten's grandson, William Courten (1642-1702) was a naturalist, and sometimes went by the name of Charleton. He tried to enforce his grandfather's claim on the money lent to the crown and to lands in Barbados, and failed in both attempts. He opened a botanical museum in London in 1684.

Henry Arthur Jones (1851-1929), British dramatist, was born at Grandborough, Buckinghamshire, England. He began working for a draper at the age of twelve, and later earned his living as a commercial traveller. After attending the theatre in London, he was inspired to write one-act plays. His first play to be produced, Its Only Round the Corner, was staged at the Theatre Royal, Exeter, in 1878. His first London production, A Clerical Error, premiered the following year. The Silver King which opened at the Princess Theatre, London, in 1882, established Jones's name as a dramatist. During his long career he wrote numerous plays, among his most successful were The Middleman (1889), The Dancing Girl (1891), The Tempter (1893), The Triumph of the Philistines (1895), Michael and his Lost Angel (1896), The Liars (1897) and The Hypocrites (1906). Jones also wrote numerous books and essays on the function of theatre, such as The renaissance of the English drama, 1883-94 (1895). He died in 1929.

Born in 1789, John Ramsay McCulloch was a prolific Scottish journalist, and one of the most ardent and doctrinaire expositors of the Classical Ricardian School of economics. He was economics editor for the whiggish Edinburgh Review, and used this platform to popularize Classical theories and promote the repeal of the Corn Laws. McCulloch was also the editor of the 1828 edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the 1846 edition of David Ricardo's Works, and composed some of the earliest accounts of the history of economic thought. His main work was Principles (1825), perhaps the first successful "serious" textbook in economics.McCulloch served as a professor in political economy at University College, London from 1828 to 1832. In the later part of his life, he became the Comptroller of HM Stationary Office. He died in 1864.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

David Graham Drummond Ogilvy was born on 4 May 1826. He was a representative peer from 1850-1881 and Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland, 1872-1873.

William Burton (1609-1657) was a philologist and antiquary. He published A commentary on Antoninus, his itinerary or jounies of the Romane Empire, so far as it concerneth Britain: wherin the first foundation of our cities, lawes and government, according to the Roman policy, are clearly discovered (Thomas Roycroft, London, 1658). The Commentary emphasised the antiquities of Britain in an attempt to place the origins of British cultural institutions in the context of the Roman Empire.

Bridges was a wool-comber.

Langford is a village in Bedfordshire.

Whitbread International was formed in 1967 as a subsidiary company to be responsible for Whitbread Group's overseas interests. The aim was to increase earnings from overseas assets to make up a third of all Company profits. However, following a reorganisation of the company's divisions in mid 1980s, Whitbread International disappeared into the new divisions of North America and Wines and Spirits. This reflected the company's focus on North American trade following the decision not to invest on the scale needed to exploit Continental business.

Stowell and Sons was a wines and spirits merchant bought by Whitbread and Company in 1920 for £20,000. The Company had been selling wine since 1878 when the first Stowells wine shop was opened in Ealing by Frederick Stanley Stowell. Moved to Britten Street, Chelsea (previously the Red Anchor Brewery) in 1927.

Although Whitbread's tied houses were not obliged to buy from Stowells the Company prospered selling in 1934 9,000 barrels of beer, 52,000 gallons of wine and 38,000 gallons of spirits.

Acquired or associated with: Findlater, Mackie and Company Limited; Spain and Albury Limited; E Robins and Sons Limited; The West End Wine Company Limited and Ellis, Wilson and Bacon Limited.

In 1965 the retail branches of both Stowells and Thresher's came under the management of Thresher, the Head Office being established at Britten Street, Chelsea. In 1968 the firm was renamed Stowells of Chelsea Limited and began concentrating solely on wholesale supplies to the free trade and to all Whitbread outlets. In 1978 the company was re-organised and given a national identity in response to the growing demand and the increasingly important role of wines and spirits in Whitbread's turnover.

In 1977 the Head Office moved with Thresher's to Great North Road, Hatfield, Hertfordshire and in 1982 to Sefton House, Church Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire.

The formalisation of the Whitbread organisation into six divisions saw Stowells of Chelsea incorporated into the Wines and Spirits division. They were later merged in 1989, along with the other Whitbread investments of Langenbach and Calvert, with Allied-Lyon's wine subsidiary Grants of James to form a joint venture known as European Cellars.

In 2003 the company changed their name from Stowells of Chelsea to Stowells Taste of the World.

Manor Park was one of Whitbread and Company's brewing depots, located in Ilford.

The Railway Tavern, located in Liverpool Street, near the train station, was owned originally by the Metropolitan Railway Company and was leased by the Company in 1907 to Thomas Read Hull for the term of 99 years.

The company of Hull and Venner Limited was formed in 1919 as a joint venture between James Henry Hull and the Forest Hill Brewery Company and the former agreed to leased the the Railway Tavern to Hull and Venner Limited for a period of 21 years. However, by 1922 it had been agreed that Hull and Venner Limited would take over the lease, compensating J.H. Hull accordingly, and in 1922 a special resolution was passed to increase the capital of the company to £25,000 which was divided into ordinary shares of £1 each. These were divided amongst the interested parties. The directors of the new company were Edwin John Venner and with James Henry Hull.

Whitbread gained an interest of 5,000 shares in The Railway Tavern through its takeover of the Forest Hill Brewery Company which became Whitbread Properties Limited. Whitbread bought out the rest of the Company in 1936 and then sold half of the shares to Bass Ratcliff & Gretton Limited in December of the same year.

In April 1937, it was agreed to change the name of the Company from Hull and Venner Limited to The Railway Tavern Company which was then brought under the auspices of Whitbread's Improved Public House Company Limited. John Edmund Martineau, John Stewart Eagles and Charles James Theobalds replaced James Hull and Edwin Venner as directors of the company although Martineau relinquished his post during the War and was replaced by Gilbert Keith Dunning.

The Railway Tavern was refitted in 2005.

The Mackeson brewery in Hythe became part of the Whitbread organisation when it was acquired in 1929 along with Jude Hanbury and Company Limited. Both companies were merged with Leney and Sons to form a group refered to collectively by Whitbread as The Kent Breweries.

Although reports vary, the brewery could have been founded as early as 1669 although it didn't begin commercial production of beer until 1907. It was most well known for its Mackeson recipe of milk stout using milk sugar, patented in 1875, which it began to produce in 1910. However, post-war disapproval from the Government of its claims over milk content resulted in the dropping the word "milk" from its labels. By the mid-1960s Mackeson accounted for over half of all Whitbread production however, owing to its low alcohol content of 3%, it fell out of fashion. Following the takeover of Whitbread by Interbrew it was brewed at their Magor brewery in Wales before being contracted to Young's.

The Mackeson line also includes triple (XXX) stout and XXXX stout brewed for both the American and British markets.

Douglas Ritchie Limited was incorporated in July 1946 as a family construction company located in Welford-upon-Avon. Its directors were Major Douglas C. Ritchie and Mr. J. Pridding who were also the principle share holders along with Douglas Ritchie's wife Mrs. O.M. Ritchie.

Douglas Ritchie Limited was purchased by Flowers Breweries Limited in 1958 and subsequently became part of the Whitbread organisation when Flowers Breweries Limited was acquired in 1962.

The Governesses Benevolent Institution was founded in London in 1841 to assist governesses during illness, poverty and old age. It was renamed the Schoolmistresses and Governesses Institution in 1952 and was still in existence in 2004.

1829-1843:

The Governesses Mutual Assurance Society was formed in 1829 to help alleviate the hardship suffered by governesses, especially in illness and old age. It planned to make grants in cases of illness and assist governesses to purchase annuities from funds subscribed to by the general public. The Society did not prosper, however, and ended in 1838. An attempt was made in 1841 to resurrect the Society and at a public meeting in May 1841, a two-fold institution comprising the Governesses' Benevolent Institution and the Governesses' Provident Fund was proposed. Fund raising was very slow and the institution's committee decided in 1843 that reorganisation was necessary.

1843-1860:

The modified institution concentrated initially on providing immediate relief for needy governesses. The Ladies' Committee began administering temporary payments in 1843. The Provident Fund was established soon after to encourage governesses to purchase annuities that would mature on their retirement. The Institution began investing in Government securities and private enterprise for financing annuities. Annuities were allocated to applicants elected to receive them by the Institution's membership and the first was given in 1844.

In 1845, the Institution established a home for unemployed governesses in Harley Street. It moved to Cavendish Street in 1927 and closed in 1930. The Institution opened an Asylum for Aged Governesses in Prince of Wales Road, Kentish Town in 1849. Queen's College in Harley Street was set up in 1848 with funding from the Institution to provide an education for school mistresses and governesses. The Institution received its Royal Charter in 1848 and Queen's College received its own charter in 1853. These early achievements occurred during the tenure of Reverend David Laing (1800-1860), the Institution's first Honourary Secretary who served from 1843 until his death.

1861-1939:

The Asylum was sold in 1870 and the funds were used to purchase land at Chislehurst, Kent where a terrace of 12 houses were opened in 1872. These houses were renamed 'The Home for Retired Governesses' in 1911 and then 'The Queen Mary Homes for Governesses' in 1946. In 1905, the Institution was given 'Fairmont', a cliff-top house at Shanklin, Isle of Wight and it was opened in the same year as a holiday home for working governesses. Fairmont was sold in 1937 and the funds were used to establish the Assisted Holiday Scheme. In 1908, Mrs Ada Lewis-Hill bequeathed half of her estate to the Institution for building another governesses home. A scheme was set up to invest the funds for this purpose in 1917, and in 1924 'The Ada Lewis Governesses Homes' were opened at Beckenham, Kent.

In 1913, a private Act of Parliament gave the Institution wider powers for managing its investments and a reorganisation occurred in 1934 when a separate Executive Committee was formed to assist the Board of Management. The Almoner's Department was formed in 1930 to arrange visits to applicants and receivers of temporary assistance and annuities. The Clothing Department was formed soon afterwards to supply items of clothing and blankets to applicants and the Employment Department was incorporated in 1934 to continue provision of training and an employment agency for governesses. The Provident Department advised governesses and schoolmistresses on purchasing annuities for their old age but it was replaced in 1937 when members of the Institution's board set up the Governesses Mutual Provident Fund, an independent association for providing pensions. The company was renamed the Women Teachers Thrift Association in 1944. The Jubilee Memorial Fund for Aged and Destitute Governesses, founded in 1887 by Miss M.C. Westall, was amalgamated with the Governesses Benevolent Institution in 1938.

1940-1991:

In 1946, Queen Mary gave a substantial gift to the Institution. The gift was the endowment that the Queen had provided for the Holiday Home for Governesses between 1902 and 1944.

The decline in the numbers of governesses requiring financial assistance or employment services led to widespread changes to the structure and responsibilities of the Institution. The Governesses Benevolent Institution Act of 1952 amended the charter to permit eligibility for women teachers in independent schools and changed the Institution's name to the 'Schoolmistresses and Governesses Benevolent Institution' to reflect this. The Charity Commissioners allowed the Institution to admit elderly women from non-teaching professions to enter its residential accommodation in 1982 although its funds could not be used to help them financially.

The Institution purchased and converted 'Northwood', a house in Chislehurst, in 1955 for use as a nursing home for invalids. The Queen Mary Homes in Chislehurst were demolished in 1966 to make way for the construction of Queen Mary House, a purpose built residential home for accommodating 44 residents. Queen Mary House opened in June 1967, causing the closure of Ada Lewis Homes and Northwood. An additional wing was erected in 1972 for less active or temporarily sick residents.

In 1991, the Institution still offered free annuities, a residential home, visiting, grants for many special needs, help with holidays, and confidential advice to eligible women. Applicants must have been employed for the major part of their working lives in the private sector of education as governesses, schoolmistress, self employed teachers of language or music etc., matrons, secretaries, and teachers in adult, further and higher education. Applications were mainly invited from British subjects but under some circumstances, non-British nationals were assisted. Queen Mary House accepted applications for residence from women from comparable careers or professions.

The Institution was still in existence in 2004.

Offices of the Schoolmistresses and Governesses Benevolent Institution:
1843-1912 32 Sackville Street, London W
1912-1916 Walter House, 418-422 Strand, London WC
1916-1934 Dacre House, 5 Arundel Street, Strand, London WC2
1934-1959 58 Victoria Street, London SW1
1959-1981 39 Buckingham Gate, London SW1
1981- Queen Mary House, Manor Park Road, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5PY.

Honorary Secretaries and Secretaries of the Institution:
Reverend David Laing 1843-1860 (Founder and Honorary Secretary)
C.W. Klugh 1845-1902
Reverend Alfred Buss (Honorary Secretary) 1886-1912
A. Wesley Dennis 1902-1921
A.F. Mullins 1921-1933
Colonel Sir Geoffrey Codrington 1933-1946
J.W. Beattie 1946-1972
F.G. Waters 1972-1974
R.W. Hayward 1974- .

The Victorian Society was founded in 1958 to raise awareness and promote preservation of architecture and design created between 1843 and 1914. At the time of its foundation, property developers, architects and widespread public opinion viewed Victorian design as ugly and it was swept aside in favour of Modernism. The Society was keen to preserve the finest examples of Victorian design but in order to do so, needed to devise standards for selecting the best. Early members included H S Goodhart-Rendel, John Betjeman, Christopher Hussey, John Brandon-Jones, Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Nikolaus Pevsner and the Society's first chairman was architect and town planner Lionel Brett, 4th Viscount Esher.

The original objects of the Society were to:

• draw attention to the merits and significance of the best of Victorian and Edwardian architecture, design crafts and decoration,

  • encourage the study of these, and that of related social history,
  • provide a point of contact for scholars of the period and to compile a register of research,
  • help to form a basis of aesthetic discrimination,
  • prevent the needless destruction of important Victorian and Edwardian buildings, and of their contents,
  • co-operate with the Ministry of Housing in the listing and protection of Victorian and Edwardian buildings of architectural and historic value,
  • make representations to local authorities and to give evidence at public enquiries.

  The Society's regular income consisted primarily of subscriptions from members. Benefits provided to members included town walks, building visits, Victorian-themed parties, conferences, lectures, and The Victorian, a triennial magazine. Early promotional activities included organising an exhibition of Victorian paintings in 1961 and cooperating in a conference in 1964 about the challenges facing the preservation and use of Victorian churches.

  The Society is subdivided into regional branches to focus on surveying buildings outside London. Initially, these were Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham groups but by 2004, there were a further five: Leicester, Great Eastern, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and South Wales. The Society was governed by a Council who were advised by a separate Committee. A series of sub committees were responsible for managing the day to day running of the Society.

  The Buildings Sub-Committee is responsible for assessing the value of Victorian buildings when listed building consent affecting them is sought from local planning authorities. On the basis of this evaluation, it makes its views known to planning authorities, developers and English Heritage. The Society will provide evidence to public inquiries held relating to Victorian and Edwardian buildings. On occasions, it has mounted active campaigns to protect buildings of special significance. An early example was the 'Save the Arch' campaign to prevent the demolition of the arch at Euston railway station. Other notable campaigns focused on the restoration of the Albert Memorial and the replacement of a Pugin stained glass window in Sherburne Abbey.

  The Victorian Society began managing Linley Sambourne House in Stafford Terrace, London as a museum in Autumn 1980. The house, built in the 1870s, was formerly the home of Anne, Countess of Rosse (nee Messell) and was where, at a party in 1957, Anne proposed setting up a Victorian society. She sold the house and its contents to the Greater London Council in 1980. The museum is now operated by the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

  The Society's offices have previously been at 55 Great Ormond Street, London WC1 and 29 Exhibition Road, London SW7. They are currently at 1 Priory Gardens, Bedford Park, London W4.

Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications Limited was established in 1969. The name derives from two individuals who fought against colonialism and slavery during their time. Toussaint L'Ouverture of Haiti and Paul Bogle of Jamaica. They were both sons of slaves who rose to prominence and were a source of inspiration for their people.

The Huntleys lived in West London, Ealing, LB worked from their front room and when the business became too big for the front room rented shop premises at 5A Chignall Road.

Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications Limited was committed to discovering, promoting and disseminating Black history and Black contributions to the world in academic, creative and social fields. They took a strong political stance to achieve this and initiate change in England and throughout the Diaspora. The books, cards, artwork and workshops which they promoted had to be created by Black people and tell the story of Black people.

The countries of the Caribbean were involved in an anti-colonial struggle in the 1940s and pushing for independence. The Huntleys arrived in London in the 1950s and with others joined the struggle to have a voice and be accepted in the society. They began by producing and selling cards and posters which depicted Black people. Ironically the first book published, The Groundings with My Brothers came not from their struggles in England but from the struggles of historian Walter Rodney, in Jamaica, which they recognised as a universal struggle to disseminate Black history to ordinary people. To stop the voice of Black history from being silenced they decided to publish Rodney's speeches and make it available to as wide an audience as possible. The second publication, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa gave a view of the European encounter with Africa from a Black perspective. These books were often distributed free because publishing was not seen by the Huntleys and their supporters as a means to get rich but a political act to educate and inform.

As of 1984, Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications's list of directors included Jessica Huntley, Eric Huntley, Andrew Salkey, Venetta Ndbele and Ewart Thomas (who was based in the United States of America). The company described itself as "specialists in books from and about the Caribbean, Africa, Afro-America, Asia, [as well as] posters, greeting cards, African arts and crafts" (LMA/4462/E/06/004).

Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications also attracted a group of active supporters of artists, writers, teachers, students, parents and academics who shared a similar world view. Some of these later became Friends of Bogle-L'Ouverture and published work, organised events and raised funds to further the work of Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications.

The bookshop became the touch point for Black academics and Artists visiting the capital from around the globe. Once established it became a venue for workshops, readings and lectures and the promotion of positive representations of Black people. The life of the publishing house was intertwined with the concerns of the community and reflected their problems, achievements and ambitions. The name of the bookshop became synonymous with campaigns for justice and equality. The publishing house was an integral part of the African and Caribbean communities in London. Campaigns and organisations which were supported and/or created by the Huntleys included Bookshop Joint Action, the Radical Black Book Fairs, Black Parents Movement, Greater Access to Publishing, Supplementary Schools and the Newcross Massacre Committee, also campaigns against police harassment, the underachievement of Black children in the school system and the killing of Mikey Smith in Jamaica. In addition to these were the international campaigns against Apartheid in South Africa and repressive governments in the Caribbean.

No overall logo defined the publishing house. In the 1980s three books stacked in front of a circle was used. In the 1990s three flying birds and the letters BLP. In 2000 a large sun behind the words Bogle L'Ouverture.

The expansion into markets in Africa, Europe and the Caribbean, improved conditions for Blacks in London and the wide range of community initiatives in which the Huntleys were involved and the beginnings of an economic depression led to the liquidation of Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications.

In 1991 Bogle-L'Ouverture Press was incorporated after the closure of Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications Limited and relaunched in 1993. The catalogues state that, 'Like its predecessor, the Press is committed to promoting an independent and strong voice; one with which we can set our own agenda. The Press aims to provide a window on the world of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and other countries which are euphemistically known as the Third World.'

Published Books They published books by Black authors for four decades which reflected their reality. The first book The Groundings with my Brothers was a collection of speeches and lectures given by Walter Rodney to ordinary Jamaicans. The second publication was the children's book Getting to Know Ourselves by Bernard and Phyllis Coard.

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa was Rodney's third book and Bogle's second publication by this author. It was reprinted four times and in several languages. After the initial printing, print runs were in excess of 20,000 copies. Howard University bought the American rights and it became an essential university text.

Andrew Salkey was a stalwart supporter and eventually a Director and shareholder of the company. Bogle produced nine of his titles and his work was also published by mainstream publishers such as Oxford University Press.

Peter Gary Tatchell was born in Melbourne, Australia, in 1952. He emigrated to Britain in 1971 to avoid being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War, which he actively opposed. He worked on a freelance basis in design and display whilst studying for a BSc in Sociology at the Polytechnic of North London, 1974-1977, after which he entered journalism.

Tatchell became interested in gay rights issues after hearing about the Stonewall Inn incident in New York village in 1969. After his arrival in Britain he became involved in gay politics after attending meetings of the Gay Liberation Front. He became a leading member of the group until it stopped meeting in 1974. He helped to organise the first Gay Pride march in 1972, as well as protests against police harrassment and the medical classification of homosexuality as an illness. In 1990 he co-founded direct action group OutRage!, which campaigns for equal rights for gay people, protesting against police entrapment, religious homophobia, censorship, the age of consent and homophobic lyrics in popular music. The group utilised a controversial tactic, 'outing', condemning those who lived secretly gay lives while denying it publicly. Tatchell also campaigns on behalf of the rights of gay people internationally, notably in Russia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. He has been physically attacked during protest action in Moscow and during an attempt to perform a citizen's arrest on Robert Mugabe.

In 1980 Tatchell became the Secretary of the Southwark and Bermondsey Labour Party. In 1983 he stood for election as the Labour Party candidate in the Bermondsey by-election, losing to Liberal candidate Simon Hughes. In 2004 he joined the Green Party, standing as a candidate for Oxford East in 2007, but withdrawing as a candidate in 2009 for health reasons.

Tatchell has also campaigned for anti-apartheid, anti-fascism, pro-Palestinian, environmental and animal rights movements. He was voted 6th on a 2006 New Statesman list of 'Heroes of our Time'; was named Campaigner of the Year in the 2009 Observer Ethical Awards; was named in the Evening Standard Most Influential Londoners lists of 2009 and 2011; and in 2009 was awarded a blue plaque on his Bermondsey flat.

Tatchell is the author of much journalism and several books, including The Battle for Bermondsey, 1983; Democratic Defense, 1985; AIDS: a Guide to Survival, 1987; Europe in the Pink, 1992; Safer Sexy: the Guide to Gay Sex Safely, 1994; and We Don't Want to March Stright: Masculinity, Queers and the Military, 1995.

For more information see: 'TATCHELL, Peter Gary', Who's Who 2011, A and C Black, 2011; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2010 ; online edn, Oct 2010.

The Barbican Arts Group (BAG, now renamed Hertford Road Studios) was established in 1972 as a self-managed artists' collective. The group consists of around 19 to 22 members including painters, sculptors, photographers, printmakers, ceramicists and mosaicists. In addition to artists' own work, the group has been involved with a number of community projects, notably educational work carried out by members in their local boroughs.

Hertford Road Studios is administered by the Barbican Arts Trust. The Trust became a registered charity in 1984 and oversaw both the management of artists' studios and co-ordination of the Groups community outreach programme, the Art Works Project. This was in keeping with the Trusts aims of developing and increasing an understanding of the visual arts outside the studio space and providing the greatest opportunity to the largest number of people to explore their creative potential. The Trust's status as a registered charity was a real strength providing a number of tax concessions and allowing it to remain almost entirely self-financed.

The Barbican Arts Group was originally housed in studios at number 2 Sycamore Street but in 1989 this building was officially reclassified from light industrial to offices and the Group was forced out. A media campaign was embarked upon with the result that a suitable building was found elsewhere. A company was identified that wished to sub-let the first floor of their premises in Hertford Road and the Group moved to these new studios in 1989 with a 15 year lease. To enable the move the Group received financial support from the then Greater London Arts. However the cost of converting the space, some 7,000 sq. ft. into 22 studio units was shared by the artists themselves. The studios varied in size from 150 to 400 sq. ft. with rent costing somewhere between £70 and £120 per month. The Barbican Arts Group, now renamed Hertford Road Studios, continued with the full range of their activities from their new location.

Pembroke and Pembroke are financial recruitment consultants based on Clerkenwell Green, London.

The Morgan Owen medal is the insurance world's most prestigious essay prize. The silver gilt medal and award of up to £2,000 is offered for the best essay entered by a Fellow or Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute. The competition is run annually.

The Company website provides the following information: "Charles Samuel Hunting entered the oil business in the 1890's, expanding upon a successful ship owning firm set up by his father, also named Charles, in 1874. An inveterate traveller, he had journeyed the world "to study the oil trade" and in short order had pursued exploration prospects in Russia, built the first batch oil refinery on the Thames, invested in a production venture in Hungary and sought trading opportunities out of the Gulf of Mexico."

"He was a dynamic and directed man, characterised by his clear vision on what would power world trade. Leading by example he took a timely risk by ordering one of the first ever oil tankers. A subsequent building programme was to see one of the largest independent tanker fleets in the world flying the Hunting flag."

"The early shipping years bred a strong culture of trust and expectation of integrity. It was possible, after all in those pre-radio days, for a master of his ship to be away for nearly a year on some of the longest voyages. The ship's company needed the reassurance that the owners were working in their best interests and the owners on their part had to have faith in the dependence of their crew. This autonomous style of management is still deeply rooted."

"The First World War decimated the Hunting fleet and when Charles' two sons Percy and Lindsay got to grips with the business in the early twenties it was a desolate landscape that greeted the brothers. Determined once again to rebuild the fleet, Percy as "governing partner" also diversified the business by taking the company into aircraft servicing and manufacturing, and some years later an airline business, Hunting Clan. Much later the Hunting name in aviation became synonymous with a range of military and civil aircraft including the Jet Provost and in its nascent days the aircraft that would become one of Britain's best export sellers, the BAC 1-11."

"Yet further diversification came after the Second World War in which yet again Hunting personnel suffered the most appalling loss of life in the tanker trade. The urgency to test new markets, scan the horizon for new opportunities and to anticipate the needs of industry led the brothers into all sorts of ventures - and adventures. Not always successfully, but always with an eye to be leaders in the field. Oil had been struck in Texas, a world-class defence company had been established (whose precision engineering skills gave rise to the formation of an oil services company), an aerial survey and geophysical business with a global reach built, - and substantial investments made in the Canadian oil sector."

"It was indeed a worldwide, leading edge concern that Sir Percy Hunting left to the next generation and to Pat Hunting on his retirement with a knighthood in 1960. Always a pragmatist and a people person, his drive and enthusiasm for getting the best out of the team made a lasting impression."

"Petroleum retailing, lubricants and specialised products were added to the portfolio and increasingly outside capital was brought into the business to fund expansion during the sixties and seventies. The hitherto privately owned Hunting interests went public in three separate, though interrelated quoted companies. The situation was simplified in 1989 under Clive Hunting when all three were merged into the present Hunting PLC. His nephew Richard Hunting subsequently succeeded to the chair, taking up the reins as the company entered this new era."

"Today the company has metamorphosed again into a industry challenging Energy Services company, in one sector as befits a fully listed public company. Boosted by the proceeds of restructuring and leveraging off strong market fundamentals, the company is now in a new growth phase with new management in the vanguard, inspired by the entrepreneurial spirit and driven by the leadership of previous generations."

Source: Hunting Plc website at http://www.hunting.plc.uk/, accessed Nov 2009

The RAC was founded in 1897 as the Automobile Club of Great Britain, and has been consistently at the forefront in developing motoring services - from introducing uniformed patrols in 1901 and roadside emergency telephone boxes in 1912. In 1907 it received Royal Approval and became the Royal Automobile Club. In 1998 RAC acquired the British School of Motoring (BSM), and in 1999 RAC Motoring Services was bought by Lex Service PLC, and no longer has any formal connection with previous owners, the members of the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall, London. Address: 89-91 Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HS. Lex Service PLC had been founded in 1928 as a parking garage business. In 2001 Lex acquired Auto Windscreens, and in 2002 Lex renamed itself to RAC plc, which was acquired by Aviva in 2005.

Friends Provident Group plc is a UK-listed life and pensions company, originally founded in 1832 to alleviate the hardship of Quaker families facing misfortune.

The idea of setting up the Muslim Women's Helpline was originally proposed by a group of approximately 8 Muslim women at a conference for Muslim women held at the Islamic Cultural Centre in 1987. They were extremely concerned about the difficulties/problems being faced by Muslim women, e.g. marital problems, depression, loneliness, generation gap difficulties between parents and children brought up in the UK. These women then formed a committee which first met at City University in December 1987. Imelda Ryan (who had five years experience with the Samaritans) was asked to lead the group which would work on setting up the Helpline. The Helpline acquired office space in November 1988 (through the generosity of Yusuf Islam who donated a ground floor room in one of his properties), and relocated to new office premises in North London in October 1991. The helpline began receiving calls in February 1989.

In addition to its works as a listening and counselling service, the Muslim Women's Helpline also produced a quarterly newsletter, 'ASK' (A Small Kindness) and contributes to discussions and debates in the Muslim community and in the mainstream on social issues. This has in the past included organising conferences, attending exhibitions and even staging plays. It was a member of the Telephone Helplines Association and affiliated to the Muslim Council of Britain.

The aim of the centre is to support the local Chinese community. It runs regular programmes and events, such as exercise classes, aimed at all age groups. It is situated on Grundy Street, E14.

The items were donated by Mrs Kim Choi Chan, a community centre worker. Mrs Kim Choi Chan was originally from Malaysia. She arrived in the UK in the 1970s. K C Chan has worked in one of the first Chinese supermarkets in London and since the 1990s has been actively involved in community activities.

Mr Cheung was a seaman working onboard a cargo ship since 1943, as a result of which he had been to the London Docklands on several occasions. During the Second World War when sea transportation was disrupted, Cheung spent a number of years in India. After the War he left the cargo ship he was working on in order to settle in London. He worked in a number of Chinese restaurants in London before retirement.

Mr Li Muk Wan immigrated to London from Hong Kong, China in 1960. He travelled to Marseille aboard the SS LAO, from where he took the train and the ferry to arrive in the UK. Mr Li subsequently worked in the laundry and catering trades. He opened the 'Hong Kong Chinese Restaurant' on 58/60 Shaftesbury Avenue. Mr Li retired in the 1980s.

The Chinese National Healthy Living Centre was founded in 1987 to promote healthy living, and provide access to health services, for the Chinese community in the UK. The Centre, based close to London's Chinatown, aims to reduce the health inequality between the Chinese community and the general population by providing a range of services designed to tackle both the physical and psychological aspects of health.

Samuel Chinque (Chen Tian Sheng) was born in 1908 in Kingston, Jamaica. On the death of his mother Samuel and his father moved to China and at the age of 18 he became a merchant seaman and discovered socialism as a result of his struggle to improve his fellow sailors' pay and working conditions.

Samuel eventually settled in Liverpool as the British-based representative of the Chinese Seamen's Union. He joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1935. After setting up the Anti-Japan Salvation Front during the Second World War he found himself in conflict with the Chinese Government and this convinced him to join China's Communist revolutionaries.

With Britain's entry into the war he joined the Liverpool Fire Brigade and served as an auxiliary firefighter and union activist. After the war he became an informal rallying-point for seamen, revolutionaries and students from the Chinese diaspora. Among his visitors were prominent Chinese revolutionaries who suggested that he move to London to establish the Kung Ho Chinese Mutual Aid Association. They also invited him, in 1947, to head the first overseas branch of China's Hsinhua News Agency.

Hsinhua was at that time the only British-based organisation to represent, and speak for, the People's Republic of China and its Communist Party. As such it became a model for successive branches opened around the world. Hsinhua remained active in its Chancery Lane home until Chinque's retirement in the 1980s when it moved to Swiss Cottage, North London.

Chinque was a member of the negotiating team that lobbied the postwar UK government to re-establish trade between Britain and China. In 1963 he was expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain after refusing to endorse the anti-Chinese position adopted by former Sovier premier Nikita Khruschev; he consequently joined the Chinese Communist Party.

Samuel Chinque continued to run the Hsinhua agency until he was 74 and he remained a formidable and charismatic figure in London's Chinese community well into his old age. He died in 2004.

Hansib Publications Limited was founded in 1970 by Arif Ali (born 1935 in Guyana) as publishers specialising in books covering African, Afro-Caribbean, Indo-Caribbean, Asian and other ethnic minority issues and subjects. In addition to books Hansib Publications also produces magazines, journals and newspapers, including Root, a current affairs journal.

In 1957 Arif Ali emmigrated to London from Guyana (British Guyana). He opened a grocery in 137 Tottenham Lane and began publishing informally, reproducing articles from various Caribbean newspapers in The Westindian. In 1971 the first issue of the Westindian Digest was published. In 1973 Westindian World was acquired. Later Hansib ran the Caribbean Times, the Asian Times and the African Times. Premises for a time in Matthias Road, Stoke Newington, Hackney. In 1981 the firm was based at Tower House, 139/149 Fonthill Road, Islington. Later registered office at 233 Regents Park Road, Finchley, Barnet (as of 2011) with distribution and enquiries office at Hertford, Hertfordshire.

For further information see Caribbean Publishing in Britain. A Tribute to Arif Ali by Asher and Martin Hoyles, 2011 (LMA/4522/04/085).

Mary Ward House (number 5 Tavistock Place) is an architecturally significant building, completed in 1898 by architects Smith and Brewer to house the Mary Ward Settlement (originally called the Passmore Edwards Settlement), founded by the novelist Mary Ward (better known as Mrs Humphrey Ward). The settlement was a residential community for lecturers and students, who were required to give their time to a community centre where local people could attend lectures and workshops, join special interest groups and self-help groups, and access a legal advice service. 9 Tavistock Place, adjacent to the House, was built later to accommodate the expansion of the Settlement, housing the first school for physically handicapped children in England.

Due to financial difficulties, the Mary Ward Settlement were forced to sell the building to the Nuffield Trust and lease it from them. In the 1960s the National Institute for Social Work began leasing Mary Ward House and 9 Tavistock Place, at first sub-letting part of it to the Mary Ward Settlement. They purchased the house outright in 1980, and the Mary Ward Settlement (by now called the Mary Ward Centre) moved to nearby 42/43 Queen Square.

The Mary Ward House Trust was established in 1997 by the National Institute for Social Work as part of their attempts to secure funding to restore Mary Ward House and improve disabled access. The aims of the Trust were:
to preserve for the benefit of the nation Mary Ward House and 9 Tavistock Place;
to support restoration and repair of these properties;
to promote access to the buildings;
to promote access to information about the buildings;
to make Mary Ward House wheelchair accessible;
and to make the historical features of the building more widely known.

Plans to carry out work on the house were developed from 1994, with the first of several approaches to the Heritage Lottery Fund. In 1996 an international architectural competition was held which resulted in the appointment of an architect, Karen Butti of Patricia Brock Associates. The Heritage Lottery Fund provided a grant towards feasibility stage work and 'The Mary Ward House Project' was begun. Unfortunately, the project became more complicated and expensive than was originally envisaged and in July 1999 it was announced that the Heritage Lottery Fund would not provide support. The Project was therefore closed without being implemented, and the National Institute for Social Work sold Mary Ward House to a private individual. The Mary Ward House Trust continued to monitor the House and promote information about its important historical features, before winding down in 2007.

River Cultures Festival Limited, a not for profit company, began life in August 2002 as an annual Summer festival offering local young people the opportunity to showcase their Summer work in the Isle of Dogs. The company was registered in March 2003. The basis of the organisation has been to link local, international and business communities through arts, heritage and workshop activities. These aims have been achieved through partnerships and funding for heritage projects through the Heritage Lottery Fund.

In 2012 the Festival was based at 24 Knighthead Point, The Quarterdeck, London, with registered office at Akeman Business Park, 81-82 Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire. In 2013 registered address was Suite 1 Caxton House, Old Station Road, Loughton, Essex.

The Black Experience Archive Trust (BEAT) is a national project working in partnership with local groups. Each local project feeds into the central project.

The West Green BEAT project was launched in 2006. It was a collaboration between filmmakers Migrant Media, the Park View Academy in West Green, and the London Metropolitan Archives. Pupils from the Academy were trained in digital media skills by staff from Migrant Media Limited, and encouraged to explore their community history, particularly the contributions of black people. They then conducted filmed interviews with members of the community, discussing their experiences of coming to and living in Britain.

BEAT Projects have included:

'music BEAT': ran from October 2008 - October 2009 at Highgate Wood School in North London. Students on the project learned research, filmmaking and journalistic skills and produced a 20 minute film on the history of black music in the UK as well as a series of exhibition panels. They explored how the music produced related to the struggles on the street that the black community engaged with over four decades (see 'Sounds of the Streets' LMA/4536/02/002).

Taken from the website: http://web.me.com/musicbeat/Site/musicBEAT.html