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Saint James has its origins as the Mission Church of Saint John, founded in 1889. Services were held in an iron building in Alexandra Street and a Mission Hall in Talbot Road. Under Reverend Evan Jones, money was raised to construct a larger building for services. A site was purchased in West Ealing by the Bishop of London's Fund and a foundation stone laid in 1903. In 1905, a parish was specifically created for Saint James. The red brick building designed in a Gothic style by W. Pywell was finally completed in 1909.

From the mid-1960s, the numbers attending Saint James declined. In 1984, the church closed and services moved to Saint John. By 1990, the building had become derelict and was threatened with demolition. In reaction to this, a small group from Saint John's Church decided to try to save the church. After many years of building work, Saint James reopened in 2004.

From: http://www.stjamesealing.org.uk/history-new-and-old/stjames-beginnings/

In 1793 cavalry barracks were built on the heath in Heston north of the Staines Road. A chapel was opened in the Barracks during the 19th century.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 94-96 and pp. 122-129.

The London Diocesan Home Mission established an iron church in Uxbridge Road circa 1874. The permanent church was constructed in 1890, designed by J. Lee.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 50-52.

The Good Shepherd Mission Church was founded in 1916 by the church of Saint Michael, Wood Green. It was situated at Berwick Road.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 348-355.

Ashford was part of the parish of Staines until the 19th century. A mission chapel was founded towards the end of that century to serve the expanding population. A permanent church was consecrated in 1928.

Saint Saviour, Upper Sunbury was created as an ecclesiastical district in 1881 from the subdivision of Sunbury on Thames parish. A temporary church was erected in Staines Road and in use until 1912, when a new church in Vicarage Road replaced it. In 1914, the old temporary church was reassembled elsewhere in the parish as Ashford Common Mission Room, later known as Saint Benedict, Ashford Common. This was also eventually replaced by a new church, in March 1970.

The parish of Saint Alban was established in 1930, after mission services were started by Pinner church to serve the new residential area of North Harrow. The patron is the Bishop of London. In 1937 a permanent church building was constructed, designed by A. W. Kenyon.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 257-260.

In October 1955 the parish of Saint Mary the Virgin, Lower Edmonton merged with the parish of Saint John the Evangelist, Upper Edmonton, to become the parish of Saint John the Evangelist with Saint Mary, Edmonton. The parish church of Saint John became the parish church of the united parish. It is likely that the parish has since become part of Saint Mary Magdalene, Enfield.

Saint Edward the Confessor was a daughter church of the parish church of Holy Cross, Greenford. The church was renamed Holy Trinity, Perivale in 1998.

Christ Church, Chalk Lane, Cockfosters, was built in 1839, with additions to the building in 1898. Saint Paul's, Monken Hadley, was built as a Chapel of Ease to Christ Church in 1922.

The parish of Saint Luke was created in 1904 from parts of the parishes of Saint Mary's and Saint Paul's. The patronage was held by subscribers who had paid for the construction of the church, before passing to the Church Patronage Society. The church building was constructed in 1905, while a hall was added in 1937. The parish merged with Saint Paul's in 1985, becoming Saint Paul with Saint Luke, and the church was demolished in 2006.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980), pp. 82-86.

Saint Martin's Church was formed in 1899. It was built as a memorial church to Charles J. Vaughan (died 1897), headmaster of Harrow School and dean of Llandaff. The parish was formed from Saint Mary's, Saint John's, Kensal Green, Hammersmith, and Kensington in 1900. The church building was constructed in 1899, designed by J. E. K. and J. P. Cutts. The church organised a mission in Harrow Road between 1899 and 1908.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 236-241.

The church of Saint Mark was founded as a mission of All Soul's Church, Station Road, Harlesden, in 1903. A parish was established in 1915, using an endowment transferred from Saint Olave's in Mile End. An iron church was replaced by a brick building in 1914.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 236-241.

In 1904 a church extension scheme was put in place to serve the expanding suburbs of London. One of the first mission churches to be set up in this scheme was St Peter, north Harrow. A temporary church was first dedicateed in 1907, it stood on a site fronting Sumner Road and Colbeck Road. It was run as a mission church of St Mary's, Harrow by London Diocesan Home Missionaries until a permanent building was constructed in 1913 and a separate parish was created. The church was built by G. H Fellows Prynne and consisted of a chancel, nave, aisles, transepts, north-east chapel, baptisery and bell turret.

During the early 1980's church attendance declined and the parishes of Christ Church and St Peter's amalgamated to become The Parish of Christ Church, Roxeth and St Peter, Harrow.

Source: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner. (1971) pp 257-260.

St Paul's church in Grove Park was built in 1872, largely thanks to the benefaction of William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire. It was designed by Henry Currey, the Duke's appointed architect. It has been used for Christian worship ever since.

The church of Saint Benet (short for Saint Benedict) Fink in Tottenham was built in 1911 and consecrated in May 1912 by the Bishop of London. It was designed by J.S. Alder in a style reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture. The building is currently Grade II listed.

However, the history of St Benet Fink Tottenham goes back much further, as the church is essentially a continuation of St Benet Fink in the City of London (see P69/BEN1). The original St Benet was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, rebuilt, and eventually demolished by the City of London Corporation in 1846 in order to improve the site around the Royal Exchange. The parish of St Benet Fink was combined with that of St Peter le Poer, and the proceeds of the sale of the site were used to build St Benet Fink Tottenham. After the church of St Peter le Poer was also eventually demolished, St Benet Fink Tottenham received its organ, which is now one of the most important features of the church.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).

Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.

Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).

Source: British Records Association Guidelines 3: How to interpret deeds (available online).

The history of the Covent Garden estate will be found in full detail in Vol. XXXVI of the Survey of London (St. Paul, Covent Garden). The land, originally an orchard of Westminster Abbey (hence Convent or Covent Garden) was acquired from the Crown by John Russell, first Earl of Bedford (c.1485-1555) in 1552, and developed between 1630 and 1641 by Francis Russell, fourth Earl (1593-1641) between 1630 and 1641, as the first planned housing scheme in London. Inigo Jones appears to have been largely responsible for planning the lay-out, the central feature of which was an Italian-style 'piazza', the first London square, which later became Covent Garden Market. Many of the records relate to the development of the Market, which was leased by the Bedford Estate during the late 17th and 18th centuries, but actually administered by the Estate during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Other records concern Drury Lane Theatre and the Covent Garden Theatre (now Opera House).

All the property was sold by the eleventh Duke of Bedford in 1918. The Surrey estate, acquired by the Howland family of London and Streatham during the 17th century, came into the possession of the Russells through the marriage of Elizabeth Howland in 1696 to Wriothesley Russell, later second Duke of Bedford (1680-1711). The land was mainly in Streatham (the Manor of Tooting Bec) extending into Stockwell (in Lambeth) and Wandsworth and in Rotherhithe, on the Thames. Soon after the Russell-Howland marriage, land at Rotherhithe was leased to a firm of shipwrights, the Wells family, for making the 'Great Wet Dock', now the Greenland Dock. From 1745 to 1763 the Dock, previously run by lessees, was administered directly by the Bedford Estate; the resultant accounts and other records have been described in a separate sub-section of the catalogue.

The Rotherhithe dock was sold in 1763 and the other Rotherhithe property in 1800-1801. The Streatham, etc., property seems to have been sold piecemeal between about 1790 and 1816; the manorial rights of Tooting Bec were sold in 1816. A small estate at Cheam, left to Lord John Russell, in 1729 by the Rev. R. L. Lloyd, was administered with the Streatham estate until it was sold tothe Northey family in 1755. (See Lysons, Environs of London, I, 138).

The Bedford estates were well organized and the Bedford Office in London appears to have exercised strict control over sub-agents administering the different estates. The Covent Garden sites were originally let in the 17th century on building leases, many for 31 or 41 years and later on leases of various lengths, but most usually 21 years. Only St. Paul's Church and a 'model' range of Piazza houses were built by direct labour (by the 4th Earl), but general uniformity of height and architecture was obtained by control of the lessees under the terms of leases. Detailed lists of leases have been made for the purpose of the Survey of London volume on Covent Garden and reference can be made to these from the summary list. Far fewer leases of the Surrey properties have been preserved.

Many accounts and vouchers have survived for both Covent Garden and Surrey estates. Surviving estate papers and correspondence are numerous, but patchy except for the last period of Covent Garden papers, from about 1870 onwards. There is a large collection of 19th century architects' plans and drawings for the Covent Garden area and the Market.

One feature of interest is that produce was regularly sent from the Streatham estate to London, by waggons which sometimes brought back plants, young trees, etc., while wood for burning was sent to the Bedford Office in London and rubbish collected by the empty waggons. Very possibly more stray records relating to the Covent Garden and Surrey estates may emerge from the Bedford Office or from Woburn.

Samuel Crawley and John Sambrook Crawley are mentioned in these documents as 'of Beds'. The Crawley family were notable landowners in Bedfordshire, owning several manors there since 1519. A John Crawley was married to Susannah Vanacker Sambrooke of St. George Hanover Square, daughter of Sir Samuel Vanacker Sambrooke, and several pieces of property seem to have passed into the Crawley family through this connection.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Source: British Records Association Guidelines 3: How to interpret deeds (available online).

Norman Mello Fergusson lived at Park House, Westmount Road, Eltham.

In The Story of Royal Eltham by RRC Gregory (1909) Barn House is described as belonging to the local doctor, James Jeken. Former residents included the Ravenhill family, the Teggarts, and Thomas Lewis who helped found the Eltham Friendly Society. The clock at Barn House acted as the public clock for the neighbourhood.

See http://gregory.elthamhistory.org.uk/bookpages/i001.htm for more information [accessed Jul 2011].

The Manor of Hampstead was sold in 1707 to Sir William Langhorne of Charlton, Kent, an East India merchant. The manor passed to his nephew William Langhorne Games, with 14 remainders. On Games's death in 1732 the manor passed to the 14th tenant in tail, Margaret, widow of Joseph Maryon and a Langhorne descendant. Her son John Maryon (died 1760) left the manor to his niece Margaretta Maria Weller (died 1777) and her daughter Jane, widow of General Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson. Their son Sir Thomas Maryon Wilson (died 1821) left the manor to his son, also Sir Thomas Maryon Wilson, who died childless in 1869. The manor passed to his brother Sir John Maryon Wilson, and then to John's son Sir Spencer Maryon Wilson (died 1897), and to his son Sir Spencer Pocklington Maryon Maryon-Wilson, who died in 1944. By this time the manorial rights had lapsed. The lands were inherited by Sir Spencer's brother, Canon Sir George Percy Maryon-Wilson. In 1978 the baronetcy became extinct on the death of their cousin Sir Hubert Guy Maryon Maryon-Wilson, and the estate passed to Sir Spencer's grandson Shane Hugh Maryon Gough.

From: 'Hampstead: Manor and Other Estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 9: Hampstead, Paddington (1989), pp. 91-111 (available online).

The Manor of Charlton was sold to the Langhorne family some time after 1659. It subsequently followed the same succession as the Manor of Hampstead, belonging to the Games family, then the Maryons and Maryon-Wilsons.

From: 'Blackheath and Charlton', Old and New London: Volume 6 (1878), pp. 224-236 (available online).

The Fitzjohns Estate in Essex was sold by Sir Spencer Maryon-Wilson in 1900.

Fenton House in Hampstead was built some time between 1686 and 1689. The first owner was Thomas Sympson, whose widow sold the house in 1706 to Joshua Gee, a merchant. Later owner Philip Fenton gave the house its name, while it was owned from 1936 by Lady Katherine Binning who was a keen collector of porcelain, furniture and needlework.

For more information see: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-fentonhouse (accessed August 2011).

24 Cheyne Row was constructed in 1708 on land owned by Lord Cheyne. In June 1834 the writer Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane moved into the property (then known as number 5, not 24). The couple rented the house until Carlyle's death in 1881 (Jane died in 1866). After 1881 the house continued to be rented out, although largely untouched. In 1895 the freehold was purchased by public subscription and the Carlyle's House Memorial Trust was formed to manage the property and open it to the public. It was transferred to the National Trust in 1936.

For more information see: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-carlyleshouse.htm (accessed August 2011).

John Benn-Walsh (1798-1881) was the son of Sir John Benn-Walsh of Warfield Park, Berkshire, and Ormathwaite, Cumberland. Benn-Walsh was a Member of Parliament, local administrator and a writer. He was married to Jane Grey, with 2 sons and 2 daughters. In April 1868 he was created Baron Ormathwaite of Ormathwaite.

George Boone Roupell of Great Ormond Street was a Master in Chancery.

Members of the Sheppard family mentioned in these documents include John Sheppard of Southwark, stable keeper; William Sheppard of Newington, gentleman; John Sheppard of Lambeth, gentleman; Treadway Sheppard of Brixton, gentleman; and John Sheppard of Bond Street, fishmonger.

The Manor of Amersham was conveyed to William Drake, owner of the Amersham mansion house Shardeloes, in 1637. Drake was made a baronet in 1641. The baronetcy expired on his death, childless, in 1669; while the estates passed to his nephew Sir William Drake. The name Tyrwhitt derives from Thomas Drake, a younger son who had adopted the name Tyrwhitt in 1776. On the 1796 death of his older brother without children, Thomas inherited the manor and resumed the name of Drake. On his death in 1810 the property passed to his son Thomas Tyrwhitt-Drake. The family owned the manor until the Second World War.

Information from: 'The hundred of Burnham: Amersham', A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 3 (1925), pp. 141-155 (available online).

The earliest deed in this collection is a grant in fee farm from Francis, Earl of Bedford to John Ward, in 1636/7, of a piece of land abutting north on Long Acre and south on developed and was let as two separate sites-that which became 36 Long Acre, and the site which backed on to it in Hart Street.

Since the series of deeds is by no means complete, there being virtually no title deeds after the early 18th century, the later descent of the property is uncertain. Research in the Middlesex Deeds Register might establish the identity of more recent owners. Most, but not all the documents have been stamped 'Land Registry, London No.252132, Registd 30 Jun. 1921.' Three documents, apparently unrelated to the remainder, are listed at the end.

Messrs J. and J. Arnold were druggists [dispensers of medicinal drugs] based at No. 59, Barbican, London.

A footpad was a highwayman who robbed on foot.

'South West London College', to which F/BEA/35-40 refer, was at Southborough House (later No.17) Putney Hill.

The College of Preceptors was based at 42 Queen Square, Bloomsbury. It was founded in 1846 for the training of teachers.

The Burtt family lived variously in Stepney, Finsbury, Hackney and Plaistow. William Burtt was a saddler and harness maker. He was apprenticed to the Worshipful Company of Loriners.

Into the family of John Steedman, who in 1812 was established as a chemist in Walworth, married successively members of the Faulconer and Crisp families; some of their deeds and papers survive, with pedigrees compiled by Frederick Arthur Crisp. The history of the family firm, which made 'Steedman's Soothing Powders for Children Cutting their Teeth' and like remedies, is summarised in an article, Ref. F/CRS/021.

It was probably Frederick Arthur Crisp who acquired a small group of sacrament certificates, not relating to the family; those concerned with the London area are retained, Ref. F/CRS/14-20; those for Buckinghamshire, Cornwall and Devon have been transferred to the Record Offices of those counties.

The records listed below were among the personal papers of the late Sir Campbell Stuart, and relate to King George's Jubilee Trust and to King George's Fields Foundation. Sir Campbell Stuart was Treasurer of the Trust in 1936; he was also Treasurer of the Administrative Council of the Foundation for nine years from its establishment in 1936, and its Chairman till his retirement in 1954.

King George's Jubilee Trust was founded in 1935 to commemorate the Jubilee of King George V, and to benefit young people. After the king's death in 1936 the King George National Memorial Fund was established to commemorate the king by a statue, and by some particular philanthropic scheme. After discussion of schemes for various purposes, it was decided to set up the King George's Fields Foundation, to help provide open spaces for the playing of games. The spaces were to be called 'King George's Fields' and to be marked by memorial gateways. The Foundation worked closely with the National Playing Fields Association. For further detail see F/CST/II/6.

Sir (Leonard) David Gammans (1895-1957) served with the RFA in France, 1914-1918. He was in the Colonial Service in Malaya, 1920-1934 and attached to the British Embassy in Tokyo, 1926-1928. In 1930 he toured in India, Europe and America and, on retiring from the Colonial Service, lectured in the U.S.A. and Canada; he was Director and Secretary of the Land Settlement Association, 1934-1939. He was the Unionist MP for Hornsey from 1941 to his death, being Assistant Postmaster-General from 1951-1955, and a member of Parliamentary Delegations to the West Indies, 1944, Serawak, 1946, and Ceylon, 1949. He was created a baronet in 1955.

Sir David Gammans's records were deposited by his widow, Lady (Ann Muriel) Gammans, whom he married in 1917; Lady Gammans was Conservative M.P. for Hornsey from 1957 until 1966.

Maud Kitto was a pupil-teacher at Battersea Park Road School, c.1881-1885, and taught until her marriage in 1887.

John MacGregor was a barrister and philanthropist with the nickname 'Rob Roy'. He was active in a number of good causes, sitting on the committees of the Ragged School Union, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Reformatory and Refuge Union and the Protestant Alliance. In 1851 he founded the Shoe Black Brigade, and in 1853 the founded the Open Air Mission, becoming an open-air preacher himself. In 1854, with long-time associate Lord Shaftesbury, he founded the Pure Literature Society. He died in 1892.

Information from The Times, Friday, Jul 22, 1892; pg. 8; Issue 33697; col B.

Members of the family represented in this collection include Admiral John Ferrier; Robert Hynam, watchmaker to the Tzars, who lived in St Petersburg during the invasion of Russia by French forces; Charles Bernard Peachey, on service in South Africa during the Boer War; and Hugh Graham Peachey, on service in France during the First World War.

Stella Charnaud was born in Constantinople in 1894, the daughter of the director of the tobacco monopoly of the Ottoman Empire. In 1914 she travelled to London to train as a secretary, and in 1925 she went to India as the secretary of Alice, Lady Reading, wife of the new Viceroy Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Lord Reading. Lord Reading was a lawyer, judge, diplomat, ambassador and politician. He was created marquess in 1926, becoming the first commoner to rise to this rank since Wellington.

Stella became Lord Reading's private secretary after they returned from India. He came to depend on her, and after Alice died of cancer in 1930, he and Stella were married in 1931. Lord Reading was 71 and Stella was 37. They had no children. Stella devoted herself to the marriage, but after his death in 1935, as the Dowager Marchioness of Reading, she stood out in her own right as capable and determined in support of various causes. In 1938 she was asked by the Home Secretary, Sir Samuel Hoare, to form a service of women to prepare for the civil dislocation inevitable during wartime. The result was the Women's Voluntary Service (WVS).

After the War Stella, while maintaining her leadership of the WVS, also served for other causes including Governor of the BBC, 1946-51, and chair of the Advisory Council on Commonwealth Immigration. She was awarded 5 honorary doctorates from universities around the world. In 1958 she was created Baroness Swanborough, becoming the first woman life peer to take a seat in the House of Lords.

Information from Windlesham, 'Isaacs , Stella, marchioness of Reading and Baroness Swanborough (1894-1971)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 and A. Lentin, 'Isaacs, Rufus Daniel, first marquess of Reading (1860-1935)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.

George Heynes Radford was born in Plymouth in 1851 and educated at London University. By profession a solicitor, he was a member of the London County Council 1895-1917. He was knighted 1916 and died 5 Oct 1917. He lived for much of his life at Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surrey in which county he was also a J.P.

Chiswick Hospital was established as a voluntary cottage hospital in 1911. By 1923 the hospital had come to specialise in maternity care. In 1943 the hospital was passed into the control of Middlesex County Council and was renamed Chiswick Maternity Hospital. The hospital was transferred to the National Health Service in 1948 and came under the North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. Within this board it was managed by the South West Middlesex Hospital Management Committee. When the NHS was reorganised in 1974 Chiswick Maternity Hospital became part of the North West Thames Regional Health Authority and South Hammersmith (Teaching) District Health Authority. The hospital closed in 1975.

The Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital was founded in 1874 by Lennox Browne (who had previously served as assistant to Dr Morell Mackenzie at the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in Golden Square), Llewellyn Thomas (a physician who had worked with Lennox Browne at Golden Square), Captain Alfred Hutton (a friend of Lennox Browne), George Wallis (a dentist), and Ernest Turner (architect of the hospital).

The hospital initially opened as a dispensary in Manchester Street (now Argyle Street), but demand for its services was such that in 1875 it moved across the road to its current location on Gray's Inn Road. The very poor were treated free of charge; however, other patients were expected to contribute towards the cost of their treatment. The hospital was also financed by subscriptions, grants from the King's Fund, and fundraising events supported by the actors and singers who benefited from the expertise of its staff.

The Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital published its first Annual Report in 1876, in order to publicise its work and encourage new subscribers. The report included a report of the ceremony to lay the foundation stone of the hospital (reprinted from The Times 17th September 1875) and an article describing the work of the hospital which had appeared in All The Year Round (25th July 1874).

By 1885, it was clear that the hospital needed to expand its premises, and in 1893 the Committee were able to purchase some adjoining land. Building work began in 1895. In 1904, the King's Fund put forward a proposal to merge the five ENT hospitals in London: the Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital in Gray's Inn Road, the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in Golden Square, the Royal Ear Hospital in Huntley Street, the London Throat Hospital in Portland Street, and the Metropolitan Ear Nose and Throat Hospital in Fitzroy Square. The Central London Hospital did not support the proposal, partly because it would have resulted in the sacking of Richard Kershaw, and in 1905 its grant from the King's Fund was removed. Negotiations were opened with the Royal Ear Hospital and the London Throat Hospital, but by 1913 these had broken down, and the latter had agreed to merge instead with the Golden Square Hospital. Further plans for expansion had been drawn up in 1902, and the Central London Hospital decided to proceed in the hope that the increased numbers of patients which would result from larger premises would secure the future of the Gray's Inn Road site.

Despite losing many of its staff to active service during the First World War, the Central London managed to continue its work. In 1916 a 20 bed annexe was opened to treat soldiers suffering the effects of shellshock and deafness caused by explosions. At the end of the war the annexe remained, increasing the number of in-patient beds to 43. The hospital expanded further in 1929, when the new Princess Louise wing opened, containing an out-patients department, operating theatre, dispensary, pathology laboratory and rooms for the students. The hospital had been hiring St Jude's church hall for over 20 years, and when the church closed in 1935, the Central London Hospital put forward a proposal to acquire the site. Nos. 57-67 Wicklow Street had been purchased for the Central London Hospital in 1903, with a view to providing accommodation or nurses. A house in Coram Street was also purchased for this purpose after the First World War, and furnished with the assistance of the Ladies' Association (the Association's President Lady Riddell provided a piano).

The General Nursing Council was established in 1919, and soon afterwards it recognised the Central London Hospital as a Preliminary Training School for nurses. Probationers spent 2 years at the hospital, before moving down the road to the Royal Free to complete their training. The School of Nursing was established in 1930, and offered 12 month courses and 6 month courses (to train as an SRN and SEN respectively).

Referring doctors had always been encouraged to attend the hospital, and observe the operations performed on their patients, and it was perhaps inevitable that this tradition should develop into more formal postgraduate teaching. From 1885 Lennox Browne and his Dundas Grant were giving lectures on otology, rhinology and laryngology to doctors and medical students (many of whom offered their services to the hospital in return for practical instruction). By the mid-1890s, a more systematic syllabus of lectures had been arranged, with Dr Wyatt Wingrave (formerly the hospital's pathologist) providing teaching in anatomy, physiology and pathology. Although Dundas Grant retired in 1913, the Central London continued to provide teaching throughout the First World War, and found space for a lecture theatre and classrooms. When the Royal College of Surgeons instituted a Diploma in Laryngology and Otology in 1919, the Central London Hospital was the only institution to provide the specialist practical instruction necessary to qualify for it, drawing students from Guys Hospital and elsewhere.

The hospital benefited from the long service of several men: Lennox Browne who worked as surgeon to the hospital until 1900 (and consulting surgeon until his death in 1902), Alfred Hutton, who served as Chairman of the Committee 1874-1905 and Treasurer 1874-1904, and Richard Kershaw, who served as Secretary 1877-1927 (and also Dispenser/Almoner for several years).

From its early days, the Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital also had a Royal Patron, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught. His sister Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll also showed great interest in the hospital, and became President in 1909. In 1928, she laid the foundation stone of the new wing to be named in her honour. She also opened a convalescent home at Ealing (in a house left to the hospital by its Vice President, Col. Sir John Young) in 1933, and laid the foundation stone for the new nurses' home in Swinton Street in 1939.

In 1939, the decision was taken to amalgamate with Golden Square, with the approval of the King's Fund. The outbreak of war delayed the merger in practical terms, but a joint Committee of Management was formed immediately. The Gray's Inn Road site was fortunate not to be damaged during the war, and provided a temporary home for the Hospital for Nervous Diseases, whose premises had been badly damaged.

New End Hospital was originally founded as an institution in 1800 by the Hampstead Board of Guardians: part workhouse, part casual ward and part infirmary. It was rebuilt in 1845. Until the outbreak of World War One its patients included the unemployed, the destitute, unmarried mothers and their children, with the casual ward being used for the homeless and destitute, and the infirmary for psychiatric patients. From 1914-1918 the institution was used for returning soldiers who were wounded or shellshocked. After the war ended, the Guardians modernised the institution and changed the name to New End Hospital; it was taken over the by London County Council in 1930. It gradually became recognised as a hospital for acutely sick patients, and gained especial renown as a centre for endocrinology, largely owing to the pioneering work of Jack Piercy, Surgeon Superintendent 1932-65. On the inception of the National Health Service in 1948, New End was passed to the North-West Metropolitan Regional Health Board and the Archway Group Hospital Management Committee. It transferred to the Royal Free Group in 1968, and remained in use as a hospital until 1986, when the profits from its sale were used to fund the redevelopment of Queen Mary's Maternity Home, Hampstead.

The Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital was created by the formal amalgamation of the Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital in Gray's Inn Road and the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in Golden Square (near Piccadilly Circus) on 1st January 1942. The two hospitals had agreed to merge in 1939, and established a shared Committee of Management, but the formalities were delayed because of the war. The Home Office and Registrar of Companies were approached for permission to name the amalgamated hospital the "Royal National", and this was granted in 1940.

The Goodenough Report on medical education, published in 1944, resulted in the founding of the Institute of Laryngology and Otology (ILO) at Gray's Inn Road. Teaching started in 1945, and in 1949 Professor Frank C Ormerod (1895-1967), formerly an ENT surgeon at Golden Square, was appointed the first chair. The newly formed ILO trained nurses as well as doctors, including some from Hampstead General Hospital. In 1947 the Board of Management of the RNTNE was notified by the Minister for Health that it would become an NHS hospital, and in 1948 it was designated a teaching hospital. Under the terms of the 1946 NHS Act, the hospital had to form a new Board of Governors, and close its facilities for private patients. As the Ministry of Health was now responsible for funding the hospital, the Ladies Association disbanded in about 1949.

After the war, the RNTNE made great progress, partly as a result of the introduction of antibiotics and improvements to anaesthesia. By 1952 the hospital had established departments of Radiology, Physical Medicine, Rhinitis, Radiotherapy, Medicine, Dentistry, Neuro-Surgery, Audiology, Fenestration and Speech Therapy. Plastic Surgery became increasingly important in post-operative restoration of appearance, and both Moorfields Eye Hospital and the Eastman Dental Hospital contributed to this work. Plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes was also developed, and the hospital provided this service to patients on a private basis. Surgeons at the Central London and RNTNE Hospitals had for many years been adapting and inventing instruments suitable for ENT work, and in 1948 a department was established at Gray's Inn Road, specialising in the development of surgical instruments. The new department was staffed by instrument technicians, notably Robert Russell, who served the hospital between 1957 and 1982.

In 1947 the War Veterans' Clinic was converted into a Universal Deafness Aid Clinic, which distributed hearing aids. This clinic developed out of the Hearing Aid Clinic established by Edith Whetnall (1910-1965, author of The Deaf Child) at the Central London Hospital in 1934. As well as running this clinic, Miss Whetnall was responsible for encouraging the RNTNE to build two residential annexes for deaf children. The first of these, which opened in 1952, was built on the site of a convalescent home in Ealing formerly owned by the Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital. It aimed to provide newly diagnosed pre-school children with counselling and training to cope with their deafness. The Ministry of Health took over responsibility for the annex in 1957, although the house itself remained the property of the Board of Governors. The second of the two, aimed at children between 4 and 6 years old opened in 1960 with the financial support of the King's Fund. The Nuffield Foundation had been supporting the work of Edith Whetnall since the early 1950s, and in 1963 their financial support enabled her to open the Nuffield Hearing and Speech Centre in a new building erected next to the RNTNE on Swinton Street. She died two years later, and is commemorated by a biennial lecture held in her name at the Royal Society of Medicine.

Under Miss Wade, who was Matron from after the War until 1965, the RNTNE was approved as a nurse training school. More emphasis was placed on professionalism, and by 1951 no girls under the age of 18 were accepted for training. During the 1950s, nursing accommodation was acquired in Upper Berkeley Square and Mecklenburgh Square, a fact which probably helped to maintain recruitment levels at a time when other hospitals were having problems. In 1965 the RNTNE was approved by the GNC for specialist and postgraduate education but not for general nursing training.

Professor Ormerod retired from the Chair of Laryngology & Otology in 1963, and was replaced by Professor Donald Harrison. He spent the next three years assembling material for a museum at the Institute. Following the Flowers Report in 1980, the ILO became part of UCL medical school in 1982. During the NHS reorganisation of 1982, the RNTNE was put under the management of the Bloomsbury District Health Authority. The hospital rejected the opportunity to move into the newly built Royal Free Hospital at Hampstead, but subsequently joined the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust in 1996. In 2011, the RNTNE was transferred to University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH).

Fulham Borough Council Maternity Home opened in Parsons Green in 1937, replacing the maternity ward at Fulham Hospital, St. Dunstan's Road.

Following the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 the home came under the control of the Fulham and Kensington Hospital Management Committee. The Committee reported to the South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board.

In 1962 the home became known as Fulham Maternity Hospital. The hospital later became incorporated into the West London Hospital and closed around 1973 when Charing Cross Hospital opened on the site of Fulham Hospital, whose maternity ward the hospital had replaced in 1937.

Fulham Hospital began life as the Fulham Union Infirmary in 1884 and was based in St Dunstan's Road. On the same site and closely associated with the Infirmary were Fulham Union Workhouse and Parsons Green Receiving Home for Children, all run by the Fulham Board of Guardians. The hospital became a training school for nurses in 1898.

At the beginning of WW1 wounded soldiers from the Ypres battleground were brought to Fulham. In 1915 the War Office took over the workhouse and Infirmary - as it did with several other Poor Law institutions - and they became the Fulham Military Hospital. In 1925 it was renamed St Christopher's Hospital but one month later the decision was reversed and the name became 'Fulham Hospital' (not to be confused with the Fulham Hospital in Seagrave Road, which became the Western Hospital in 1885, see H78).

On the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, the hospital came under the administration of the Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee. In 1959 it became part of the Charing Cross Group in anticipation of the building of a new Charing Cross hospital on its site which would incorporate the services of Fulham Hospital.

Fulham Hospital closed in January 1973 and services were transferred to the new Charing Cross Hospital built on the same site. The new hospital merged the services of Fulham Hospital and Charing Cross Hospital and later West London Hospital.

Charing Cross Hospital was founded by Dr. Benjamin Golding in 1818 and initially known as West London Infirmary (not to be confused with West London Hospital, see H79). For most of its history it was located near Charing Cross, just off The Strand in Agar Street and provided a service in central London until its move to a new building in Fulham in 1972. Its site in the heart of London's 'Theatre Land' led it to be known as the 'Actors' Hospital'.

The idea of moving Charing Cross Hospital from its Agar Street site was being considered as far back as 1936. In 1957 the Ministry of Health proposed building on the site of the Fulham Hospital and merging the Fulham (see H77), West London (see H79) and Charing Cross hospitals in one. The proposal was accepted in July 1958. Planning of the new complex started in 1959 and construction work began in 1968.

The first phase of the new hospital became operational in January 1973. Early in 1973 both the old Charing Cross Hospital and the Fulham Hospital closed down completely and patients were transferred to the new Charing Cross Hospital. West London Hospital remained open until the new hospital complex was finished, although it ceased to be a District General Hospital when Accident and Emergency services moved to the new Charing Cross Hospital.

The new Charing Cross Hospital was officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on 22nd May 1973. In 1974 the main building in the new hospital complex, the 18 storey tower block, had 650 beds and there were 10 operating theatres.

Charing Cross was one of the first hospitals to start formal training for nurses and the Nursing School was inaugurated in 1889. A new building for the School of Nursing on the Charing Cross Hospital site was opened by Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent in September 1970. In 1974 the School of Nursing provided facilities for the training of up to 480 student and pupil nurses and other nursing staff on 'in-service' or post-certificate programmes.

In the NHS reorganisation of 1974 the hospital became part of the new South Hammersmith Health District. Since 2007 Charing Cross Hospital has formed part of the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.

When the National Health Service was established in 1948, it was divided into three parts.

The personal health services, including ambulances, health visitors, community nursing and midwifery were run by local authorities. General medical services, including general practice, dental and ophthalmic services were the responsibility of the executive councils. Hospitals were placed under the control of regional hospital boards. Within each region hospitals were formed into groups and responsibility for more routine administration was delegated to the hospital group management committee. Teaching hospitals were excluded from this system. They had their own boards of governors who were directly responsible to the Minister of Health. Within each hospital region joint committees were established to facilitate consultation and cooperation between teaching hospitals and the board's hospitals.

In 1974 the regional hospital boards, hospital management committees and most boards of governors were abolished. They were replaced by regional health authorities and area health authorities, which were responsible for the three formerly separate parts of the NHS. In 1982 the area health authorities were in turn abolished. Their powers were transferred to district health authorities.

In 1948 the North West Metropolitan Regional Health Board was formed with responsibility for Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, north west London, and Spelthorne; while the North East Metropolitan Regional Health Board was formed with responsibility for Essex and north east London. In 1974 they were renamed as the North West Thames Regional Health Authority and the North East Thames Regional Health Authority. In 1994 the two services were merged to form the North Thames Regional Health Authority, with responsibility for Essex, Hertfordshire and north London.

When the National Health Service was established in 1948, it was divided into three parts.

The personal health services, including ambulances, health visitors, community nursing and midwifery were run by local authorities. General medical services, including general practice, dental and ophthalmic services were the responsibility of the executive councils. Hospitals were placed under the control of regional hospital boards. Within each region hospitals were formed into groups and responsibility for more routine administration was delegated to the hospital group management committee. Teaching hospitals were excluded from this system. They had their own boards of governors who were directly responsible to the Minister of Health. Within each hospital region joint committees were established to facilitate consultation and cooperation between teaching hospitals and the board's hospitals.

In 1974 the regional hospital boards, hospital management committees and most boards of governors were abolished. They were replaced by regional health authorities and area health authorities, which were responsible for the three formerly separate parts of the NHS. In 1982 the area health authorities were in turn abolished. Their powers were transferred to district health authorities.

In 1947 the South East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board was formed, responsible for Kent, East Sussex and south east London. In 1974 it was renamed as the South East Thames Regional Health Authority. In 1994 it merged with the South West Thames Regional Health Authority to form the South Thames Regional Health Authority.

North Hackney Central School for Girls was established in Millfields Road in 1895.

Members of the Abraham family are listed in Post Office Directories as Surveyors, with offices in Hanley Road, N4; Malmesbury Road, E16 and Francis Road, E10. They were responsible for building around 500 properties, mostly 3 room maisonettes, for rental. These properties were mostly in the present London boroughs of Newham and Waltham Forest although others were in Islington, Haringey and Croydon.