This collection of papers documents antisemitism in various forms in South Africa mostly during the 1930s.
Gurs was a major internment camp in France, near Oloron-Sainte-Marie, 80 kilometers from the Spanish border. Established in 1939 to absorb Republican refugees from Spain, Gurs later served as a concentration camp for Jews from France and refugees from other countries. While under the administration of Vichy France (1940-1942) most non-Jewish prisoners were released and approximately 2000 Jews were permitted to emigrate. In 1941 Gurs held some 15,000 prisoners. The camp was controlled by the Germans from 1942 to 1944, during which time several thousand inmates were deported to extermination camps in Poland. An unknown number succeeded in escaping and reaching Spain or hiding in Southern France. Gurs was liberated in the summer of 1944.
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Eva Manes was the daughter of Philip Manes, a German Jewish fur-trader, who was transported to Theresienstadt, then Auschwitz where he perished with his wife. See GB 1556 WL 1346 for more background information on the family.
Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier was one of the founding fathers of the Federal Republic of Germany. A leading Christian Democrat during its first twenty years, he was president of the Bundestag from 1954-1969. A Protestant theologian, he came into conflict with Nazism in the 1930s and was among those arrested in the wake of an aborted attempt on the life of Hitler in 1944.
Gerstenmaier was born in Kirchenheim near Stuttgart, on August 25 1906. He left school at 14 and worked for 8 years as a clerk before embarking on studies in philosophy and theology at Tübungen University. His first clash with Nazism came in 1934 when he was arrested while still a student. His continued opposition to the regime cost him a teaching post at Berlin University two years later, and he turned to work in the Evangelical Church.
His post in the Church's foreign department enabled him to travel and make contact with various churchmen abroad during World War Two, and this later enabled him to accelerate the return of many POWs.
During the war he became a member of the Evangelical resistance group led by Graf Moltke which was involved in plotting against Hitler. After the failure of the assassination attempt on Hitler in June, 1944, Gerstenmaier was arrested and sentenced to seven years' hard labour, but was rescued by the advancing American army.
In the aftermath of the war he devoted his energies to the Evangelisches Hilfswerk, which, under his leadership, became a powerful Protestant welfare organisation in Germany. As an expert in church social work he also became the German delegate to the Ecumenical Church Council of Churches in Geneva.
With his election to the founding session of the Bundestag in 1949, however, he flung himself into the nascent political life of the new republic. He was a senior figure in the Christian Democrat Union and in 1954 became the first elected President (speaker) of the Bundestag. In January 1969 he resigned from the presidency. He died on 13 March 1986.
The papers in this collection relate to the trial of six Danish Nazis for anti-semitic libel, in Copenhagen, 1937. The defendants include Ernst Lemvigh Müller, Niels Olsen, editor of the National-Socialistiks Maanedhaefte, Aag Henning Andersen, Nannestad Møoller, Valdemar Jensen, editor of Stormen and Betty Henning. The longest sentence was 80 days.
Nothing is known of the provenance or authorship of this report, which is a digest of details about an international anti-Jewish congress which took place in Belgium.
A 'formulary' is a book of formulas, containing the set form or forms according to which something is to be done or written; in this case indictments, which were legal documents containing the charges or formal accusations against a person. The book would have been used as a handbook or guide for legal professionals.
Enfield Chase was enclosed under an Act of 1777. 'Chase' is another word for unenclosed park land, where hunting took place.
Lammas Lands became commons on Lammas Day (August 1st) when they were opened for common pasture until the spring.
The Hall was constructed in 1894, with further improvements and additions in 1947-48.
Controversy had arisen before 1773 over the siting of a bridge between Richmond and Twickenham. The inhabitants of Richmond were prepared to accept a bridge leaving the Surrey shore at Water Lane. Such a bridge would require a new approach road on the Middlesex side to be built over and belonging to Twickenham Park House, the owner of which, the Duchess of Newcastle, was opposed to this idea. The bridge commissioners had eventually to accept a bridge leaving from Ferry Hill, Richmond. It is assumed that the map was drawn up and printed as part of this controversy.
The bridge was constructed in 1774-77, designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse. It became toll-free in 1859.
The 'Adina' (No. 41651), was registered in 1861 at London. Its owner and master was J. Leutz of Cardiff.
The 'Fontabelle' (No. 3908), was registered in 1855 at London. Its owner was C.C. Dawson, and its master was E. Nixon.
The 'Shalimar', (No. 24057), was registered in 1869 at London. It was 1557 tons, and was owned by John Grigor of Yokohama. Its master was F. Walker.
The 'S.S. Newburn' (No. 29761), was registered in 1861 at London. It was 449.82 tons; and was owned by J. Fenwick and Son, of 57 Gracechurch St., London. Its master was W. Payn, of 39 Eastbourne Grove, South Shields. It frequently coasted between the Elbe and Brest.
The 'Wood Park' (No.11410), was registered in 1883 at London. It was owned by Explosives Trading Co., of Gresham House, Old Broad Street and its master was T.J. Mabley of Pentewan, Cornwall. It frequently sailed from Plymouth to London, but was later used as a dynamite magazine, lying at Hole Haven, Essex.
Internal evidence suggests that these records belonged to the firm of William Connell (1839-75), William George Connell (1876-1902) and George Laurence Connell (1903-39), at 22 Myddleton Street, Spitalfields (1839-46) and 83 Cheapside (1847-1939).
No historical information can be found for this plan.
No administrative history is available for these photographs.
The administrative history of this photograph has not been traced.
Anerley Residential School for Deaf Boys was closed in 1956.
Stockwell Training College was constructed in 1861 for the instruction of school teachers.
Pocket books were popular publications and included printed songs and verses, useful information and even fashion plates.
Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian socialist leader, who was assassinated by fascists in 1924. His death caused a public outcry and threatened to destroy Italian fascism, though the weakness of the parliament meant that, despite a judicial enquiry, the murderers went free and Mussolini himself remained unpunished. Folowing the incident, Mussolini gave up all attempts to work with Parliament, and took steps to create a totalitarian regime.
Born New Zealand, 1857; educated at Christ's College Grammar School, Christchurch, New Zealand; educated as a barrister at Oxford University, and admitted to the New Zealand Bar in 1880; worked as a barrister, but preferred journalism; edited the Canterbury Times 1885-1889, and the Lyttelton Times, 1889-; Liberal Member of the New Zealand Parliament, 1887-1896; Minister of Education, Labour, and Justice, 1891-1896; resigned position to become Agent-General for New Zealand, 1896-1905; Governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science, [1896-1932]; first High Commissioner for New Zealand, 1905-1908; Director London School of Economics, 1908-1919; Member of Senate of University of London, 1902-1919; Director, 1908-1917, and Chairman of the Board, 1917-1931, National Bank of New Zealand; set up Anglo-Hellenic League; died 1932.
The 1848 Revolutions were a series of republican revolts against European monarchies, which began in Sicily and spread to France, Germany Italy and Austria.
The lawyer and politician Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (1866-1930) was a member of the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast from 1916 and was prominent in maintaining pressure for self-government, through the National Congress of British West Africa. Publications include: Gold Coast Native Institutions: with thoughts upon a healthy imperial policy for the Gold Coast and Ashanti (1903); Ethiopia Unbound: studies in race emancipation (1911); Gold Coast Land Tenure and the Forest Bill: a review of the situation (1911); The Truth about the West African Land Question (1913); William Waddy Harris, the West African reformer: the man and his message (1915). See also West African Leadership ... Public speeches delivered by the Honourable J E Casely Hayford, etc, ed Magnus J Sampson [1951].
The English Royal Mint was responsible for the making of coins according to exact compositions, weights, dimensions and tolerances, usually determined by law. Minting in England was reorganised by King Edward I to facilitate a general recoinage in 1279. This established a unified system which was run from the Royal Mint in London by the Master and Warden of the Mint. There remained smaller mints in Canterbury and elsewhere until 1553, when English minting was concentrated into a single establishment in London. For several centuries control of policy relating to the coinage rested solely with the monarch, with Parliament finally gaining control following the Revolution of 1688. The Mint itself worked as an independent body until that date, when it came under the control of the Treasury.
The English Royal Mint was responsible for the making of coins according to exact compositions, weights, dimensions and tolerances, usually determined by law. Minting in England was reorganised by King Edward I to facilitate a general recoinage in 1279. This established a unified system which was run from the Royal Mint in London by the Master and Warden of the Mint. There remained smaller mints in Canterbury and elsewhere until 1553, when English minting was concentrated into a single establishment in London. For several centuries control of policy relating to the coinage rested soley with the monarch, with Parliament finally gaining control following the Revolution of 1688. The Mint itself worked as an independent body until that date, when it came under the control of the Treasury.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Royal African Company was founded in 1672 and held the English monopoly in slave trading until 1698, when all Englishmen received the right to trade in slaves. The Royal African Company continued slaving until 1731, when it abandoned slaving in favour of traffic in ivory and gold dust.
Though no details regarding the creator of this collection, information regarding William Ewart Berry exists.
William Ewart Berry was born on 23 June 1879 at Gwaelod-y-garth, Merthyr Tudful; leaving school at fourteen, Berry joined the Merthyr Times, moving on to neighbouring newspapers in order to widen his experience; he was appointed a City reporter on the Investors' Guardian,1898. Berry launched his first commercial venture, 1901; after four years William Berry decided to sell Advertising World, he saw a substantial return upon his initial investment and; successfully launched Boxing, 1909.
Due to demand for news from the western front after the outbreak of the First World War, Berry and his brother that the moment was right to acquire the Sunday Times. Berry purchased the St Clement's Press, and its City flagship the Financial Times, 1919 and became a baronet, 1921. In 1927 Berry and his brother acquired a major London based daily newspaper, the Daily Telegraph, which was in need of modernization. In October 1937 Berry took over the Morning Post, the Telegraph's rival. In 1929, on the recommendation of Stanley Baldwin, Berry was elevated to the peerage, as Baron Camrose of Long Cross. Viscount Camrose died in the Royal South Hampshire Hospital, Southampton, on 15 June 1954.
In 1784, a new Committee of Council on Trade and Plantations was created by an Order in Council (Privy Council). Its functions were mainly consultative. As the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum, the department's work became mainly executive, and from 1840 a succession of statutes gave it power to regulate industry and commerce. It officially became the Board of Trade in 1861, though the title was in common use for a long time beforehand.
This manuscript is a translation of a Dutch book Het thresoor oft schat van alle specien printed by William of Paris at Antwerp in 1580.
Butlerage was a commuted toll paid in specie at a fixed rate upon every cask imported by alien traders, and prisage a tax in kind on denizen subjects of the English crown importing wines.
Robert Devereaux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567-1601) was an English soldier and courtier of Queen Elizabeth I. During the years 1592 to 1596, Essex became an expert on foreign affairs, mainly to challenge the ascendency of the Cecil family in this field. He kept secret agents who obtained detailed political intelligence from France, Scotland and Spain, and extended his friendship and patronage to Antonio Perez, a Spanish renegade.
The English Parliament was the main legislative body of the country. William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, military commander and statesman, dominated the government of Henry VI of England. During the Hundred Years War, he was made commander in chief of the English army in France from 1428 to 1431. He secured a two-year truce in 1444, but after the reopening of hostilities in March 1449 the French recaptured almost all of Normandy. Parliament laid the blame for the disaster on Suffolk, who was banished from the realm for five years. Suffolk left England on May 1, 1450, but was intercepted in the English Channel by some of his enemies and beheaded.
John de Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham, was impeached in 1397 for acting as a commissioner at the trial of King Richard II's favourites in 1388. He was condemned to be hung, drawn and quartered, but this sentence was commuted to perpetual banishment to Jersey. When Richard was deposed in 1399 Cobham was recalled by King Henry IV, and died in 1408.
Put forward to King Charles I in the English Parliament of 1628, the Petition of Right asserted four liberties: freedom from arbitrary arrest; freedom from non-parliamentary taxation; freedom from the billeting of troops; and freedom from martial law.
The Council of State was set up by Parliamentary ordinance on 13 February 1649 as a successor to the Derby House Committee which had taken over much of the Privy Council's executive role in the State. It was annually renewed by Parliament and insisted on choosing its own President. From May 1649 it was housed at Whitehall. Membership was reduced from 41 to 15 in 1653 when it became the Protector's Council. By 1656 it was being styled the Privy Council. After Richard Cromwell's abdication in 1659 the Council of State was revived and remodelled twice before it relapsed into a Privy Council. It spawned committees, both standing and ad hoc; the former included the Admiralty Committee, set up in 1649.
The term 'customs' applied to customary payments or dues of any kind, regal, episcopal or ecclesiastical until it became restricted to duties payable to the King upon export or import of certain articles of commerce. By ordinance of 21 January 1643, the regulation of the collection of customs was entrusted to a parliamentary committee whose members were appointed commissioners and collectors of customs forming a Board of Customs. This and succeeding committees appointed by Parliament until 1660 and thereafter by the Crown, functioned until 1662, when those who had been serving as commissioners became lessees of a new form of customs. This continued until 1671 when negotiations for a new farm broke down and a Board of Customs for England and Wales was created by Letter Patent.
Sir Thomas Culpeper the Younger (fl 1655-1673). Publications: The Advantages which will manifestly accrue to this kingdom by Abatement of interest from six to four per cent (Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1668); Morall Discourses and Essayes upon severall select subjects (Charles Adams, London, 1655); A Discourse, shewing the many Advantages which will accrue to this Kingdom by the Abatement of Usury (Tho. Leach for Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1668); The Necessity of abating Usury re-asserted...Together with a familiar and inoffensive way propounded for the future discovery of summes at interest, that so they may be charged with their equal share of publick taxes and burthens (Christopher Wilkinson, London, 1670).
Acts of Sederunt were the ordinances of the Scottish Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. The Court of Session was the supreme Scottish court, instituted in 1532.
The Grand Jury was a group that examined accusations against persons charged with crime and, if the evidence warranted, made formal charges on which the accused persons were later tried (indictments).
This manuscript appears to be a translation of a very rare tract published in 1608 entitled Waerschouving van de ghewichtige redenen die Heeren Staten General behooren de beweghen, om gheensins te wijcken van de handelinghe en de vaert van Indien, possibly by William Usselincx, of which a translation into French by Jean François Le Petit entitled Sommaire recueil des raisons plus importantes, qui doivent mouvoir Messieurs des Etats des Provinces unies du Pays bas de ne quitter point les Indes was made, also in 1608. Asher attributes this tract to William Usselinex, but J. F. Jameson is of the opinion that he was not the author (William Usselinex, New York, 1887).
Miniature painting flourished from the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) was a celebrated French writer. His La Pucelle D'Orleans was a mock-heroic poem, a comic satire of fundamental Catholic religion, as well as of Voltaire's own personal enemies, and was written for his own pleasure and that of his friends. The outrageous work was an open secret in Europe, and manuscript copies circulated freely. Several versions were printed against Voltaire's wishes, and he denied authorship until 1762, when he allowed the publication of an authorised copy.
Samuel Stryk (1640-1710) was a leading German lawyer and Professor of Law, who was active in developing German law from native sources, rather than from received Roman law.
The House of Commons is the effective legislative authority in Great Britain. It alone has the right to impose taxes and to vote money to, or withhold it from, the monarch and the various public departments and services. The passage of legislation is the House of Commons' primary function.
Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de Sully (1560-1641) was a French statesman, who acted as director of the king's Council of Finance in 1596, and sole superintendent of finances, 1598.
The Thirty Years War was a series of wars fought by various European nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe.
Parliament is the legislative body of England, and has the right to impose taxes and to vote money to, or withhold it from, the monarch and the various public departments and services. Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass. In 1643 a Board of Excise was established by the Long Parliament, to organize the collection of duties in London and the provinces. Excise duty was settled by statute despite widespread aversion in 1660.
The Act of Union was a treaty (1 May 1707) that effected the union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain.
William Burton (1609-1657) was a philologist and antiquary. He published A commentary on Antoninus, his itinerary or jounies of the Romane Empire, so far as it concerneth Britain: wherin the first foundation of our cities, lawes and government, according to the Roman policy, are clearly discovered (Thomas Roycroft, London, 1658). The Commentary emphasised the antiquities of Britain in an attempt to place the origins of British cultural institutions in the context of the Roman Empire.
The system of weights and measures in Great Britain had been in use since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Following a reform begun in 1824 the imperial standard yard was adopted in 1855. The imperial standards were made legal by an Act of Parliament in 1855.
Members of the Commission appointed in 1838 'to consider the steps to be taken for the restoration of the standards of weights and measures', included Sir George Biddell Airy (Astronomer Royal), Francis Baily, Sir John George Shaw-Lefevre and Sir John William Lubbock. A report was issued in 1841.
A bill of lading is a document which is issued by the transportation carrier to the shipper acknowledging that they have received the shipment of goods and that they have been placed on board a particular vessel which is bound for a particular destination and states the terms in which these goods received are to be carried.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted.