The Shakespeare Association was set up in 1914. One of the founders was Charlotte Carmichael Stopes. The association organised lectures on Shakespeare and drama.
The Kenrick, Reid, Rogers and Sharpe families were a group of late 18th century and 19th century non-conformists largely associated with north London. Numbered among their members were such well-known figures as the poet Samuel Rogers (1763-1855); the barrister Sutton Sharpe (1797-1843), whose wide circle of friends included many literary figures; the businessman, Egyptologist and philanthropist Samuel Sharpe (1799-1881); and the highly respected York non-conformist minister John Kenrick (1788-1877). They and their relatives through successive generations were active in many different walks of life, and their interests and friends were very varied.
Albert Hugh Smith: born, 1903; educated at Rishworth School, Yorkshire, and the University of Leeds; BA (Leeds), 1924; PhD (Leeds), 1926; Vaughan Fellow, University of Leeds, 1924-1926; Lecturer in English, Saltley College, Birmingham, 1926-1928; English Lecturer, Uppsala University, Sweden, 1928-1930; Lecturer, English Department, University College London, 1930-1934; Reader in English, University College London, 1934-1949; DLitt (London), 1937; Director of Scandinavian Studies, University College London, 1946-1963; OBE, 1947; Quain Professor of English Language and Literature, University College London, 1949-1967; Secretary of the Communications Research Centre, Chairman of the Library Committee, and served on other bodies at University College London; Director of the English Place-Name Society from 1951; Chevalier, Swedish Order of the Royal North Star, 1954; Chevalier, Icelandic Order of the Falcon, 1956; President of the Viking Society, 1956; awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Uppsala, 1962; Hon DLitt (Sheffield), 1963; Chevalier, Danish Order of the Dannebrog, 1963; President, International Conference of Scandinavian Literature, 1963-1966; Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Prize, British Academy, 1965; President, International Committee of Onomastic Sciences, 1966-1967; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries; member of various academic societies in Scandinavia and the USA; died, 1967; awarded an honorary doctorate posthumously by the University of Liège. Publications: The Heimskringla (1932); A description of the hand-press in the Department of English at University College, London (privately printed, Department of English, University College London, 1933); Three Northumbrian Poems (1933); The Parker Chronicle (1936); Place-Names of the East Riding (English Place-Name Society, 1937); The Photography of Manuscripts (1938); Facsimile of the Parker Chronicle (Early English Text Society, 1940); Odham's English Dictionary (1946); The Preparation of County Place-Name Surveys (1954); English Place-Name Elements (2 volumes, English Place-Name Society, 1955); edited Aspects of Translation (1958); as joint editor, The Teaching of English (1959); Place-Names of the West Riding (8 volumes, 1961); Place-Names of Gloucestershire (4 volumes, 1964); many articles in Viking Society Saga Book, London Mediaeval Studies, and elsewhere; joint editor, with F Norman, of Namn och Bygd (Methuen's Old English Library); joint editor, with F Norman and G Kane, of London Mediaeval Studies.
Arthur Brown: born, 1921; educated at Urmston Grammar School; undergraduate, Department of English, University College London, 1939-1941; served in the Royal Air Force, 1941-1946; undergraduate, Department of English, University College London, 1946-1947; BA, 1947; Quain Student, Department of English, University College London, 1947-1950; MA, 1949; Lecturer, Department of English, University College London, 1950-1956; Commonwealth Fund Fellow, mainly at Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, Huntington Library, California, libraries of Harvard and Yale, and Universities of Texas and Virginia, 1953-1954; Reader in English, University College London, by conferment of title, 1956-1962; Foyle Research Fellow, Shakespeare Institute, Stratford-upon-Avon (University of Birmingham), 1958-1959; General Editor, The Malone Society, 1961-1971; Professor of English, University College London, by conferment of title, 1962-1969; DLitt, 1965; Senior Fellow, South Eastern Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Duke University, North Carolina, 1966; Professor of Library Studies and Director of School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College London, 1969-1973; Fellow of University College London, 1971; Commonwealth Visiting Professor of English, Sydney University, 1972; Professor of English, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, from 1973; President, Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1974-1976; hobbies included amateur printing; died, 1979. Publications include: A Whole Theatre of Others (1960); Edmond Malone and English Scholarship (1963); edited, with P G Foote, Early English and Norse Studies (1963); articles and studies in Modern Language Review, Modern Language Quarterly, Shakespeare Survey, The Library, Studies in Bibliography, Year's Work in English Studies, Philological Quarterly, and elsewhere. Editor (alone and in collaboration) of numerous volumes for the Malone Society.
Born, 1915; read Modern Languages at University College London, 1934-1937, 1938-1939; foreign correspondent for the BBC from 1942; served in Vienna and later Berlin from the mid-1940s until the early 1950s; stationed in Cairo during the Suez Crisis (1956); served in Cape Town in the late 1950s; served in Rome from the 1960s until his retirement in the 1970s; chief Mediterranean correspondent; OBE, 1969; died, 1979. Publication: A desk in Rome (Collins, London, 1974).
Unknown.
The Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews was founded on 15 February 1809, with only one missionary in London. By its centenary in 1909, the Society had 222 workers in various parts of the world - Europe, Asia, Africa and the United States of America - and many were converts from Judaism. The Society also set up mission schools for Jewish children. The Society produced two monthly publications, Jewish Missionary Intelligence and Jewish Missionary Advocate, and a quarterly publication, Quarterly Notes.
Born, 15 February 1748; learned Latin, Greek and French at a young age; attended Westminster School, 1755; Queen's College Oxford, 1760; awarded BA degree in 1763 and Master's in 1766; called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1817; did not succeed or continue in the law profession; dabbled in chemistry and the physical sciences but the doctrine of utilitarianism and the principle of 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number', law reform, politics, jurisprudence and philosophy, became the occupation of his life; produced a utilitarian justification for democracy; also concerned with prison reform, religion, poor relief, international law, and animal welfare; published many writings on these subjects; died, 6 June 1832.
Publications: Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation (T Payne and Son, London, 1789)
Chrestomathia: being a collection of papers, explanatory of the design of an institution, proposed to be set on foot, under the name of the Chrestomathic Day School (Payne and Foss, London, 1815)
Supply without Burthen; or Escheat vice Taxation (J Debrett, London, 1795)
A Fragment on Government; being an examination of what is delivered on the subject of government in general, in the introduction to Sir W Blackstone's Commentaries (T Payne, London, 1776)
Constitutional Code; for the use of all nations, and all governments professing liberal opinions (printed for the Author, London, 1830)
Born, 1901; daughter of Oliver Strachey and his first wife Ruby Mayer, and niece of the critic and biographer Lytton Strachey; a writer, but published few books during her lifetime; wrote sketches and stories for New Writing, the New Statesman and the New Yorker; married firstly Stephen Tomlin (d 1937) and secondly the artist (Sir) Lawrence Gowing (Slade Professor of Fine Art at University College London, 1975-1985; d 1991), 1952; divorced, 1967; died, 1979. Publications: Cheerful weather for the wedding (1932); The man on the pier (1951).
In order to try and counter the activities of the British Union of Fascists and other bodies in the 1930s, in 1936 the Board of Deputies of British Jews, representing the Anglo-Jewish community, created a Co-ordinating Committee (for defence measures), which became the Defence Committee, concerning itself with social, political and economic matters in which anti-Semitism played a part. As well as addressing defamatory statements, its work included investigating periodic complaints about economic discrimination. In 1938 an ad hoc committee, known as the Trades Advisory Council, was set up to advise the Defence Committee on trade practices and related matters. It met infrequently until the outbreak of war in 1939. In 1940 it was reconstituted and a Secretariat appointed. It continued as an ad hoc committee, but in 1941 adopted a constitution as a democratic organisation based on a membership encompassing Jewish traders, industrialists and professional men. This Trades Advisory Council of British Jewry, generally known as the Trades Advisory Council (TAC), continued under the auspices of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The TAC aimed to strengthen goodwill in industry and commerce and to maintain standards of commercial integrity, and dealt with all questions involving Jews in trade and industry, concerning itself especially with removing the causes of friction between Jewish and non-Jewish manufacturers, merchants and traders, and also with relations between employer and employees, labour conditions and opportunities, refugees, discrimination against Jews by employers, insurance companies or trade organisations, and irregularities and complaints involving Jews and non-Jews, including misrepresentation in trade advertisements and defamatory statements in newspapers. It collected and disseminated information, studied legislation and administrative measures affecting its concerns, liaised with other trade organisations, and arbitrated in commercial disputes where one or both parties were Jews. The TAC comprised a Secretariat; a National Administrative Council and Area Councils; Sections for various trades; and Committees including Statistical, Financial, Membership, Disciplinary, and Refugee Traders. It had premises initially at 148 Leadenhall Street, London, and later its head office was at 280 Euston Road, London NW1. From 1940 its General Secretary was the Labour politician Maurice Orbach.
A committee, known as the Board of Trade since 1786, adopted the title officially by an Act of Parliament of 1861 and, assuming more of an executive and less of a consultative role, dealt increasingly with domestic matters, from the 1840s given a range of regulatory duties in the economic sphere under various Acts of Parliament. During the 19th and 20th centuries the Board acquired many new responsibilities and, although several were later transferred to other government departments, its duties remained numerous, especially during wartime. By the 1960s it had general responsibility for commerce, industry and overseas trade, and in particular commercial relations with other countries. The Board's functions altered frequently during administrative reorganisations of the 1960s, losing and regaining responsibilities from other ministries. In 1970 the Board was merged with the Ministry of Technology to form the Department of Trade and Industry.
The Reverend John Matthews (MA 1673) was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1689 until his resignation in 1728. He died on 26 May 1729, aged 79. The Reverend Henry Jones (senior), of Monmouth, went to school in Usk, and attained his LLB in 1718. He married John Matthews's niece, Matthea Matthews, at Tewkesbury on 1 May 1718. He was rector of Woolstone, Gloucestershire, 1720-1729, and vicar of Tewkesbury, 1728-1729 (having apparently acted as curate for some time previously). Jones died on 3 March 1729, aged 38.The Reverend Penry Jones was brother of Henry Jones (senior). He was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1729 until his death in 1754.The Reverend Henry Jones (junior) was the son of Henry Jones (senior). He went to Balliol College Oxford in 1739, aged 18, and attained his BA in 1743. He was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1754 (and previously seems to have been curate to his uncle there) until his death on 3 November 1769, aged 47.
Born, 1923; educated at the County Grammar School, Bridgend; served with the Intelligence Corps, Psychological Warfare Branch, and Allied Commission, Austria, 1942-1946; attended Trinity College Cambridge; BA, 1948; MA, LLB, 1949; Lecturer in Law, Nottingham University, 1949-1954; barrister, Gray's Inn, 1950; member of the UK National Committee on Company Law from 1952; Senior Lecturer, University of Glasgow, 1954-1957; Douglas Professor of Civil Law, University of Glasgow, 1957-1965; Professor of Roman Law, University College London, 1965-1981; member of Council, Society for Roman Studies, 1968-1971; Crabtree Orator, 1969; member of the Comitato Internaz Scientifico, IURA, from 1969; Medaglia d'oro dei benemeriti della cultura della Repubblica Italiana, 1974; died, 1981. Publications: Private International Law (Hutchinson's University Library, London, 1955); with John Cyril Smith, A Casebook on Contract (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1957); The Institutes of Justinian (North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam and Oxford, 1975); Textbook of Roman Law (North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam and Oxford, 1976); articles in various legal periodicals. There is a full bibliography in box 15 of his papers.
William Townsend was born in Wandsworth and educated at Simon Langton School in Canterbury. From 1926 to 1930 he attended the Slade School of Fine Art. He lived in Canterbury and later Bridge from 1925 to 1946. From 1946 to 1949 he taught part-time at the Camberwell School of Art and then joined the staff of the Slade School in 1949. He was Professor of Fine Art at University College London from 1968 to 1973. He visited Canada many times during his life on art tours. In 1970 he was editor and part author of Canadian Painting Today, published in London and New York. He held many exhibitions in London and Canada and had work included in many galleries.
University College London was formally founded as the University of London on 11 February 1826. It was the first university to be established in London, and the first in England to allow secular admission. Despite efforts by founding members, it did not initially receive a Royal Charter, so was set up as a joint stock company selling shares at £100 each. From the initial group of shareholders 24 men were elected to form the university Council. Before academic sessions commenced in 1828, the Council established a competition for architects to propose a building design. The winning entry was awarded to William Wilkins and the foundation stone was laid during a ceremony on 30 April 1827. Work on the building was completed in stages, with the final additions being finished in 1977.
Initially 24 professors were appointed as the first teaching body of the university and inaugural British professorships in Modern Foreign Languages, English Language and Literature and Law were founded. Expensive building work and relatively small student numbers meant that the newly formed university struggled financially in its first few years of existence. However, development on site continued with the University College School founded in 1830 and the North London Hospital opened for the university’s medical students in 1834.
On 28 November 1836 the university received its Royal Charter and was renamed University College London (UCL). On the same day, a new University of London was established with the power to award degrees in medicine, arts and laws, to students from both UCL and King's College London. The following year the North London Hospital changed its name to University College Hospital (UCH), which it would remain until it became part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust in 1994.
In 1869 the first series of 'lectures for ladies' was given at UCL, under the auspices of the London Ladies' Educational Association. The first mixed classes for men and women were held in 1871 by John Elliott Cairnes, Professor of Political Economy. In the same year the Slade School of Fine Art was opened in the newly built north wing of the University. Women were admitted for the first time as full degree students to the Faculties of Science and of Arts and Laws in 1878 and the London Ladies’ Educational Association was disestablished. Initially women were not admitted on the same terms as men and between 1883-1912 had to be accepted by the Lady Superintendent of Women Students before being granted admission. Women were later admitted as full students to the Faculty of Medicine in 1917.
Under the University College London (Transfer) Act of 1905, in 1907 UCL was incorporated into the University of London and ceased to have a separate legal existence, also parting company with University College Hospital and University College School. It was not until 1977 that a new Royal Charter restored UCL's legal independence from the University of London. In the period that followed various mergers with local institutions marked a period of expansion for the university. In 1986 the Institute of Archaeology was incorporated into UCL and was followed by several medical mergers. The Institute of Neurology merged with UCL in 1997 and the following year the Royal Free Hospital Medical School joined the UCH Medical School, to create the current UCL Medical School. In 1999 the Eastman Dental Clinic also joined UCL. These mergers were later followed by the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in 1999, the School of Pharmacy in 2012, and most recently the Institute of Education in 2014.
This company, which went into voluntary liquidation in 1954 after the purchase of its property by the Cuban Government, incorporated a number of smaller Cuban railway enterprises.
Born, 1890; educated, Bradford Grammar School, 1899-1904; University College, London, 1907-1912; art classes at the Slade School of Fine Art, 1909-; Franks studentship in archaeology to study Roman pottery in the Rhineland, 1913; junior investigator for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (RCHM), 1913; PhD, 1920; Royal Field Artillery, 1914-1917; 76th Army Brigade, 1917-1919; Military Cross, 1918; RCHM, 1919-1920; Keeper of Archaeology at the National Museum of Wales and Lecturer in Archaeology at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, 1920; Director of the National Museum of Wales, 1924; excavated Roman sites, Segontium, 1921-1922 and Gaer near Brecon, 1924-1925; Keeper of the London Museum, 1926; established the Institute of Archaeology, 1937; excavations of the Romano-British villa and cult centre at Lydney Park, 1928-1929; Roman and immediately pre-Roman St Albans, 1930-1934 and the hill fort of Maiden Castle, Dorset, 1934-1937; 42nd Royal Artillery Regiment, 1939-1943; Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1944-1948; excavations at Taxila, 1944-1945; the Roman trading station of Arikamedu, 1945; the Indus city of Harappa, 1946 and the southern megalithic sites of Brahmagiri and Chandravalli, 1947; part-time professorship at the Institute of Archaeology in the University of London, 1948-; Secretary for the British Academy, 1949-1968; archaeological adviser to the newly formed Pakistan Archaeological Department; excavation of the hill fort of Stanwick in Yorkshire, 1954 and Charsada, Pakistan, 1956; member of the UNESCO team concerned with the preservation and conservation of Mohenjo-daro, 1960s; television broadcaster, in 'Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?' and 'Buried Treasure'; Fellowship of the Royal Society, 1968; died, 1976.
Philip Williams read history at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating in 1940; he was a member of the Labour Party at 16 and a member of the Oxford anti-Fascist movement in the 1930s; active in the Campaign for Democratic Socialism and a 'confirmed Gaskellite'; Labour economist and industrial relations expert at Nuffield College, Oxford; published a biography of Hugh Gaitskell in 1979; died, 1984.
Publications: Hugh Gaitskell: A Political Biography (1979, second edition 1982)
Lucien Wolf was born on 20 January 1857 in London. He was educated at private schools, the Athenee Royale in Brussels, and in Paris. He worked as a sub-editor and leader-writer for Jewish World, 1874-1893, and was later Editor there, 1906-1908. He also worked as an assistant editor for Public Leader, 1877-1878; foreign editor for the Daily Graphic, 1890-1909; and was London correspondent for Le Journal, Paris, 1894-1898. He was President of the Jewish History Society of England eight times. In 1919 he represented the Anglo-Jewish community at the Paris Peace Conference. He was Secretary of the Jewish Joint Foreign Committee from 1917. He was founder of and delegate to the Advisory Committee of the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations. Wolf's many publications are mainly concerned with Jews and Judaism. Wolf died on 23 August 1930.
Richard Arthur Wollheim was born in London on 5 May 1923, the second son of Eric Wollheim (b. 1879) and Constance, née Baker (b. 1891). Although of German Jewish descent, Wollheim was raised to be Christian and later became an atheist. He was educated at Westminster School and at Balliol College, Oxford. His university studies were interrupted by the Second World War; he joined the Inniskilling Fusiliers in 1942, participated in the Normandy landings, and was captured by the Germans in August 1944, but managed to escape within a few days. After the war he returned to Balliol and achieved first-class degrees in history (1946) and philosophy, politics, and economics (1948). He joined the philosophy department at UCL in 1949 initially as an assistant lecturer. He became Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic and head of department in 1963. After retiring from University College in 1982 he moved to the United States, first as professor at Columbia University, from 1982 to 1985, and then as professor at the University of California, Berkeley, until 2002. He was also visiting professor in philosophy and the humanities at the University of California, Davis (1989-96). Wollheim married Anne Barbara Denise Toynbee (1920-2004) on 15 August 1950. They had twin sons, Bruno and Rupert. The marriage was dissolved in 1967, and two years later he married Mary Day Lanier, a potter. They had one daughter, Emilia. He died after a short illness at his home in London on 4 November 2003. He was survived by Mary Day and his three children. Source: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Wood was a student at the Royal College of Science from 1906 to 1909. From 1910 to 1960 he was a member of staff of the Physics Department at University College London.
Woodger was born on 2 May 1894 and was educated at Felsted School in Essex, showing an early interest in biology. He went to University College London (UCL) in 1911 to read zoology. He served during the First World War. In 1919 he resumed his scholarship at UCL and carried out research there until 1922. He then went to the Department of Biology at the University of London Middlesex Hospital Medical School as a Reader, where he lectured. He wrote a text-book for his biology students in which he drew most of the illustrations himself. In 1926 he went to Vienna to study for a term under Przibram. He became interested in the philosophy of science and on his return to England continued to study it. He became Professor of Biology at the Medical School in 1947. He retired in 1959. Woodger published many writings on the biological sciences. He died on 8 March 1981.
This company operated services over most of Latin America, including Brazil. It absorbed a number of smaller companies. In 1929 the Western Telegraph Company and the Eastern Telegraph Company amalgamated to form Cable and Wireless Ltd.
Sir T.C. Allbutt (1836 - 1925) was Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge University and Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. His book Arteriosclerosis: a summary view was published by Macmillan & Co in 1925.
William Henry Allchin was born in Paris, on 16 October 1846, the eldest son of a Bayswater doctor. After a private education Allchin studied medicine at University College, London. He qualified in 1869 and served as medical officer of the Great Eastern. In 1871 he graduated MB, with the University Scholarship.
He joined in succession the staff of the Western Dispensary, the St Marylebone Dispensary, and the Victoria Hospital for Children. Simultaneously he lectured on comparative anatomy at University College. In 1872 he was appointed registrar and demonstrator of practical physiology at the Westminster Hospital. He was elected assistant physician there in 1873, and physician in 1877. He lectured on pathology, 1873-78, physiology, 1878-82, and medicine, 1882-92. He also held the office of Dean from 1878-83, and 1890-93. His work at the Hospital led to the publication of his papers on Functional Disease' andVital Diagnosis', in the Westminster Hospital Reports (vol. II, 1886, pp.35-52 & vol. IV, 1888, pp.105-19, respectively).
It is said that he was `highly successful both as an administrator and as a clinical teacher of the deductive type' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, p.254). Allchin made literary contributions to Sir Richard Quain's A Dictionary of Medicine (1882-94) and Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt's A System of Medicine by Many Authors (1896-99).
Allchin was closely connected with the Royal College of Physicians throughout his professional career, He was appointed to the new office of Assistant Registrar in 1883, but felt obliged to resign after two years due to his opposition to the College's policy of applying to the Crown for permission to grant medical degrees. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in 1891, the Harveian Oration in 1903, and the Lumleian Lectures in 1905. Allchin was much interested in the move to reconstitute London University. He was secretary of the Royal College of Physicians' University Committee, between 1889 and 1898, and one of its representatives to the new Senate, later compiling An Account of the Reconstruction of the University of London (3 vols.) (London, 1905-12). He was also a member of the Medical Consultative Board to the Admiralty, and an examiner for the Army and Navy Medical Departments and the Indian Medical Service.
He was the editor of A Manual of Medicine (London, 1900-3), which became well known. Allchin retired from the staff of the Westminster Hospital in 1905. In 1907 he received his knighthood, and three years later was appointed physician extraordinary to George V.
Allchin married Margaret Holland in 1880. He died at his country home in East Malling, Kent, on 8 February 1912.
Publications:
The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body; Prefixed Preliminary Observations on Diseased Structures by J. Wardrop, Matthew Baillie (1761-1823), Sir William Henry Allchin, George I. Fincham, & James Wardrop (London, 1833)
Medicine in its Economic Relations (London, 1876?)
Functional Disease', Westminster Hospital Reports, vol. II, 1886, pp.35-52 Vital Diagnosis', Westminster Hospital Reports, vol. IV, 1888, pp.105-19
Scheme for Case Reporting (London, 1887)
The Nature and Causes of Duodenal Indigestion (London, 1892)
A Manual of Medicine, Sir William Henry Allchin (ed.) (London, 1900-3)
Structure and Function (London, 1903)
An Account of the Reconstruction of the University of London (3 vols.) (London, 1905-12)
J M Alston (born c.1900) was Consultant Pathologist to the Archway Group Hospitals and Senior Lecturer in Bacteriology at Edinburgh University.
Sir Arthur William Garrard Bagshawe was born at St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, in 1871, the second son of the Rev. Alfred Drake Bagshawe. He was educated at Marlborough, where his interest in Natural History was already apparent, and then at Caius College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first class in Part I of the Natural Science Tripos in 1892. He then went to St George's Hospital, where he graduated MB, BCh in 1895. He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) and a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP).
Bagshawe held a house appointment at the Royal Northern Hospital until 1898 when he joined the Colonial Medical Service, and was posted to Uganda. In 1900 he became a medical officer of the Uganda Protectorate. He was a member of the Lango Expedition in 1901 and of the Anglo-German Boundary Commission, defining the borders of Tanganyika, Tanzania, 1902-4. As a consequence he became familiar with the medical problems of East Africa. Trypanosomiasis was epidemic in Uganda at the time, indeed little was known about the tsetse fly and the treatment of sleeping sickness. Bagshawe `quickly became one of the most distinguished workers on trypanosomiasis' (BMJ, 1950, i, p.847). In 1906-7 he was employed on a sleeping sickness investigation in Uganda, and was the first to discover the pupae of Glossina palpalis in their natural breeding ground. During his service he was able to indulge his interest in the local flora and fauna, and made extensive collections of specimens of rare plants, which he subsequently gave to the British Museum (to the section which later became the Natural History Museum).
An international conference to consider the problem of trypanosomiasis was held in London during 1907-8, at the behest of the British Government. It was recommended that a central international bureau be established to extract up-to-date information on sleeping sickness, and disseminate it to researchers and investigators in the field. Whilst an international bureau did not materialise, a British Bureau, the Trypanosomiasis Bureau (or the Sleeping Sickness Bureau), was established. In 1908 Bagshawe became its first Director. In the same year Bagshawe took the Cambridge Diploma in Public Health (DPH).
Between 1908 and 1912 Bagshawe produced four valuable volumes containing articles which treated special aspects of trypanosomoiasis in detail, as well as abstracts of the current literature, an exhaustive bibliography, and maps showing the known distribution of sleeping sickness and tsetse flies in Africa. These articles also appeared in the Bureau's monthly Sleeping Sickness Bulletins. It has been said that `the care he gave to their preparation set up new standards in medical abstracting' (The Lancet, 1950, i, p.694).
In 1912 the Trypanosomiasis Bureau became the Tropical Diseases Bureau, the work on sleeping sickness having been so successful that the idea was extended to other diseases. During this time Bagshawe also held the office of Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1917-21, and was its Treasurer, 1925-35, having been an original Fellow of the Society. In 1920 he was awarded the Mary Kingsley Medal of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. A further change to the Bureau occurred in 1926, when it became the Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases, the new name providing a much better reflection of its functions. Bagshawe was also the Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin and the Bulletin of Hygiene.
Bagshawe was for a time a member of the expert committee of the Health Committee of the League of Nations, dealing with tuberculosis and sleeping sickness in equatorial Africa. He was knighted in 1933, having received in 1915 the CMG (Companion (of the Order) of St Michael and St George).
Retirement from his position as Director of the Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases, and from his editorial work, came in 1935. From 1935-37 he was President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Of his contribution to the medical profession, it has been said that Bagshawe was `one of the real founders of scientific tropical medicine' (BMJ, p.848).
He had married Alice Mary Thornber in 1910, and they had had two sons. His wife died in 1944. Bagshawe died on 24 March 1950 in Cardiff, at the age of 78, after having joined one of his sons on his farm in South Wales the previous year.
Publications:
Sleeping Sickness Bulletins (monthly publications of Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases)
Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin & Bulletin of Hygiene
Matthew Baillie was born on 27 October 1761, at Shots, Lanarkshire, the son of the Revd. James Baillie, minister of the parish and later Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, and his wife Dorothea, sister of William and John Hunter, celebrated anatomists. Baillie was educated at Hamilton Grammar School and then at the University of Glasgow. On the advice of William Hunter, his uncle, he chose medicine as his profession. He moved to London to live with William Hunter in 1779, at the age of eighteen. He obtained an exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, but found that his most valuable education came during the vacations at Hunter's house in Great Windmill Street, where a lecture theatre and museum adjoined the house. He attended the public lectures given by Hunter, helping in their preparation, carrying out demonstrations, and superintending the dissections undertaken by the students. Hunter supplemented the lectures by privately instructing Baillie.
In 1783 William Hunter died and Baillie inherited £5,000, Hunter's house, theatre, and museum, for a period of 30 years, and a small Scottish estate, Long Calderwood, which he handed over to John Hunter, acknowledging him as the natural heir. (The museum subsequently went to Glasgow.) Baillie took on William Hunter's anatomical lectures and proved a successful teacher. He became particularly interested in every kind of diseased structure. It is said that his demonstrations were
`remarkable for their clearness and precision, ... he possessed a perfect conception of his subject; and imparted it with the utmost plainness and perspicuity to his hearers' (Munk's Roll, vol. II, p.403).
He graduated MB in 1786, and in 1787 he was elected physician to St George's Hospital. In 1789 he obtained his MD, from Oxford, and became Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians the following year. He became a Censor of the College in 1791 and 1796. The advancement of Baillie's career was due in some part to Baillie's connections with the Hunters and through his marriage to Sophia Denman, daughter of Dr Thomas Denman, physician, in 1791. His practice grew considerably. In his consultations `he was famed for the clearness with which he expressed his opinion in simple terms' (DNB, vol. II, p.420).
In 1793 Baillie published the work for which he is famous, The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (1793). It was the first book on the subject in English, and the first to make the morbid anatomy a subject itself. Rather than giving the history and symptoms of every case, as had been the trend, Baillie dealt with the morbid appearances of each organ in turn. The work is limited in so far as it discusses the thoracic and abdominal organs and the brain, and leaves untouched the skeleton, muscles, nerves, and spinal cord. He was the first to define cirrhosis of the liver, to distinguish renal cysts from the rare cysts of parasitic hydatids of the kidney, and to challenge the opinion that death was often due to a growth in the heart. There were additional notes describing symptoms that appeared in 1797, whilst a series of engravings to illustrate the book was published in 1799.
Baillie delivered a number of eponymous lectures during his professional career. These included the Goulstonian Lectures in 1794, the Croonian Lectures in 1796, 1797, and 1798, and the Harveian Oration in 1798, all at the Royal College of Physicians. He also wrote papers for the Transactions of the College. His unpublished contributions to clinical medicine were privately printed, posthumously in 1825, and were entitled, Collected Works; Lectures and Observations on Medicine by the Late Matthew Baillie (1825).
His practice extended further throughout the 1790s. This was due in part to Baillie acquiring a large number of patients from the practice of fellow physician Dr Richard Warren, former physician to George III, after his death in 1797, and his friend, Dr David Pitcairn, physician, recommending Baillie to his patients on a temporary secession of practice in 1798. In 1799 he gave up his post at St George's Hospital and his lecturing, and moved to Grosvenor Street to devote himself fully to his practice. For many years Baillie's successful practice ensured £10,000 a year. In 1810 he became physician extraordinary to George III, after being called to consult the Princess Amelia. He also became physician in ordinary to Princess Charlotte, in 1816. Baillie attended the King in his last illness, but declined the baronetcy offered him. For years Baillie worked for sixteen hours a day. Ultimately his large practice overwhelmed him and his health was affected. He was forced to withdraw from all but consultation practice.
Baillie was honoured during his life by election as honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, in 1809. In the same year he was named an Elect of the Royal College of Physicians, London. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Baillie was a member of a great many medical societies and charities, including the Medical and Chirurgical Society of which he was a founder member in 1805, and President in 1808-9.
In 1823 he retired to his country house in Gloucestershire. He died of phthisis on 23 September 1823, at the age of 62, and was buried in Duntisbourne, Gloucestershire. He left a widow, a son and a daughter. His first son had died only aged a few months, in 1792. He is commemorated by a bust and inscription in Westminster Abbey. Baillie bequeathed his books, and drawings to the Royal College of Physicians, with the sum of £300, having already donated his collection of anatomical specimens some years earlier. His wife subsequently presented his gold-headed cane to the College, formerly the property of the eminent Dr John Radcliffe, King William III's physician.
Publications:
The Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (London, 1793)
Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, by William Hunter published by Baillie (1794)
A Series of Engravings Tending to Illustrate the Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body (London, 1803)
Collected Works; Lectures and Observations on Medicine by the late Matthew Baillie (privately printed, 1825)
Publications by others about Baillie:
The Life and Works of Matthew Baillie (1761-1823), Franco Crainz (Rome, 1995)
William Hunter Baillie was born on 14 September 1797 in London, the son of Matthew Baillie, the morbid anatomist, and his wife Sophia, the daughter of Dr Thomas Denman, physician. His great-uncles were the celebrated anatomists William and John Hunter. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1815, becoming BA in 1819 and MA in 1823.
William Hunter Baillie was called to the Bar, but never practiced as a barrister. Instead he lived as a gentleman of leisure and Squire of the Manor of Duntisbourne Abbots, Gloucestershire.
He grew close to his aunt, Joanna Baillie, the poet and dramatist, after his father died in 1823, moving in the same literary circles. He was interested in the family history of the Hunter-Baillies, and spent a considerable amount of time and expense gathering together the family's papers, from correspondence to ancient title deeds and other legal instruments, in order to establish the pedigree of the family. William Hunter Baillie also encouraged his aunt, Joanna Baillie, to write her memoirs.
William Hunter Baillie married Henrietta Duff, daughter of the Revd. Dr Duff of St Andrews, in 1835. They had eight children, five of whom, three sons and two daughters, died before he did, the other son surviving for just three months after William Hunter Baillie's death. Henrietta died on 3 February 1857. William Hunter Baillie died on 24 December 1894, at the age of 97.
William Baly was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, in 1814. He was educated at the local grammar school, and was apprenticed in 1828 to Mr (later Dr) Ingle, an esteemed general practitioner in the town of Emsworth. In 1831 he went to study at University College, London, and in 1832, at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1834, after passing the diplomas of the Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries, Baly went to Paris, Heidelberg, and Berlin to continue his studies. He graduated MD from Berlin in 1836.
He returned to England and set up practice in London, first at Vigo Street and then Devonshire Street, whilst there he held, for a short time the post of Medical Officer to the St Pancras Infirmary, and finally Brook Street. His translation of Johannes Peter Muller's Elements of Physiology (1838-42) was his first accomplishment to attract attention, occupying the first four years of his time in London.
In 1840 he was appointed to visit and report on the state of the Millbank Penitentiary, where dysentery was prevalent. In the following year he was made physician to the Penitentiary, and came to be regarded by the Government as a leading adviser on questions of prison hygiene. It was also in 1841 that he became lecturer in forensic medicine at St Bartholomew's. His work in the Penitentiary led to a number of reports, including the elaborate paper `Diseases in Prisons', published in the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions (vol. XXVIII, 1845), and provided the material for his Goulstonian Lectures on Dysentery, given to the Royal College of Physicians in 1847. He had been elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1846, and in 1847 Fellow of the Royal Society. Baly proved he was the first to observe that dysenteric sloughs in the large intestine may be associated with the ulcers of enteric fever in the small intestine. He later produced his Report on Epidemic Cholera (1854) for the College.
In 1854 he was made assistant physician at St Bartholomew's, and in 1855 he relinquished his lectureship in order to become joint lecturer on medicine, with Dr (later Sir) George Burrows, fellow physician.
Baly was appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, in 1859, to work alongside Sir James Clark, the Queen's physician, and to then attend alone the Queen and the Royal Family. He was subsequently nominated to the General Medical Council as Crown Representative. He was also Censor for the Royal College of Physicians, 1858-59. By this stage Baly had become `one of the brightest ornaments of the medical profession' (DNB, vol. III, p.99).
Baly's life and career however were brought to a sudden, tragic, end by his death in a railway accident, just south west of London, on 28 January 1861. The Royal College of Physicians instituted a gold medal, to be awarded biennially in his name, for distinction in physiology.
Publications:
Elements of Physiology, Translation with Notes by William Baly, author: Johannes Peter Muller, translator: William Baly (2 vols. London, 1838-42)
`Diseases in Prisons', Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, (vol. XXVIII, 1845)
Recent Advances in the Physiology of Motion, the Senses, Generation, and Development. Being a Supplement to the 2nd Volume of Professor Muller's "Elements of Physiology" (London, 1848)
Reports on Epidemic Cholera (2 parts) (London, 1854)
Robert Sydenham Fancourt Barnes was born in London in 1849, the son of Robert Barnes, obstetrician. He was educated first at Merchant Taylors' School, and then at a school in Honfleur, France, where he became proficient in French. Barnes attended Lincoln College, Oxford, for a time before studying clinical medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, and obstetrics in Dublin, at the Rotunda Hospital. Barnes then worked at Marischal College, Aberdeen, before graduating MD from Aberdeen University, in 1875.
Barnes returned to London and became closely associated with his father's practice. In 1877 he obtained membership of the Royal College of Physicians. Whilst waiting for an appointment to a hospital, Barnes undertook literary work, joining the editorial staff of the British Medical Journal, with whom he remained for many years. Barnes was the author of many works; the best known was his only book, A Manual of Midwifery for Midwives, which ran to nine editions, the last one in 1902. He jointly authored the ambitious System of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery, with his father.
His best work is considered to be his article, 'The Indications Afforded by the Sphygmograph in the Puerperal State', published in the Transactions of the Obstetrical Society of London (1875), and read before the Society in 1874. It has been said that Barnes may have had a more successful career had he 'undertaken more scientific clinical work of this kind' (BMJ, 1908, i, p.542). Barnes also wrote many articles and papers for medical societies and periodicals, including 'Ovariotomy in Aged People' and 'Fifty Consecutive Cases of Abdominal Section', published in the Provincial Medical Journal (1889 and 1893). It has been said that 'his literary powers were displayed at their best in journalism' (ibid).
Barnes became a member of the Board of Examination of Midwives, instituted by the Obstetrical Society of London. (He subsequently transferred himself from this Society to the British Gynaecology Society.) He was then elected as physician to the British Lying-in Hospital and the Great Northern Central Hospital, where he later became senior physician. He also held the appointment of physician to the St George's and St James's Dispensary, and was consulting physician at the Royal Maternity Charity and the Prudential Assurance Company.
By the middle of the 1880s however, Barnes had 'drifted into an unfavourable position' (ibid, p.541), due to doggedly backing his father, his mentor, and a once progressive medical figure. Unremittingly loyal, Barnes pitted himself against his father's opponents at every opportunity. Unfortunately,
'Fancourt Barnes had not the qualities which would have enabled him to stand by himself against able and rising men led by seniors who were entirely in disagreement with his father's views.' (ibid)
The result of this was Barnes' failure to secure the appointment of physician or lecturer to any medical school. He did become physician to the Chelsea Hospital for Women, where he excelled in plastic operations. It was as a result of his experience at this hospital that he wrote the impressive Perineorrhaphy by Flap Splitting, issued three times. In this, through his words and diagrams, he successfully taught operative manoeuvres with expert dexterity. However Barnes failed to be re-elected when changes were made to the management structure of the hospital, both Barnes and his father found themselves on the losing side of the restructuring. Barnes also failed to retain his position as medical officer to several lying-in hospitals and dispensaries.
Barnes paid attention to overseas development in the field of gynaecology. His linguistic capabilities enabled him to translate and edit Martin's Atlas of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. He also wrote a German English Dictionary of Medical Words. It has been said that this was not wholly successful, despite a demand for such a resource, as he was not ably seconded and the proofs were badly revised (ibid, p.542). Barnes was Honorary Corresponding Fellow of the Societe de Gynecologie de Paris, the Gynaecological Society of Boston, USA, and the Societe Imperiale de Medecine, Istanbul (then Constantinople).
By the mid-1890s Barnes had practically retired from hospital work, devoting himself entirely to private practice. He was honoured, for his scientific attainments, with fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Barnes retired from the medical profession several years before his death, due to ill health. He had married twice, but had no children. He died in February 1908, within a few months of his father.
Publications:
A Manual of Midwifery for Midwives (9 eds., last 1902)
System of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery (jointly written with Robert Barnes)
'The Indications Afforded by the Sphygmograph in the Puerperal State', Transactions of the Obstetrical Society of London (1875)
Perineorrhaphy by Flap Splitting
Martin's Atlas of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (translated and edited)
German English Dictionary of Medical Words
Neugebauer on Spondylolisthesis (for the New Sydenham Society)
John O'Brien Milner Barry was born 26 February 1815 in Cork, the second son of John Milner Barry of Cork, the first doctor to introduce vaccination into an Irish town (Cork in 1800) and founder of the Cork Fever Hospital. Barry studied medicine in Paris between 1833 and 1836. He graduated MD from Edinburgh a year later; the subject of his thesis was Endocarditis. In 1838 became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
He set up practice first in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, 1839-42, and then in Totnes, Devon, where he practiced 1844-51. In 1852 he settled permanently in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, where he served as physician to the Infirmary and Dispensary. It has been said that he was
'a safe and an excellent practitioner, having a thorough knowledge of his profession, and his advice was often sought by his professional neighbours and the medical men in the surrounding districts' (BMJ, 1 Oct. 1881).
He became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1859. During his career Barry made various contributions to medical journals, on the subjects of Cystine, Leucocythemia, Diphtheritis, and Ovarian diseases. In 1876 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
He continued practicing in Tunbridge Wells until his death. Barry married twice. He died suddenly of heart disease on 15 September 1881, aged 66, and left behind a widow.
George Bate was born in Maids Morton, Buckinghamshire, in 1608, the son of John Bate of Barton, Buckinghamshire. He began his studies at New College, Oxford, in 1622. He then transferred to Queens College for a time, before eventually entering St Edmund Hall. Here he obtained his BA, in 1626, and then his MA, in 1629. He graduated MB on 1 March 1629, and obtained a licence to practice from the University.
Bate practiced in and around Oxford over the next few years. He obtained his MD on 7 July 1637, and continued to practice with great success. Whilst the Court remained at Oxford Bate had become physician to the King, despite it first being thought that he was a puritan. When the King and his Court returned to London Bate followed, and settled in the capital. He was admitted a Candidate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1639, and a Fellow in 1640. Bate served as Censor of the College in 1645, 1646, and 1648.
Bate made several literary contributions, both political and medical. The Royal Apologie, or Declaration of the Commons in Parliament 11th February 1647 Canvassed (1648) has been attributed to him, although some doubt has been expressed regarding the validity of this claim of authorship (Munk's Roll, vol. I, p.230). The publication, Elenchus Motuum nuperorum in Anglia simul ac Juris Regii ac Parliamentarii brevis Narratio (1649), is a Latin version of a re-worked part of the aforementioned work. They are both a defence of the King's acts in his quarrel with Parliament, and profess to have been drawn up from authentic records. Bate shared authorship of two medical books; firstly Francis Glisson's De Rachitide (1650), in which Glisson named Bate as one of the physicians who worked out, with him, the observation of rickets; and secondly the posthumously published Pharmacopoeia Bateana (1688), which professes to be a collection of his prescriptions.
Throughout the Interregnum, 1649-60, having entered as physician to the Charterhouse soon after arriving in London, Bate acted as chief physician to Oliver Cromwell whilst he was General, and afterwards Protector. During this time, in 1657, he was named an Elect at the Royal College of Physicians.
With the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, Bate, again a Royalist, reacquainted himself with the Royal party and was made physician to the King. Indeed it has been noted that `amidst all the mutations of those changeful times... Dr Bate always contrived to be the chief state physician' (ibid, p.229). It was also at this time that Bate became one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Society. In 1666 he delivered the anatomy lectures to the Royal College of Physicians.
Bate died at his house in Hatton Garden, London, on 19 April 1669, at the age of 60. He was buried at Kingston-Upon-Thames, with his wife Elizabeth. An inscribed monument was erected to his memory in the chancel of the church.
Publications: The Royal Apologie, or Declaration of the Commons in Parliament 11th February 1647 Canvassed (anonymous, thought to be Bate) (London, 1648)
Elenchus Motuum nuperorum in Anglia simul ac Juris Regii ac Parliamentarii brevis Narratio (anonymous thought to be Bate) (London, 1649)
De Rachitide, sive Morbo Puerili qui Vulgo The Rickets Dicitur, Tractatus, Adscitis in Operis Societatem, F. Glisson, G. Bate, & A. Regemortero (London, 1650) (Treatise of the Rickets, Being a Disease Common to Children ... by F. Glisson, G. Bate & A. Regemorter; translated by P. Armin (London, 1651)
Pharmacopoeia Bateana, G. Bate & J. Shipton (London, 1688)
Thomas Bateman was born in Whitby, Yorkshire, on 29 April 1778, the only son of a surgeon. He was educated at two private schools, one at Whitby the other at Thornton, before being apprenticed to an apothecary in Whitby for three years. In 1797 he began his studies in London, at the Windmill Street School of Anatomy, founded by Dr William Hunter, the celebrated anatomist. There he attended the lectures of Matthew Baillie, morbid anatomist. Simultaneously he attended the medical practice of St George's Hospital. He subsequently went to Edinburgh in 1798 to study, and obtained his MD in 1801. The subject of his thesis was Haemorrhoea Petechialis.
Bateman returned to London in 1801, with the purpose of starting in practice and completing his studies. He became a pupil of Dr Robert Willan, a pioneer in the diseases of the skin, at the Carey Street Public Dispensary. In 1804, due to Willan's influence, he was elected physician both at the Dispensary and at the Fever Institution (later the Fever Hospital). In 1805 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. Based on his experience at the Fever Institution, between 1804 and 1816, Bateman wrote a series of reports on the diseases of London and the state of the weather. He contributed these papers to the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, which he had jointly established in 1805 with Dr Duncan, junior, of Edinburgh, and Dr Reeve, of Norwich. The reports contributed to the establishment of his reputation, bringing him to the notice of a wider audience. The papers were later collected in one volume and published as Reports on the Diseases of London (1819).
At the Dispensary, under the tutelage of Willan, Bateman began to pay particular attention to diseases of the skin. Willan had been the first to describe these diseases in `a positive scientific manner, without being swayed by theoretical and formulistic conceptions' (DNB, vol. III, p.393), and Bateman followed in his footsteps, extending and perfecting his methodology. With Willan's retirement in 1811, Bateman became the principal authority in London on all affections of the skin. Consequently Bateman built up a large, profitable practice.
In 1813 Bateman published his Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases According to the Arrangement of Dr Willan (1813), and completed the series of watercolour drawings that Willan had begun. The publication was a great success, and was translated into French, German, and Italian. Its fame reached Russia whereupon the Czar sent Bateman a diamond ring, worth 100 guineas, and requested that copies of all Bateman's future publications be sent to him. Bateman followed up this publication with his Delineations of Cutaneous Diseases, Exhibiting the Characteristic Appearances of the Principal Genera and Species, Comprised in the Classification of Willan, and Completing the Series of Engravings Began by that Author (1817). This publication was particularly important because it contained descriptions of herpes iris (now known as erythema multiforme) and eczema due to external irritation. It also contained descriptions of molluscum contagiosum.
It is said that Bateman was a `skilful physician and excellent medical writer, whose works on skin diseases are still important' (ibid, p.394). Indeed his writings not only show his practical knowledge but also, from the references to ancient and modern writers, his learning. He wrote a number of smaller papers, in addition to the larger works, including all the entries in Abraham Rees's The Cyclopaedia; or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature (1819) from the letter C onwards, with only the exception of the 'History of Medicine'. He was the first librarian of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, assisting in the foundation of the library, and compiling its first catalogue.
In 1816 Bateman's health began to suffer, having had since childhood a delicate constitution. He lost the sight in his right eye, and the vision in his left began to be impaired. Unfortunately the use of mercury in his treatment led to an attack of mercurial erethism, which almost cost him his life. Bateman gave a description of the symptoms from which he suffered in the ninth volume of the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. He rested for several months before returning to work at the Fever Institution in April 1817, due to an outbreak of a severe epidemic of fever in London. In February 1818 however he was forced, due to unremitting ill health, to resign his appointment. The following year he was compelled to resign from the Dispensary. He retired to Yorkshire and died in Whitby, on 9 April 1821, at the age of 42.
Publications:
Practical Synopsis of Cutaneous Diseases According to the Arrangement of Dr Willan (London, 1813)
Delineations of Cutaneous Diseases, Exhibiting the Characteristic Appearances of the Principal Genera and Species, Comprised in the Classification of Willan, and Completing the Series of Engravings began by that Author (London, 1817)
`A Succinct Account of the Contagious Fever of this Country Exemplified in the Epidemic Now Prevailing in London; with Observations on the Nature and Properties of Contagion' (London, 1818)
Reports on the Diseases of London (London, 1819)
Publications by others about Bateman:
Some Account of the Life and Character of the Late Thomas Bateman, MD, FLS, Physician to the Public Dispensary and to the Fever Institution in London James Rumsey (London, 1827)
Sir Thomas Bathurst was born in 1622. He qualified as a Doctor of Medicine (MD), from the University of Leyden (Leiden) 2 July 1659. He was incorporated at Oxford on 17 March 1661, and was admitted a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians on 25 June 1662.
He was later knighted, and it is thought made a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, although evidence of his admission has not been found (Munk's Roll, vol. I, p.306). Bathurst died in 1688.
Bryan Batty qualified from St Bartholomew's Hospital, and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1815. He was a physician and surgeon, and lived and practised in Sedbergh, Cumbria (then North Yorkshire).
He died most probably in 1871.
John Bayly was born in Chichester on 17 February 1735, the son of George Bayly, physician. He was one of twins, his sister dying early in childhood. Bayly himself was a feeble child. He was educated at the grammar school in Lymington, Hampshire, until the age of 12 when he was sent to a tutor in St Albans, where he became proficient in French. He was then tutored in Taunton for three years, before going to study medicine at Edinburgh University. A smallpox inoculation during his first year at Edinburgh affected his health so severely that he was forced to return home to convalesce for six months. He eventually graduated MD at Edinburgh, and in 1758 moved to London where he spent a year in hospital practice.
In 1759 Bayly returned to Chichester, at the age of 24, to become his father's partner in practice. He lived as a bachelor, with his parents, in a house in the East Pallant, Chichester. He remained in practice with his father until the latter's death in 1771. Bayly practiced in an era when the Royal College of Physicians held no jurisdiction in the provinces. The Apothecaries Act (55 Geo.III c.194) which compelled recognised qualifications was not passed until 1815, the year of Bayley's death. Bayly's life as a doctor in the second half of the eighteenth century, was that of
'a young man in a practice covering a large area round Chichester, competing with unlicensed apothecaries and quacks, applying his academic training, and trying to gain experience from the faithful recording of his failures as well as his successes' (Trail & Steer, 1963, p.9).
In 1784 Bayly was one of the pioneers in the establishment of a Public Dispensary in some cottages in Chichester (which became the West Sussex, East Hampshire and Chichester General Infirmary, and eventually the Royal West Sussex Hospital). Bayly had always suffered from ill health and his work as a doctor further exacerbated his weak constitution. This prevented him from direct or active involvement with the Dispensary, the work being undertaken by Dr Thomas Sanden, his cousin. He suffered from almost total deafness in one ear, and was partially sighted in his left eye.
Another professional interest of Bayly's was the relationship between the climate and disease. Throughout the late 1760s and early 1770s he made detailed meteorological observations and linked them with incidences of disease in Chichester.
Bayly had many interests outside of medicine, such as the stage; he was especially keen on Shakespeare's comedies. He also enjoyed poetry, art and music, and was an accomplished flutist. He had a particular interest in theology, and amassed a large library of theological works. Indeed he was a zealous Unitarian during the last thirty years of his life.
Bayly continued to practice until the end of the 1790s when he retired. In his retirement, despite ill health, he enjoyed through the
`society of a very few select friends, the fruits of early study, and the retrospect of maturer years devoted to beneficent exertion' (Sanden, 1816, p.13).
He died on 11 November 1815 at the age of 80, and was buried in the chancel of the church of All Saints in the Pallant, Chichester, on 18 November 1815.
Publications about Bayly:
A Tribute to the Memory of John Bayly, MD, Thomas Sanden (Chichester, 1816)
Russell Brain (1895-1966) was born in Reading, the son of Walter and Edith Brain on 23 October 1895; educated at Mill Hill School, Reading University College and New College, Oxford, originally reading history but after a period with the Friends' Ambulance Unit 1915-1918, returning to study medicine.
Brain held appointments at the London Hospital, first in 1920 then from 1927 until his death; at the Maida Vale Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis from 1925 and at Moorfield Eye Hospital between 1930 and 1937.
Brain was President of the Royal College of Physicians from 1950 to 1957. He was knighted in 1952, made Baronet in 1954, Baron in 1962 and elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1964.
He was editor of Brain, the journal of neurology, for many years.
For a detailed account of Brain see Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society volume 14, London 1968, pp 61-82.
Richard Bright was born on 28 September 1789, the third son of Richard Bright, a Bristol merchant and banker. He attended a school in Bristol, run by a Unitarian minister, and subsequently went to Exeter. In 1808 he left for Edinburgh to study first in the faculty of arts, and from 1809 in the medical faculty. He graduated MD in 1813. In 1810 he interrupted his medical education to join Sir George Mackenzie's scientific expedition to Iceland, where he contributed to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the island. He then spent two years in London, studying at the medical school of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals. He returned to London in 1814, after graduating, and became a pupil at the Carey Street Dispensary, under Thomas Bateman. Here he gained wide experience in skin disorders, which was Bateman's specialty, and general medicine.
Bright visited Holland and Belgium before traveling to Germany in 1814, and then Austria and Hungary during the winter of 1814-15. During his trip he met many physicians and observed the medical practice in the hospitals of Horn, Hufeland, Berlin and Vienna. On his way home from Hungary he stopped at Brussels, about a fortnight after the Battle of Waterloo, visiting the military hospitals and seeing many of the wounded. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1816, and a Fellow in 1832. In 1817 he was elected assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, where during a severe epidemic he contracted fever and narrowly escaped with his life. Bright returned to the continent in the autumn of 1818, visiting Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and France. During this trip he visited many hospitals and post mortem rooms. He returned in the summer of 1819 to continue work at the Fever Hospital.
In 1820 he became assistant physician to Guy's Hospital and then, in 1824, full physician. He took an active part in teaching, in both the wards and the lecture room. In 1822 he lectured at Guy's on botany and materia medica, and in 1824, on the theory and practice of physic. Despite the lack of interest shown by Bright's seniors in morbid anatomy, Bright worked undeterred in the post mortem room before his rounds of the wards. It was said that over the years Bright worked at Guy's, he spent at least six hours a day carrying out his research, `constantly and with untiring patience, whenever he could do so, to the ultimate test of the morbid appearances after deaths' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.157).
Bright is best known for his description of dropsy - oedema associated with kidney disease - in which the urine can be coagulated by heat owing to the presence of albumin. Observation of albumin in the urine had already been made, but it was Bright who made the connection between the presence of albumin and glomerulonephritis, and thus made the synthesis of the symptoms. Before this it was thought that the liver and the spleen were responsible for dropsy. The condition subsequently became widely known, from the 1840s, as Morbus Brightii, `Bright's disease', establishing his reputation at home and abroad.
He described the disease in the first volume of his illustrated Reports on Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (1827), in which the clinical picture during life is correlated with the pathology of the internal organs of the several parts of the body. A second part to this work was published in 1831 and is entirely concerned with the nervous system, with the illustrations appearing in a separate volume. Upon all the various subjects covered by Bright in this work, he showed `the most sagacious observation, untiring industry, and wonderful powers of investigating truth, the end and aim of all his work' (ibid).
Bright's writings were numerous and important. Although best known for his work on diseases of the viscera, especially the kidney, Bright also made numerous observations on neurological conditions, both in the above-mentioned publication, and in papers he contributed to the Guy's Hospital Reports. He also wrote articles on pancreatic diabetes, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, acute otitis and pathological lesions in typhoid fever. He was a frequent contributor to the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Bright collaborated with Thomas Addison, his colleague at Guy's, in a textbook of medicine for students, entitled Textbook: Elements of the Practice of Medicine (1839).
Bright's professional success was steady. He was Goulstonian lecturer in 1833, Lumleian lecturer in 1837, Censor of the College in 1836 and 1839, and member of the Council, 1838 and 1843. In 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, he was appointed physician extraordinary to the queen. As his reputation rose he took the leading position as consulting physician in London. Amongst his patients were Lord Macaulay, historian and Whig MP, John Snow, anaesthetist, famous for his theory that cholera was communicated through a contaminated water supply, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, who was suffering from nephritis. Bright was `probably consulted in a larger number of difficult cases than any of his contemporaries' (DNB, vol. VI, p.336). He held the post of full physician to Guy's Hospital until 1843 when he retired to devote his time to full practice, remaining active in his profession right up to his death in 1858. In 1838 he was honoured with the Monthyon medal of the Institute of France, awarded in recognition of his work on the kidney. At home he was honoured with a Doctorate of Civil Law by Oxford University in 1853.
Bright was a widely accomplished man. He was a good linguist, knowledgeable about more than one science, an amateur artist of some credibility, indeed his ability to draw accurately enabled him to produce fine diagrams of pathological anatomy, and well cultivated, due to his experience of travel and his wide social circle. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. His great skills were his acute observation and aptitude for synthesis, over his ability to theorise or to put forward his views.
Bright was married twice, first to Martha Babington in 1822. Martha died in 1823, shortly after giving birth to their only son, who died in early manhood. His second marriage was to Elizabeth Follett, sister to Sir William Webb Follett, attorney general. Bright had five surviving children, two daughters and three sons. He died at his house in Savile Row on 16 December 1858, at the age of 69, after an illness lasting just four days, associated with a longstanding disease of the heart. He was buried at Kensal Green, and an inscribed monument was erected in the Church of St James, Piccadilly.
Publications:
Travels from Vienna through Lower Hungary, with some remarks on the State of Vienna during the Congress in the year 1814 (Edinburgh, 1818)
Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (2 volumes, London, 1827; 1831)
Address at the Commencement of a Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1832)
Elements of the Practice of Medicine, Volume I Richard Bright and Thomas Addison (London, 1836)
Papers on Physconia by Bright, in Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours and Intumescence (London, 1860)
Publications by others about Bright:
Dr Richard Bright, 1789-1858, Pamela Bright (London, 1983)
Physician Extraordinary: Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858) Robert Manoah, R. Johnson (ed.) (Montpelier, Vermont, 1986)
Richard Bright, 1789-1858: Physician in an Age of Revolution and Reform D. Berry and C. Mackenzie (London, 1992)
William Henry Broadbent was born at Lindley, near Huddersfield, on 23 January 1835, the eldest son of John Broadbent, woollen manufacturer and a prominent Wesleyan. He was educated at Huddersfield College until the age of fifteen, when he entered his father's factory. He spent two years working in the factory, learning the processes of manufacture. In 1852, at the age of seventeen, he decided that he wanted to study medicine and became apprenticed to a Manchester surgeon, and was enrolled at Owens College. He also attended the Manchester Royal School of Medicine, where he progressed well, winning numerous medals. In 1856 he was awarded gold medals in anatomy, physiology, and chemistry, at the first MB London examination. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. In 1857 he went to Paris to continue his studies, strengthening his clinical experience, visiting the wards of the Paris hospitals and attending the Ecole de Medecine, and becoming fluent in French. He returned to sit his final MB examination in 1858, and took the gold medal in obstetric medicine and a first class honours degree.
He obtained the post of obstetric officer at St Mary's Hospital, London, in 1858, becoming resident medical officer there in 1859. In 1860 he was appointed pathologist and lecturer on physiology and zoology in the medical school of the hospital, and obtained his MD, London. In the same year he was elected physician to the London Fever Hospital. In 1861 he was appointed lecturer in comparative anatomy in St Mary's Hospital medical school, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1863 he was appointed visiting physician to the Western General Dispensary. In 1865 he was made physician in charge of outpatients at St Mary's, and then in 1871 he was appointed full physician, with a lectureship in medicine. It was his work at St Mary's with the outpatients and in the wards, his attention to detail and accuracy in diagnosis, that established his reputation as one of the finest clinical teachers of his day' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, p.169). He becameboth an investigator of medical problems and... an expert on the treatment of specific diseases' (DNB, 2nd Supplement, vol. I, p.226). His skill and reputation eventually ensured a large, lucrative practice.
Broadbent developed particular interests in neurology and cardiology, and, to a lesser extent, cancer and typhoid. He wrote and lectured extensively on these subjects. An important early work was his book Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (1866), which described his treatment of cases by the injection of acetic acid into the tumour. Despite some initial good results Broadbent discontinued this method when later outcomes proved unsatisfactory. One paper to attract attention was his Sensori-motor Ganglia and Association of Nerve Nuclei', which appeared in the British and Foreign Medical Clinical Review (1866). In this he explained the immunity from paralysis of bilaterally associated muscles in hemiplegia and advancedBroadbent's hypothesis', in which he explained the unequal distribution of paralysis in face, trunk, arm and leg, in the ordinary form of hemiplegia. The essential principle has remained widely applicable to neurological questions, and to the solution of problems in physiology, pathology, and psychology.
Broadbent was also responsible for valuable work on aphasia. In On the Cerebral Mechanism of Speech and Thought', which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Medical Chirurgical Society (1872), he was the first to propose the notion of a separate centre for conception of ideation. One of his most important works was Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment (1897), written with his eldest son, John Francis Harpin Broadbent. He had been influenced by Francis Sibson, the eminent cardiologist, with whom he had worked at St Mary's in his early days at the hospital, assisting Sibson on autopsies, with a particular interest in studying diseases of the chest. He became aleading authority' on the subject (ibid, p.227). He also contributed to advances in the treatment of typhoid fever, deprecating the 'do nothing' treatment and enforcing careful dieting, nursing, and hydro-therapeutic measures. He also gave a number of eponymous lectures, including the Lettsomian Lectures at the Medical Society of London, in 1874, the Harveian lectures, to the Harveian Society, in 1884, and was Croonian Lecturer and Lumleian Lecturer, in 1887 and 1891 respectively, at the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1869 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. From 1872 Broadbent moved to Seymour Street, where his private consultant practice continued to expand, chiefly among the upper classes. In 1879 he retired from his post of physician to the London Fever Hospital, becoming consultant physician. In the 1880s he took on the role of examiner in medicine to the universities of London, 1883, and Cambridge, 1888.
In 1892 Broadbent moved to a larger address in Brook Street in order to accommodate his huge practice, which had continued to thrive. It is said that `he refused twice as much work as he could undertake' (ibid), and in 1891 his income had exceeded 13,000 pounds. His patients soon included the royal family, as in 1892 Broadbent was appointed physician in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, receiving a baronetcy the following year. In 1896 he retired from the active service of St Mary's Hospital, becoming honorary consulting physician. In this year he also became consulting physician for the Victoria Hospital for Sick Children, and the New Hospital for Women. It was also in 1896 that he became physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, and in 1901, on her death, physician in ordinary to King Edward VII and the new Prince of Wales, later King George V, whom he had attended during an attack of typhoid fever ten years earlier. In 1901 he was made KCVO (Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order).
Broadbent offered his services to a number of institutions throughout his professional career, playing a prominent part in public movements affecting the prevention of disease. He had served as a member of the Royal Commission on Fever Hospitals in 1881. He was greatly involved with the Royal College of Physicians, giving several eponymous lectures and serving as Censor in 1889, and as Senior Censor in 1895, although he was defeated in his run for the presidency in 1896. Other commitments included chairing the committee for organising the National Association for the Prevention of Consumption, in 1898, chairing the organising council of the British Congress on Tuberculosis, which met in London in July 1901, and chairing the advisory committee for King Edward VII's Sanatorium at Midhurst, to which he became a consulting physician. He also became consulting physician to the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers. Broadbent was always a generous subscriber to the British Medical Benevolent Fund, of which he was secretary, 1864-72, treasurer, 1872-1900, and subsequently President in 1900.
He was an Honorary Member and Fellow of many medical societies, both at home and abroad. He had been made President of the Harveian Society, in 1875, the Medical Society, in 1881, the Clinical Society, in 1887, and the Neurological Society, in 1896. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1897, in recognition of his scientific contributions. Abroad he was an Honorary Member of the Verein fur Innere Medicin, Berlin, the Gesellschaft fur Innere Medicin und Kinderheilkunde, Vienna, the Societe Medicale de Geneve, and the Imperial Society of Constantinople. He was chief organiser and first President of the Entente Cordiale Medicale, in 1904, and was honoured with their Grand Cross and Insignia of Commander of the Legion of Honour, at a banquet held in Paris in 1905. Broadbent also received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws (LLD), from the universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews, Montreal, and Toronto, between 1898-1906, and Doctor of Science (DSc), from Leeds University in 1904.
Broadbent married Eliza Harpin in 1863, and they had three sons and three daughters. One of the sons was Sir John Francis Harpin Broadbent and another Walter Broadbent, both of whom became physicians, and later fellows of the Royal College of Physicians. Broadbent died in London of influenza, on 10 July 1907. He was buried in the parish church of Wendover, Buckinghamshire, where he had his country house.
Publications:
Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (London, 1866)
The Practice of Medicine, revised by Sir William Broadbent (7th ed., London 1875)
The Pulse (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887) (London, 1890)
Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment, with John Francis Harpin Broadbent (London, 1897)
Publications by others about Broadbent:
Selections from the Writings, Medical and Neurological, of Sir William Broadbent, Walter Broadbent (ed.) (London, 1908)
The Life of Sir William Broadbent KCVO, FRS, M.E. Broadbent (ed.) (London, 1909)
Helen C. Brooke started her training as a Norland Children's Nurse. She undertook further training (CMB) at the Salvation Army Hostel, Clapton, and then worked as a Health Visitor in Birmingham for a year. During the First World War, 1914-1918, she served for two years as a welfare worker to the women employed in Woolwich Arsenal.
Brooke began work in the Child Welfare Department of University College Hospital, London, in January 1919, as Assistant Health Visitor. Her work involved visits to local homes in the St Pancras area, and staffing the Child Welfare Clinic. In the early days of the Department the local inhabitants resented these visits, whilst attendance at the Clinic was perceived as an acknowledgment of parental incompetence. However, `largely owing to Miss Brooke's tact and perseverence [sic]' this attitude was eventually eradicated, and the next generation began to automatically bring their new babies to the Hospital to be checked by the health visitors (UCH Magazine, 1947, p.96). Brooke was promoted to Senior Health Visitor in 1935.
In August 1947 Brooke retired from her post as Health Visitor at University College Hospital, after 28 years of service.
Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard was born Charles Edouard Brown on 8 April 1817, at Port Louis, Mauritius, the posthumous son of Edward Brown, of Irish descent and captain of a merchant vessel belonging to Philadelphia. He had little education early on and acted for a time as a clerk in a store. In 1838 he traveled with his Mauritius-born mother, originally of the Provencal family of Sequard, to France, first to Nantes and then to Paris. It was his intention to pursue a profession in literature, but he was persuaded to study medicine by Charles Nodier, lexicographer. His mother paid his fees, making a living as a boarding-house keeper. She died in 1842, and Brown added her maiden name to his own. In 1846, at the age of 29, he graduated MD from Paris, with a thesis on the reflex action of the spinal cord after separation from the brain.
Brown-Sequard then served as `externe des hopitaux' under the physicians Armand Trousseau and Pierre Rayer. He devoted himself to the study of physiology, labouring under conditions of extreme poverty. In 1848 he became one of the four secretaries of the Societe de Biologie. The following year, during an outbreak of cholera, he was appointed auxiliary physician at the military hospital of Gros-Caillou. In 1852 he left for America, fearing that his republican tendencies might bring him trouble in France. He settled in New York where he supported himself by giving lessons in French and attending midwifery for five dollars a case. In 1853 he returned to Paris, newly married, with his American wife Ellen.
He again left Paris in 1854, intent on practicing medicine in his native Mauritius. However on arrival he found the island was in the midst of a cholera epidemic, whereupon he immediately took charge of the cholera hospital. Once the epidemic was subdued he was presented with a gold medal, struck in his honour by his countrymen. He was appointed professor of the Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence at the Virginia Medical College in Richmond, Virginia. He took up his post in 1855, but soon after changed his mind and suddenly returned to Paris. It is said that there were irreconcilable differences; Brown-Sequard could not accept the College's pro-slavery stance, whilst the College was equally unhappy about Brown-Sequard's experiments on un-anaesthetised animals (Gooddy, p.3).
Back in Paris again he was awarded a prize by the Academie des Sciences, and between 1855 and 1857 taught at a small laboratory that he had rented. In 1858 he established the Journal de la Physiologie de l'Homme et des Animaux, which he continually published until 1864. It was also in 1858 that he came to London and delivered a course of lectures on the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system, at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He then lectured in Edinburgh, Dublin and Glasgow. In 1859 he was made a fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. It was due to the renown that these lectures brought him that Brown-Sequard was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1860. In 1859 he had also been appointed physician to the newly established National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, in Queen Square, London. He was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1860, and subsequently delivered both the Croonian and the Goulstonian Lectures.
Brown-Sequard became famous for his spinal cord syndrome. Through his work on the localisation of the tracts in the spinal cord, he traced the origin of the sympathetic nerve-fibres into the spinal cord. With the physiologist Claude Bernard, his old master, Brown-Sequard shares the honour of demonstrating the existence of vaso-motor nerves. He was also the first to show that epilepsy could be produced experimentally in guinea pigs. Whilst Brown-Sequard was not a philosophical thinker he undoubtedly did much to enrich physiological science. Indeed it is said that he established upon a firm scientific basis much of our present knowledge of diseases of the nervous system' (DNB, 1901, p.320). He remains however unrecognised as a pioneer of endocrinology, having demonstrated through his experiments the significance of adrenal glands. Indeed it is thought that there isstill little recognition of the immense contribution he made to modern medical thinking' (Davenport et al., 2001, p.95).
Brown-Sequard soon established a considerable practice in London, however it has been said that it `overtaxed his strength, and otherwise proved distasteful to him' (DNB, p.320). His elevated position within England's medical profession was already established though; amongst his correspondents were such figures as Charles Darwin and Louis Pasteur. In 1863 he resigned his appointment at the Hospital, and was made honorary physician. He left London for America, where he had accepted the office of professor of the physiology and of pathology of the nervous system at Harvard University. At this time he managed to resume his original work in experimental medicine, although his wife died in 1864.
In 1868 Brown-Sequard returned to Paris, via Dublin. In Paris he jointly founded, with his friends Edme Vulpian, physiologist, and Jean Charcot, neurologist, the Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. Between 1869 and 1872 he held the chair of comparative and experimental pathology in the Ecole de Medecine, Paris. In 1872 he left Paris for New York, where he settled to work as a physician. In that same year he married his second wife, another American, Maria Carlisle. During this time he founded the Archive of Scientific and Practical Medicine, in which he published his first paper on inhibition.
In 1875 he left New York and returned once more to Paris, after residing for a short period in London, during which time he again lectured at the Royal College of Physicians. In 1877 however he accepted an offer of chair of physiology in Geneva, having refused a similar offer from Glasgow. About this time his second wife died, and he married an English woman, Elizabeth Emma Dakin. The following year Claude Bernard died, and Brown-Sequard was offered the vacant professorship of experimental medicine at the College de France, which he held until his own death.
In 1881 he was awarded the honorary degree of LLD from the University of Cambridge. In the same year he received the Lacaze prize from the Academie des Sciences and, in 1885, the grand prix biennal. In 1886 the Royal College of Physicians presented him with the Baly medal. He was elected president of the Societe de Biologie in 1887, which it is said `gave him more pleasure than any of the other honours he had received' (ibid). In 1889 he was awarded the Order of the Rose from the Brazilian legation in Paris. Also in 1889 Brown-Sequard became sole editor of the Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique. He published numerous papers in the various journals with which he was involved, as well as contributing to the London and New York medical papers.
Brown-Sequard did not recover from the shock of his wife's death in 1894. He suffered an attack of phlebitis in January 1894, and died in Paris on 1 April the same year. He was buried in Montparnasse cemetery.
Publications:
Experimental Researches Applied to Physiology and Pathology (New York, 1853)
Journal de la Physiologie de l'Homme et des Animaux (est. Brown-Sequard, Paris, 1858-64)
Course of Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System (Philadelphia, 1860)
Lectures on the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Principal Forms of Paralysis of the Lower Extremities (London, 1861)
Lectures on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Nervous Affections (London, 1868)
Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique (est. Brown-Sequard, Vulpian, & Charcot, c.1868-)
Lecons sur les Nerfs Vaso-moteurs, sur l'Epilepsie et sur les Actions Reflexes Normales et Morbides (Paris, 1872, transl. Joseph Marie Alfred Beni-Barde)
Archive of Scientific and Practical Medicine (est. Brown-Sequard, c.1872)
Notice sur les Travaux Scientifiques du Docteur C.E. Brown-Sequard (Paris, 1886)
Sir William Browne was born in 1692, in the county of Durham, the son of a physician. In 1707 he entered Peterhouse, Cambridge. He graduated BA in 1711, and MA in 1714. He received a license from the University in 1716, and subsequently set up practice in Lynn, Norfolk. In 1721 he obtained his MD from Cambridge and was incorporated at Oxford.
Browne lived in Lynn for thirty years, and through his practice amassed a comfortable fortune. He was known to be an eccentric, and it has been said that `his egotism and garrulity were so great as to rivet the attention of his contemporaries' (Munk's Roll, vol II, p.95). In 1725 he was admitted a candidate at the Royal College of Physicians, and the following year was made a Fellow. In March 1738/9 Browne was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was knighted, through the interest of the Duke of Montagu, in 1748, and moved to London in 1749, setting up his home and practice in Queens Square, Bloomsbury.
Browne was closely involved with the Royal College of Physicians throughout his life, and held a number of offices. He was named one of the Elects of the College, 9 April 1750, delivered the Harveian Oration in 1751, and served as Censor, 1750-53 and in 1771. He was also elected Treasurer in 1751, and was a member of the Council in 1752, 1755, and 1762. In 1765 and 1766 he served as President. In April 1767 he presented his portrait by Thomas Hudson, depicting him in his gown as President, to the College.
It was at this time that there was a violent dispute between the College and its licentiates, over the restrictions in place on the latter. It has been said that
`Sir William Browne, a man of strong feelings, extraordinary garrulity, and utterly devoid of discretion, was wholly unfit at such a crisis to occupy the presidential chair' (ibid, p.98).
Browne was a defender of the privileges of the universities and favoured barring from practice those who did not have Oxbridge degrees. He had offended the licentiates, many of them graduates from the Scottish universities, in their quest to become more involved in the affairs of the College. A potentially embarrassing incident followed whereby a number of licentiates forced their way into a Comitia meeting, at which Browne was presiding, in an attempt to obtain a dispensation from the College. The satirist Samuel Foote consequently caricatured Browne on stage in his farce, `The Devil on Two Sticks', which was based on the whole affair (presented May 1768, published 1778). Despite a good-humoured response, Browne found it difficult to maintain his stature within the College and, fearing some future indignity, handed in his resignation as President.
He proceeded to Bath in 1767 to enjoy the spa waters, and whilst there called upon Bishop Warburton at Prior Park. Warburton described Browne in an account of his visit as having `showed all the alacrity of a boy both in body and mind' (DNB, vol. VII, p.75), despite his approaching 80 years of age.
Browne returned to London where he entered a contest for some subordinate parochial office' (Munk's Roll, p.103), opening taverns for men, and coffee house breakfasts for women, with great energy. He appeared on St Luke's Day 1771, at Batson's coffee house, to show himself to the Lord Mayor. In response to comment on his healthy appearance Browne's explanation wasthat he had neither wife nor debts' (DNB, p.76).
Browne had married and had one daughter. His wife died on 25 July 1763. His daughter Mary married William Folkes, brother of Martin Folkes, President of the Royal Society. Browne died on 10 March 1774 at his house in Queens Square, at the age of 82. He was buried at Hillington, Norfolk, where there stands a monument to his memory, written by him. He left a complicated will, containing a number of philanthropic gestures. These included three gold medals, worth five guineas each, to be given to undergraduates at Cambridge, and his founding of a scholarship of twenty guineas a year for entrance to Peterhouse.
Publications:
Dr Gregory's Elements of Catoptrics and Dioptrics, translated from the Latin original by William Browne, MD, at Lynn Regis, in Norfolk. (with some additions) (London, 1735)
Oratio Harveiana, Principibus Medicis parentans; Medicinam, Academias utrasque laudans; Empiricos eorum cultures perstringens; Collegium usque a natalibus illustrans: in Theatro Collegii Reg. Med. Lond. habita Festo Divi Lucae (London, 1751)
A Letter from Sir William Browne, deputy-lieutenant of the County of Norfolk, to his Tenants and Neighbours, Seriously Recommended at this Time to the Perusal of all the People of England (London, 1757)
Two Odes in Imitation of Horace (the second Ode addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, on ceasing to be Minister, February 6, 1741 (London, 1763 & 1765)
Opuscula varia utriusque Linguae (containing the Harveian Oration, 1751) (London, 1765)
Appendix Altera ad Opuscula (his farewell oration) (London, 1768)
Fragmentum Isaaci Hawkins Browne Arm. sive Anti-Bolinbrokius. Liber Primus, translated for a second Religio Medici (London, 1768) & Fragmentum Isaaci Hawkins Browne completum (London, 1769)
Appendix ad Opuscula (a Latin Ode with translations) (London, 1770)
A Proposal on Our Coin: to Remedy all Present and Prevent all Future Disorders (London, 1771)
A New Year's Gift: a Problem and Demonstration on the XXXIX Articles (London, 1772)
The Pill Plot. To Dr Ward, a Quack of Merry Memory, written at Lynn, November 30, 1734 (London, 1772)
Corrections in Verse from the Father of the College on Son Cadogan's Gout Dissertation, containing False Physic, False Logic, False Philosophy (1772)
Speech on the Royal Society, Recommending Mathematics as the Paramount Qualification for their Chair (1772)
Elogy and Address (London, 1773)
Latin version of the Book of Job (unfinished)
John Mitchell Bruce was born on 19 October 1846 at Keig near Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, and then went to the University of Aberdeen, where he was awarded his MA in 1866. He subsequently chose to study medicine and joined the Middlesex Hospital in London, where he gained several distinctions including the gold medal in forensic medicine. He graduated MB in 1870. To complete his training, Mitchell Bruce then undertook postgraduate study in pathology in Vienna and at the Brown Institution, under the tutelage of Sir John Burdon-Sanderson and Professor Emanuel Klein. In 1872 he graduated MD and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
Mitchell Bruce worked briefly as resident at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary before obtaining the post of lecturer on physiology at Charing Cross Hospital, in 1871. In 1873 he was elected assistant physician at the hospital, and then full physician in 1882. He had been elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1878. He also served as physician for the East London Children's Hospital, the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, and the King Edward VII Sanatorium, Midhurst.
He relinquished his lectureship in physiology at the Charing Cross Hospital in 1877, and taught materia medica until 1890, and then medicine until 1901. It has been said that he was the most brilliant teacher of his day at Charing Cross' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, p.255). He was also dean of the Medical School between 1883 and 1890, duringone of the most formative periods in its development' (ibid).
Mitchell Bruce also conducted his own consulting practice for many years, which grew in size throughout his professional career. He was a relatively junior doctor when he attended his most famous patient, Benjamin Disraeli, first Earl of Beaconsfield, the former Prime Minister, in the last ten days of Disraeli's life, in April 1881. The part Bruce played in attempting to prolong Disraeli's life was little known at the time as his name did not appear in the public debates about the former Prime Minister's deteriorating health and the treatments applied.
His best-known contribution to the medical profession was his publication, Materia Medica and Therapeutics (1884), of which 70,000 copies were sold during his lifetime. He was also an editor of The Practitioner, and an assistant editor of Sir Richard Quain's A Dictionary of Medicine (1882-94), writing the sections on 'heart disease' and 'acute and chronic rheumatism'. In 1899 his work The Principles of Treatment and their Applications in Practical Medicine (1899) first appeared, to be reprinted three times. The success of this work was largely due to the fact that up to this point therapeutic teaching, in the medical literature of the time, was purely empirical. In contrast Mitchell Bruce offered a sound logic and systematic methodology in his approach. He assumed no therapeutic laws but attempted to find them in the facts of aetiology, pathological anatomy and clinical characters, which he examined in order to find lines of treatment.
In 1904 he retired from the active staff of the Charing Cross Hospital and became consulting physician to the hospital. He was appointed examiner in medicine for the University of Cambridge, as well as the Conjoint Examining Board of England, and examiner in materia medica to the Universities of London and Manchester, on several occasions. He also served as Censor for the Royal College of Physicians in 1911.
His involvement with the Royal College of Physicians was long standing. In 1911 he delivered the Lumleian Lectures to the College, and the Harveian Oration in 1913. He also served as President of the Medical Society of London, and the Section of Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1919 Mitchell Bruce was created CVO (Commander of the Royal Victorian Order). The University of Aberdeen made him Doctor of Laws (LLD) and the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland gave him an Honorary Fellowship.
He had married, and had one son, during his life. He died at Harley Street, London, on 7 July 1929 at the age of 82.
Publications:
Materia Medica and Therapeutics (London, 1884)
The Principles of Treatment and their Applications in Practical Medicine (Edinburgh, 1899)
Sections in Sir Richard Quain's A Dictionary of Medicine (1882-94) and articles for The Practitioner
Lettsomian Lectures on the Diseases and Disorders of the Heart and Arteries in Middle and Advance Life (London, 1902)
Lumleian Lectures on Cardio-Vascular Degeneration (1911)
The Harveian Oration on the Influence of Harvey's Work in the Development of the Doctrine of Infection and Immunity (London, 1913)
John Burges was born in London in 1745. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church College, Oxford. He graduated BA in 1764, MA in 1767, MB in 1770, and MD in 1774. In 1774 he became physician to St George's Hospital, London. Burges became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1775.
Burges' health was delicate and he did not attempt general practice. He lived a quiet life with his two maiden sisters in Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square. It has been said that he was `a man of strict principle, acknowledged erudition, and classical attainments, and devoted to the love of his profession' (Brande, 1855).
His chief occupations were the study and collection of materia medica, which, while his health allowed him, he pursued avidly. He received much assistance with the forming of his collection from his relative Sir James Bland Burges, sometime under-secretary in the Foreign Office. His collection was extensive and thorough, and became well known. He gave a number of gratuitous lectures, public and private, on particular scientific subjects.
At the Royal College of Physicians he was censor six times between 1776 and 1797. In 1787 he retired from the staff of St George's, whereupon Matthew Baillie succeeded him. He was named an elect at the College in 1797.
Burges died at his house in Mortimer Street, on 2 April 1807. He left his collection to Everard Augustus Brande, a former pupil and the son of a close friend, who in turn presented it to the Royal College of Physicians in 1809.
Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin was born in Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, on 30 August 1864, the youngest son of Abraham Thomas Chaplin, a nonconformist farmer and merchant. Chaplin was educated at Tettenhall College, near Wolverhampton, and Llandaff House, Cambridge. He then entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1883, and in 1886 took a degree in natural sciences. He studied medicine for three years, undertaking his clinical studies at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and graduated MB in 1889. In the same year he became a house physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest.
In 1892 Chaplin became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he was appointed as registrar and pathologist at the City of London Hospital. In 1893 he was appointed assistant physician at the Hospital, and in the same year graduated MD from Cambridge. Between 1893 and 1904 Chaplin was also assistant physician at the East London Hospital for Children. He was furthermore physician in London for the Ventnor Consumption Hospital and physician to the Eastern Dispensary. In 1894 he published, with Sir Andrew Clark and Wilfred James Hadley, a textbook on Fibroid Diseases of the Lung.
Chaplin conducted his private practice in the City, and acted as medical adviser to many City banks, commercial firms and shipping companies. In 1902 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and in the same year co-authored The Science and Art of Prescribing (1902), with E.H. Colbeck. In 1903 he was appointed medical inspector to the P&O Company, and held the position for 35 years. He was also medical inspector to the New Zealand Shipping Company and the British India Steam Navigation Company. While he held these appointments many improvements were made to the efficiency of medical service at sea. Chaplin was also medical adviser to the Chamber of Shipping, and twice chaired a committee set up by the Board of Trade for the revision of drugs to be carried on board ship.
Chaplin had a love for English and French historical literature, and his studies of the exile of Napoleon I on the island of St Helena made his name known to the public. He wrote The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte (1913), and later A St Helena Who's Who (1914). In 1917-18 Chaplin delivered the FitzPatrick Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians, on the history of medicine. In 1918 he was appointed as the College's Harveian Librarian, a position he was `admirably suited' to, due to his love of old books and interest in literature (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.437). In 1918 he had published, with the help of his wife, an illustrated version of the Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London (Munk's Roll), which included engraved portraits of the fellows. In 1922 he delivered the Harveian Oration. In the same year he retired from the active staff of the City of London Hospital, after 29 years service, and became consulting physician.
Chaplin was a collector of portraits of medical men, and he gave to the Royal College of Physicians 250 portraits, and 350 to the Medical Society of London. He addressed the Medical Society twice on the subject of engraved portraits of medical men. He was president of the History of Medicine Section of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1936.
Chaplin had married Margaret Douie in 1909, but they had no children. His wife died in 1938. Chaplin died in Bedford, on 18 October 1944, at the age of 80.
Publications:
Fibroid Diseases of the Lung, including Fibroid Phthisis, Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin, Sir Andrew Clark, & Wilfred James Hadley (London, 1894)
The Science and Art of Prescribing, Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin & E.H. Colbeck (1902)
History of the College Club at the Royal College of Physicians of London. With a Continuation of the History from 1909 to 1926 by A. Chaplin, Joseph Frank Payne; Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin (London, 1909; 1926)
The Illness and Death of Napoleon Bonaparte, a Medical Criticism (London, 1913)
Thomas Shortt, with Biographies of some other Medical Men associated with the Case of Napoleon, 1815-1821 (London, 1914)
A St Helena Who's Who; or, a Directory of the Island during the Captivity of Napoleon (London, 1914; 2nd ed. 1919)
The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London; Illustrated with Portraits Collected and Inlaid by A. and M.D. Chaplin, William Munk; Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin & Margaret Douie Chaplin (London, 1918)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Portraits, Busts, Silver and Other Objects of Interest... [& a List of Portraits of Fellows to be found elsewhere] (London, 1926)
A Catalogue of the Engraved Portraits of British Medical Men; compiled by H. Bruen. With Additions and an Index of Painters and Engravers by A. Chaplin and W.J. Bishop, H. Bruen (London, 1930)
A Handlist of the Portraits of British Medical Men Engraved in Mezzotint (London, 1931)
Walter Butler Cheadle was born on 15 October 1835 in Colne, Lancashire, the son of James Cheadle, Vicar of Bingley, Yorkshire. Cheadle was educated at Bingley Grammar School, before proceeding to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1855. He graduated BA in 1859, and then MB two years later, having studied medicine at both Cambridge and St George's Hospital, London.
In 1862 he accompanied William Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton, on an expedition to explore a route through the Rocky Mountains in Canada. On their return to England in 1864 he authored the popular and successful account of their adventures, The North-West Passage by Land (1865), which ran to nine editions. Indeed the 1892 expedition conducted by Sir Sandford Fleming through the Rocky Mountains to plan the Canadian Pacific Railway, was largely guided by Cheadle's track. Cheadle became one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Geographic Society.
In 1865 he proceeded MA and MD at Cambridge, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he was elected physician to the Western General Dispensary. In 1866 Cheadle was appointed as assistant physician to St Mary's Hospital, where he lectured on pharmacology, pathology, medicine and clinical medicine, and was for many years a dermatologist. He was also Dean of the medical school for four years, 1869-73, during which time the number of students more than doubled. In 1869 he became assistant physician at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. In 1870 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and began an extended connection with the College.
Cheadle acquired a considerable reputation as a consultant on children's diseases. Indeed in his private practice most of his patients were children. He pioneered work on the artificial feeding of infants and on childhood rheumatism. In 1877 he was the first to define a then mysterious childhood disease, which he named 'infantile scurvy'. It was characterised by pain and tenderness of the limbs, haemorrhages, and swellings of the gums. He ascribed the condition to artificial foods that possessed no anti-scorbutic properties. Described as `a radical in politics', Cheadle advocated the admission of women into the medical profession, and was one of the first lecturers at the London Medical School for Women (DNB, 1912, p.358).
It is said that he was at his best as a clinical teacher of senior and postgraduate students' (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.176). It was his example of regard for his patients that wasone of the greatest benefits he conferred upon his students' (BMJ, 1910, p.908). A series of his postgraduate lectures on feeding infants was published under the title, On the Principles and Exact Conditions to be observed in the Artificial Feeding of Infants; the Properties of Artificial Foods; and the Diseases which arise from Faults of Diet in Early Life (1889). His medical writings were considered essentially terse and practical', and none more so than his Occasional Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (1900), which wasfull of practical hints from a mature judgment' (The Lancet, 1910, p.962).
In 1884 Cheadle visited Canada with the British Association, where he contracted dysentery which permanently injured his health. In 1885 he became physician to in-patients at St Mary's. Between 1885-88 he acted as examiner in medicine in the Royal College of Physicians. Cheadle became a councilor at the College in 1889-91, censor in 1892-93, and senior censor in 1898. In 1892 he left the active staff of Great Ormond Street, and became honorary consulting physician. In 1898 he endowed the Cheadle prize and a gold medal for proficiency in clinical medicine at St Mary's. He delivered the Lumleian Lectures at the College in 1900, on cirrhosis of the liver. In 1904 he retired from active service at St Mary's, and became honorary consulting physician.
Cheadle was married twice, first in 1866 to Anne Murgatroyd, by whom he had four sons, all of whom survived him, and secondly in 1892 to Emily Mansel Mansel, Inspector of Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for Nurses. In 1909 Cheadle was operated upon for intestinal obstruction. He died in London on 25 March 1910, and was buried in Eastbourne.
Publications:
The North-West Passage by Land (London, 1865)
On the Principles and Exact Conditions to be observed in the Artificial Feeding of Infants; the Properties of Artificial Foods; and the Diseases which arise from Faults of Diet in Early Life (London, 1889, 5th ed. ed. by Dr F.J. Poynton, 1902)
The Various Manifestations of the Rheumatic State as exemplified in Childhood and Early Life; Lectures delivered before the Harveian Society of London (London, 1889)
1831; A Retrospect (Harveian Society of London, Presidential Address, 1893) (London, 1893)
Occasional Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1900)
On some Cirrhoses of the Liver (Lumelian Lectures, 1900) (London, 1900)
Cheadle's Journal, being the Account of the First Journey across Canada undertaken for Pleasure only, by Dr Cheadle and Lord Milton, 1862/1863, John Gellner (ed.) (Toronto, 1967?)
Andrew Clark was born on 28 October 1826 in Aberdeen, the only son of Andrew Clark, a doctor practicing in St Fergus, Aberdeenshire. His mother died during his birth and his father died when Clark was seven years old. Two bachelor uncles directed his education; he went to school in Aberdeen and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to a doctor in Dundee. During his apprenticeship he attended the Tay Square Academy and the wards of the Royal Infirmary. In 1842, and then from 1843-46, he studied at Edinburgh University as an extra-academical student, winning medals in most of his classes. He took the diploma for membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS) in 1844, and developed an interest in pathology. He returned to Edinburgh and was for some time assistant to the eminent physician John Hughes Bennett, in the pathological department of the Royal Infirmary.
Due to the appearance of the early symptoms of phthisis Clark sort an outdoor life, and from 1846-53 he held a commission as an assistant surgeon in the medical service of the Royal Navy. He made a voyage to Madeira in 1847, but for most of the six years was employed on pathological work at the Royal Navy Hospital at Haslar. Here he taught the use of the microscope in clinical and pathological work.
In 1853 Clark retired from the navy and was appointed to the new curatorship of the museum at the London Hospital. He remained in this position for eight years, although the impetus of his initial enthusiasm was lost when in 1854 Clark was also elected assistant physician to the hospital. It has been said that his new appointment revealed the true nature of his genius', and he quickly built up a huge reputation in both the wards of the hospital and in private practice (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.93). He had begun practice in Montague Street, Bloomsbury, and became famed for hisremarkable powers of observation, thoroughness and scientific approach' (ibid, p.94). He also became well known for giving elaborate directions to his patients as to their diet, despite this being considered by some of his contemporaries a rather antiquated therapy. He believed that many maladies were due to poor diet and lifestyle. It was also in 1854 that he graduated MD from the University of Aberdeen, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
From 1855-56 Clark was assistant physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He held the lectureship in physiology at the London Hospital from 1856-62. In 1858 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1860 he was Lettsomian Lecturer at the Medical Society of London. He was joint lecturer in medicine at the London Hospital from 1865 to 1870, and was promoted to full physician there in 1866. By then Clark had also acquired `a larger practice than any other physician of his time' (DNB, 1901, p.23). During the cholera epidemic of 1866, which raged throughout the East End of London, he became friends with, and physician to, the Gladstones. William Gladstone, statesman and four times prime minister, was one of Clark's many famous patients.
Although he published no large medical work Clark made many contributions to medical knowledge, through lectures, addresses, and articles. His special interest was in pulmonary diseases, in particular phthisis. At the Royal College of Physicians in 1867 Clark delivered the Croonian Lectures, on the subject of pulmonary diseases. In the same year he moved home and practice to a large house in Cavendish Square, where his private practice continued to expand. In 1871 he became president of the Medical Society of London.
Clark was made a baronet in 1883, at the instigation of Gladstone, then Prime Minister, in recognition of his services to medical science. Two years later he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and was Lumleian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, again lecturing on pulmonary diseases. He also served as censor at the College. In 1886 Clark was made consulting physician at the London Hospital, after twenty years service as physician. He continued to give lectures in his capacity as Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine, until his death.
In 1888, Clark became president of the Royal College of Physicians, serving in this office until his death. He became consulting physician both of the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, in 1892, and of the East London Hospital for Children. He was made honorary president of the Naval Medical Examining Board, and had been president of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association. In recognition of his position and status in the medical profession, the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Cambridge awarded him the degree of LLD, whilst Dublin awarded him an honorary MD. He was elected president of the Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1892, and was presiding over this body and the Royal College of Physicians at the time of his death.
Clark had married Seton Mary Percy Forster in 1851, and they had had one son and two daughters. His first wife died in 1858, and in 1862 he married Helen Annette Alphonso, with whom he also had a son and two daughters. Clark suffered a stroke in October 1893. During his illness the Queen desired that she daily be kept informed of his condition. He died just over 2 weeks later at his home in Cavendish Square in London on 6 November 1893. After a service at Westminster Abbey he was buried at Essendon, Hertfordshire, where he had recently bought a country house.
Publications:
He authored a number of tracts & chapters in medical publications.
Fibroid Diseases of the Lung, including Fibroid Phthisis, Sir Andrew Clark, Wilfred James Hadley & Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin (London, 1894)
Medical Nursing; edited by E.F. Lamport, with an introductory biographical note by Sir Andrew Clark, James Anderson & Sir Andrew Clark, Ethel Lamport (ed.) (London, 1894)
The Physician's Testimony for Christ, with a preface by Sir Dyce Duckworth, Sir Andrew Clark & Sir Dyce Duckworth (London, 1894)
Sir James Clark was born on 14 December 1788, in Cullen, Banffshire. He was educated first at the parish school in Fordyce, and then at Aberdeen University where he graduated MA. It was his initial intention to pursue a career in law but he found he had a preference for medicine. He went to Edinburgh to study, and in 1809 became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Immediately he entered the medical service of the Navy. He served at Haslar Hospital until July 1810, when he was appointed as assistant surgeon aboard HMS Thistle. The 'Thistle' was wrecked off the coast of New Jersey. Clark returned to England, was promoted to surgeon, and joined the HMS Collobree, which was also wrecked. He served on two more vessels until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, and was then placed on half pay. During his time at sea he had sailed to Canada, North America and the West Indies. He returned to Edinburgh to continue his studies at the University, graduating MD in 1817.
In 1818 Clark took a phthisical patient to the south of France and to Switzerland, making observations on the effects of the climate upon phthisis (pulmonary consumption). He collected meteorological and other data with a view to studying their influences on that and other diseases. In 1819 he settled in Rome, the resort frequented by many of the higher echelons of English society, where he built up a practice and a steadily increasing reputation over the next seven years. One of his patients was the poet John Keats, who was far advanced in his suffering from phthisis, and died in Rome in 1821. Whilst there Clark had published his Medical Notes on Climate, Diseases, Hospitals, and Medical Schools in France, Italy, and Switzerland, comprising an Inquiry into the Effects of a Residence in the South of Europe in Cases of Pulmonary Consumption (1822). During the summers he visited various European centers and acquainted himself further with the English aristocracy. In particular he visited the mineral springs and universities of Germany. On such a visit to Carlsbad he met Prince Leopold, later to become King of the Belgians, who was greatly interested in Clark's examinations of the waters. When Clark returned to England the Prince appointed him his physician.
Clark returned to London in 1826, and was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1820, on a visit to London from Rome, he had been admitted an Extra-Licentiate. He was appointed physician to St George's Infirmary, a small dispensary. His progress in London was slow but steady. His practice gradually built up, whilst he continued his research into the climate and phthisis. In 1829 appeared his 'best and most important work' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.224), The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases, more particularly of the Chest and Digestive Organs (1829). In it he gave a clearer, more correct, view of the powers of climate and of mineral waters in the treatment of disease, than had before then existed. Accordingly this work established Clark's reputation in London, with the public and with members of his profession. He employed the use of mineral waters in the treatment of disease in his practice. Clark became both famous and popular for the care he took in his prescriptions, masking the nauseous taste of the drugs for his patients.
In 1834 he obtained, via recommendation by the King of the Belgians, the appointment of physician to the Duchess of Kent. The appointment involved the medical care of Princess Victoria. Accordingly, this led to a large increase in his business and reputation. Upon Queen Victoria's accession to the throne in 1837, Clark was appointed the Queen's physician in ordinary, and was created baronet.
Unfortunately his prosperity and success were undermined by the case of Lady Flora Hastings. In 1839 Clark was called upon to express his opinion on her condition, when the growth of a fatal abdominal tumour led to suspicion that she was pregnant. Clark's erroneous opinion, possibly owing to his relative inexperience of the diseases of women due to his history as a naval surgeon, appeared to give support to the slander that was spread by others. He subsequently became unpopular with the public and lost many of his patients. It took years for the effects of the case to dissipate, but eventually it was widely understood that he had been wrongly blamed. Indeed it seems that if Clark's advice had been followed, Lady Flora's name would have been cleared. In the meantime, despite his professional mistake, he continued to be trusted at court. Upon the Queen's marriage in 1840 Clark was also appointed physician to the Prince Consort, Prince Albert, who also held him in high esteem. He became the person to whom all queries concerning medical matters and polity were addressed. It is stated that Clark 'was always ready with advice... and wise, carefully-considered counsel' (ibid, p.226). He also served on several Royal Commissions.
Outside of his role at court, Clark was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1832. He served on the Senate of the University of London, 1838-65. Indeed it is said that to him the medical section of the University owes its shape and usefulness (ibid). He also played an influential role in the establishing of the Royal College of Chemistry, in 1845. Clark also served on the General Medical Council, 1858-60.
Clark retired in 1860, giving up his practice at Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, where he had lived since 1841, and his duties as physician to the monarch. He moved to Bagshot Park, Surrey, which was lent to him by Queen Victoria for his life. He had married Barbara Stephen in September 1820, and they had had a son in July 1821. His wife, known to Clark as Minnie, died in 1862. Clark was 81 when he died at Bagshot Park on 29 June 1870. He was buried at Kensal Green on 4 July 1870.
Publications:
Lettera al. Prof. Tommasini intorno alle sue Osservationi sulla Scuola Medico-clinica di Edinburgo (Rome, 1822)
Medical Notes on Climate, Diseases, Hospitals, and Medical Schools in France, Italy, and Switzerland, comprising an Inquiry into the effects of a residence in the South of Europe in cases of Pulmonary Consumption (London, 1822)
The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases, more particularly of the Chest and Digestive Organs (London, 1829)
Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption comprehending an Inquiry into the Causes, Nature, Prevention, and Treatment of Tuberculous and Scrofulous Diseases in General (London, 1835)
Remarks on Medical Reform (London, 1842)
Memoir of John Conolly, MD, comprising a Sketch of the Treatment of the Insane in Europe and America (London, 1869)