An antiphoner is a liturgical book containing antiphons, the sung portions of the Divine office, both texts and notation. Such books were often of a large format, to be used by a choir.
John Churchill (1650-1722) was an English general and statesman. His active part in suppressing Monmouth's rebellion led to him being raised to the peerage (1685), and following his support of William of Orange during the Glorious Revolution, he was created Earl of Marlborough in 1688. Mainly due to his wife Sarah's position as Queen Anne's main confidant, Marlborough rose to the height of his powers during the early part of Anne's reign, enjoying military success in the War of the Spanish Succession, and becoming politically powerful in England. Accusations of the mishandling of public funds led to his dismissal in 1711, and though he was returned to favour under George I and was again the chief commander of the Army, he played little part in public life until his death in 1722.
The term 'customs' applied to customary payments or dues of any kind, regal, episcopal or ecclesiastical until it became restricted to duties payable to the King upon export or import of certain articles of commerce. A Board of Customs for England and Wales was created in 1671.
No further information available
The document relates to the invention of an improved self acting steam water lift and injector by Edwin William Thomas, New Road, Bermondsey, and Edward Nightscales, 9 Albany Road, Old Kent Road.
Letters patent is a document which grants for a set period the sole right to make, use, or sell some process, invention, or commodity.
The Rivington family were booksellers, based at Saint Paul's Churchyard, City of London.
Part of the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn was partly in Middlesex and partly in the City of London. Grays Inn Lane was in Middlesex.
The Red Lion Inn was situated in the parish of Saint Andrew, Holborn. According to the Scavengers Rate Books of Saint Andrew and Saint George the Martyr, 1729-1757, kept at the Holborn Reference Library, the inn lay on the east side of Gray's Inn Lane, the ninth property from Liquorpond Street and the third from Portpool Lane. This is confirmed by the marking of Red Lion Yard on Horwood's map of 1819. The site appears to be approximately that of the present 88-90 Gray's Inn Road, Liquorpond Street having been widened and renamed Clerkenwell Road.
Artists whose work appears in these photographs include:
Robert Adams; Dorothy Annan; Raymond Arnott; Franta Belsky; Perry Brown; Ralph Brown; Penelope Callender; Francis Carr; David Chapman; Siegfried Charoux; Robert Chatworthy; Hubert Dalwood; Robyn Denny; Professor Frank Dobson; Alan Durst; George Ehrlich; Merlyn Evans; Mary Fedden; Elizabeth Frink; Professor A.H. Gerrard; Stephen Gilbert; Sydney Harpley; Aileen Hart; Henry Henghes; Barbara Hepworth; Gertrude Hermes; John Hoskin; Karin Jozen; F.E. McWilliam; Kenneth Martin; Bernard Meadows; Fred Millett; John W. Mills; Dennis Mitchell; George Mitchell; William Mitchell; Henry Moore; Uli Nimptoch; Tom Painter; Victor Passmore; Oliffe Richmond; Willi Soukop; Lesley South; Steven Sykes; Trevor Tenant; Mrs D. Thomas; Miss M. Traherne; William Turnbull; John Verney; Kavel Vogel; Althea Wynne and David Wynne.
A Carabinieri Band is an Italian uniformed marching band. The first Carabinieri band was founded in 1820 by the Royal Carabinieri Corps. This band first toured in 1916 to raise money for wounded Allied soldiers.
This item probably belonged to James Myers of Yardley Hastings.
The origins of the Justices of the Peace lie in the temporary appointments of 'conservators' or 'keepers' of the peace made at various times of unrest between the late twelfth century and the fourteenth century. In 1361 the 'Custodis Pacis' were merged with the Justices of Labourers, and given the title Justices of the Peace and a commission.
The Commission of the Peace gave them the power to try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions which manorial courts were not able to be deal with (misdemeanours), but which were less serious than those which went to the Assize Judges (felonies). It appointed them to conserve the peace (within a stated area) and to enquire on the oaths of "good and lawfull men" into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances, abuses of weights and measures" and many other things, and to "chastise and punish" anyone who had offended against laws made in order to keep the peace.
Gradually the justices took over the work of the sheriff in the county. During the sixteenth century their powers and duties increased, as the Tudor monarchs found them a cheap and effective way of enforcing their will across the country. Likewise, the new middle classes saw the post as a means to gain local prestige and influence (despite the arduous and costly duties) and there was regular pressure 'from below' to increase numbers in the Commission. Consequently, at this time, the numbers on the commission rose from an average of 8 to around 30 to 40 by the middle of the sixteenth century. Not until the mid-nineteenth century did the post lose its desirability and numbers begin to drop off.
It was a system that recognised local social structures - the natural wish to regulate local law and order, and men wanting to be judged by other local men. The justices have often, aptly, been described as 'the rulers of the county', and the crown had to be careful to choose men whose standing would not turn them into faction leaders. Equally, the justices' unpaid status ensured that the crown could not take advantage of them and act despotically, and they retained some local independence. Justices needed to be of sufficient local status to exercise authority in a judicial and administrative capacity, and to supervise the parish officials who did so much of the actual law enforcement. Men were therefore appointed from the ranks of the local gentry, most without legal training. To some extent their unpaid status excluded men from the lower orders who had to work and earn a wage.
As early as 1439 a statute introduced a property qualification for each prospective justice. Many names on the commission were purely honorific, not all of those listed had to attend every court, and in practice only a minority did so. Only those named as being of the quorum (who possessed knowledge of the law) had to appear.
The extracts for the most part come from Liber Customarium, Liber Horn and Liber Albus. From a note in the middle of the book the extracts appear to deal with early references to architectural matters and the names of localities and streets. Translations are provided for some Latin and French extracts.
The name of the compiler and the purpose for which the extracts were made are not known.
The Hall was constructed in 1894, with further improvements and additions in 1947-48.
The Gordon Riots took place in June 1780. On 2 June a 50,000 person crowd assembled in St George's Fields, Southwark, to protest against the repeal of anti-Roman Catholic laws. The march had been organised by Lord George Gordon, MP, leader of the Protestant Association, but he lost control of the crowds. Protestors broke away and began looting and burning Roman Catholic chapels. By 5 June the rioters lost interest in Roman Catholic targets and began general destruction, attacking prisons including Newgate, Clerkenwell, the Fleet, King's Bench and Borough Clink and setting the inmates free. Houses and businesses were attacked; including Downing Street. The crowd stormed the Bank of England but were repelled. On 6 June all was quiet again. Lord Gordon was arrested and tried for high treason but was acquitted. 21 ringleaders were hanged. An estimated 850 people died in the chaos.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The memorial service was held for the airmen of two Zeppelins which were shot down in the Potters Bar area in 1916 - one on 2 September near Cuffley and one on 1 October which came down in Oakmere Park. The latter Zeppelin contained renowned German airship commander Lieutenant Heinrich Mathy. The crews were buried in the local cemetery but were removed to the Cannock Chase German War Grave Cemetery in 1962 by the German War Graves Commission.
The authors of the report are not named but are referred to as 'the Committee'. It is possible they were a local authority investigative committee conducting research for post-war development planning, as they include a list of recommendations and improvements as to how stations could be constructed in a more effective manner.
The tax was raised as part of an assessment levied on the County of Middlesex by order of the Lord General Cromwell 'towards the maintenance of the Armies and Navies of this Commonwealth', 9 Nov 1653.
Francis Sanders was probably the General-Receiver for Middlesex appointed by the assessment commissioners.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
Source: British Records Association Guidelines 3: How to interpret deeds (available online).
Matthew Robinson-Morris, second Baron Rokeby, was born in 1713 and pursued a career as a lawyer and politician. He died in 1800. His title was inherited by his nephew Morris Robinson-Morris, third Baron Rokeby, 1757-1829, who was a politician and pamphleteer.
The complaint was that John Moore was indebted to Crichton Horne and Edward Finch for two sums of £200, from 6 November 1806. Trial by jury was requested by the defendant, and was heard 11 May 1807 before the Right Honorable Lord Ellenborough, justice. Damages were assessed by the jury at £82.10s and costs and charges to 40s.
Assignment refers to the transfer of a right, usually a lease, or a mortgage.
Surrender of a lease is the return of property held by lease or by copyhold to the lessor or the lord of the manor.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
A 'formulary' is a book of formulas, containing the set form or forms according to which something is to be done or written; in this case indictments, which were legal documents containing the charges or formal accusations against a person. The book would have been used as a handbook or guide for legal professionals.
'Viscount Melbourne' is probably Peniston Lamb (1745-1828), a substantial landowner in Derbyshire and Hertfordshire, for many years an MP, and from 1770 an Irish peer as first Baron Melbourne (Viscount Melbourne from 1781). His son William Lamb became Prime Minister as the second Viscount Melborne.
The size of Finchley Common is unclear - it was between 500 acres and 1,600 acres in size. When it was enclosed it consisted of 900 acres.
Palgrave is located on the south bank of the River Waveney, opposite Diss.
Sir Robert Buckes Clifton may be Sir Robert Clifton (1826-1869) of Clifton Hall, Nottingham. Sir Robert was known for his large gambling debts and spent much time abroad to avoid his creditors.
A bargain and sale was an early form of conveyance often used by executors to convey land. The bargainee or person to whom the land was bargained and sold, became seised of the land.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
According to the History of the County of Middlesex: "3,000 acres of the parish were inclosed in 1804. Openfield land lying between Eastcote Road and the Northolt boundary made up the bulk of this, but further areas of common land to the north-east of Park and Copse woods were also included".
From: 'Ruislip: Introduction', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 127-134. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22442&strquery=inclos Date accessed: 12 August 2010.
These papers relating to boilers were collected for their general or antiquarian interest and relevance to the subject.
Internal evidence suggests that these records belonged to the firm of William Connell (1839-75), William George Connell (1876-1902) and George Laurence Connell (1903-39), at 22 Myddleton Street, Spitalfields (1839-46) and 83 Cheapside (1847-1939).
Details of the creator were unknown at the time of the compilation of this finding aid.
The Tax Resistance League (1909-1918) was established in 1909 with the aim of organising female resistance to taxation levied without any correspondent representation through voting rights. The organisation carried on a form of protest that dated back to 1870 when the Priestman sisters refused to pay income tax. The foundation occurred at a meeting held by Louisa Garrett Anderson that was attended by supporters of the Women's Freedom League including Cicely Hamilton and Dr Kate Aslam. By July 1910 the League had 104 members. Those who followed its principles, and whose actions extended to refusing to pay for certain types of licences, Inhabited House Duty, dog licenses, servants licences, etc were liable to have goods seized or be put in prison. House clearances by bailiffs were used as an opportunity to hold open-air suffrage meetings and the group was also involved in resistance to the census in 1911.
The League held meetings in the premises of both the National Union for Women's Suffrage Societies and the Women's Social and Political Union, but overtures to many local organisations were refused due to opposition to the illegality of their actions. It held conferences in 1911 and 1912 and became part of the Federated Council of Women's Suffrage in 1912. At the outbreak of the First World War, an urgency committee ordered that the League's activities be suspended and a subsequent meeting of members confirmed this resolution, though the resolution was only passed by one vote. No more meetings were held until 1916 when they took part in the Consultative Committee of Constitutional Women's Suffrage Societies established by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in response to the government proposed changes to the national electoral register at the end of the war. A final meeting was held in 1918 after the vote was granted to women in order to officially wind up the organisation and dispose of its assets.
Maud Isabel Crofts (1889-) née Ingram was born in 1889, the daughter of a barrister, Thomas Lewis Ingram. She was educated at Hamilton House School, Tunbridge Wells and at Girton College Cambridge (1908-1912) where she studied history and law. She was among the group of Oxbridge women who took the Law Society to court in 1913 over its refusal to allow women to qualify as solicitors. She became the first woman to be articled (in 1919) and to take out a practising certificate as a solicitor (1922). In 1922 she married John Cecil Crofts, also a solicitor. She wrote, lectured and broadcast on legal topics and in 1925 she published a volume entitled, Women under English Law with a foreword by Dame Millicent Fawcett. Amongst her other activities, Maud was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Council of Women.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) was born in Suffolk in 1847, the daughter of Newson and Louisa Garrett and the sister of Samuel Garrett, Agnes Garrett, Louise Smith and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The sisters' early interest in the issue of women's suffrage and commitment to the Liberal party were heightened after attending a speech given in London by John Stuart Mill in Jul 1865. Though considered too young to sign the petition in favour of votes for women, which was presented to the House of Commons in 1866, Millicent attended the debate on the issue in May 1867. This occurred a month after she married the professor of political economy and radical Liberal MP for Brighton, Henry Fawcett. Throughout their marriage, the future cabinet minister supported his wife's activities while she acted as his secretary due to his blindness. Their only child, Philippa Fawcett, was born the following year and that same month Millicent Garrett Fawcett published her first article, on the education of women. In Jul 1867, Millicent Garrett Fawcett was asked to join the executive committee of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and was one of the speakers at its first public meeting two years later. She continued her work with the London National Society until after the death of John Stuart Mill in 1874, when she left the organisation to work with the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. This was a step which she had avoided taking when the latter was formed in 1871 due to its public identification with the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Fawcett, despite her support for the movement's actions, had initially believed that the suffrage movement might be damaged by identification with such controversial work. However, the two groups later merged in 1877 as the new Central Committee for Women's Suffrage and a new executive committee was formed which included Fawcett herself. Her influence helped guide the group towards support for moderate policies and methods. She did little public speaking during this period but after the death of her husband in 1884 and a subsequent period of depression, she was persuaded to become a touring speaker once more in 1886 and began to devote her time to the work of the women's suffrage movement. In addition to women's suffrage Millicent Garrett Fawcett also became involved in the newly created National Vigilance Association, established in 1885, alongside campaigners such as J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Mrs Mitchell, and Josephine Butler.
In 1894 Fawcett's interest in public morality led her to vigorously campaign against the candidature of Henry Cust as Conservative MP for North Manchester. Cust, who had been known to have had several affairs, had seduced a young woman. Despite marrying Cust's marriage in 1893, after pressure from Balfour, Fawcett felt Cust was unfit for public office. Fawcett's campaign persisted until Cust's resignation in 1895, with some suffrage supporters concerned by Fawcett's doggedness in what they felt was a divisive campaign. In the late nineteenth century, the women's suffrage movement was closely identified with the Liberal Party through its traditional support for their work and the affiliation of many workers such as Fawcett herself. However, the party was, at this time, split over the issue of Home Rule for Ireland. Fawcett herself left the party to become a Liberal Unionist and helped lead the Women's Liberal Unionist Association. When it was proposed that the Central Committee's constitution should be changed to allow political organisations, and principally the Women's Liberal Federation, to affiliate, Fawcett opposed this and became the Honorary Treasurer when the majority of members left to form the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. However, in 1893 she became one of the leading members of the Special Appeal Committee that was formed to repair the divisions in the movement. On the 19 Oct 1896 she was asked to preside over the joint meetings of the suffrage societies, which resulted in the geographical division of the country and the formation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was appointed as the honorary secretary of the Central and Eastern Society that year and became a member of the parliamentary committee of the NUWSS itself. It was not until the parent group's reorganisation in 1907 that she was elected president of the National Union, a position that she would retain until 1919.
By 1901, she was already eminent enough to be one of the first women appointed to sit on a Commission of Inquiry into the concentration camps created for Boer civilians by the British during the Boer War. Despite this, her work for suffrage never slackened and she was one of the leaders of the Mud March held in Feb 1907 as well as of the NUWSS procession from Embankment to the Albert Hall in Jun 1908. She became one of the Fighting Fund Committee in 1912 and managed the aftermath of the introduction of the policy, in particular during the North West Durham by-election in 1914, when other members opposed a step that effectively meant supporting the Labour Party when an anti-suffrage Liberal candidate was standing in a constituency. When the First World War broke out in Aug 1914, Fawcett called for the suspension of the NUWSS' political work and a change in activities to facilitate war work. This stance led to divisions in the organisation. The majority of its officers and ten of the executive committee resigned when she vetoed their attendance of a Women's Peace Congress in the Hague in 1915. However, she retained her position in the group. During the war, she also found time to become involved in the issue of women's social, political and educational status in India, an area in which she had become interested through her husband and retained after the conflict came to an end. She remained at the head of the NUWSS when the women's suffrage clause was added to the Representation of the People Act in 1918 and attended the Women's Peace Conference in Paris before lobbying the governments assembled there for the Peace Conference in 1919. She retired in Mar 1919 when the NUWSS became the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship but remained on its executive committee. She also continued her activities as the vice-president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to which she had been elected in 1902, for another year. After this she became the Chair of the journal, the 'Women's Leader', and appointed a Dame of the British Empire in 1925. It was in that year that she resigned from both NUSEC and the newspaper's board after opposing the organisation's policy in support of family allowances. She remained active until the end of her life, undertaking a trip to the Far East with her sister Agnes only a short time before her death in 1929.
Nothing is known about the provenance of this apparently authentic account of imprisonment in Spain during the Spanish Civil war by an unidentified Austrian Jew. The events described took place in 1936 and the account was, according to the author, written in Vienna in 1937.
The Youth Aliyah, a branch of the Zionist Movement, was founded with the intention of rescuing Jewish children and young people from hardship. It started its activities in Germany on the eve of the Nazis' rise to power and saved many children who had to leave their families or were orphaned by the Holocaust. It extended its work to include other countries when the need arose, and particularly after the establishment of the State of Israel, looked after many young people entrusted to its care by new immigrant parents already in the country.
The register appears to have been compiled by an unknown physician at an unnamed hospital, presumably in London as the notebook was purchased from a stationer in Long Acre. The date on the spine is 190[illegible], however a list right at the end of the book is of 'Deaths 1901'.
The Lakeside Health Centre is a practice in London SE2.
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Eva Manes was the daughter of Philip Manes, a German Jewish fur-trader, who was transported to Theresienstadt, then Auschwitz where he perished with his wife. See GB 1556 WL 1346 for more background information on the family.
Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier was one of the founding fathers of the Federal Republic of Germany. A leading Christian Democrat during its first twenty years, he was president of the Bundestag from 1954-1969. A Protestant theologian, he came into conflict with Nazism in the 1930s and was among those arrested in the wake of an aborted attempt on the life of Hitler in 1944.
Gerstenmaier was born in Kirchenheim near Stuttgart, on August 25 1906. He left school at 14 and worked for 8 years as a clerk before embarking on studies in philosophy and theology at Tübungen University. His first clash with Nazism came in 1934 when he was arrested while still a student. His continued opposition to the regime cost him a teaching post at Berlin University two years later, and he turned to work in the Evangelical Church.
His post in the Church's foreign department enabled him to travel and make contact with various churchmen abroad during World War Two, and this later enabled him to accelerate the return of many POWs.
During the war he became a member of the Evangelical resistance group led by Graf Moltke which was involved in plotting against Hitler. After the failure of the assassination attempt on Hitler in June, 1944, Gerstenmaier was arrested and sentenced to seven years' hard labour, but was rescued by the advancing American army.
In the aftermath of the war he devoted his energies to the Evangelisches Hilfswerk, which, under his leadership, became a powerful Protestant welfare organisation in Germany. As an expert in church social work he also became the German delegate to the Ecumenical Church Council of Churches in Geneva.
With his election to the founding session of the Bundestag in 1949, however, he flung himself into the nascent political life of the new republic. He was a senior figure in the Christian Democrat Union and in 1954 became the first elected President (speaker) of the Bundestag. In January 1969 he resigned from the presidency. He died on 13 March 1986.
Nothing is known of the provenance and little is known of the authorship of these letters and reports which document the situation of Jews in Brazil in the 1930s.
[Lotte] was a resident of Prague; interned at Theresienstadt concentration camp, Nov 1941-Aug 1945; returned to Prague, 1945; emigrated to Canada, 1947.
During World War Two, Lingfield Race Course, Surrey, was converted into an internment camp.
Paul Dickopf was born in 1910 in Müschenbach in Oberwesterwaldkreis. After studying law and administration he joined the criminal police and later the security service. From September 1942 he went into hiding in Belgium (the circumstances of which are unknown) and later fled to Switzerland where he lived as a refugee until the end of the war. In 1947 he returned to Germany and joined the Federal German Police where he progressed to become head of the Bundeskriminalamt, Wiesbaden, and from 1968 was president of Interpol. Dickopf died in Bonn in 1973.
Unknown
Factors behind the Indian Mutiny (1857-1858) included the political expansion of the East India Company at the expense of native rulers, harsh land policies of successive Governor-Generals, and the rapid introduction of European civilization. The trigger was discontent among indigenous soldiers (both Hindu and Muslim), who revolted, capturing Delhi and proclaiming an emperor of India. The mutiny became a more general uprising against British rule, spreading through northern central India. Cawnpore (Kanpur) and Lucknow fell to Indian troops. With support from the Sikh Punjab, troops under generals Colin Campbell and Henry Havelock reconquered affected areas. The British government subsequently undertook reform, abolishing the East India Company and assuming direct rule by the Crown. Expropriation of land was discontinued, religious toleration decreed, and Indians were admitted to subordinate civil service positions. The proportion of British to native troops was increased as a precaution against further uprisings.
The lawyer and politician Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (1866-1930) was a member of the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast from 1916 and was prominent in maintaining pressure for self-government, through the National Congress of British West Africa. Publications include: Gold Coast Native Institutions: with thoughts upon a healthy imperial policy for the Gold Coast and Ashanti (1903); Ethiopia Unbound: studies in race emancipation (1911); Gold Coast Land Tenure and the Forest Bill: a review of the situation (1911); The Truth about the West African Land Question (1913); William Waddy Harris, the West African reformer: the man and his message (1915). See also West African Leadership ... Public speeches delivered by the Honourable J E Casely Hayford, etc, ed Magnus J Sampson [1951].
William Lowder graduated doctor of medicine, Aberdeen, 1775; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1786; practised midwifery; lectured at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals; died, 1801.
The British Antarctic expedition (1910-1913) disembarked from Cape Evans on their ship the Terra Nova 4 Jan 1911 with the dual aims of conquering the geographical south pole for the British empire, and conducting extensive scientific research. The expedition was led Captain Robert Falcon Scott. Scott reached the south pole on 17 January 1912, only to discover that the Norweigan party, led by Roald Amundsen, had arrived a month earlier. All five Britons perished on the return. A search party found the bodies of Scott, Bowers, and Wilson on 12 Nov 1912.