A 'formulary' is a book of formulas, containing the set form or forms according to which something is to be done or written; in this case indictments, which were legal documents containing the charges or formal accusations against a person. The book would have been used as a handbook or guide for legal professionals.
This collection of papers documents antisemitism in various forms in South Africa mostly during the 1930s.
Gurs was a major internment camp in France, near Oloron-Sainte-Marie, 80 kilometers from the Spanish border. Established in 1939 to absorb Republican refugees from Spain, Gurs later served as a concentration camp for Jews from France and refugees from other countries. While under the administration of Vichy France (1940-1942) most non-Jewish prisoners were released and approximately 2000 Jews were permitted to emigrate. In 1941 Gurs held some 15,000 prisoners. The camp was controlled by the Germans from 1942 to 1944, during which time several thousand inmates were deported to extermination camps in Poland. An unknown number succeeded in escaping and reaching Spain or hiding in Southern France. Gurs was liberated in the summer of 1944.
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Eva Manes was the daughter of Philip Manes, a German Jewish fur-trader, who was transported to Theresienstadt, then Auschwitz where he perished with his wife. See GB 1556 WL 1346 for more background information on the family.
Dr. Eugen Gerstenmaier was one of the founding fathers of the Federal Republic of Germany. A leading Christian Democrat during its first twenty years, he was president of the Bundestag from 1954-1969. A Protestant theologian, he came into conflict with Nazism in the 1930s and was among those arrested in the wake of an aborted attempt on the life of Hitler in 1944.
Gerstenmaier was born in Kirchenheim near Stuttgart, on August 25 1906. He left school at 14 and worked for 8 years as a clerk before embarking on studies in philosophy and theology at Tübungen University. His first clash with Nazism came in 1934 when he was arrested while still a student. His continued opposition to the regime cost him a teaching post at Berlin University two years later, and he turned to work in the Evangelical Church.
His post in the Church's foreign department enabled him to travel and make contact with various churchmen abroad during World War Two, and this later enabled him to accelerate the return of many POWs.
During the war he became a member of the Evangelical resistance group led by Graf Moltke which was involved in plotting against Hitler. After the failure of the assassination attempt on Hitler in June, 1944, Gerstenmaier was arrested and sentenced to seven years' hard labour, but was rescued by the advancing American army.
In the aftermath of the war he devoted his energies to the Evangelisches Hilfswerk, which, under his leadership, became a powerful Protestant welfare organisation in Germany. As an expert in church social work he also became the German delegate to the Ecumenical Church Council of Churches in Geneva.
With his election to the founding session of the Bundestag in 1949, however, he flung himself into the nascent political life of the new republic. He was a senior figure in the Christian Democrat Union and in 1954 became the first elected President (speaker) of the Bundestag. In January 1969 he resigned from the presidency. He died on 13 March 1986.
The papers in this collection relate to the trial of six Danish Nazis for anti-semitic libel, in Copenhagen, 1937. The defendants include Ernst Lemvigh Müller, Niels Olsen, editor of the National-Socialistiks Maanedhaefte, Aag Henning Andersen, Nannestad Møoller, Valdemar Jensen, editor of Stormen and Betty Henning. The longest sentence was 80 days.
Nothing is known of the provenance or authorship of this report, which is a digest of details about an international anti-Jewish congress which took place in Belgium.
Enfield Chase was enclosed under an Act of 1777. 'Chase' is another word for unenclosed park land, where hunting took place.
Lammas Lands became commons on Lammas Day (August 1st) when they were opened for common pasture until the spring.
The Hall was constructed in 1894, with further improvements and additions in 1947-48.
Controversy had arisen before 1773 over the siting of a bridge between Richmond and Twickenham. The inhabitants of Richmond were prepared to accept a bridge leaving the Surrey shore at Water Lane. Such a bridge would require a new approach road on the Middlesex side to be built over and belonging to Twickenham Park House, the owner of which, the Duchess of Newcastle, was opposed to this idea. The bridge commissioners had eventually to accept a bridge leaving from Ferry Hill, Richmond. It is assumed that the map was drawn up and printed as part of this controversy.
The bridge was constructed in 1774-77, designed by James Paine and Kenton Couse. It became toll-free in 1859.
The 'Adina' (No. 41651), was registered in 1861 at London. Its owner and master was J. Leutz of Cardiff.
The 'Fontabelle' (No. 3908), was registered in 1855 at London. Its owner was C.C. Dawson, and its master was E. Nixon.
The 'Shalimar', (No. 24057), was registered in 1869 at London. It was 1557 tons, and was owned by John Grigor of Yokohama. Its master was F. Walker.
The 'S.S. Newburn' (No. 29761), was registered in 1861 at London. It was 449.82 tons; and was owned by J. Fenwick and Son, of 57 Gracechurch St., London. Its master was W. Payn, of 39 Eastbourne Grove, South Shields. It frequently coasted between the Elbe and Brest.
The 'Wood Park' (No.11410), was registered in 1883 at London. It was owned by Explosives Trading Co., of Gresham House, Old Broad Street and its master was T.J. Mabley of Pentewan, Cornwall. It frequently sailed from Plymouth to London, but was later used as a dynamite magazine, lying at Hole Haven, Essex.
No historical information can be found for this plan.
No administrative history is available for these photographs.
The administrative history of this photograph has not been traced.
Anerley Residential School for Deaf Boys was closed in 1956.
Stockwell Training College was constructed in 1861 for the instruction of school teachers.
Internal evidence suggests that these records belonged to the firm of William Connell (1839-75), William George Connell (1876-1902) and George Laurence Connell (1903-39), at 22 Myddleton Street, Spitalfields (1839-46) and 83 Cheapside (1847-1939).
Pocket books were popular publications and included printed songs and verses, useful information and even fashion plates.
Colombia's mineral resources include coal, iron, and other metals.
The document perhaps relates to the Dutch War when, following the Treaty of Dover between France and England in 1670, the British navy supported the French invasion of 1672. Following the Netherlands' alliance with Spain and other powers in 1673, the French had to retreat, and in 1674 the British made peace with the Dutch.
Henri de Boulainviller (Boulainvilliers): born, 1658; trained in classical studies, French history, and the sciences; Comte De Saint-Saire; read widely and was familiar with the works of Descartes, Spinoza, Newton, and Locke; a historian and political writer whose conception of philosophical history influenced intellectual developments in the 18th century; among the first modern historians to claim that historical studies can supply the tools for analysing present society; died, 1722.
Written in southern Germany for the use of Dominican nuns.
Christian Gottlob Heyne: born, 1729; German humanist, of the University of Göttingen; died, 1812.
Landnámabók (also called Landnáma), the Book of the Settlement: a unique Icelandic genealogical record, probably originally compiled in the early 12th century by Ari Thorgilsson the Learned, although it exists in several later versions. It lists the names of 400 original settlers of Iceland, their Norwegian origins, their descendants, and describes their landholdings with great topographical accuracy. Occasionally, anecdotes of marriages or feuds, or character sketches, are interspersed with the lists of names. The Landnámabók served as the source for many Icelandic sagas.
Written in Italy, perhaps in Venice. The congregation of the canons regular of St George in Alga, Venice, to which the manuscript apparently relates, received its concession from Boniface IX in 1404, and confirmation from Gregory XII in 1407.
Written in Italy.
The Franciscan order, the largest religious order in the Roman Catholic church, was founded in the early 13th century by St Francis of Assisi (1181/82-1226), and comprises three orders: the First Order (priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance), divided into three independent branches, the Friars Minor, the Friars Minor Conventual, and the Friars Minor Capuchin; the Second Order (cloistered nuns who belong to the Order of St Clare, known as Poor Clares); and the Third Order (religious and lay men and women who try to emulate Saint Francis' spirit in performing works of teaching, charity, and social service).
This manuscript was written in Italy, probably in the Veneto and probably between 1467 and 1474.
Both manuscripts were probably written in England.
Rabanus Maurus: born at Mainz, Franconia, in 776 or 784; also called Hrabanus Magnentius; sent to Tours, France, to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin, 802; Abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Fulda, 803; developed it into a leading European centre of learning, its manuscripts and works of art making it among the richest literary conservatories in western Europe; Archbishop of Mainz; theologian, scholar and poet, whose work so contributed to the development of German language and literature that he received the title Praeceptor Germaniae ('Teacher of Germany'); died at Winkel, 856.
An account of the Samaritan service book (known as Defter, an Arabic word for book) in its different forms was given by A Cowley, Jewish Quarterly Review (Oct 1894).
Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian socialist leader, who was assassinated by fascists in 1924. His death caused a public outcry and threatened to destroy Italian fascism, though the weakness of the parliament meant that, despite a judicial enquiry, the murderers went free and Mussolini himself remained unpunished. Folowing the incident, Mussolini gave up all attempts to work with Parliament, and took steps to create a totalitarian regime.
Born New Zealand, 1857; educated at Christ's College Grammar School, Christchurch, New Zealand; educated as a barrister at Oxford University, and admitted to the New Zealand Bar in 1880; worked as a barrister, but preferred journalism; edited the Canterbury Times 1885-1889, and the Lyttelton Times, 1889-; Liberal Member of the New Zealand Parliament, 1887-1896; Minister of Education, Labour, and Justice, 1891-1896; resigned position to become Agent-General for New Zealand, 1896-1905; Governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science, [1896-1932]; first High Commissioner for New Zealand, 1905-1908; Director London School of Economics, 1908-1919; Member of Senate of University of London, 1902-1919; Director, 1908-1917, and Chairman of the Board, 1917-1931, National Bank of New Zealand; set up Anglo-Hellenic League; died 1932.
The 1848 Revolutions were a series of republican revolts against European monarchies, which began in Sicily and spread to France, Germany Italy and Austria.
The lawyer and politician Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (1866-1930) was a member of the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast from 1916 and was prominent in maintaining pressure for self-government, through the National Congress of British West Africa. Publications include: Gold Coast Native Institutions: with thoughts upon a healthy imperial policy for the Gold Coast and Ashanti (1903); Ethiopia Unbound: studies in race emancipation (1911); Gold Coast Land Tenure and the Forest Bill: a review of the situation (1911); The Truth about the West African Land Question (1913); William Waddy Harris, the West African reformer: the man and his message (1915). See also West African Leadership ... Public speeches delivered by the Honourable J E Casely Hayford, etc, ed Magnus J Sampson [1951].
The English Royal Mint was responsible for the making of coins according to exact compositions, weights, dimensions and tolerances, usually determined by law. Minting in England was reorganised by King Edward I to facilitate a general recoinage in 1279. This established a unified system which was run from the Royal Mint in London by the Master and Warden of the Mint. There remained smaller mints in Canterbury and elsewhere until 1553, when English minting was concentrated into a single establishment in London. For several centuries control of policy relating to the coinage rested solely with the monarch, with Parliament finally gaining control following the Revolution of 1688. The Mint itself worked as an independent body until that date, when it came under the control of the Treasury.
The term 'customs' applied to customary payments or dues of any kind, regal, episcopal or ecclesiastical until it became restricted to duties payable to the King upon export or import of certain articles of commerce. Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass.
The Republic of Venice was created around 1140. It was headed by the Doge, and led by the Great Council, who controlled all political and administrative business. Ludovico Manin, the last doge, was deposed by Napoléon Bonaparte on May 12, 1797. A provisional democratic municipality was set up in place of the republican government, but later in the same year Venice was handed over to Austria.
The English Parliament is the main legislative body of the country.
The Venerable Bede (672/3-735) was born and lived in Northumberland. For most of his life he was a monk at Monkwearmouth and Jarrow monastery, where he dedicated his time to prayer and writing. His most famous work is the 'Ecclesiastical history of the English people', which details Christianity in England from the beginning to Bede's own day.
Colonel (Robert) Thomas de Veil (d 1746) was the founder of the Bow Street court house in 1740. Notorious for the severity of his sentencing and his aversion to the consumption of alcohol, he was portrayed by William Hogarth in the 'Night' section of Four times of the day.
A patent for an invention is granted by government to the inventor, giving the inventor the right for a limited period to stop others from making, using or selling the invention without the permission of the inventor. Patents cover products or processes that possess or contain new functional or technical aspects.
In the 13th century, under Henry III and Edward I, the Royal Wardrobe became a major financial institution. Used as a war treasury, it acted as paymaster to the major military expeditions commanded by the king. It subsequently declined in importance, being replaced by the Chamber. Separate from the King's Wardrobe was the Great Wardrobe, for army clothing and military stores, peripatetic until 1361 and then at Baynard castle, and the Privy Wardrobe, for bows, arrows, pikes, and other weapons, in the Tower of London.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Torcy (1665-1746) was a French diplomat and foreign minister who negotiated some of the most important treaties of Louis XIV's reign. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Torcy drafted the famous manifesto in which the king called on the nation to make a supreme effort to win the War of the Spanish Succession, 1708. Torcy was also the guiding spirit at the innumerable conferences that resulted in the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). He wrote Mémoirs pour servir à l'histoire des négotiations depuis le Traité de Riswick jusqu'à la Paix d'Utrecht (1756).
Robert Walpole's new position as Prime Minister was strengthened by his handling of a Jacobite conspiracy (known as the Atterbury plot after one of the main protagonists) uncovered in April 1722 and intended to take control of the government.
John Wilkes (1727-1797) was a politician and journalist who bought a seat in parliament in 1757. His outspoken attacks on King George II and his ministers in his journal the North Briton led to his arrest for seditious libel. He eventually served 22 months in prison, and, though repeatedly elected to Parliament from Middlesex, was refused his seat by the King's party. Wilkes was also elected Sheriff (1771) and Mayor (1774) of London.
The Emancipation rebellion of Western Jamaica was the largest rebellion in the British West Indies, involving some 20,000 slaves and led by the Baptist preacher Sam Sharpe whose main plan was a 'General Strike' against slavery. This led to widespread arson and military attacks, which ended with the death of 201 rebels during fighting and the trial and conviction of 750 slaves and 14 free persons.
A diurnal gives the divine office for the 7 day Hours of the Catholic Church - namely Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline.
Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass. In 1643 a Board of Excise was established by the Long Parliament, to organize the collection of duties in London and the provinces. Excise duty was settled by statute despite widespread aversion in 1660. A permanent board of Excise for England and Wales was established in 1683 with separate boards for Ireland in 1682 and Scotland in 1707.
Very little is known about Johannes Gratian, who was born in Italy, possibly in Chiusi, Tuscany. He became a Camaldolese monk, and taught at Bologna. At a date some time after 1139 (probably 1140), Gratian compiled the Church laws (`canons') from all available sources and called the collection Concordia Discordantium Canonum (the harmonizing of discordant canons). The collection became known as the Decretum Gratiani. He died before 1179, some say as early as 1160. Although the Dectretum was not an official collection, it was, for a time and for all practical purposes, accepted as the fundamental text of Church law.
The identity of the author was unknown when this finding aid was compiled
The English Royal Mint was responsible for the making of coins according to exact compositions, weights, dimensions and tolerances, usually determined by law. Minting in England was reorganised by King Edward I to facilitate a general recoinage in 1279. This established a unified system which was run from the Royal Mint in London by the Master and Warden of the Mint. There remained smaller mints in Canterbury and elsewhere until 1553, when English minting was concentrated into a single establishment in London. For several centuries control of policy relating to the coinage rested soley with the monarch, with Parliament finally gaining control following the Revolution of 1688. The Mint itself worked as an independent body until that date, when it came under the control of the Treasury.
No information was available at the time of compilation.