A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
The report was prepared by Messrs Hartley, Pilgrim and Hayman, solicitors, of Colne, Lancashire.
The company was formed in 1825 by James Simpson, an engineer from the Chelsea Waterworks Company, and George Thompson, an engine maker of Queen Street, Chelsea. Their works were at a messuage on the north side of mews leading east from Eccleston Street, near Hanover Square.
A cholera outbreak in the United Kingdom in 1848 claimed approximately 52,000 lives. In 1849 the disease returned, killing 14,137 in London, 5,308 in Liverpool, 1,834 in Hull, and an estimated 33,000 nationwide.
Christ Church, Bermondsey, was constructed in 1848 to designs by W. Bennett Hayes, in a Romanesque style. It was declared redundant in 1956 and demolished in 1966.
The ships represented in this collection are the:
- 'Latona' No. 55362, registered 1874, 270 tons net, owner, J. Dickie, Glasgow; master, E.H. Tidmarsh, Liverpool; voyages, Liverpool to Chittagong, etc
- 'Indus', No. 13884, registered 1863, 1319 tons net, owner, John Taylor, London; master, E.J. Hunt; voyages to Australia with emigrants
- 'Buston Vale', No. 47765, 411 tons net; owner, F.G. Fry and Co., Liverpool; master G.H. Galloway.
- 'Welsh Girl', No. 44939, registered 1866, 137 tons; owner, Stephen Morse, Watchet, Somerset; master, Alfred Nicholas, Watchet; coasting and to Antwerp.
- 'Alfred and Mary', No. 10723, 45 tons; owner, Fleming Hewett, Gorleston, Suffolk Master, William Kittle, Gorleston; trawling in N.Sea, and later Master James Green, Gorleston.
- 'Princess Royal', No. 17033, 42 tons; owner, John Parsons, Harwich; voyages, master, William Mixter, Harwich; voyages, Harwich-Rochester, London, Colchester Maldon, Ipswich.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Little is known about the Academy. The prospectus states that subjects taught included English, French, History and Geography at a cost of only 30 guineas per annum. The academy, situated in Brixton Hill, is described as "truly delightful and salubrious" and the prospectus states that "Mr. J. feels confident of giving the most abundant satisfaction".
By the mid 19th century churchyards within London were becoming overcrowded, unsanitary and unfit to be used for further burials. Local government therefore looked for suitable unused land outside the spread of the city. The Corporation of London, for example, bought land at Ilford, Essex, for a large cemetery and crematorium.
The City of London and Tower Hamlets Company opened its burial ground to the south of Mile End Road, Stepney, in 1841; the last burial took place in 1966.
The cemetery ground was acquired by the Greater London Council in 1966 and was thereafter managed by the GLC Parks Department.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Pocket books were popular publications and included printed songs and verses, useful information and even fashion plates.
The Workman's Neutrality Committee was formed by the Labour Representation League to oppose support for Turkey in the Eastern Europe crisis. In 1876 the Bulgarian people, part of the Ottoman Empire, began an uprising against the Turkish, who responded aggressively and there were rumours of atrocities and massacres. The British Government stance was officially pro-Turkish, but after several independent reports of massacres public opnion in Britian turned against Turkey and the Government withdrew their support. By 1878 Bulgaria had secured independence and become an autonomous nation.
The Church of the Ascension in Blackheath was founded in 1695. It became a parish church on Ascension Day, 1883. Francis H Spear, ARCA, FRSA, was a well known designer of stained glass who taught at the Royal College of Art.
The records in this class are concerned with the 'Delivery of the King's Gaol of Newgate holden for the County of Middlesex in Justice Hall, Old Bailey'. This was the senior local criminal court for Middlesex and for the City of London; for Middlesex and City it played the role that the Assizes played in the rest of the country.
From the thirteenth century onwards two commissions were given to the Justices of Assize by the crown so that on their twice yearly visits to the several counties that made up their circuits, they could try people suspected of cases normally heard before the sovereign - serious crimes or felonies (from the Latin 'fellens' meaning 'bitter' i.e. a capital crime committed with a 'bitter mind'). These could include piracy, murder, manslaughter, rape, larceny, robbery, burglary, arson, some forms of assault and certain acts resembling treason.
The two commissions were the Commission of Oyer and Terminer (literally 'to hear and determine' a case); and the Commission of Gaol Delivery which empowered the justices to try, and cause the sheriff (as their technical rather than actual keeper) to bring the prisoners before the court, and (if they were acquitted) to thereby deliver (empty) the county gaol of prisoners. Middlesex and London were different from other counties in that the royal courts were already present within it, so the Assize Judges' duties were given to the Justices of the Peace instead.
Furthermore, because Middlesex 'shared' its sheriff with the City of London, the more serious suspects had to be delivered for trial from 'his' care, in 'his' prison (Newgate) to 'his' adjacent sessions house - the Old Bailey. A suspected criminal from Middlesex would therefore have his case examined by a Grand Jury and the justices under the Commission of Oyer and Terminer in the Clerkenwell Sessions House.
If it was agreed that there was a case to answer, the prisoner and his indictment would then be sent for a trial either at their own Sessions of the Peace in Middlesex, or be transferred to Newgate to await a gaol delivery session. In practice there seems not to have been any uniformity of practice in deciding which cases were heard at which sessions - either justices or prisoner would decide.
A few days before the next gaol delivery session the prisoners were taken to Newgate, through Smithfield. From at least the thirteenth century a prison existed on the same site in Newgate Street. Altered and repaired over the centuries, it was burnt down in the Great Fire, and rebuilt in 1672. It was again rebuilt between 1770-1778, and in 1780-1788 following destruction in the Gordon Riots; lasting until 1902 when, after demolition, the Central Criminal Court was built on the site (1907). A sessions house for the City of London was first erected in 1539 next to Newgate Gaol. There is uncertainty as to the origin of its name - Old Bailey, also the name of a nearby street. It may refer to the 'ballium' (outer space beyond the City wall); or have been originally the Bail Hill where the bailiff held his court. A replacement was built in 1774.
Old Bailey sessions usually met eight times a year - and were held for Middlesex, Westminster and City of London prisoners as separate groups within each session, each group generating separate groups of records. The Middlesex sittings had their own juries, and to some extent separate court personnel.
The judges of the court consisted of the Lord Mayor, one or more chief justices from the higher law courts, a Baron of the Exchequer, the City Recorder, several aldermen, and usually some senior Middlesex justices when Middlesex cases were being tried.
Gaol delivery sessions ended in 1834 with the creation of the Central Criminal Court.
The first mention of the church of All Hallows, Bread Street, dates to 1221. John Milton was christened there in 1608. The building was repaired in 1625 only to be destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666. It was rebuilt by Wren in 1677-1684. The parish of All Hallows, Bread Street, was united to the parish of Saint John the Evangelist, Friday Street, in 1670. The united parishes of Saint John and All Hallows were joined with the united parishes of Saint Mary, Saint Pancras and All Hallows, Honey Lane, in 1876. In 1876 the site was sold and the proceeds went towards the construction of All Hallows in Poplar. Most of the fittings were transferred to the Poplar church.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
All Hallows, Honey Lane, was a small parish of a little over one acre in size. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt. Instead, the parish was merged with the parishes of Saint Mary le Bow and Saint Pancras, Soper Lane (which was also destroyed during the Fire). The church of Saint Mary le Bow became the parish church of the united parish. In 1876 the parish was merged with the united parish of All Hallows Bread Street with Saint John the Evangelist, Friday Street.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The church of All Hallows the Less, first mentioned in 1216, stood over the gateway to a large house on Upper Thames Street. It was burnt in the Great Fire, and the parish was united to All Hallows the Great (P69/ALH7) in 1670.
The church of Saint Anne and Saint Agnes has also been known as Saint Anne, Saint Anne near Aldergate, Saint Anne in the Willows, and Saint Anne and Saint Agnes within Aldersgate. The church is on Gresham Street. It was first mentioned in records in 1137. The church was burned down and rebuilt in 1548; only to burn down again during the 1666 Great Fire of London. The parish was united with Saint John Zachary (P69/JNZ) in 1670 after the latter church had also been destroyed in the Great Fire. Saint Anne and Saint Agnes was rebuilt by Wren in 1676-1687. The church was damaged during the Second World War. In 1954 it was made a guild church.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The church of Saint Bartholomew by the Exchange, Bartholomew Lane, was also referred to as Little Saint Bartholomew and Saint Bartholomew the Less (although it should not be confused with Saint Bartholomew the Less, West Smithfield, P69/BAT4). It was first mentioned in records in 1150. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666, but was rebuilt by Wren in 1674-1679. In 1840 it was demolished as part of the construction of the new Royal Exchange. The parish was united with the parish of Saint Margaret Lothbury (P69/MGT1).
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The parish of Saint Barthlomew, Moor Lane was formed out of part of Saint Giles Cripplegate in 1850, the church having been built in 1848-1850. The parish was reunited to Saint Giles in 1900 and the church demolished in 1902, most of the parish having been lost when the Metropolitan Railway was built.
The first mention of the church of Saint Benet Fink dates to 1216. According to historian John Stow, it was named after a Robert Fink (or Finch) who paid for the building. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666. Wren designed a replacement in 1670-1673; however the building was demolished in 1842-1843 to make way for the new Royal Exhange. The parish was united to Saint Peter le Poer (P69/PET2).The church of Saint Benet Fink, Tottenham, was built using the proceeds from the sale of the site.
History of the united parish:
The parish of Saint Edmund the King and Martyr was united to the parish of Saint Nicholas Acons in 1670. The parish of Saint Benet Gracechurch was united to the parish of Saint Leonard Eastcheap in 1670. The united parishes of Saint Benet Gracechurch and Saint Leonard Eastcheap were united to the parish of All Hallows Lombard Street in 1864. The parish of Saint Dionis Backchurch was joined to All Hallows Lombard Street and united parishes in 1876. These united parishes were joined to the united parishes of Saint Edmund the King and Martyr and Saint Nicholas Acons in 1937 to form Saint Edmund the King and Martyr and united parishes.
The churches of All Hallows Lombard Street, Saint Benet Gracechurch, Saint Dionis Backchurch, Saint Edmund the King and Martyr, Saint Leonard Eastcheap and Saint Nicholas Acons were all destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666. Saint Edmund the King and Martyr was rebuilt by Wren and Robert Hooke in 1670-9 and the spire completed in 1708. Saint Dionis Backchurch was rebuilt by Wren in 1670-84, Saint Benet Gracechurch Street in 1681-87 and All Hallows Lombard Street in 1686-94. The churches of Saint Leonard Eastcheap and Saint Nicholas Acons were not rebuilt; however, the site of the former was retained as a burial ground until 1882.
The church of Saint Benet Gracechurch was demolished in 1867, the church of Saint Dionis Backchurch in 1878 and the church of All Hallows Lombard Street in 1938 and the sites sold off. The proceeds of these sales were used to fund the building of new churches namely Saint Benet Mile End Road, Saint Dionis Parsons Green, and All Hallows, Chertsey Road, Twickenham and All Saints Queensbury. The tower of All Hallows Lombard Street was reconstructed as part of All Hallows, Chertsey Road. Saint Edmund the King and Martyr remains the parish church.
The parish of Saint Botolph Aldersgate existed from at least the 13th century, the church standing near Aldersgate, one of the gates of the City of London. Botolph was a 7th century Saxon Abbot and the patron saint of travellers, so his churches were usually situated at the city gates. The church was enlarged in 1488, repaired in 1627, rebuilt in 1754-57 and repaired again in 1833 and 1851. The parish was united with Saint Bartholomew the Great in 1954 and became one of the City of London's "Guild Churches". The churchyard is laid out as a garden, Postman's Park.
Glasshouse Yard was an extra-parochial liberty in the northern part of the parish of Saint Botolph Aldersgate. It extended outside the City into Goswell Street.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
History of the united parishes of St Botolph Aldgate and Holy Trinity Minories:
The first recorded mention of Saint Botolph Aldgate is in 1115, when the Knighten Guild gave the church to the Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. Botolph was a 7th century Saxon Abbot and the patron saint of travellers, so his churches were usually situated at the city gates. The church became Crown property in 1532 when the priory was dissolved. The church was rebuilt in 1740-44 by George Dance. The interior was redesigned in 1887-91 by John Francis Bentley; and repairs were carried out in 1958-66. Author Daniel Defoe was married in this church; and philosopher Jeremy Bentham was christened here.
The parish of Holy Trinity Minories was united to the parish of St Botolph Aldgate in 1893 and the church building was closed in 1899. The parish of Saint Botolph Aldgate lies partly within the liberties of the City (this area is co-terminous with Portsoken Ward) and partly outside the City in Middlesex including East Smithfield, the precinct of Saint Katharine by the Tower and (from 1893) the parish of Holy Trinity Minories.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
History of the united parishes of Saint Mary at Hill, Saint Andrew Hubbard, Saint George Botolph Lane and Saint Botolph Billingsgate:
The churches of Saint Botolph and Saint Andrew Hubbard were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The parish of Saint Mary at Hill was united to the parish of Saint Andrew Hubbard in 1670. The parish of Saint George Botolph Lane was united to the parish of Saint Botolph Billingsgate in 1670. The united parishes of Saint George and Saint Botolph were joined with the united parishes of Saint Mary and Saint Andrew in 1901; and the church of Saint George was demolished in 1903-4.
Botolph was a 7th century Saxon Abbot and the patron saint of travellers, so his churches were usually situated at the city gates.
The parish church of Saint Botolph Bishopsgate (also known as Saint Botolph without Bishopgate), on the west side of Bishopsgate in the City of London, is recorded from at least the early 13th century. Botolph was a 7th century Saxon Abbot and the patron saint of travellers, so his churches were usually situated at the city gates. The church was rebuilt in 1571-72, partly rebuilt in 1617 and entirely rebuilt between 1725-28. It was also restored following damage in World War Two. In 1869, the parish absorbed the District Chapelry of All Saints Skinner Street (P69/ALL) and in 1954 the parish church of All Hallows London Wall (P69/ALH5).
History of the united parishes of Saint Clement Eastcheap and Saint Martin Orgar:
The church of Saint Clement Eastcheap was first mentioned in the 11th century, Saint Martin Orgar in the 12th century. Saint Martin's was granted by Deacon Ordgar to the Canons of Saint Paul's Cathedral. Saint Clement's was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and rebuilt by Wren in 1686. Saint Martin Orgar was destroyed, apart from the tower, in the Great Fire and the two parishes were united in 1670, with worship taking place in Saint Clement's.
After the Great Fire, the tower of Saint Martin Orgar was restored by French Protestants who used it as a place of worship. It was taken down in 1820, and replaced, in 1852, by an Italiante tower, still extant, which was initially used as a rectory for Saint Clement Eastcheap, and subsequently as diocesan offices. Saint Clement Eastcheap was damaged by bombing in 1940 but was restored. It is situated at the corner of Clement's Lane and King William Street.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The parish church of Saint Dunstan in the East, Idol Lane, was built during the second half of the 13th century. The main body of the church survived the Great Fire, but the tower and steeple had to be rebuilt by Christopher Wren. The church was rebuilt in the early 19th century when it was discovered that the roof had forced the medieval nave out of line. It was bombed and mostly destroyed during the Second World War, however the tower and nave walls have been restored and the site turned into a garden. The parish was united to All Hallows Barking (P69/ALH1) in 1960.
The parish of Saint Gregory by Saint Paul was first mentioned in 1010. The church stood at the south west corner of Saint Paul's Cathedral. Whilst building the new cathedral portico, Inigo Jones partially demolished the church, but was compelled to restore it. It was destroyed by the Great Fire and not rebuilt. The parish was united with Saint Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street in 1670.
The church of Saint Lawrence Pountney is referred to in medieval documents by several different names: Saint Lawrence next the Thames, Saint Lawrence in Candlewigstrate, and Saint Lawrence de Lundenstane. In 1334 the church was converted into a college with a master and seven chaplains by John de Poulteney, and the name was changed. The college was dissolved between 1547 and 1553 and the church became a parish church again. The church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London and was not rebuilt, and in circa 1670 the parish was united with Saint Mary Abchurch. The church of Saint Mary Abchurch was rebuilt by Christopher Wren between 1681 and 1696. Saint Mary Abchurch is now one of the City of London's Guild Churches.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
History of the united parishes of Saint James Garlickhithe, Saint Michael Queenhithe and Holy Trinity the Less:
The churches of Holy Trinity the Less and Saint James Garlickhithe were both destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666. The church of Holy Trinity the Less was not rebuilt.
The church of Saint James Garlickhithe was rebuilt by Wren 1676-83 and a steeple was added 1714-17. During World War Two the church was damaged and restoration took place in 1954-63.
The church of Saint Michael Queenhithe, Upper Thames Street, was also burned down in the Great Fire and rebuilt by Wren 1676-77, being finally demolished in 1876 under the Union of City Benefices Act. The parish of Holy Trinity the Less was united to Saint Michael Queenhithe in 1670. The parishes of Holy Trinity the Less and Saint Michael Queenhithe were united to Saint James Garlickhithe in 1875.
Saint Mary Somerset dated to the 12th century. The name probably derives from the wharf Somershithe which was nearby. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666, rebuilt to designs by Wren, but demolished in 1872. The tower was saved. The parish was united with Saint Mary Mounthaw after the Great Fire, and with Saint Nicholas Cole Abbey in 1872. The united parish was later joined with Saint Andrew by the Wardrobe.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
The medieval church of Saint Mary Staining was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, 1666, and not rebuilt. The parish united with Saint Michael Wood Street in 1670 and Saint Alban Wood Street in 1894.
History of the united parishes of Saint Mary at Hill, Saint Andrew Hubbard, Saint George Botolph Lane and Saint Botolph Billingsgate:
Saint Mary at Hill was founded in the 12th century. It was damaged during the Great Fire of 1666 and was rebuilt to designs by Wren. Further restorations took place in 1787, 1827, 1848 and the 1990s, the latter two restorations following fires.
The churches of Saint Botolph and Saint Andrew Hubbard were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The parish of Saint Mary at Hill was united to the parish of Saint Andrew Hubbard in 1670. The parish of Saint George Botolph Lane was united to the parish of Saint Botolph Billingsgate in 1670. The united parishes of Saint George and Saint Botolph were joined with the united parishes of Saint Mary and Saint Andrew in 1901; and the church of Saint George was demolished in 1903-4.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
Saint Mary Colechurch was a medieval foundation, constructed by a man named Cole. Thomas Becket was baptised there. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666 and was not rebuilt. It was united with the parishes of Saint Martin Pomeroy and Saint Olave Jewry in 1670, and Saint Mildred Poultry in 1871. It was then united with Saint Margaret Lothbury in 1886.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
History of the united parishes of Saint Clement Eastcheap and Saint Martin Orgar:
The church of Saint Clement Eastcheap was first mentioned in the 11th century, Saint Martin Orgar in the 12th century. Saint Martin's was granted by Deacon Ordgar to the Canons of Saint Paul's Cathedral. Saint Clement's was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and rebuilt by Wren in 1686. Saint Martin Orgar was destroyed, apart from the tower, in the Great Fire and the two parishes were united in 1670, with worship taking place in Saint Clement's.
After the Great Fire, the tower of Saint Martin Orgar was restored by French Protestants who used it as a place of worship. It was taken down in 1820, and replaced, in 1852, by an Italiante tower, still extant, which was initially used as a rectory for Saint Clement Eastcheap, and subsequently as diocesan offices. Saint Clement Eastcheap was damaged by bombing in 1940 but was restored.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
Saint Martin Outwich was situated on Threadneedle Street at the junction with Bishopsgate. The earlier medieval church was rebuilt in 1403 by the Oteswich brothers. It was not damaged in the Great Fire of 1666, only to be badly damaged in a fire of 1765. A replacement was constructed in 1798. It was demolished in 1874 and the site was sold to provide funds for suburban church building. The parish was united with Saint Helen Bishopsgate in 1873.
The church of Saint Martin Pomeroy was situated near an apple orchard which gave it its name. It was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt. The parish was united with Saint Mary Colechurch and Saint Olave Jewry in 1670. The united parishes were merged with Saint Mildred Poultry in 1871 and Saint Margaret Lothbury in 1886.
History of the united parishes of Saint Peter Westcheap, Saint Matthew le Querne, Saint Matthew Friday Street, and Saint Vedast Foster Lane:
The church of Saint Peter Westcheap stood on the south west corner of Wood Street, on the north side of Cheapside. Built in the 12th century, it was rebuilt out of proceeds of the estate of John Sha in 1503. It was repaired in 1616-17, before being destroyed in the Great Fire. It was not rebuilt. The parish was united with Saint Matthew Friday Street in 1670.
The church of Saint Matthew Friday Street was repaired in 1632-33, and burnt in the Great Fire. It was rebuilt and enlarged by Wren, 1681-87. After restoration in 1861-62, it was taken down in 1881 and the parish united to Saint Vedast Foster Lane.
The church of Saint Michael le Querne stood at the western end of the City's great market. A corn market was sometimes held in the churchyard (which gave the parish its name). The church was repaired in 1617, burnt in 1666 and not rebuilt. The parish was subsequently united to Saint Vedast Foster Lane.
The church of Saint Vedast Foster Lane stood on the east side of Foster Lane. It was dedicated to the bishop and patron saint of Arras. The church was rebuilt in 1519, repaired and enlarged in 1614, and destroyed in the Great Fire. It was rebuilt in 1670-3. A steeple was added in 1697-8. It was restored after bomb damage in 1941 and fitted out with furniture from other churches.
Saint Olave Silver Street was the parish church of the silversmiths. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of London and was not rebuilt. The parish was united with Saint Michael Wood Street.
The church of Saint Mary Staining was destroyed in the Great Fire and not rebuilt. The parish united with Saint Michael Wood Street in 1670 and Saint Alban Wood Street in 1894. The church of Saint Michael Wood Street was burned in the Great Fire, rebuilt by Wren 1670-5 and demolished in 1894, when the parish united with that of Saint Alban Wood Street.
History of the united parishes of Saint Mary le Bow, Saint Pancras Soper Lane, All Hallows Honey Lane, Saint John the Evangelist Friday Street and All Hallows Bread Street:
Saint Pancras Soper Lane is first mentioned in 1257. It was attached to the monastery of Christchurch Canterbury.
The parish of Saint Mary le Bow was united to the parishes of All Hallows Honey Lane and Saint Pancras Soper Lane in 1670, after the churches of All Hallows Honey Lane, Saint Pancras and Saint John were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt. The parish of All Hallows Bread Street was united to the parish of Saint John the Evangelist Friday Street in 1670.
The united parishes of Saint John and All Hallows were joined with the united parishes of Saint Mary, Saint Pancras and All Hallows Honey Lane in 1876. The church of All Hallows Bread Street was demolished in 1876. The church of Saint Mary remains a parish church.
The church was built in 1837-38 as a chapel of ease to the parish of Saint Bride Fleet Street (P69/BRI), on a site donated by the Goldsmiths' Company, and was constituted as a district chapelry in 1842. The church building was altered in 1873 and demolished in circa 1905, when the benefice was united with Saint Bride Fleet Street.
The church of Saint Vedast Foster Lane stood on the east side of Foster Lane. It was dedicated to the bishop and patron saint of Arras. The church was rebuilt in 1519, repaired and enlarged in 1614, and destroyed in the Great Fire. It was rebuilt in 1670-3. A steeple was added in 1697-8. It was restored by Stephen Dykes Bower after sustaining bomb damage in 1941 and fitted out with furniture from other churches. It was united with the parishes of Saint Matthew, Friday Street (P69/MTW) and Saint Michael le Querne (P69/MIC4).
Christ Church is situated on Battersea Park Road. The building was designed in a 14th century style. The church and parish were founded in 1861.
From: 'Parishes: Battersea with Penge', A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4 (1912), pp. 8-17.
In 1850 the North London Railway began operating services from Camden Town to Poplar, and then on into the East End. In 1851 the line was extended to Hampstead where it joined with the London and North Western Railway, and in 1858 it was connected to a branch of the London and South Western Railway to Richmond. In 1865 the line was further extended in the east so that the terminus was Broad Street station, situated adjacent to Liverpool Street Station.
By 1900 Broad Street station was the third busiest in London (after Liverpool Street and Victoria). During the Second World War the line was badly bombed and the East End portion was closed. Trains continued to run to the badly damaged Broad Street station, but the development of Tube and bus networks had significantly reduced the passenger numbers. The station was not repaired and the main part of it was closed in 1950, although two platforms continued to operate.
In 1963 Richard Beeching was appointed Chairman of the British Transport Commission with the brief to reduce British Rail spending. He achieved this by announcing extensive cuts in what has become known as the 'Beeching Axe'. Broad Street was one of the stations earmarked for closure. However, local opposition saved the station and it continued running until 1985 when it was finally closed. The Broadgate office development stands on the site.
In 1979 the line between Richmond and Dalston via Gospel Oak became the North London Line, and in 2010 is part of the London Overground network.
The Charity was incorporated by charter dated 1 July 1678, at the instigation of a group of loyalist Anglicans who were concerned to alleviate the lot of needy dependants of Anglican clergy who had suffered for their orthodoxy during the time of the Commonwealth. The incorporation marked a stage in the consolidation of charitable efforts directed to that end, and the primary class to benefit from the activities of the Corporation were the widows of sequestered clergy. Formally named "The Charity for the Relief of poor Widows and Children of Clergymen", the Corporation gradually came to extend its benevolence more widely within that general heading as the years passed.
The popular title "Sons of the Clergy" is an indication of the large proportion of sons of clergymen who were active in the Charity, but also probably shows a sense of "pietas" felt by orthodox laity toward the faithful clergy. The phrase was inherited from the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy.
The Corporation and the Festival: The circle of Anglicans whose efforts led to the incorporation of the Charity had for many years previously been pursuing the aims formulated in the Charter of 1678 by means of the annual Festival of the Sons of the Clergy. This enabled the raising of money at a solemn service, held in a prominent church in the Capital, and a grand feast to follow, at which the liberal benefactions of the wealthy were solicited. The origins of the Festival are obscure, the first extant Sermon preached on such an occasion being dated 1655.
The Festival, with its organisers and administrators, must be regarded as the parent of the Corporation. No doubt practical experience showed the creation of a Corporation to be the best means of ensuring orderliness and continuity in the administration of such a Charity. If the annual benevolence of the Festival attracted offers of endowment by estates, which would yield a regular and permanent income, the creation of a body corporate would be the only way of avoiding the tiresome necessity of continual renewal of trustees to make up for depletions by death. It was just this legal difficulty which led eventually to the vesting in the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy of a number of private charities with similar objects. One such was Palmer's Charity, which brought the Corporation some lands in rural Holloway; and these with the growth of London, became the Corporation's principal landed estate.
The purchase of estates was, indeed, one of the early concerns of the Charity, once incorporated, and its landed interests eventually came to extend over many parts of England and Wales.
The Festival, with its Stewards and Secretary, and the Corporation, with its Court of Assistants and Registrar, continued as separate, though closely linked, entities, and the same people were often active in both. The funds raised at the Festival were administered separately until in the 1830's they were handed over to the Corporation to administer though still as a separate fund.
The Organisation of the Corporation: The Charter of Incorporation, whose text was copied out at the beginning of more than one Court Book, lays down the organisation of the Charity which it has retained ever since, and which still continues to function. The Corporation consists of a large number of Governors who meet at a General Court held on the second Thursday in each November. The first Governors, men of substance and standing, were nominated by Charter, and all subsequent appointments were made at the General Court.
The Charter also nominated the first Court of Assistants, composed of a President, Vice-President, three Treasurers and 42 Assistants. This court is responsible for the conduct of business of the Charity, it meets at varying intervals throughout the year, and appointments to it lie with the Governors.
At the first meeting of the Court of Assistants on 15th July 1678, choice was made of a Register, later called Registrar, to be the principal permanent official of the Corporation. Unlike the abovementioned officers, the Register received payment for his services, which required legal knowledge, and approximated to the functions of a general secretary and solicitor.
Amongst other minor officials was the Messenger, who convened meetings and probably at times acted as a rent collector. There was never a large staff of permanent officials. Unlike the Messenger, the Registrar still continues to function at the head of the permanent administration.
There seems to have been a permanent accountant at least since 1726, but this official is less easy to trace in the records. Apart from the Treasurers' Accounts, the Ledger of 1771 is the first survivor of any series of financial records. Before 1726 this work seems to have been in the hands of a Committee for Methodizing the Books.
Various Committees were appointed from time to time, but in the 17th and 18th centuries they generally give an impression of informality, and were often appointed ad hoc. It was not until about 1840 that any considerable reorganisation took place within the Corporation, and at that time the three principal permanent Committees of Estates, Finance and Petitions were formed.
The Revd. Ralph Davenant, Rector of Whitechapel, provided for the building and staffing of a school for forty boys and thirty girls in the parish of Whitechapel by a deed of settlement dated 11 June 1680 (ref. A/DAV/I/13) and by his will proved 26 February 1680/81 (PRO ref. PROB 11 365). It was not, however, until 1686 that the trustees obtained a faculty to build a school and school houses on the Lower Burial Ground in Whitechapel.
Over the years the Foundation had a number of benefactors including an unknown woman who gave the sum of £1,000 in 1701. The money was used to buy an estate, Castle Farm at East Tilbury, Essex.
In the early nineteenth century the school was visited by Dr. Andrew Bell, who was famous for his monitorial system. The system was adopted and proved a great success. At the same time it was felt that there was a need for a public school for the education of the poor of the area. This school, known as the Whitechapel Society's School, was founded in 1813 and also built on part of the Lower Burial Ground.
By the mid nineteenth century there was a need felt for more advanced education than that provided by Davenant's School or the Whitechapel Society's School. In 1854 an Order was made under which the charities known as the Whitechapel Charities were to be appropriated and used for another charitable purpose, the establishment of The Whitechapel Foundation Commercial School. Among these charities was that of Thomas Holbrook (1644). The school opened in Leman Street in 1858 and was very successful.
In 1888 a revised scheme for the administration of the Whitechapel Charities and Davenant's Foundation was published by the Charity Commission. A secondary school for boys, the Foundation School, was to be provided and three elementary schools for boys, girls and infants, to be known as the Davenant Schools. The latter continued under the School Board for London and LCC Education Committee until the Second World War. They were not reopened after the War and finally closed in 1950.
The new building for the Foundation School was completed in 1896 but an extension was soon needed and a new wing was built in 1909. The school acquired a high reputation especially in the teaching of modern foreign languages. In 1930 the school celebrated the 250th anniversary of the Foundation and the name was officially changed from Whitechapel Foundation School to Davenant Foundation School. There was an increase in the numbers on the roll at this time and the Governors wished to improve their existing buildings rather than move to a new site. The outbreak of war brought these negotiations to a close.
The school was evacuated to Chatteris in the Fens and remained there throughout the war. When the school returned to London work started on rebuilding the Whitechapel premises which had been badly damaged. Following the Education Act 1944 the school applied for and was granted the status of a voluntary aided grammar school, an earlier application for direct grant status having been rejected. In 1956 the Ministry of Education suggested that the school should be transferred to another area where there was need of a grammar school. It was decided to move to Essex as nearly half the pupils were from that county. A site was chosen close to the LCC housing estate at Debden and despite objections permission was eventually granted in 1960. The school moved to Essex in 1965 and the new building was officially opened in 1966.
Until 1945 Hornchurch was part of the Romford parliamentary constituency. The party for the Hornchurch Urban District Council area was the Hornchurch Central Labour Party, which sent delegates to the Romford Divisional Labour Party. In 1945 Romford was split into the Barking, Dagenham, Romford and Hornchurch parliamentary constituencies, and on 15 March 1945, Hornchurch Divisional Labour Party was formed. Hornchurch Constituency Labour Party is an alternative title for this body. As a result of the redistribution of parliamentary boundaries in 1969, the Hornchurch Constituency Labour Party ceased to exist in March 1971. Its successor was the Havering-Hornchurch Constituency Labour Party. The constituency of Hornchurch was abolished in 2010, and was replaced by the new seats of Hornchurch and Upminster and Dagenham and Rainham.
The Kensington Welfare Association was a local branch of the London Diocesan Council for Welcare.
The London Diocesan Council for Penitentiary, Rescue and Preventative Work was founded by the Diocesan Conference of 1889 at the suggestion of Bishop Frederick Temple. There already existed numerous homes and refuges for 'fallen women' and 'endangered girls', including the Diocesan Penitentiaries at Fulham and Highgate, the Women's Mission to the Fallen, the Men's League for the Rescue of Harlots, the Lady Guardians' Committee helping unmarried mothers in workhouses and the Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants carrying out preventative work with domestic staff. Much of the initial work of the Council was to achieve some sort of co-ordination of these different organisations. An office was established in Church House, Westminster, and a secretary was hired. The rapid expansion of the Council, from ten homes in 1893 to fifty homes and twenty-four local societies in 1900, was largely owing to the work of the Ladies' Committee.
The homes included Saint Mary's Home for younger girls in Bourdon Street, run by the Sisters of Saint Peter, which became known for innovation in the matter of general education and constructive practical training. The Blue Lamp Refuge, established in the 1890s, was open 24 hours, offering a place of safety for local prostitutes. In 1901 Saint Agnes House was opened as a training house for the Council's workers.
The Council also worked with men, through the Men's Committee. The main emphasis of their work was education in personal and public morality through lectures, sermons and the distribution of literature. Some of their pamphlets were described in annual reports as requiring 'the most delicate consideration', implying that they addressed matters of sexual behaviour. The First World War increased the work of the Committee and they lectured in military camps. However, after the war the Committee was disbanded and the work continued by another organisation, the White Cross League.
After the First World War the Council found itself in a poor financial situation, necessitating a move of offices, to Little Grosvenor Street, and the redundancy of their secretary. In addition the workers felt a growing feeling of depression, finding the girls increasingly difficult to influence. Generous but grants from the Ministry of Health for their 'voluntary maternity and child welfare services' helped to tide over this awkward period. The emphasis and balance of the work slowly changed, with fewer, but better, homes and more outside workers, some based in maternity hospitals and venereal disease hospitals, befriending and providing after-care for patients. Inter-diocese co-operation increased and regular meetings were held for the exchange of ideas, including the formation of the London and Southwark Diocesan Moral Education Committee. Work with prostitutes was gradually decreased, as the Women Police were seen to be undertaking this work. However, a drive for better sex education for both sexes was begun, with literature distributed and lectures held.
The Second World War brought problems for the Council, as several homes were destroyed by bombing and its workers were called away to war-work. This coincided with an increase in the number of illegitimate children. This led to a change in policy. Where previously the mother's right to keep the child and the father's duty to maintain it were stressed, more thought was now given to the welfare and future of the baby, which meant that where appropriate adoption was encouraged.
In 1943 the Ministry of Health placed statutory obligations on local authorities to provide for unmarried mothers and children. The Council therefore became more closely united with welfare services. Regular grants were paid by the London County Council, whilst the Diocesan Council made strenuous efforts to increase its own private income, firstly through the Women's Offering Fund and then through a periodical contribution according to the Diocesan quota.
The Council changed its name to the 'London Diocesan Association for Moral Welfare', in the 1970s changing it again, to the 'London Diocesan Council for Welcare'.
The London Chess Club was founded in 1807, and held meetings in Tom's Coffee House in Cornhill, City of London. It was possibly replaced in 1852 by the City of London Chess Club.