Both manuscripts were probably written in England.
Rabanus Maurus: born at Mainz, Franconia, in 776 or 784; also called Hrabanus Magnentius; sent to Tours, France, to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin, 802; Abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Fulda, 803; developed it into a leading European centre of learning, its manuscripts and works of art making it among the richest literary conservatories in western Europe; Archbishop of Mainz; theologian, scholar and poet, whose work so contributed to the development of German language and literature that he received the title Praeceptor Germaniae ('Teacher of Germany'); died at Winkel, 856.
Tundal (or Tundall) was an Irish nobleman who in 1149 experienced a vision. His account of it was translated into several European languages. This manuscript was written in France.
This Haggadah is possibly of Castilian origin.
Written in Vienna.
Written in London.
An account of the Samaritan service book (known as Defter, an Arabic word for book) in its different forms was given by A Cowley, Jewish Quarterly Review (Oct 1894).
The manuscript is Italian.
Currently no information is known concerning the author and the hand of the manuscript has not been identified. In addition, the full details of Mr Arden, the lecturer, are also unknown.
Bernhard Albinus was born in Dessau in 1653. The original family name was Weiss, but was Latinised to Albinus in c 1656. He was educated by a private tutor and then attended public school. He entered the University of Leiden in 1675 and got his degree (MD) in 1676. He was awarded a PhD, by the University of Frankfurt-an-der-Oder in 1681 and became Professor of Medicine there. He was also appointed court physician to the Elector of Brandenburg, Freidrich Wilhelm, and lived in Berlin. He became Professor of Theoretical and Practical Medicine at the University of Leiden from 1702 until his death in 1721.
Biographical information was unknown at the time of compilation.
Robert Whytt was born in Edinburgh in 1714. He studied in St Andrews, where he was awarded Master of Arts in 1730, and also in Edinburgh, Paris and Leiden. He was awarded Doctor of Medicine at the University of Rheims in 1736. He began to practice as a doctor in 1738. He was appointed Professor of Medicine, at the University of Edinburgh in 1747, and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1752. Whytt's important work concerned unconscious reflexes, tubercular meningitis, and the treatment of urinary bladder stones. His experiments indirectly led to the discovery of carbon dioxide by Joseph Black in 1754. His studies of reflexology and tubercular meningitis had a greater impact on the science of medicine. Whytt was the first to ascribe a reflex - Whytt's reflex, a dilation of the pupil brought on by pressure on the optic thalamus - to a specific part of the body. He also demonstrated that the spinal cord, rather than the brain, could be the source of involuntary action. His description of 'dropsy of the brain' (tubercular meningitis) was the first methodical and accurate definition of the disease, and it would have been impossible to define to a more accurate extent with the instruments available in at that time. He was physician to King George III in Scotland from 1761. He was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1763. He died in 1766.
The title of this volume can be translated as Pharmacopoeia in use at Chester Hospital. Chester Hospital probably refers to Chester Royal Infirmary, founded in 1755, and known as Chester Infirmary until 1914.
'Archibald John Richardson, Draper, Hotiern, Doncaster.' is written at the front if the volume, in the same hand as the prescriptions. It may be the name of the author, or a note written by the author. No further biographical information is available.
A card is pasted inside the back cover, which reads 'In affectioniate rememberance of Henry Motherby of Henshall, who died on the 26th December 1870, aged 41 years.' No further biographical information is available.
The name 'Pitt' is written on the inside of the front cover. No further biographical information is available.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Antonio Scarpa was born in Lorenzaga di Motta di Livenza, in 1752. He studied medicine at Padua, obtaining his doctorate in 1770. He was offered a chair in anatomy and theoretical surgery at the University of Modena, in 1772. He was appointed Professor of Human Anatomy at the University of Pavia, in 1783. He was also appointed director of the surgical clinic, in 1787. He held both chairs until 1804. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) invited Scarpa to return to teaching surgery, in 1805, giving him a present of a box of silver and ivory surgical instruments. He eventually resigned from the teaching of surgery in 1813, but continued as dean of the faculty and director of medical studies and the anatomical laboratories. Scarpa founded the subject of orthopaedic surgery, first described the anatomy of the clubbed foot accurately and wrote a classic account of hernia. He recognised that atherosclerosis was a disease of the arteries and reported causalgia in 1832. He was also one of the first to give an accurate account of the nerve supply to the heart as well as the anatomy of the membranous labyrinth with its afferent nerves. He also introduced the concept of arteriosclerosis. He died in 1832 and his head was preserved. It is still in the museum of the History of the University [of Pavia?], but it is not known where Scarpa's body was buried.
It was previously thought that the volumes were written by Christopher Lloyd, Professor of History at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. This was due to letters inserted into the volumes from Christopher Lloyd to Jessie Dobson (Curator of the Hunterian Museum), in approximately 1960. However, Christopher Lloyd appears to be an academic rather than a medically qualified surgeon, and therefore was unlikely to be Sugeon Captain at Haslar Royal Naval Hospital in 1932.
It is possible that the volume is the work of Jack Leonard Sagar Coulter, Lloyd's co-editor on the Medicine and the Navy 1200-1900 series. Coulter was a Surgeon Captain and Surgeon Commander in the Royal Navy. However, according to the Medical Directories, Coulter was still at Bristol General Hospital in 1932. It is also possible that John Joyce Keevil, editor of earlier volumes in the Medicine and the Navy series, was the author of the volumes.
The Institute of Laryngology and Otology (ILO) was established on the Gray's Inn Road site in 1946 as one of the Federated Postgraduate Institutes of the University of London. These Institutes were set up to undertake specialised research, teaching and training and were associated with the appropriate specialist hospitals. The Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital (RNTNE) was the companion hospital for the ILO. In Aug 1987 the ILO was incorporated into University College London (UCL), although the name was protected by statute. The incorporation brought significant advances in terms of co-operation with other departments in UCL but changed the status from independently funded Postgraduate Medical Institute to that of a university department with quite different funding strategies.
Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim was born in Waldheim, Germany, in 1771. He was educated at the University of Leipzig, graduating as Doctor of Medicine in 1798. He was Professor of Natural History, and Librarian at the Central School Mayence from 1799-1803. From 1803 he was Professor and Director of the Museum of Natural History, Moscow, Russia, and was the founder of the Society of Naturalists Moscow in 1808. He died in 1853.
Homer Tyrrell Lane was born in America, in 1876. He had experience as an educator at the George Junior Republic. He became Superintendent of the Little Commonwealth, in Evershot, Dorset, England, from 1913-1918. It was a co-educational community run for children and young people, often categorised as delinquents. He was interested in offenders and expressive forms of education, and also worked as a psychotherapist. He pioneered what later became known as 'group therapy' and 'shared responsibility'. He died in 1925.
George Fordyce was born in Aberdeen in 1736. He was educated in Fouran, and the University of Aberdeen, where he was created Master of Arts at the age of 14. He began training in medicine with his uncle, Dr John Fordyce who practiced at Uppingham. He then went on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1755 and obtained his Doctor of Medicine in 1758. Fordyce then travelled to London and studied anatomy under Dr William Hunter, and also studied botany at the Chelsea gardens. Fordyce also studied anatomy under Albinus at Leiden in 1759. Upon returning to London, he started a course of lectures on chemistry in 1759, and then added to this courses on materia medica and the practice of physic in 1764. He continued to teach these lectures for nearly thirty years. He became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1765, and was Physician to St Thomas's Hospital from 1770-1802. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1776, and a 'speciali gratia' fellow of the College of Physicians in 1787. He played an important part in compiling the new Pharmacopeia Londinensis, issued in 1788. He was Censor for the Royal College of Physicians in 1787, 1792, and 1800; Gulstonian Lecturer in 1789; and Harveian Orator in 1791. He died in 1802.
Joseph Black originally studied arts at the University of Glasgow. He switched to study chemistry under the tutelage of William Cullen, and became his assistant. In 1751 Black returned to Edinburgh to complete his medical training, and in 1754 he presented to the faculty his thesis which dealt with the subject of acidity of the stomach. In his thesis he upturned previous notions, by introducing quantitative as well as qualitative analysis into chemistry, and demonstrated the presence of something he called 'fixed air', a gas distinct from air, and which French chemists later called 'carbonic acid gas'. In 1755 Black succeeded Cullen as Professor of Medicine at the University of Glasgow, where he lectured on chemistry and medicine. During this period Black made a further contribution to the advancement of science, through the formulation of the doctrine of latent heat, calorimetry, the first accurate method of measuring heat, and the device itself, the calorimeter. This discovery was backed up by research into the laws of boiling and evaporation, and it was these studies in particular which interested Joseph Black's friend and colleague James Watt, thus laying the foundations for the practical application of steam power. In 1766 Black accepted the chair of chemistry and medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He took a keen interest in industrial developments, such as bleaching, brewing, glassworks, iron-making and furnace construction. In 1767 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and in 1788 became the President of the College.
'Dr Pearson', is probably George Pearson (1751-1828). George Pearson was born in 1751 at Rotherham in Yorkshire. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, Leiden and London, obtaining his doctorate of medicine at Edinburgh in 1774. Pearson was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1784, and was elected as Physician to St George's Hospital in 1787. He lectured on chemistry, material medica and the practice of physic for a number of years. Dr Pearson died in 1828. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a frequent contributer to the 'Philosophical Transactions'.
Westminster Hospital was established in 1719 as an infirmary for the poor and sick, expanding in 1721 and 1735. It was named Westminster Hospital from 1760, and moved to a new site at Broad Sanctuary in 1834, where it remained until 1939. For the first hundred years, the physicians acted more as consultants, attending chiefly on Wednesdays when the admissions were made. The Resident Apothecary and his pupil had the most contact with patients. Surgical cases were generally bladder stones or bone diseases.
The register of midwifery cases was possibly compiled by Thomas Ballard, an obstetrician practising in Southwick Place, Hyde Park, London. Ballard became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1843, and licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1844. He studied at St Georges Hosptial, and obtained his doctorate from St Andrews University in 1862. Ballard was a member of the Harveian Society, a fellow of the Royal Medical Chirurgical and Obstetrical Society, and a member of the Pathological Society.
"Mr Eyles" cannot be specifically identified, but he is possibly either Albert Eyles, born in 1740, and an apothecary in Cirencester, Gloucestershire; or John Eyles, an apprentice surgeon in 1769. Both these men are listed in Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth Century Medics (1988).
Dr Joseph Adams, who wrote the original manuscript from which this version was copied, was a pupil of John Hunter. He lived at Hatton Garden, Holborn, and published Life of John Hunter in 1817. Joseph Adams was a corresponding member of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London, and the author of Observations on Morbid Poisons. He died before 1823.
The British Antarctic expedition (1910-1913) disembarked from Cape Evans on their ship the Terra Nova 4 Jan 1911 with the dual aims of conquering the geographical south pole for the British empire, and conducting extensive scientific research. The expedition was led Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Scott reached the south pole on 17 January 1912, only to discover that the Norweigan party, led by Roald Amundsen, had arrived a month earlier. All five Britons perished on the return. A search party found the bodies of Scott, Bowers, and Wilson on 12 Nov 1912.
The study was carried out with a grant from the Royal Society at the Protectorate Department of Agriculture's entomological laboratory at Kukum, near Honiara on Guadalcanal.
Colombia's mineral resources include coal, iron, and other metals.
William Walker: born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 1824; adventurer and revolutionary leader; migrated to California, 1850; sailed from San Francisco with a small force, 1853; after landing at La Paz, proclaimed Lower California and Sonora an independent republic; forced back to the USA by lack of supplies and Mexican resistance, 1854; sailed to Nicaragua at the invitation of a revolutionary faction, 1855; by the end of the year his military successes made him virtual master of Nicaragua, then a key transport link between Atlantic and Pacific ocean shipping; President of Nicaragua, 1856-1857; maintained himself against a coalition of Central American states until 1 May 1857; in order to avoid capture, surrendered to the US Navy and returned to the USA; led another foray but was arrested and returned to the USA as a prisoner on parole; went to Central America for a third time, 1860; landed in Honduras and was taken prisoner by the British Navy; turned over to the Honduran authorities and executed at Trujillo, Honduras, 1860.
No information available at present.
The Executive Intelligence Review is an American weekly news magazine founded by Lyndon H LaRouche Jr in 1974. Lyndon LaRouche (b 1922) is an American economist and management consultant, and has sought the office of President of the USA on six occasions between 1976 and 2000. He was convicted and sentenced by the US Government on conspiracy charges, 1988-1994.
No information available at present.
Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian socialist leader, who was assassinated by fascists in 1924. His death caused a public outcry and threatened to destroy Italian fascism, though the weakness of the parliament meant that, despite a judicial enquiry, the murderers went free and Mussolini himself remained unpunished. Folowing the incident, Mussolini gave up all attempts to work with Parliament, and took steps to create a totalitarian regime.
Born New Zealand, 1857; educated at Christ's College Grammar School, Christchurch, New Zealand; educated as a barrister at Oxford University, and admitted to the New Zealand Bar in 1880; worked as a barrister, but preferred journalism; edited the Canterbury Times 1885-1889, and the Lyttelton Times, 1889-; Liberal Member of the New Zealand Parliament, 1887-1896; Minister of Education, Labour, and Justice, 1891-1896; resigned position to become Agent-General for New Zealand, 1896-1905; Governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science, [1896-1932]; first High Commissioner for New Zealand, 1905-1908; Director London School of Economics, 1908-1919; Member of Senate of University of London, 1902-1919; Director, 1908-1917, and Chairman of the Board, 1917-1931, National Bank of New Zealand; set up Anglo-Hellenic League; died 1932.
In the poll leading up to the General Election of 1826, the Northumberland candidates spent 15 days addressing the electors. There was no common ground between the candidates, and they were in fact bitterly opposed to one another. Lord Howick and Mr. Lambton (Whigs) were particularly hostile to Thomas Wentworth Beaumont, then an Independent Reformer, and the ill feeling came to a head on the 10th day. The end result was a duel taking place, early that morning, between Thomas Wentworth Beaumont and Mr. Lambton on the beach below Bamburgh Castle. Shots were exchanged but their seconds, Captain Plunkett for Mr. Beaumont and General Gray for Mr. Lambton, effected a withdrawal of their men without communication.
The 1848 Revolutions were a series of republican revolts against European monarchies, which began in Sicily and spread to France, Germany Italy and Austria.
In 1724-1725, the British government attempted to impose a new and debased currency of copper halfpence and farthings on Ireland. The "Drapier's Letters" (1724-1725) by Johnathan Swift attacked this scheme, and were part of a successful campaign against it.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Court Baron was the principal type of manorial court, and was the court of the chief tenants of the manor. It was responsible for the internal regulation of local affairs within the manor, and was attended by all those free tenants whose attendance at court was a condition of their tenure, and by customary tenants. Customary tenants held land by an agreement made at the manor court which was entered on its roll, a 'copy' of which was his regarded as proof of title.
An annuity is an annual payment of an allowance or income, granted for life or a term of years .
Edward Hyde (1609-1674) was a member of the Short Parliament (April-May 1640), called to finance Charles I's war against Scotland, and the Long Parliament, which opposed Charles during the Civil War. Hyde worked behind the scenes as an adviser of the crown, recommending moderate measures, but was thwarted, however, when Charles I attempted to arrest five members of Parliament in Jan 1642. Joining Charles I at York in May 1642, Hyde became a member of the Royalist council of war, though he never participated in the ensuing conflict. He remained moderate in his views, and, as Chancellor of the Exchequer and a Privy Councillor, tried to reduce the influence of the military leaders and mediate between the two sides. He was appointed guardian to the Prince of Wales (later King Charles II) in 1645 and removed from active political office. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Hyde (appointed Chancellor that year), answered the overtures of the Presbyterians for a restoration of the monarchy in the Declaration of Breda (1660). As Lord Chancellor of the new Parliament, he unsuccessfully pressed for the disbanding of the army, religious tolerance, and a lack of royalist vengeance. Hyde was created Earl of Clarendon in 1661, and became linked more closely to the Royal family upon his daughter Anne's marriage to James, Duke of York. In Aug 1667, Clarendon, used as a scapegoat for the disastrous Anglo-Dutch War of 1665, was dismissed from the House of Commons and impeached. He spent the remainder of his life in exile in France, and died there in 1674.
A jury is a group chosen from the citizenry of a district to try a question of fact. It is the standard jury used in civil and criminal trials.
A terrier is a land schedule used to record the boundaries, ownership and usage of an area.
The system of weights and measures in Great Britain had been in use since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Following a reform begun in 1824 the imperial standard yard was adopted in 1855. The imperial standards were made legal by an Act of Parliament in 1855.
Members of the Commission appointed in 1838 'to consider the steps to be taken for the restoration of the standards of weights and measures', included Sir George Biddell Airy (Astronomer Royal), Francis Baily, Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre and Sir John William Lubbock. A report was issued in 1841.
A bill of lading is a document which is issued by the transportation carrier to the shipper acknowledging that they have received the shipment of goods and that they have been placed on board a particular vessel which is bound for a particular destination and states the terms in which these goods received are to be carried.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The system of weights and measures in Great Britain had been in use since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Following a reform begun in 1824 the imperial standard yard was adopted in 1855. The imperial standards were made legal by an Act of Parliament in 1855.