John Thomas Graves: born in Dublin, 1806; undergraduate at Trinity College, Dublin; distinguished himself in science and classics; a contemporary and friend of Sir William Rowan Hamilton; researches respecting exponential functions led him to important results, 1826; graduated BA, 1827; printed in the Philosophical Transactions the discovery of two arbitrary and independent integers in the complete expression of an imaginary logarithm, and considered it a solution for various difficulties that had perplexed mathematicians, believing that he had elucidated the subject of the logarithms of negative and imaginary quantities, 1829; removed to Oxford and became an incorporated member of Oriel College, 1830; entered the King's Inns, Dublin, 1830; MA, Oxford, 1831; MA, Dublin, 1832; called to the English bar as member of the Inner Temple, 1831; for a short time went on the western circuit; since his mathematical conclusions were not at first universally accepted by contemporaries such as Sir John Herschel, he communicated to the British Association a defence and explanation of his discovery, supported by Sir William Rowan Hamilton's paper published in the British Association's Report, 1834; corresponded for many years with Hamilton, also interested in algebraical science and imaginaries, who communicated his discovery of quaternions to Graves first of all, and acknowledged his debt to his friend for his stimulus in 1843; Graves continued his mathematical investigations; stimulated Sir William Rowan Hamilton in the study of polyhedra, and received from him the first intimation of the discovery of the icosian calculus; contributed various papers on mathematical subjects to the Philosophical Magazine, London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and others, 1836-1856; member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; elected a member of the Royal Society, 1839; subsequently sat on its council; Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London, 1839-1843; elected an examiner in laws in the University of London; twelve lectures on the law of nations were reported in the Law Times from 1845; a member of the Philological Society and of the Royal Society of Literature; appointed an assistant Poor Law Commissioner, 1846; appointed a poor-law inspector of England and Wales, 1847; died, 1870. Publications: articles on Roman law and canon law for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana; articles in Sir William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography (3 volumes, London, 1844-1849), including lives of the jurists Cato, Crassus, Drusus, Gaius, and an article on the legislation of Justinian; various scientific papers.
John Ruskin was born 8 February 1819. He was educated privately, then went to Christ Church Oxford, otaining his BA 1842 and MA in 1843. He was Rede Lecturer at Cambridge in 1867, and Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford from 1870 to 1879 and 1882 to 1884. He was an honorary member of the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours, 1873. He was also a member of several foreign Academies. Ruskin produced numerous publications, many about painting and architecture. He died on 20 January 1900.
James Smith was born in Liverpool on 26 March 1805, the son of Joshua Smith. He entered a merchant's office at an early age, and, after remaining there seventeen years, he started his own business, retiring in 1855. He studied geometry and mathematics for practical purposes, and made some mechanical experiments with a view to facilitating mining operations. He became interested in the problem of squaring the circle, and in 1859 he published a work entitled 'The Problem of squaring the Circle solved', which was followed in 1861 by 'The Quadrature of the Circle: Correspondence between an Eminent Mathematician and J. Smith, Esq'. This was ridiculed in the 'Athenaeum', and Smith replied in a letter which was inserted as an advertisement. From this time the establishment of his theory became the central interest of his life, and he bombarded the Royal Society and most of the mathematicians of the day with many letters and pamphlets on the subject. Augustus De Morgan was selected as his peculiar victim on account of certain reflections he had cast on him in the 'Athenaeum'. Smith was not content to claim that he was able graphically to construct a square equal in area to a given circle, but boldly laid down the proposition that the diameter of a circle was to the circumference in the exact proportion of 1 to 3x125. In ordinary business matters, however, he was shrewd and capable. He was nominated by the Board of Trade to a seat on the Liverpool local marine board, and was a member of the Mersey docks and harbour board. He died at his residence, Barkeley House, Seaforth, near Liverpool, in March 1872.
Eliza Davis was educated at private school and obtained her BA at London in 1897, and her MA in 1913. She went into teaching in 1898, being appointed Assistant Mistress at Bedford High School. She then moved on to Stepney Pupil Teachers' School in 1904 until 1908. From 1908 to 1912 she was Lecturer and Vice-Principal at Moorfields London County Council Training College. Then in 1914 she was appointed as a Research Assistant in the Department of History at University College London; in 1919 becoming Lecturer in the Sources of English History. In 1921 Davis moved to the University of London to become Reader in the History and Records of London; a post she held till 1940. She was Honorary Secretary to the Editorial Board of History from 1916 to 1922, and Editor from 1922 to 1934. She was also Honorary Librarian at the Institute of Historical Research from 1921 to 1923 and Acting Secretary from 1939 to 1940. She published some historical articles. She died in October 1943.
Francis Montague was born in London on 31 August 1858. From University College School and University College London, he went to Balliol College Oxford in 1875. He gained a first class degree in Classical Moderations in 1877 and became a prize-fellow of Oriel College in 1881. He then decided to become a barrister. However, in 1891 he returned to Oxford and took up teaching. He lectured on law and was later (1893-1927) Lecturer in Modern History at Oriel. He also took part in the training of candidates for the Indian Civil Service (1892-1920). From 1893 to 1927 he was also Professor of Medieval and Modern History at University College London, of which he had become a fellow in 1880: he travelled between Oxford and London by train to give his lectures. Montague wrote many historical books but he did not have much literary success. In 1930 he was elected an honorary fellow of Oriel. He never married. He died at Oxford on 8 April 1935.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Harriet Grote née Lewin, biographer and wife of the historian George Grote (1794-1871), was born near Southampton in July 1792. She married George Grote in 1820. During their engagement Harriet studied hard so that she could share Grote's intellectual interests. Mrs Grote devoted herself to managing her husband's life, both practically and socially. They lived mainly in London and Surrey. Harriet Grote was always a diligent keeper of diaries and notebooks, as well as a good letterwriter, and having accumulated an abundance of materials, began to write a biographical account of her husband while he was still alive. This work was rapidly pushed forward on his death in 1871, and she herself had already reached her eightieth year, when it was published in 1873 as The personal life of George Grote. She had printed and published other material previously in her lifetime. She died at Shiere in Surrey, aged eighty-seven.
No information about Jessie Lewin could be found at the time of compilation.
Unknown.
Ambrose Fleming studied physics and mathematics at University College London and later studied chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1877 he was an undergraduate at St John's College Cambridge, where he studied under James Clerk Maxwell. In 1881 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Physics at University College Nottingham and in 1883 became a Fellow of St John's College Cambridge. In 1884 Fleming was invited to give a course of lectures on electro-technology at University College London and the following year became the first Professor of Electrical Technology there. Fleming was associated with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company as scientific adviser from 1899. In 1904 he patented his rectifying valve. In 1926 he resigned his Professorship at University College London. Fleming was knighted in 1929. He was awarded the Ruddell Medal by the Physical Society in 1931, the Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute, USA, in 1935, and the Kelvin Medal by the three Engineering Institutions of Great Britain in 1935.
William Blackburn was a barrister at Lincoln's Inn.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Thomas Young was born in Milverton on 13 June 1773. He showed great learning ability from a young age and by the age of 18 was recognised as a classical scholar. In 1792 he started studying for the medical profession, and he was created a Doctor of Physic in July 1796. In 1797 he went to Emmanuel College Cambridge and by 1799 he was practising as a physician in London. In 1801 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered many lectures, which were published in 1807. He resigned the Professorship in July 1803 as his friends considered the duties interfered with Young's prospects as a physician. In 1802 he was appointed Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society, a position he held until his death. In 1808 he took the degree of MD at Cambridge and in 1809 became a Fellow of the College of Physicians. In January 1811 he was elected Physician to St George's Hospital in London, retaining the position until his death. In 1814 Young retired from the practice of a physician, having been appointed Inspector of Calculations to the Palladium Insurance Company. In the next two years he published several papers dealing with life assurance. Young died on 10 May 1829. Throughout his life he was interested in and contributed to medicine, science, languages, literature and Egyptology.
Keen was a dealer in rare books and manuscripts.
The economist James Loch was born of Scottish parents in May 1780. In 1801 he became an advocate in Scotland and was called to the bar in England at Lincoln's Inn in 1806. After a few years he decided to abandon the law and went into estate management, becoming auditor to many eminent people. He was responsible for much of the policy regarding agricultural labourers and land in England and Scotland. The Sutherlandshire clearances between 1811 and 1820, when 15,000 crofters were removed from the inland to the seacoast districts, were carried out under Loch's supervision. In 1827 Loch entered parliament as the member for St Germains in Cornwall. He published a pamphlet on the improvements on the Sutherland estates in 1820, and in 1834 printed privately a memoir of the first Duke of Sutherland. He was a fellow of the Geological, Statistical and Zoological Societies, and a member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He was also a member of the Council of University College London. He died in June 1855, at his house in London.
An antiquary and local historian; revised and enlarged George Ormerod's The History of the County Palatine and City of Chester (first published, 1819) for its second edition (3 volumes, London, 1882); a member of Lincoln's Inn.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
George Grote was born in Kent in November 1794, the eldest of eleven children. His father was a banker. At school George had a genuine love of learning which survived the plunge into business at the bank that his father imposed on him at the age of sixteen. He pursued his interest in classical reading, took up German and philosophy, and extended his view of political economy. He was also musical. From 1822, Grote was committed to the project of writing a history of Greece. From 1826 to 1830 he was one of the promoters of the new University College London. Grote became interested in political reform when he visited Paris in 1830. He became known as a man of business and this helped him when he entered politics. He sat through three parliaments till 1841, when he refused to be nominated again. He wished to return to studying and finish his History of Greece which was completed in 1856 and consisted of twelve volumes. In 1843 he left the bank permanently. Grote published other writings during his lifetime, mainly about politics and philosophy. In 1849 he was re-elected to the University College London Council and in 1868 he became president of the University. During his life Grote received many honours: D.D.L. of Oxford in 1853; LL.D. of Cambridge in 1861; fellow of the Royal Society in 1857; and honorary Professor of Ancient History to the Royal Academy in 1859. He also received honours from other countries. He was offered a peerage by Gladstone in 1869 but declined it. He died in June 1871 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Wellesley Curran Clinton was Pender Professor of Electrical Engineering at University College London from 1926 to 1934.
Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937. Publications include: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).
Jean Vincent Felix Lamouroux: born, 1779; French naturalist; published various works on natural history; died, 1825.
Augustus De Morgan was born in Madura in the Madras presidency, the son of a Colonel in the Indian army. Seven months after his birth his parents moved to England. The De Morgan children were brought up with the strict evangelical principles of their parents. Augustus was sent to various schools: he had a gift for drawing caricatures and for algebra. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College Cambridge to develop his already apparent mathematical ability, graduating in 1827. De Morgan had never definitely joined any church, and he refused to carry out his mother's wishes by taking orders. In the end he decided to become a barrister and he entered Lincoln's Inn. However, he did not take to the law. The new University College London was just being established and in February 1828 De Morgan was unanimously elected the first Professor of Mathematics there. He resigned this post in July 1831 in response to the Professor of Anatomy being dismissed without reason. In 1836 his successor was drowned and De Morgan offered himself as a temporary substitute. He was then invited to resume the Chair. The regulations concerning dismissal had been altered, so De Morgan accepted the post and was Professor for the next 30 years. He also sometimes took private pupils. Besides his professorial work, he served for a short period as an actuary and he often gave opinions on questions of insurance. He again resigned his Chair in November 1866 due to his view that personal religious belief of a candidate should not be taken into account in appointing a candidate for the vacant Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic: others did not agree. De Morgan had many children, some of whom died before him. De Morgan himself died on 18 March 1871. In 1828 De Morgan had been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society and he was also a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contributing a great number of articles to its publications. He also wrote on mathematical, philosophical and antiquarian points. After De Morgan's death, his library, which consisted of about three thousand volumes, was bought by Lord Overstone who presented it to the University of London.
Henry Morley was born in Hatton Garden, London, on 15 September 1822. He was sent to a Moravian school in Germany and then to King's College London from 1838 to 1843. Morley's father was a member of the Apothecaries' Company and Morley was therefore destined for the medical profession. He did study medicine and in 1843 commenced practice as a doctor's assistant. Soon afterwards he bought a partnership but his partner turned out to be dishonest and left Morley with large debts to pay off. Morley then decided to change his plan of life and become a teacher. In 1848 he set up a school in Manchester which later moved to Liverpool. He had always loved literature and writing. He wrote a set of ironical papers which were printed in the Journal of Public Health and later in the Examiner, which was edited by John Forster. These articles attracted much attention from eminent writers such as Dickens. In 1851 Morley was persuaded by Dickens to go to London and take part in the management of Household Words. Morley began publishing his works. In 1861 he became the editor of the Examiner. In 1857 he was appointed Lecturer in English Literature at the evening school of King's College London. From 1865 to 1889 he was Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London. In 1878 he was appointed Professor of English Language and Literature at Queen's College London. He was Principal of University Hall at Gordon Square, London, from 1882 to 1890. Morley then resigned his Professorships and retired to the Isle of Wight where he died on 14 May 1894.
Alexander Murison was born in Aberdeenshire on 3 March 1847, and was educated at grammar school and the University of Aberdeen where he achieved an MA and a LLD. From 1869 to 1877 he was a master in English at an Aberdeen grammar school. Then in 1881 he became a barrister. He held the position of Professor of Roman Law, 1883-1925 (Emeritus from 1925), and of Jurisprudence, 1901-1925, at University College London. He was also Deputy Professor of Roman-Dutch Law, 1914-1924, and Dean of the Faculty of Laws, 1912-1924, at University College London; and Dean of the Faculty of Laws, 1914-1918, at the University of London. He was Deputy Regius Professor of Civil Law and Deputy Reader in Roman Law at Oxford University from 1915 to 1919. From 1916 to 1917 he was President of the Society of Public Teachers of Law. He was Senator of the University of London from 1921 to 1924. Murison spent some years on the political and literary staff of the 'Daily Chronicle' of India. In 1896 he stood in an election for the Lord Rectorship of Aberdeen University but marginally lost. He was editor of the 'Educational Times', 1902-1912. He was also an examiner for several universities. Murison published many books during his life, mostly on Roman law but also some on Scottish history. He married Elizabeth Logan in 1870 and had two sons. He died on 8 June 1934.
Thomas Bonney was born in Rugeley on 27 July 1833. He was educated at Uppingham and St John's College Cambridge. In 1857 he was ordained. He was a tutor at St John's College Cambridge from 1868 to 1876. In 1877 he was appointed Yates-Goldsmid Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at University College London, later to become Emeritus Professor of Geology there. He was Whitehall Preacher, 1876-1878. He was President of the Geological Society, 1884-1886. Bonney published books on geology and the history of the planet. He died on 10 December 1923.
W J Sollas was Professor of Geology and Palaeontology at the University of Oxford.
Margaret Murray was born in 1863, the youngest daughter of J C Murray, a businessman of Calcutta, and niece of the Reverend John Murray of Lambourn. She first entered University College London as a student in 1894, and in 1899 became a junior lecturer in Egyptology there. She was Assistant Professor of Egyptology at University College London from 1924 to 1935. She was a member of the Folk Lore Society from 1927 and President from 1953 to 1955. During her life she carried out many excavations in different parts of the world and published many books, mainly about Egypt. She died on 13 November 1963.
Rotton was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1860. From 1869 to 1876 he was Legal Assistant to the Medical Department of the Local Government Board, becoming Legal Adviser in 1883. He was a member of the Council of University College London, 1869-1906, and Vice-President of the Senate in 1878 and 1882. Rotton was knighted in 1899. He died on 9 April 1926.
Charlotte Stopes was born in Edinburgh, the daughter of Jas.F.Carmichael, a landscape painter. She was educated in Edinburgh and went to women's university classes (before Scottish universities opened to women in 1892). She took the highest certificates then possible, and a diploma in eight subjects including literature, philosophy and science, achieving a first class honours. She married in 1879 Henry Stopes, architect, civil engineer and anthropologist, and had two daughters, one of whom was Marie Stopes. After marriage, Charlotte travelled over Europe and up the Nile to the Cataracts. She then settled in Upper Norwood and founded a discussion society for ladies and a Shakespeare reading society, the Shakespeare Association. She also lectured in subjects relating to women and to Shakespeare. She received an Award of the British Academy for her 'Shakespeare's Industry' in 1916. In her early days she wrote some stories for Chambers's Juvenile Series, and later wrote many books and articles mostly related to Shakespeare.
After obtaining a degree at Regents Park College in London, Sully went to Gottingen in 1867 to study for the London University MA. From 1869 to 1870 he was a classical tutor at the Baptist College, Pontypool. In 1871 he assisted John Morley, then Editor of the Fortnightly Review, with correspondence, proof-reading, etc, and he began to write for the Fortnightly and the Saturday Review. In 1873 Sully was first invited to contribute an article on aesthetics to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and in the following year Sensation and intuition was published. He subsequently contributed to articles to several journals, including The Academy, The Contemporary Review, The Cornhill Magazine, The Examiner, and Mind. In 1877 Pessimism was published. Sully became an Examiner in Logic and Philosophy at the University of London in 1878. The following year he was Lecturer in the Theory of Education at the Maria Grey Training College and the College of Preceptors. A series of publications followed: Illusions in 1881; Outlines of Psychology in 1884; A teachers's handbook of psychology in 1886; and The human mind in 1892. In 1892 Sully was elected to the vacant chair of Mind and Logic at University College London on the resignation of George Croom Robertson. In 1895 Studies of childhood and in 1902 An essay on laughter were published. In 1903 Sully resigned from his Professorship and in 1918 published My life and friends.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Thomas Chalmers: born in Scotland, 1780; influential theologian, preacher and philanthropist; DD; held the Chair of moral philosophy in the University of St Andrews, 1823-1828; held the Chair of theology in the University of Edinburgh, 1828-1843; Principal and Professor of divinity in the New College (of the Free Church), Edinburgh; delivered an influential course of lectures in London, 1838; a reformer, advocating self-government in the Christian church, and engaged in controversy on the subject resulting in the formation of the Free Church in Scotland, of which Chalmers was elected first moderator; devised, as means of support for the disestablished church, the sustentation fund, based on a contribution from each member of a penny a week, which was successful; worked to address the many poor in Scottish cities who attended no church; died, 1847. Publications: various works on theology, Christinity, Scripture and philosophy published during his lifetime and posthumously.
Augustus De Morgan was born in Madura in the Madras presidency, the son of a Colonel in the Indian army. Seven months after his birth his parents moved to England. The De Morgan children were brought up with the strict evangelical principles of their parents. Augustus was sent to various schools: he had a gift for drawing caricatures and for algebra. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College Cambridge to develop his already apparent mathematical ability, graduating in 1827. De Morgan had never definitely joined any church, and he refused to carry out his mother's wishes by taking orders. In the end he decided to become a barrister and he entered Lincoln's Inn. However, he did not take to the law. The new University College London was just being established and in February 1828 De Morgan was unanimously elected the first Professor of Mathematics there. He resigned this post in July 1831 in response to the Professor of Anatomy being dismissed without reason. In 1836 his successor was drowned and De Morgan offered himself as a temporary substitute. He was then invited to resume the Chair. The regulations concerning dismissal had been altered, so De Morgan accepted the post and was Professor for the next 30 years. He also sometimes took private pupils. Besides his professorial work, he served for a short period as an actuary and he often gave opinions on questions of insurance. He again resigned his Chair in November 1866 due to his view that personal religious belief of a candidate should not be taken into account in appointing a candidate for the vacant Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic: others did not agree. De Morgan had many children, some of whom died before him. De Morgan himself died on 18 March 1871. In 1828 De Morgan had been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society and he was also a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contributing a great number of articles to its publications. He also wrote on mathematical, philosophical and antiquarian points. After De Morgan's death, his library, which consisted of about three thousand volumes, was bought by Lord Overstone who presented it to the University of London.In 1837 De Morgan married William Frend's daughter, Sophia Elizabeth.
Born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at private school in Ealing. He then went to Oxford University and achieved a double first in classics and mathematics in 1826. From 1827 to 1828 he tutored in Dublin, Ireland, and here he met John Nelson Darby and attended non-conformist worship for the first time. In 1828 Newman returned to Oxford and helped in looking after the poor. Through Darby he met Anthony Norris Groves whom he followed to Bagdad in 1830 on a mission. He returned to England in 1833. In 1834 he became a classical scholar at Bristol College and he lectured on logic. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of Classical Literature at Manchester New College Oxford. In 1846 he was appointed to the Chair of Latin at University College London, where he translated books into Latin and also wrote on subjects of religion. He held the Chair till 1869, when he became Emeritus Professor. Newman had a keen interest in political questions especially those bearing on social problems. He was a friend of Mazzini and Kossuth and published 'Reminiscences of Kossuth and Pulszky' in 1888. Newman died in 1897 in Weston-Super-Mare. During his life he published many religious, social and political, historical, mathematical, and linguistic writings.
Carl Tancred Borenius was born and educated in Finland. He married in 1909 Anne-Marie Runeberg. He became a lecturer in History of Art in 1914. In 1918 he became secretary to the diplomatic mission notifying the independence of Finland to Great Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy and the Holy See. The following year he was temporary diplomatic representative of Finland in England. Borenius was Durning-Lawrence Professor of History of Art at University College London from 1922 to 1947. He published many books and articles mainly concerned with art and art history. He died in September 1948.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Wheeler was a research student in the Faculty of Arts at University College London from 1910 to 1914.
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson was born in December 1828 and educated at home. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine in 1847 and graduated MD in 1851 with a gold medal for his thesis. He then went to continue his studies in Paris. In 1853 he settled in London as a practising physician and was soon appointed Medical Registrar of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington. That same year he married Ghetal, eldest daughter of the Rev. Ridley Haim Herschell. In 1854 he served the medical school at St Mary's Hospital as a Lecturer, first in botany and then in medical jurisprudence. In 1856 he was appointed Medical Officer of Health for Paddington and during the eleven years of his tenure of the post, gave proof of his eminence. He greatly improved sanitary conditions of the district and in 1860 he was made an inspector under the Privy Council. Also in 1860, Burdon-Sanderson became a physician at the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and also at the Middlesex Hospital. He continued carrying out investigations. In 1867 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society and Croonian lecturer. In 1870 he gave up his hospital appointments and private practice in order to devote himself exclusively to scientific research. In 1871 he was appointed Professor Superintendent of the Brown Institution (University of London) and as Professor of Practical Physiology and Histology at University College London. In 1874 he became Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College London. He became FRCP in 1871, was Harveian orator at the College of Physicians in 1878, and was awarded the Baly medal in 1880. In 1882 he was invited to Oxford as first Waynflete Professor of Physiology. The degree of MA was conferred on him in 1883 and that of DM in 1895. He remained Waynflete Professor until 1895, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Medicine in the University. He resigned the Regius Professorship in 1903. Burdon-Sanderson served on important commissions and many honours were given to him. He took part in the modern advance in pathology, and in physiology he was an acknowledged master. He wrote many papers in his lifetime. In August 1899 he was created a baronet. He died at Oxford in November 1905.
Amelia Edwards was born in London on 7 June 1831 and educated at home, chiefly by her mother. As a child she was good at art, writing and music, and some of her poems and stories were published. As an adult she earned her living by writing. She wrote eight novels and many articles. She became interested in Egyptology and after a visit she paid to Egypt in 1873-1874 she abandoned all her literary interests. She formally founded the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1882, to carry out scientific excavation, and devoted herself to its work. She contributed many articles to journals on Egyptology. In 1889-1890 she went to the United States of America on a lecturing tour which was a great success. Edwards died in Weston-Super-Mare on 15 April 1892. She bequeathed her Egyptology library and collection of Egyptian antiquities to University College London. She also founded a Chair of Egyptology there and destined the first occupant to be Professor W M Flinders Petrie.
Unknown.
William Walker: born in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 1824; adventurer and revolutionary leader; migrated to California, 1850; sailed from San Francisco with a small force, 1853; after landing at La Paz, proclaimed Lower California and Sonora an independent republic; forced back to the USA by lack of supplies and Mexican resistance, 1854; sailed to Nicaragua at the invitation of a revolutionary faction, 1855; by the end of the year his military successes made him virtual master of Nicaragua, then a key transport link between Atlantic and Pacific ocean shipping; President of Nicaragua, 1856-1857; maintained himself against a coalition of Central American states until 1 May 1857; in order to avoid capture, surrendered to the US Navy and returned to the USA; led another foray but was arrested and returned to the USA as a prisoner on parole; went to Central America for a third time, 1860; landed in Honduras and was taken prisoner by the British Navy; turned over to the Honduran authorities and executed at Trujillo, Honduras, 1860.
Henry Crabb Robinson was born at Bury St Edmunds on 13 March 1775. After education at small private schools, he was articled in 1790 to an attorney at Colchester. Coming into an inheritance in 1798 he went travelling, mainly in Germany, and acquired a thorough knowledge of the German language. He settled at Jena and entered the University there on 20 October 1802. He left Jena in the autumn of 1805 and returned to England. He took a post at The Times as a correspondent, which involved him travelling a good deal. In 1809 he joined the Middle Temple and was called to the Bar on 8 May 1813. He joined the Norfolk circuit. In 1828 he retired. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1829. He died at the age of 91 in London. Apart from his posthumous Diary, letters and memoranda, Robinson wrote little that is noteworthy, but he had acquired the friendship of the most notable men in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. He was involved in founding the Athenaeum Club and University College London.
The Mosquito (Miskito) Coast (Costa de Mosquitos; Mosquito Kingdom; Mosquitia) is the region of Nicaragua and Honduras on the Atlantic coast, a lowland band c40 miles wide and c225 miles long. It was visited by Columbus in 1502, but Europeans had little contact with the area until the 17th century, when England established a protectorate over the Miskito Indians (1661). Spain, Nicaragua and the United States disputed this claim until the matter was finally settled by the occupation of the Mosquito Coast by the Nicaraguan government and by the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 between the USA and Great Britain.
Robert Hodgson senior was British superintendent of the Mosquito Coast between 1740 and 1759.
David Booth was born in Kennetles, Forfarshire, on 9 February 1766. He was almost entirely self-taught. In his early life he was engaged in business, mainly the brewing industry, but he then decided to become a schoolmaster in Newburgh, Fifeshire. Shortly before 1820 he moved to London, where he was involved with literature. He also supervised the publications for press of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He wrote some articles on brewing for the Society. In 1806 he had published an 'Introduction to an Analytical Dictionary of the English language'. In 1831 he brought out 'Principles of English Composition', and in 1837 ' Principles of English grammar'. The first volume of the 'Analytical Dictionary of the English language' appeared in 1835: it was the only one published. Booth died in Fifeshire on 5 December 1846.
Firth was born in Sheffield on 16 March 1857. He was educated at Clifton College and at Balliol College Oxford. He was engaged in literary work and historical teaching at Oxford from 1883. He was a Lecturer at Pembroke College Oxford from 1887 to 1898. He became a fellow of All Souls' College and Oriel College there. He was also a fellow of the British Academy. In 1904 he was made Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, till 1925, and Professor Emeritus from 1925. Firth was knighted in 1922. He published many writings on history. He died on 19 February 1936
Robert E Symons was literary executor of A E Housman.
Alfred Edward Housman: born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Laurence Housman: born, 1865; brother of A E Housman; educated at Bromsgrove School; moved to London and studied art in Kennington, at the Lambeth School of Art, and later at South Kensington; introduced to Harry Quilter and wrote and drew for his short-lived Universal Review; introduced to Charles Kegan Paul, the publisher, who encouraged him to write; wrote for the Manchester Guardian and as art critic handled controversies including the Chantrey Bequest inquiry and dispute over the statues by (Sir) Jacob Epstein on the British Medical Association building, 1895-1911; also published poetry; published anonymously An Englishwoman's Love-Letters, at that time regarded as daring but which sold well, 1900; while working for the Manchester Guardian, began a career as a playwright, but his success was limited and his subject matter involved him in controversies on censorship with the Lord Chamberlain's office and his first play Bethlehem was banned for many years, although privately produced, 1902; his play Pains and Penalties (1911), about Queen Caroline, was for many years banned by the Lord Chamberlain but was later released on minor revision; took up the cause of woman's suffrage and was the centre of a disturbance in the central lobby of the House of Commons, 1909; a member of the men's section of the extremist Women's Social and Political Union, but left when militancy became violent rather than symbolic, 1912; became a pacifist during World War One, 1914-1918; supported the ideals of a League of Nations and proclaimed his views in a series of lectures in the USA, 1916; his plays about Queen Victoria were performed with great success when public interest in the royal family was at its peak, 1935, 1937; from 1924 lived at Street, Somerset; became a Quaker, 1952; died, 1959. Publications include: The Writings of William Blake (1893); Green Arras (1896); Spikenard (1898); Sheepfold (1918); Angels and Ministers (1921); The Little Plays of St Francis (1922); Trimblerigg (1924); The Life of HRH the Duke of Flamborough (1928); Victoria Regina (1934); his autobiography, The Unexpected Years (1937); his biography of his brother, A E H (1937).
Thomas Humphry Ward, who married Mary Augusta Arnold in 1872, was a Fellow of Brasenose College Oxford, where he was Tutor from 1870 to 1881, when the family moved to London. There he wrote leaders for The Times, while his wife reviewed books for the Pall Mall Gazette and for The Times itself, as well as writing articles for Macmillan's Magazine. In 1884 Mrs Humphry Ward's novel Miss Bretherton appeared, to be followed by Robert Elsmere, her first major novel, in 1888, and by over twenty-five other novels. In 1908 she was one of the founders of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League. During the First World War, Mary Ward was asked by Theodore Roosevelt to undertake a series of articles to explain to Americans what England was doing during the war. After Eton and Oxford, Arnold Ward acted as Special Correspondent for The Times in Egypt, the Sudan and India from 1899 to 1902. He then studied for the Bar and in 1910 became MP for West Hertfordshire. In 1914-1915 he served with the Hertfordshire Yeomanry in Egypt and Cyprus. Dorothy Ward helped with the work of the Passmore Edwards Settlement (now Mary Ward House) which her mother founded, and with children's play centres and a school for invalid children. She accompanied her mother to visit war zones in France during the First World War.
David Hannay was born in London, the son of the novelist and critic James Hannay. He was an historian and journalist and was vice-consul at Barcelona, probably during 1897. He helped found the Navy Record Society. He wrote for the Pall Mall Gazette, the Saturday Review and St James's Gazette. His published works included the lives of Admiral Blake, Tobias Smollett, and Frederick Marryat; a short history of the Royal Navy; and a work on the great chartered companies.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Ronalds was born in London on 21 February 1788. He was educated at private school and displayed a liking for experiments. He later became skilled in practical mechanics and draughtsmanship. He devoted his life to practical electricity, and in 1816 invented the electric telegraph. In 1843 he was made honorary Director and Superintendent of the Meteorological Observatory at Kew in London. In 1852 he retired from the directorship of the Kew observatory. He then lived for many years abroad, mostly in Italy, where he was occupied in compiling a catalogue of books relating to electricity and in completing his electrical library. Ronalds was knighted in 1871. He died in Sussex on 8 August 1873.
Samuel Gregory: born, 1802; London attorney and antiquary; died, 1858.
The Clothworkers' Company is one of the livery companies - craft or trade associations - of the City of London which once controlled the craft or trade indicated by its name. In the order of precedence settled under Henry VIII in the 16th century, the Clothworkers are twelfth among the first 'twelve great' companies. The present Clothworkers' Hall, which replaced the earlier hall destroyed in 1941, is at Dunster Court, Mincing Lane, London. The Company received its first Royal Charter in 1528.