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Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA on 20 December 1917. He studied at Pennsylvania State University, graduating in 1939, then moved to the California Institute of Technology for post-graduate work, completing his Ph.D. in 1943 at the University of California at Berkeley under J R Oppenheimer. He then worked on the Manhattan Project at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. In 1947 he was appointed Assistant Professor at Princeton University. He worked there until 1950, when Princeton refused to renew his contract after he had fallen foul of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. While working at the Radiation Laboratory during the war Bohm had been active in the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians (FAECT) trade union. In 1949, as Cold War tensions increased, the Committee on Un-American Activities began investigating staff who had been working there. As a member of FAECT and as a former member of the Communist Party Bohm came under suspicion. He was called upon to testify before the Committee but pleaded the Fifth Amendment refusing to give evidence against colleagues. After the USSR tested its first atomic device in September 1949 it was thought that atomic bomb secrets must have been passed to the USSR. It was alleged that members of the FAECT had been in a Communist cell working at Berkeley during the war. In 1950 Bohm was charged with Contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions before the Committee and arrested. He was acquitted in May 1951 but Princeton had already suspended Bohm and after his acquittal refused to renew his contract. Bohm left for Brazil in 1951 to take up a Chair in Physics at the University of São Paulo. In 1955 he moved to Israel where he spent two years at the Technion at Haifa. Here he met his wife Saral, who was an important figure in the development of his ideas. In 1957 Bohm moved to the UK. He held a research fellowship at University of Bristol until 1961, when he was made Professor of Theoretical Physics at Birkbeck College London. He retired in 1987.

Bohm made a number of significant contributions to physics, particularly in the area of quantum mechanics. As a post-graduate at Berkeley he discovered the electron phenomenon now known as 'Bohm-diffusion'. His first book, Quantum Theory published in 1951, was well-received by Einstein among others. However, he was unsatisified with the orthodox approach to quantum theory and began to develop his own approach, expressed in his second book Causality and Chance in Modern Physics published in 1957. In 1959, with his student Yakir Aharonov, he discovered the 'Aharonov-Bohm effect', showing how a vacuum could produce striking physical effects. His third book, The Special Theory of Relativity was published in 1965.

Bohm's scientific and philosophical views were inseparable. In 1959 he came across a book by the Indian philosopher J Krishnamurti. He was struck with how his own ideas on quantum mechanics meshed with the philosophy of Krishnamurti. The two first met in 1961 and over the following years had many conversations or dialogues. Bohm's approach to philosophy and physics are expressed in his 1980 book Wholeness and the Implicate Order, and in the book Science, Order and Creativity, written with F D Peat and published in 1987. In his later years, partly through his connection with Krishnamurti, Bohm developed the technique of Dialogue, in which a group of individuals engaged in constructive verbal interaction with each other. He believed that if carried out on a sufficiently wide scale these Dialogues could help overcome fragmentation in society. Bohm led a number of Dialogues in the 1980s and early 1990s, the most well-known being those held at Ojai Grove School in California. Bohm was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1990. He died in 1992. See B J Hiley, 'David Joseph Bohm', Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 43, 105-131 (1997).

Humphrey de Bohun was the second Earl of Hereford and the first Earl of Essex. He succeeded his father Henry, first earl in 1220 and was created Earl of Essex after the death of his maternal uncle William de Mandeville in 1227. He was in addition Constable of England. Originally on the side of Simon de Montfort, by 1263 he had returned to the king's party. He died 14 September 1274.

Henry Frowic (Frowyke) was the son of Thomas Frowyke of Old Fold, South Mimms, a citizen of London and Lord Mayor in 1275.

Marie Anne Victoire Gillain Boivin (1776-1841) worked at the Hospice de la Maternité in Paris and published the Atlas des maladies de l'utérus, Paris, 1833.

Unknown.

Bolingbroke Hospital opened in 1880 at Bolingbroke House, Battersea. It was founded by Canon John Erskine Clarke, Vicar of Saint Mary, Battersea. Originally a voluntary hospital, it provided treatment to members of the public who preferred to pay for some or part of their care rather than attend Poor Law Institutions. During the Second World War, it became affiliated to Saint Thomas' Hospital and acted as an emergency hospital for war casualties. In 1948, despite some misgivings, the hospital became part of the new National Health Service and consequently was administered by the Battersea and Putney Hospital Management Group of the South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. The hospital experienced mixed fortunes in the following years, including the opening of a coronary care unit in 1967 and the closure of the casualty department in 1974. The reorganisation of the National Health Service in 1974 saw the hospital pass to the Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Area Health Authority of South West Thames Regional Hospital Board. In the 1980s, the hospital was redeveloped to focus on services for the elderly. In 1993, it became part of the newly formed Saint George's Healthcare NHS Trust. With the building deteriorating, the issue of fire safety at the hospital became a concern. In 2004, the NHS trust transferred the inpatient services to surrounding nursing homes and other community hospitals. Bolingbroke continued to act as a community hospital with extensive outpatient services and a day hospital. However in 2008 the entire hospital was closed and the remaining services were relocated to Saint John's Therapy Centre, Battersea.

The hospital has been administered by the following:

1880-1948: Bolingbroke Hospital

1948-1974: Battersea and Putney Hospital Management Group of South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board

1974-1982: Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Area Health Authority of South West Thames Regional Hospital Board

1982-1993: Wandsworth District Health Authority of South West Thames Regional Hospital Board

1993-2008: Saint George's Healthcare NHS Trust.

Henry Hector Bolitho was born in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1897. In 1915 he became a reporter for a newspaper in New Zealand. In 1922 Bolitho came to England, where he published his first novel. Bolitho wrote widely on historical subjects, most notably on the Royal Family. Before the Second World War he travelled throughout Europe, Africa, North America and Australia. Between 1939-1945 he became a Squadron Leader with the RAF and was the editor of the RAF journal. After the war, Bolitho conducted lecture tours of the United States of America between 1947-1949. He died in England on 12 September 1974.

Born in 1889; educated at Wellington College and Birmingham University; entered the Army through the Devon Militia in 1910; 2nd Lt, Devonshire Regt, 1912; served in France and Belgium with Devonshire Regt, Royal Flying Corps and Army Signal Service, 1914-1918; Lt, 1915; Capt, 1918; Experimental Officer at Signals Experimental Establishment, Woolwich, 1919; joined Royal Signals Corps, 1921; retired, 1923; served in World War Two; seconded to RN, 1942-1946; died in 1965.

Wilhelm Freyhahn was an inmate at Buchenwald concentration camp, until July 1938. Freyhahn was a representative of the Jewish community in Breslau, and guest of Max Bollag.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Anglican services in Bologna are now provided by the chaplain at St Mark's in Florence.

George Henry Bolsover was born in 1910. After obtaining a BA and MA from the School of Russian Studies, Liverpool University and a doctorate from SSEES, he worked as tutor and assistant lecturer respectively at Birmingham and Manchester Universities. In 1943, his expertise in Russian resulted in his being appointed attache and first secretary to the British Embassy in Moscow, a post he held until 1947. On his return to Britain in 1947, Bolsover was appointed Director of SSEES. Bolsover was to be Director for the next 29 years, presiding over a period of growth in interest in Russian and East European studies and SSEES' post war expansion. As well as administrative duties, Bolsover was on the editorial board of the Slavonic and East European Review until 1963, and was its sometime editor. He was also invoved in arrangements for Hungarian refugee students to study at British universities after 1956 and the fight against a recommendation that SSEES be incorporated into a multi faculty college. He was sometimes called upon by the BBC to comment on Soviet affairs. He retired in 1976 and died in 1990.

Born 1907; educated at Nautical College, Pangbourne, and Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; joined Royal Navy, 1923; service on HMS EMPEROR OF INDIA, 1925; Lt, 1929; qualified as an aircrew observer, 1931; served on HMS GLORIOUS, 1931-1934; HMS FURIOUS, 1934-1938; Lt Cdr, 1937; Commanded 812 Naval Air Sqn, HMS GLORIOUS, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with No 1 'General Reconnaissance Unit' RAF, magnetic minesweeping with Vickers Wellington bombers, UK and Egypt, 1940- 1941; awarded DSC, 1940; Staff observer to Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean, HMS WARSPITE, 1941-1942; Battle of Cape Matapan, 1941; Cdr, 1941; awarded Bar to DSC, 1941; served in the Naval Air Department, Admiralty, 1942-1945; served as Second in Command of HMS BELFAST, 1946-1947; Capt, 1947; Command of HMS VULTURE, Royal Naval Air Station, St Merryn, Cornwall, 1947-1949; Capt of HMS THESEUS, 1949-1951; served in Korean War, 1950-1951; awarded DSO, 1951; Director of Naval Air Warfare, Admiralty, 1951-1953; Chief of Staff to Flag Officer Air (Home), HMS DAEDALUS, Royal Naval Air Station, Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire, 1954-1956; R Adm, 1956; Member of Maritime Air Committee, 1956; Deputy Controller of Military Aircraft, Ministry of Supply, 1957-1960; awarded CB, 1958; retired 1960; died 1994.

The roots of the London College of Printing (LCP) lie in the City of London Parochial Charities Act of 1883, which aimed to provide better management of these charitable funds, and inter alia, benefit the inhabitants of these parishes by improvement of education and employment prospects. The need for improved technical education of workforce was clearly felt against a background of changing technologies and foreign competition, and particularly so in the field of printing. The Act established the St Bride Foundation Institute Printing School, which opened in Nov 1894. In the same year the Guild and Technical School opened in Clerkenwell Road to improve the craft skills of apprentice and journeymen engravers and lithographers, and then moved the following year to Boult Court, where it became known as the Bolt Court Technical School. The School was subsequently renamed the London County Council School of Photoengraving and Lithography.

In 1921, the Westminster Day Continuation School (the forerunner of the College for the Distributive Trades) opened. In 1922 St Bride's School moved to larger premises at 61 Stamford Street and now under LCC control was renamed the London School of Printing and Kindred Trades (LSPKT). In 1949 the Bolt Court School of Photoengraving and Lithography merged with the LSPKT to form the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts (LSPGA). The LSPGA was renamed the London College of Printing in 1960. New premises at the Elephant and Castle were opened in 1964, and the North Western Polytechnic Department of Printing merged with LCP in 1969. On 1 Jan 1986, the LCP joined Camberwell School of Arts and crafts, the Central School of Art and Design, Chelsea School of Art, the College for the Distributive Trades (CDT), the London College of Fashion and St Martin's School of Art to form the London Institute.

The LCP and CDT subsequently merged in 1990, and the LCP was renamed the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades.

J.H. Percival Bolton was a pharmacist based at 28 The Green, Winchmore Hill, London N21.

Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited (BBTCL) was founded in 1863. Originally called the Burmah Trading Company Limited, its name was changed shortly after its foundation. The corporation was formed as a public company to take part in the developing teak business by taking over the assets and rights in Burma of William Wallace, the eldest of the six Wallace Brothers. From 1863 until the 1950s, A F Wallace, the senior resident partner of Wallace and Company was its chairman, and Wallace and Company largely directed its affairs. Its head office was in Bombay, but its initial operations were in Burma (Myanmar) and branch offices were opened in Rangoon and Moulmein in the 1860s or 1870s.

It expanded its operations into Siam (Thailand) in 1884, Java in 1905-6, South India in 1913, North Borneo in the late 1940s and East Africa in 1955. Its trading interests (some operated directly, others through subsidiary or associated companies) were in teak (and later other timbers too), and in other commodities including rubber (from ca.1907), tea and coffee (from the 1930s) and tapioca (from 1954). For eighty years was, the BBTCL was the single largest teak company in the industry, marketing over a third of the world's teak supplies. The fortunes of the company rested heavily on teak trade from Burmese and Siamese forests. The corporation was a dealt a blow in 1942 when the Japanese invaded Burma and Siam, bringing teak production to a halt.The timber trade declined in the mid 20th century and later the company's main business was in manufacturing and Indian tea plantations, established since 1913.

A major part of Wallace Brothers' business was to act as the London agents of the BBTCL, developing markets in the United Kingdon and continental Europe for shipments of timber and providing finance to bring the cargoes from the Far East.

Wallace Brothers also purchased machinery and equipment in London on Bombay Burmah's behalf. In practice, however, since the Wallace family were the senior partners in Wallace and Company of Bombay, who in turn were managers of Bombay Burmah, Wallace Brothers were more than Bombay Burmah's London agents. Until the 1950s, Wallace Brothers had the power to exercise control over Bombay Burmah's policy and operations. In the late 19th century Bombay Burmah's dividends and staff pay were decided in London, and until ca. 1960 its senior (European) staff were selected and appointed there.

Bombay Burmah had the following subsidiaries and associated companies:

Amalgamated Saw Mills Limited

Anamallais Ropeway Company Limited

Bombay Burmah Plantations Limited

East India Rubber Corporation Limited

Joint Timber Company Limited, Thailand

North Borneo Timbers Limited

Rangoon Mining Company

Sumatra Petroleum Company

Thai Tapioca Limited

The Bombay Company Limited was founded in 1886 to take on the activities undertaken by Wallace and Company Limited aside from the supervision on the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited.The main business of the Bombay Company Limited was the export of raw cotton and the import and sale of manufactured textiles from Lancashire. Its head office was in Bombay but it also took over the former Wallace and Company branch in Karachi. Further branches were opened in Delhi in 1893, Calcutta in 1903 and Madras in 1906. Two former managing directors, E J Hawke and M R Wyer. went on to form Wyer and Hawke in 1912. The sale of Manchester piece goods decreased in the early twentieth century. In 1936, the Bombay Company Limited were involved in the purchase of the entire share capital of the New Pralhad Mill. The Bombay Company Limited ceased trading in 1969.

Born in 1899; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers; Lt, 1918; served in France and Belgium, 1918; served with Deputy Assistant Director of Engineering Stores, 1919; served in Waziristan, 1919-1921; Capt, 1926; Maj 1936; Lt Col 1942; Col, 1942; retired, 1949; died in 1996.

Charles John Bond was born in Bittersby, Leicestershire, in 1856. He was educated at Repton from 1871-1973, was engaged in farming for a few months, and entered the Leicester Infirmary as a pupil in 1875. He went to University College London, in 1875, where he won the gold medals in physiology and anatomy, the silver medals in surgery, midwifery, and forensic medicine, and was an assistant demonstrator of anatomy. He was house surgeon from Bedford General Infirmary from 1879, until he was appointed resident house surgeon at the Leicester Royal Infirmary in 1882. Here he was surgeon from 1886-1912, when he resigned and was appointed consulting surgeon and vice-president. He acted as chairman of the drug and medical stores committee of the infirmary from 1925-1932. He retired from private practice in 1912 but retained his hospital appointment. During World War One he was gazetted temporary honorary colonel in 1915, was appointed consulting surgeon to the military hospital in the Northern command, and was the representative of the Medical Research Council on the inter-allied committee on the treatment of war wounds. The meetings of the committee were held at Paris from 1916-1918. After the War he served on Leicester city council for two years; was a member of the Leicester health insurance committee from 1918-1920; and on the advisory council of the National Insurance Committee; and was president of the Literary and Philosophical Society in 1901 and again in 1935. For his civic work he was rewarded in 1925 with the freedom of the city of Leicester, and in 1924 he became a Fellow of University College. In 1928 he gave the Calton memorial lecture on 'Racial Decay'. His friendship with Charles Killick Millard, MD Ed, medical officer of health for Leicester, led him to take an active part in launching the Voluntary Euthanasia Legalisation Society. For eight years he was a member of the Industrial Fatigue Research Board; of the Departmental Commissions on cancer and blindness; and the Trevithin committee on the prevention of venereal disease. He died in 1939.

Bond, whose mother, Catherine, was a half-sister of William (later Admiral) Bligh (1754-1817), entered the Navy as a captain's servant in 1774. In 1779 he was promoted to midshipman and in 1782 to lieutenant. On the recommendation of Bligh he was appointed First Lieutenant of the PROVIDENCE in 1791 and accompanied him on the second breadfruit voyage, 1791 to 1795. He held various further appointments as lieutenant, was made a commander in 1800 and a captain in 1802. He was made a rear-admiral in the general promotion of 1837.

Bond spent the whole of his seafaring career in the employ of the British India Steam Navigation Company. He joined as a cadet in 1918 on the ship CHAKRATA. His next ship was the CHUPRA, carrying troops from India home and from London to New Zealand. He next served on the Indian coast until 1925. He passed for Second Mate in Bombay and did tours of duty in several ships. After passing as mate, he returned to indian waters as Second Officer of the SIRDHANA, and remained in her for three and a half years. He got his Master's Certificate in 1930. His first command of a ship was in 1938, and in December 1939 was given command of the VASNA, in which he remained for the whole of World War Two. The VASNA was fitted-out in Bombay as a naval hospital ship and served in Indian Waters, with the Home Fleet in the Mediterranean, with the Eastern Fleet and with the Pacific Fleet. In 1945, the VASNA was sent to Tokio Bay to help in the repatriation of prisoners of war from Japanese camps and as a Fleet hospital ship, and was the sole British Hospital Ship in Japanese waters. Capt Bond was awarded the OBE for his services during the war. In 1947, Bond was given command of the SANGOLA and in1949 the EMPIRE TROOPER, in which he stayed for over five years. In 1956, he took command of the NEVASA, which was hired by the Ministry of Transport as a troopship. He retired in June 1962 at the age of 60.

Margaret Bondfield was born in Chard, Somerset, the 14th child of William and Anne Bondfield. Her father worked in the textile industry and was known for his radical political views. She was educated at the local school but by 1887 she was working as an apprentice in a draper's shop in Brighton where she met Louisa Martindale, a champion of women's rights. In 1894 Bondfield moved to London, there she again worked in a shop, joined the National Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks, of which she was Assistant Secretary for ten years from 1898, and began contributing articles to The Shop Assistant. In 1898 she published a report, commissioned by the Women's Industrial Council, on the pay and conditions of shop workers. This established her as an authority and she gave evidence to Select Committees in 1902 and 1907. In 1908 Bondfield became Secretary of the Women's Labour League and was also active in the Women's Co-operative Guild. In 1910 she served on the Advisory Committee on Health Insurance and was instrumental in getting maternity benefits included. In 1910 and in 1913 she stood as an Independent Labour Party candidate for the London County Council in Woolwich. As Chairperson of the Adult Suffrage Society she supported universal suffrage for women.

Bondfield was opposed to the 1914-1918 war and supported a negotiated peace. Her first post-war assignment was as a member of the joint delegation of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and the Labour Party to the Soviet Union in 1920 with which she travelled widely in Russia. The delegation's report covered all aspects of social and political life and, whilst critical of the system, remained opposed to Western intervention there and had an important impact on shaping attitudes to Russia.

In 1923 she was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton and became Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Labour, in the following year she lost her seat in the general election, but was again elected in 1926 for Wallsend. In 1929 she was appointed Minister of Labour becoming the first woman Cabinet Minister but in the 1931 crisis she supported Ramsey MacDonald's National Government and lost her seat in the general election. Bondfield retired from full-time trades union work in 1938 but chaired the Women's Group on Public Welfare between 1939 and 1945. Margaret Bondfield died in London in 1953.

François Bondy was born in 1915, the son of Fritz Bondy, a Prague-born man of letters and of the theatre, who moved to Switzerland with his family on account of his wife's health. François became a journalist, was editor of a Parisian economics periodical in 1934 and member of the editorial team of a French political newspaper in 1935. He was interned in May 1940 in Camp du Vernet along with the author, Arthur Koestler. After his release he studied Germanistik in Paris and sociology in Zürich, where he also worked as an editor for Weltwoche. After the Berlin Congress on 'Cultural Freedom', 1950, in which he took an actve part, Bondy settled in Paris where he was the publisher of the cultural newspaper Preuves. He turned this information sheet into one of France's leading cultural periodicals. By the late 1960s he had become a leading writer on cultural affairs, appearing on radio and television and many leading European newspapers and periodicals.

Otto Bondy was born into a Jewish family in Vienna, 5 Aug 1892. He served in the First World War with distinction. He completed his engineering studies in Vienna in 1921 and went to Berlin to become an assistant to the Professor of Engineering structures, German industry (c 1926-1931). He emigrated to London, c 1933 and died in Surrey, May 1986.

Born, Stockton-on Tees, 1871; educated at the Friends School, Ackworth, Middlesborough High School, Stockton Grammar School, Leys School, Cambridge; read chemistry at Victoria University, Manchester, graduating, 1891; studied at the University of Heidelberg under Professor Victor Meyer; Head of the Chemical Department, Battersea Polytechnic, 1896; Lecturer in Chemistry and Metallurgy, Owen's College, Manchester, 1898-1905; Professor of Applied Chemistry, first Livesey Professor of Coal Gas and Fuel Industries, Leeds University, 1905-1912; Professor and Head of Department, Department of Chemical Technology, Imperial College, 1912-1936; inventor of the Bonecourt system of surface combustion and radiophragm-beating; President, Section B (Chemistry) of the British Association, 1915; Chairman, British Association Committee on Fuel Economy, 1915-1922; consultant, Government Fuel Research Board, 1917-1918; Chaiman, Federation of British Industries Fuel Economy Technical Sub-Committee, 1920; Chairman of the Blast Furnace Reactions Research Sub-Committee of the British Iron and Steel Federation, 1933; Davy medallist, Royal Society, 1936; died, 1938.

Publications: include: Coal and its Scientific Uses (Longmans & Co, London, 1918); Flame and Combustion in Gases with Donald Thomas Alfred Townend (Longmans & Co, London, 1927); Gaseous Combustion at High Pressures: being mainly an account of the researches carried out in the high pressure gas research laboratories of the Imperial College of Science & Technology with Dudley M Newitt, Donald T A Townend (Longmans & Co, London, 1929); Coal: its constitution and uses with Godfrey Wilfred Himus (Longmans & Co, London, 1936).

No further information at present.

Salters Fellow Cambridge 1957-1958; Emeritus Professor of Organic Chemistry Queen Mary, Queen Mary College posts 1961-1994, Lecturer Organic Chemistry 1961-1966, Reader 1966-1974, Personal Chair 1974-1976, Professor of Organic Chemistry 1976-1994.

Thomas Bonney was born in Rugeley on 27 July 1833. He was educated at Uppingham and St John's College Cambridge. In 1857 he was ordained. He was a tutor at St John's College Cambridge from 1868 to 1876. In 1877 he was appointed Yates-Goldsmid Professor of Geology and Mineralogy at University College London, later to become Emeritus Professor of Geology there. He was Whitehall Preacher, 1876-1878. He was President of the Geological Society, 1884-1886. Bonney published books on geology and the history of the planet. He died on 10 December 1923.

W J Sollas was Professor of Geology and Palaeontology at the University of Oxford.

William Francis Victor Bonney was born in Chelsea in 1872. He was educated at a private school and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, but transferred to the Middlesex Hospital, intending to become a physician. Sir John Bland-Sutton invited him to the Chelsea Hospital for Women, where he laid the foundations of his success as a gynaecological surgeon. In 1905 he became obstetric registrar and tutor at the Middlesex Hospital. He was elected assistant gynaecological surgeon in 1908, a post which he held till 1930, when he succeeded his old friend Sir Comyns Berkeley FRCS as gynaecological surgeon. Together they wrote Textbook of Operative Gynaecology. During the first World War Bonney served as a surgeon made famous for his 'violet green anti-septic', popularly called 'Bonney's blue' (British Medical Journal 15 May 1915). At the Royal College of Surgeons he was a Hunterian Professor in 1908, 1930, and 1931, Bradshaw Lecturer in 1934, and Hunterian Orator in 1943. He was the only gynaecological specialist ever elected to the Council, and served with distinction from 1926 to 1946, being a Vice-President 1936-1938; died, 1953.

Born 18 Oct 1858, West Norwood, London, the daughter of August Manns, conductor; educated in Sydenham and Wandsworth, 1864-1874; educated in Stuttgart, Germany, 1874-1876, commenced studies at Stuttgart Conservatoire, 1876; abandoned professional musical studies due to ill-health, 1879; married Frederick Bönten, 1881; lived in London, with numerous visits to Germany; daughter Louise born, 1890; moved to live with her father following the death of her mother, 1893; moved to Bournemouth in 1914, her husband being obliged to move to London due to wartime security restrictions; her husband's business wound up by the Board of Trade, 1917; moved to London, 1919; husband died, 1924; died 8 Jun 1930.

John Bonus (c 1720-84) was the son of John Bonus of St John Wapping, a waterman and later a slopseller. In 1736 he was apprenticed to William Jesser, slopseller of Billingsgate and freeman of the Merchant Taylors' Company. John Bonus gained his freedom of the Merchant Taylors' Company on 2 August 1749. He married Ann Child on 30 August 1752 in St Dunstan in the East and had one son, John. His business operated from Thames Street, possibly in conjunction with William Jesser and his son, William. He took on as apprentices his niece Elizabeth in 1749, nephew James in 1753 and his son, all of them subsequently becoming free of the Merchant Taylors' Company. James Bonus set up as a slopseller in Tower Hill, but went bankrupt in 1765. He died in 1804. Elizabeth Bonus married Stephen Child (presumably a relative) in 1758 in St Botolph Aldersgate. John Bonus joined the Court of Assistants on the Merchant Taylors' Company on 19 July 1780. He died in 1784, his will being proved on 29 April.

NB-a slopseller produced and sold cheap, ready-made clothing.

In 1618 Elizabeth, widow of Sir Thomas Berkeley (d 1611), the eldest son of Henry, Lord Berkeley (d. 1613), purchased the Manor of Cranford. Thereafter both manors remained in the possession of the Berkeley family until 1932. (fn. 81)

In 1810, on the death of the 5th Earl of Berkeley, the Berkeley estates devolved successively upon his two eldest but illegitimate sons, created Earl and Baron Fitzhardinge (d 1841 and 1867 respectively). The Fitzhardinge branch of the Berkeley family retained the estates until the death of the 3rd Baron Fitzhardinge in 1916, when they reverted to Eva Mary Berkeley, great-niece of Thomas Moreton Fitzhardinge Berkeley, the eldest legitimate son of the 5th Earl of Berkeley (d 1810), as the heir-general of the 5th earl. From 1866 to his death in 1882 Thomas Moreton Fitzhardinge Berkeley, the eldest legitimate son of the 5th earl, and de jure 6th Earl of Berkeley although he never assumed the title, is described as the chief landowner in Cranford. Presumably the Cranford estate was settled upon him as it reverted to Lord Fitzhardinge in 1882.

Between 1916 and 1935 over 350 acres of the estate were sold, the bulk being dispersed in 1932. This included the sale of Cranford House and park to the Hayes and Harlington urban district council in 1932; they resold it in 1935 to the Middlesex County Council, who leased it back to them for 999 years as an open space. The manorial rights are vested in the county council.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 179-181 (available online).

Periodic bursts of activity in house building had been common in the western suburbs of London since the Restoration. Within a dozen years builders had moved from Hanover Square through the City of London's Conduit Mead estate well into the Grosvenor estate and even north of Oxford Street, in the vicinity of Cavendish Square. On the Grosvenor estate, where development began in 1720, only a handful of houses were occupied before 1725, but in that year the parish ratebooks show many more houses filling up and the new streets on the estate were formally named, an occasion marked by a 'very splendid Entertainment' given by Sir Richard Grosvenor.

The relative stability which followed the Peace of Utrecht and the crushing of the Jacobite rebellion provided a favourable climate in which building developments could be undertaken, and there seems to have been plenty of capital available for mortgages even during the years of the South Sea Bubble. Against this background the decision of the Grosvenor family in 1720 to lay out The Hundred Acres in Mayfair for building is not a particularly remarkable one.

From: 'The Development of the Estate 1720-1785: Introduction', Survey of London: volume 39: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 1 (General History) (1977), pp. 6.

Boodle's is a gentlemen's club founded in 1762 by Lord Shelburne (who later became Prime Minister) and other individuals who were opposed to many of the key government policies of the day. They met regularly at a tavern at 49-51 Pall Mall to discuss political issues and exchange ideas. The tavern was owned by the coffee house proprietor William Almack and the principal waiter was Edward Boodle. It is believed at some point Boodle took over the tavern and this is why the club became known as Boodle's.

In 1783, the club moved to 28 Saint James's Street, which was designed by John Crunden in 1775 and originally used by the Savoir Vivre Club. The ground floor was renovated by John Buonarotti Papworth between 1821 and 1834. It has a very fine interior including a beautiful eighteenth century saloon.

Until 1897, Boodle's was a proprietary club meaning it was run for the profit of the owner under the direction of a board of managers. Since 1897, Boodle's has been owned and run by the members.

In the early days, Boodle's was not only a political club but also a place for wining and dining, gaming and betting. In the nineteenth century, the club became less political. The club is now a place where members can meet, dine and engage in social activities.

Members have included David Hume; Adam Smith; Edward Gibbon; William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire; Charles Fox; Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington; William Wilberforce; Beau Brummell; Ian Fleming; David Niven; John Profumo and Julian Fellowes. Winston Churchill was an honorary member.

The National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Workers was the product of a complex series of amalgamations. The Vellum Binders Society was founded in 1823, and the Bookbinders Consolidated Union and the London Consolidated Lodge of Journeymen Bookbinders were founded in 1840, these merged to form the National Union of Bookbinders and Machine Rulers in 1911. The National Amalgamated Society of Printers' Warehousemen and Cutters was formed in 1900, and the National Union of Printing and Paper Workers in 1914. These merged with the National Union of Bookbinders to form the National Union of Printing, Bookbinding, Machine Ruling and Paper Workers in 1921. This became the National Union of Printing, Bookbinding and Paper Workers in 1928 and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (SOGAT) in 1972. SOGAT merged with the National Graphical Association to form the Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU) in 1991.

The committee was formed in October 1977 in response to a series of attacks on Black run, community, independent, and socialist bookshops in London. One of the first known attacks occurred in 1973 against Unity Bookshop in Brixton which was firebombed. Throughout 1977 Bogle-L'Ouverture, Atlas Books, Bookmarks, New Beacon, Centerprise, Corner House, the Other Bookshop, Unity Books and the Bookplace were all systematically attacked. Black run organisations and bookshops in Leeds, Bradford and Nottingham also came under attack. The graffiti and 'calling cards' left by the attackers indicated that it was the work of the National Front and the Ku Klux Klan.

Bookshop Joint Action Committee was comprised of 7 of 10 bookshops which wrote letters of complaints to the Home Office. They held a press conference on 17 October, 1977 to bring public attention to the attacks. The police were seen as colluding with, if not perpetrating some of the acts, and letters to the Home Office clearly state this.

Jessica Huntley and Bogle-L'Ouverture were active in the formation of the group which organised:

• A Bookshop Defence Fund
• Distribution of materials and information about the attacks
• Press and publicity
• A picket of the Home Office:
  They called on individuals to "Raise this matter {the attacks and lack of response} within their organisation. Write to the Home Secretary expressing anger and concern about these fascist attacks made on bookshops and his total indifference."
• Bookshops "Flying Work Party" for London:
  This group of volunteers were sent to damaged shops to repair and get them up and running again as quickly as possible.

Boole was born in Lincoln on 2 November 1815, son of a small tradesman interested in mechanics and mathematics. He attended the National School in Lincoln and then the small commercial school of Thomas Bainbridge. He engaged in teaching from the age of sixteen, then at twenty opened his own school in the village of Waddington. He devoted every spare minute to the study of Greek, Latin and the modern languages of French, German and Italian. In 1844, while applying the doctrine of the separation of symbols to the solution of differential equations with viable coefficients, he was led to devise a general method in analysis. This paper was printed in the Philosophical Transactions of 1844, and he was awarded the Royal Medal for it. His work had led him to consider the possibility of constructing a calculus of deductive reasoning. He found that logical symbols in general conform to the same fundamental laws which govern the laws of algebra in particular, while also subject to a certain special law. This led to his remarkable essay, The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, published in 1847. This demonstrated the calculus of logic, upon the invention of which Boole's fame as a philosophical mathematician rests, and was followed by the publication An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (subsequently known as 'The Laws of Thought') of 1854. In 1849 he was appointed to the Chair of Mathematics in the newly formed Queen's University of Cork. He produced two highly regarded textbooks on 'Differential Equations' and 'Finite Differences', and published a number of highly original papers in various journals, including the Philosophical Transactions. In 1852 the University of Dublin conferred on him the honorary title of LL.D., in consideration of his eminent services to the advancement of mathematical science. In 1857 he was awarded the Keith Medal by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in June of the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1859 at the Oxford Commemoration he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. In 1855 he married Mary, the daughter of the Rev T R Everest, by whom he had five daughters. He died on 8 December 1864 of a feverish cold and congestion of the lungs.

The Master Boot and Shoemakers' Provident and Benevolent Institution was founded on 17 May 1836 at a meeting held in the West End by six master bootmakers. In September 1836, a set of rules was confirmed. The institution was formed for the provision of an asylum at Mortlake for aged and infirm persons, who had been engaged in the boot and shoe trades, and their widows. It also proposed to grant relief in the form of annuities.

In 1864 the Master Boot and Shoemakers' Provident and Benevolent Institution acquired the funds of the Journeymen Boot and Shoemakers' Pension Society, which had been established in 1850.

The Institution changed its name twice, becoming the Boot and Shoe Trade Provident and Benevolent Institution in 1890 and the Boot Trade Benevolent Society in 1900. The latter change resulted from moves to enlarge the scope of the Institution to admit persons engaged in any branch of the industry.

Initially meetings were held at the Freemasons Tavern, Great Queen Street or at the Society's asylum in Mortlake. After 1879 its offices were at various addresses in London, including:
11 Queen Victoria Street 1879-83;
17 Great George Street 1884-96;
28 Queen Street 1897-1914;
13a Fore Street 1915-24;
98 Gower Street 1925-40;
73 Avenue Chambers, Vernon Place 1946-54;
21 Knightsbridge 1955-60;
Dashwood House, Old Broad Street 1961-2;
84 Great Eastern Road 1989.

Charles Booth was born in Liverpool on the 30th of March 1840, the son of Charles Booth and Emily Fletcher. Charles attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool.
In 1862, Charles joined his eldest brother Alfred establishing the firm was Alfred Booth and Company which specialised in shipping skins and leather, they set up offices in both Liverpool and New York.
Booth campaigned unsuccessfully for the Liberal parliamentary candidate in the election of 1865. In 1866, he joined Joseph Chamberlain's Birmingham Education League.
On 29 April 1871 Booth married Mary Macaulay, daughter of Charles Zachary Macaulay and Mary Potter, and niece of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay. In the early days of their marriage Booth was facing mental exhaustion from years of overwork. In 1875, they settled in London. Mary was an invaluable advisor in the business and an active contributor to Booth's survey into London life and labour.
In 1884 Charles Booth assisted in the allocation of the Lord Mayor of London's Relief Fund, by analysing census returns. He later served on the official committee in charge of the 1891 census and make a number of recommendations for its improvement. The first meeting to organise the inquiry into poverty in London was held on 17 April 1886: the work would last until 1903, resulting in the publication of three editions of the survey, the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902-1903) running to seventeen volumes. The work would absorb both Charles and Mary Booth and employ a team of social investigators including, at various times, Beatrice Webb, Arthur Baxter, Clara Collett, David Schloss, George Duckworth, Hubert Llewllyn Smith, Jesse Argyle, and Ernest Aves. There were three areas of investigation undertaken in the survey: poverty, industry and religious influences. The poverty series gathered information from School Board visitors about levels of poverty and types of occupation amongst families in the locality. The industry series investigated trades in London. Trades of interviewees include conventional trades such as tailors and wood workers and more unusual trades such as organ grinders and chorus girls. Statistics, graphs and charts were compiled form the considerable mass of data gathered by questionnaire, from employers of all types and industry. The religious survey includes reports of visits to churches and interviews with Church of England and Non-conformist ministers. The investigation also incorporates a description of the social and moral influences on Londoner's lives.
In 1893 Booth served on the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor. In 1904 he was made a Privy Councillor, and in 1907 served with Beatrice Webb on the Royal Commission on the Poor Law. In 1908, many years after he first began writing and speaking about the need for state pensions to alleviate poverty amongst the elderly, the Liberal government passed the Old Age Pensions Act in 1908. Although Booth had argued for a universal old age pension rather than the means tested system which the act introduced, he was recognised by many as one of the progenitors of the pension. He was also made a fellow of the Royal Society and awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Cambridge, Liverpool and Oxford.
Early in 1912 Booth handed over the chairmanship of Alfred Booth and Company to his nephew, but in 1915 returned to work under wartime exigencies despite growing evidence of heart disease. On 23 November 1916 he died following a stroke, at his country home of Gracedieu in Thringstone, Leicestershire.

Charles James Booth was born the son of a Merseyside coal merchant on 30 March 1840. He was educated at the Royal Liverpool Institution and became apprenticed to a trading company, Lamport and Holt. Charles went on to set up a steamship company trading between Liverpool and Northern Brazil. Beyond his commercial aspirations, Charles wished to do something for the under-privileged of Victorian England and he joined the Birmingham Education League, founded to promote secular education.

Charles married Mary Catherine Macaulay (1843-1939), on 29 April 1871. Charles decided to move the merchandising arm of Alfred Booth and Company, the family firm, to London and extended his trade in leather to New York where he spent three months of each year. These long voyages led to the daily correspondence between Charles and Mary. Mary, by this time, was a partner in the company in all but name.

In 1884, Charles assisted in the analysis of statistics for the allocation of the Lord Mayor's Relief Fund and attempted to establish a Board of Statistical Research. In Spring 1886 he presented a paper, The Occupation's of the People of London, 1841-1881, to the Royal Statistical Society. Mary helped her husband in his 'Inquiry' into poverty in London. She was also associated with a circle of intellectual women, many of whose husbands were MPs. In April 1889, Charles' first work, Volume 1 of the Poverty Series of Life and Labour of the People of London: Trades of East London, was published. The survey of Central and South London followed in volume 2, published in May 1891, while all the time Charles was involved in commerce and social science.

Charles was made President of the Statistical Society in 1892 and set about researching for a survey into the condition of industry in England and its impact on poverty. This was followed in 1899 by an investigation into old age pensions and The Aged Poor. In 1912, Charles ceded the chairmanship of Alfred Booth & Company to his nephew. On 23 November 1916, following a stroke, Charles died. A memorial to Charles Booth was erected in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral on 15 December 1920.

David Booth was born in Kennetles, Forfarshire, on 9 February 1766. He was almost entirely self-taught. In his early life he was engaged in business, mainly the brewing industry, but he then decided to become a schoolmaster in Newburgh, Fifeshire. Shortly before 1820 he moved to London, where he was involved with literature. He also supervised the publications for press of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He wrote some articles on brewing for the Society. In 1806 he had published an 'Introduction to an Analytical Dictionary of the English language'. In 1831 he brought out 'Principles of English Composition', and in 1837 ' Principles of English grammar'. The first volume of the 'Analytical Dictionary of the English language' appeared in 1835: it was the only one published. Booth died in Fifeshire on 5 December 1846.

Hartley Booth was born 17 July 1946 and educated at Queen's College, Taunton; Bristol University (LLB); and Downing College, University of Cambridge (LLM and PhD). He practised law between 1970 and 1984. From 1984 to 1988 he was Special Advisor to the Prime Minister and a member of the 10 Downing Street Policy Unit. From 1992 to 1997 Hartley Booth was the Conservative Member of Parliament for Finchley and Friern Barnet.

As an MP he held various responsibilities and was a member of several groups and committees. The most prominent are listed below:
1992-1994: PPS to Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office;
1996-1997: PPS to Minister of State, Education and Employment.

Member of Select Committees:
1992: Home Affairs;
1991-1994: European Legislation;
1992: Association of Metropolitan Authorities;
1995-1996: Public Service.

Born 1927; educated at Worksop College, Nottinghamshire; joined Army, 1945; commissioned into Worcestershire Regt in India, 1946; served in India and Middle East, 1946-1948; regular commission into Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regt, 1948; served with British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) and in Far East, Nigeria and Congo, 1950-1963; transferred to Parachute Regt, 1963; commanded 3 Bn, Parachute Regt, 1967-1969; served in Hong Kong, 1969-1970; Commander, 16 Parachute Bde, 1970-1973; National Defence College, Canada, 1973-1974; Deputy Adjutant General, BAOR, 1964-1975; Director of Army Air Corps, 1976-1979; General Officer Commanding Western District, 1979-1982; Deputy Colonel, Royal Anglian Regt, 1982-1987; Secretary, Eastern Wessex, Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association, 1982-1989; died, 2002.

Booth White was formed in 1967 as Booth White and Company as a result of a merger between Parkin S Booth and Company, insolvency accountants of London and Liverpool, and Francis Nicholls White and Company, insolvency accountants of London. The new firm moved to 1 Wardrobe Place, Carter Lane, St Pauls, London in 1967, and to 9 Raleigh House, Admirals Way, Waterside, London in 1989. Its name was shortened to Booth White in 1989. The firm has branches at Bristol, Chatham, Chester, Ipswich, Llandudno, Liverpool, Medway, Preston, Sidcup, Southend-on-Sea and Watford. The Liverpool office of the firm still practises under the name Parkin S Booth and Company.

Booth White was formed in 1967 as Booth White and Company as a result of a merger between Parkin S Booth and Company, insolvency accountants of London and Liverpool, and Francis Nicholls White and Company, insolvency accountants of London. The new firm moved to 1 Wardrobe Place, Carter Lane, St Pauls, London in 1967, and to 9 Raleigh House, Admirals Way, Waterside, London in 1989. Its name was shortened to Booth White in 1989. The firm has branches at Bristol, Chatham, Chester, Ipswich, Llandudno, Liverpool, Medway, Preston, Sidcup, Southend-on-Sea and Watford. The Liverpool office of the firm still practises under the name Parkin S Booth and Company.

Francis Nicholls White and Company originated before 1858 as Robinson, Nicholls and Company of 13 Old Jewry, London. In 1863 the name was changed to Francis Nicholls White and Company, in 1866 to Nicholls and Leatherdale and, in 1885, back to Francis Nicholls White and Company. From its beginnings, the firm practised as accountants dealing only with insolvency matters; it also acted as proprietors of a debt collection business known as the British Mercantile Agency and of a number of trade associations. The practice continued at 13/14 Old Jewry Chambers until 1924 when it moved to 73 Cheapside; in 1954 it moved to 19 Eastcheap. In 1967 the firm amalgamated with Parkin S Booth and Company.

Francis Nicholls White and Company acted as proprietor of a debt collection business known as the British Mercantile Agency which had been established in 1855. The firm also owned a number of trade associations formed as specialised branches of the agency, in particular the Paper Trade Protection Association, the Wholesale Chemists and Allied Trades Protection Association and Cooper Craigs Limited (which dealt with the drapery, hosiery, millinery and textile trades). The aims of these associations were to safeguard their members against the risk of bad debts, to recover overdue accounts and to minimise the loss to members in insolvencies. In 1924, when Francis Nicholls White and Company moved from 13/14 Old Jewry Chambers, the British Mercantile Agency moved to 90 Queen Street, London. In 1966 it relocated to Sidcup House, Station Road, Sidcup. Subsequently the agency was acquired by Woods Management Services. They sold it to Legal and Trade who dropped the name of British Mercantile Agency, since when it has ceased to exist.

Parkin S Booth and Company, an insolvency practice, was founded by Parkin S Booth in Liverpool in 1907. The founder also acted as proprietor of the Palatine Trade Protection Office. The firm opened an office in London, at Kimberley House, Holborn Viaduct, in 1949. In 1967 it amalgamated with the insolvency practice Francis Nicholls White and Company to form Booth White and Company (now Booth White). The Liverpool office, at 5 Rumford Place, Chapel Street, Liverpool, continues to practise under the name Parkin S Booth and Company.

The Bordeaux Agents Association was based at 4 Lloyd's Avenue (in 1949). It was a group of wine sellers and importers.

No history of the Bore or Pugh families is available.

Carl Tancred Borenius was born and educated in Finland. He married in 1909 Anne-Marie Runeberg. He became a lecturer in History of Art in 1914. In 1918 he became secretary to the diplomatic mission notifying the independence of Finland to Great Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy and the Holy See. The following year he was temporary diplomatic representative of Finland in England. Borenius was Durning-Lawrence Professor of History of Art at University College London from 1922 to 1947. He published many books and articles mainly concerned with art and art history. He died in September 1948.