No information at present.
John Warrow was born in Africa in 1810.
Hackney is an area of East London.
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members.
The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies was created by an Act of the Scottish Parliament in Jun 1695. Under this act the Company was granted exclusive privilege of trade between Scotland and America, and perpetual monopoly of trade with Asia and Africa. The Company undertook two disastrous voyages to the Darien Isthmus, Panama, in 1698-1699, where it hoped to establish a Scottish colony named Caledonia. The attempt failed and the colony was abandoned by 1700. The Company was dissolved in 1707.
Sir Patience Ward (1629-1696) was Lord Mayor of London, 1681; a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1681; and a Lieutenant of the City of London, 1690.
Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. He was probably born in 98 or 96 BC, though few other details of his life are known. Carus was said to have been driven mad by a love-philter, and to have finally committed suicide in 55BC. He left one work, the De Rerum Natura, a didactic poem in 6 books setting forth the Epicurean system of philosophy, especially relating to the origin of the world and operations of natural forces.
From the 16th century onwards, each parish was required to appoint Surveyors of Highways as officers of the parish. These surveyors were empowered to call upon residents to work on the roads to prevent them becoming neglected.
A Negro slave was not allowed to go beyond the confines of his owner's plantation without written permission. On this "pass" was written the name of the Negro, the place he was permitted to visit, and the time beyond which he must not fail to return.
Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford (1653-1720), was married to Elizabeth Harvey, daughter of Sir Daniel Harvey, Ambassador to Constantinople, some time between 1673 and early 1675. They separated for the first time in late 1675, though subsequently went on to have three children together, all of which died in infancy. Grey was imprisoned in the Tower of London for suspected treason from 1685-1686, and his accusations against his wife probably date from this time.
The Court of Arches was the consistory court belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury for the trial of spiritual causes, and heard cases relating to matrimonial affairs, correction of morals, parochial affairs, and defamation.
Abu Ali al-usayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina also known as Ibn Sina and commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (980-1037) was a Persian polymath, physician and Islamic philosopher. The Qanun (trans: The Canon of Medicine) is one of the most important of the works of Ibn Sina. It is divided into five books, of which the first deals with general principles; the second with simple drugs arranged alphabetically; the third with diseases of particular organs and members of the body from the head to the foot; the fourth with diseases which though local in their inception spread to other parts of the body, such as fevers and the fifth with compound medicines.
Alexander Hamilton was baptised in 1739; assistant to John Straiton, surgeon, of Edinburgh, 1758; member of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, 1762; licentiate, and subsequently a fellow, of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, 1772; joint professor of midwifery in the University of Edinburgh with Dr Thomas Young, 1780 and sole professor, 1783-1800; was instrumental in establishing the Lying-in Hospital, 1791; died, 1802.
Bernhard Albinus was born in Dessau in 1653. The original family name was Weiss, but was Latinised to Albinus in c 1656. He was educated by a private tutor and then attended public school. He entered the University of Leiden in 1675 and got his degree (MD) in 1676. He was awarded a PhD, by the University of Frankfurt-an-der-Oder in 1681 and became Professor of Medicine there. He was also appointed court physician to the Elector of Brandenburg, Freidrich Wilhelm, and lived in Berlin. He became Professor of Theoretical and Practical Medicine at the University of Leiden from 1702 until his death in 1721.
The study was carried out with a grant from the Royal Society at the Protectorate Department of Agriculture's entomological laboratory at Kukum, near Honiara on Guadalcanal.
[Jan van Gorter, Dutch physician, (1689-1762), published his Compendium Medicinae at Leiden in 1731-1737]. Van Gorter studied at Leyden under Boerhaave, and in 1754 was invited to Russia by the Empress Elizabeth, who made him her first physician.
Not given.
Not applicable.
The Tax Resistance League (1909-1918) was established in 1909 with the aim of organising female resistance to taxation levied without any correspondent representation through voting rights. The organisation carried on a form of protest that dated back to 1870 when the Priestman sisters refused to pay income tax. The foundation occurred at a meeting held by Louisa Garrett Anderson that was attended by supporters of the Women's Freedom League including Cicely Hamilton and Dr Kate Aslam. By July 1910 the League had 104 members. Those who followed its principles, and whose actions extended to refusing to pay for certain types of licences, Inhabited House Duty, dog licenses, servants licences, etc were liable to have goods seized or be put in prison. House clearances by bailiffs were used as an opportunity to hold open-air suffrage meetings and the group was also involved in resistance to the census in 1911.
The League held meetings in the premises of both the National Union for Women's Suffrage Societies and the Women's Social and Political Union, but overtures to many local organisations were refused due to opposition to the illegality of their actions. It held conferences in 1911 and 1912 and became part of the Federated Council of Women's Suffrage in 1912. At the outbreak of the First World War, an urgency committee ordered that the League's activities be suspended and a subsequent meeting of members confirmed this resolution, though the resolution was only passed by one vote. No more meetings were held until 1916 when they took part in the Consultative Committee of Constitutional Women's Suffrage Societies established by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in response to the government proposed changes to the national electoral register at the end of the war. A final meeting was held in 1918 after the vote was granted to women in order to officially wind up the organisation and dispose of its assets.
The Women's Freedom League (WFL) (1907-1961) was formed in Nov 1907 by dissenting members of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). The cause was the WSPU's lack of constitutional democracy, an issue that came to a head on the 10 Sep 1907. Mrs Pankhurst announced the cancellation of the annual conference due on the 12 Oct 1907 and the future governance of the party by a central committee appointed by herself, effectively overturning its original constitution. Several members, including Charlotte Despard, Edith How Martyn, Teresa Billington-Greig, Octavia Lewin, Anna Munro, Alice Schofield and Caroline Hodgeson, broke away and continued with the conference. Here, the new constitution was written which encoded a system of party democracy. Its first committee consisted of Despard as president and honorary treasurer, Billington-Greig as honorary organising secretary, honorary secretary Mrs How Martyn, and Mrs Coates Hanson, Miss Hodgeson, Irene Miller, Miss Fitzherbert, Mrs Drysdale, Miss Abadam, Mrs Winton-Evans, Mrs Dick, Mrs Cobden Sanderson, Mrs Bell, Mrs Holmes and Miss Mansell as members. The following month, they renamed themselves the WFL, having used the title of the WSPU until that time: this had prompted Mrs Pankhurst to add 'National' to the name of her own organisation for this brief spell. They classed themselves as a militant organisation, but refused to attack persons or property other than ballot papers, unlike the WSPU. Their actions included protests in and around the House of Commons and other acts of passive civil disobedience. Their activities in 1908 included attempts to present petitions to the king and have deputations received by cabinet ministers while further protests were held in the House of Commons such as Muriel Matters, Violet Tillard and Helen Fox chaining themselves to the grille in the Ladies gallery.
That same year, they were the only militant group to be invited by the National Union of Women's suffrage Societies to take part in the Hyde Park procession on 13 Jun 1908. Despard was the first woman to refuse to pay taxes as a protest, an action which quickly inspired others to form the Women's Tax Resistance League. These activities were expanded upon in Apr 1911 when women householders either spoilt or failed to complete their census forms. This escalation of action did not prevent them joining a Conciliation Bill committee with other suffrage groups in 1910 in response to Prime Minister Asquith's offer on a free vote on extensions to the franchise. A truce was called with the government until the failure of such a bill for the third time, but by 1912 the organisation had already announced that it would support Labour Party candidates against any of the government's Liberal candidates at elections. This practice of working with other groups was one which the WFL supported, having ongoing links with the International Women's Franchise Club, the International Women Suffrage Alliance and the Suffrage Atelier. During the early part of the First World War, like most of the other suffrage organisations, the League suspended its practical militant political action and began voluntary work, though not the 'war work' of the type advocated by other suffrage groups. The group formed a number of women's police services and a Woman Suffrage National Aid Corps that provided some help to women in financial difficulties and limited day care for children. Furthermore, in 1915, the WFL founded a National Service Organisation to place women in jobs. However, the following year, political activity began again when they joined the WSPU in a picket of the Electoral Reform Conference. When women were granted suffrage after the war, they continued their activities with a change of emphasis. The organisation now called for equality of suffrage between the sexes, women as commissioners of prisons, the opening of all professions to women, equal pay, right of a woman to retain her own nationality on marriage, equal moral standards and representation of female peers in the House of Lords and they continued with this programme of social equality until the dissolution of the group in 1961.
Maud Isabel Crofts (1889-) née Ingram was born in 1889, the daughter of a barrister, Thomas Lewis Ingram. She was educated at Hamilton House School, Tunbridge Wells and at Girton College Cambridge (1908-1912) where she studied history and law. She was among the group of Oxbridge women who took the Law Society to court in 1913 over its refusal to allow women to qualify as solicitors. She became the first woman to be articled (in 1919) and to take out a practising certificate as a solicitor (1922). In 1922 she married John Cecil Crofts, also a solicitor. She wrote, lectured and broadcast on legal topics and in 1925 she published a volume entitled, Women under English Law with a foreword by Dame Millicent Fawcett. Amongst her other activities, Maud was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Council of Women.
This typescript report on conditions in Berlin is the product of a conversation with a Jewish woman who left Berlin in the beginning of 1942 and arrived in London in October of that year.
During 1914-1919 there were two large camps on the Isle of Man at Douglas and Knockaloe near Peel. The first was a requisitioned holiday camp whilst the second was purpose built using prefabricated huts and even had its own railway link. Large numbers of internees were held for up to five years until the camps finally closed in 1919.
In World War Two, camps were located in the Douglas area, Peel, Port Erin/Port St Mary and Ramsey. These held much smaller numbers of people thought dangerous to national security, sometimes only for a few months until the individuals were assessed for potential risk. There were also some political detainees including those held under section 18B of the Defence (General) Regulations. This enabled the Government to imprison those citizens thought to be dangerous to national security without charge, trial or set term.
Lehnitz was Jewish rest home, children's home, congressional centre and domestic science school and was located within the Berlin region.
Matthew Robinson-Morris, second Baron Rokeby, was born in 1713 and pursued a career as a lawyer and politician. He died in 1800. His title was inherited by his nephew Morris Robinson-Morris, third Baron Rokeby, 1757-1829, who was a politician and pamphleteer.
54 Hunter Street, in Bloomsbury, was owned by John James Ruskin, a sherry importer. It was here in 1819 that his son, the art critic and writer John Ruskin, was born. The family moved away in 1823, and the house was demolished in 1969.
The manor of Isleworth or Isleworth Syon seems to have included land in Heston, Isleworth and Twickenham. In 1086 it belonged to Walter of Saint Valery, one of William the Conqueror's companions. The land subsequently passed into royal possession and was granted to Queen Isabel in 1327 and Queen Philippa in 1330. In 1421 the king granted Isleworth to the newly created abbey of Syon, in whose possession it remained until 1539. The Abbey was suppressed in 1539 and in 1547 the Duke of Somerset secured a grant of the estate to himself, which he held until his execution in 1552, although his widow continued to live at the manor until ordered to leave in 1554. The Crown leased the lands to various tenants until 1598 when Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, secured the tenancy rights. In 1604 he received a grant in fee of the house and manor with the park. The property descended to his heirs including Charles, Duke of Somerset (died 1748) and his son the Earl of Northumberland. Their descendants still owned Syon in 1958.
Assignment refers to the transfer of a right, usually a lease, or a mortgage.
Surrender of a lease is the return of property held by lease or by copyhold to the lessor or the lord of the manor.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
The parish of Hillingdon lay in the north west of Middlesex, bordered by the river Colne, Harefield, Ickenham, Hayes, Harlington, West Drayton and Harmondsworth. Hillingdon, Uxbridge, and Cowley are very closely related; for example Uxbridge and, later, the manor of Hillingdon were included in Colham manor; while Uxbridge hamlet extended into Hillingdon parish and parts of Cowley village lay in Hillingdon. In 1841 Hillingdon parish, including the township of Uxbridge, contained 4,944 acres and Cowley parish 306 acres.
The Victoria County History of Middlesex notes that "by the time of the first parliamentary inclosure in 1795 approximately three-fifths of Hillingdon parish had already been inclosed. Inclosure of small parcels of waste probably proceeded steadily from the late medieval period onwards: some open-field land had been inclosed before 1636, and the process accelerated during the 17th and 18th centuries. Under the 1795 Act Cowley Field, comprising 331 acres in Hillingdon and Cowley parishes, was inclosed. A second Act, passed in 1812 and executed in 1825, inclosed a further 1,400 acres and completed the inclosure of open-field and waste land, save for 15 acres of Uxbridge Common which were reserved as an open space."
From: 'Hillingdon, including Uxbridge: Introduction', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 55-69 (available online).
The church of Saint Andrew was situated on Glengall Road, Peckham. In 1956, the parish was united with that of All Saints Davey Street, whose church had been dismantled, and became St Andrew with All Saints. The church finally closed in 1977.
The account book includes details of clients in Hornsey, Wood Green, Ponders End, Holloway, Stepney, Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Shoreditch, Hoxton, Finsbury, Mile End, Peckham and Lambeth.
Palgrave is located on the south bank of the River Waveney, opposite Diss.
Sir Robert Buckes Clifton may be Sir Robert Clifton (1826-1869) of Clifton Hall, Nottingham. Sir Robert was known for his large gambling debts and spent much time abroad to avoid his creditors.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
A bargain and sale was an early form of conveyance often used by executors to convey land. The bargainee, or person to whom the land was bargained and sold, took possession, often referred to as becoming 'seised' of the land.
Feoffment was an early form of conveyance involving a simple transfer of freehold land by deed followed by in a ceremony called livery of seisin.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
The assessment was signed by the Commissioners acting under several Acts of Parliament, and delivered to the Receiving Officer, John Hyde.
The origins of the Justices of the Peace lie in the temporary appointments of 'conservators' or 'keepers' of the peace made at various times of unrest between the late twelfth century and the fourteenth century. In 1361 the 'Custodis Pacis' were merged with the Justices of Labourers, and given the title Justices of the Peace and a commission.
The Commission of the Peace gave them the power to try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions which manorial courts were not able to be deal with (misdemeanours), but which were less serious than those which went to the Assize Judges (felonies). It appointed them to conserve the peace (within a stated area) and to enquire on the oaths of "good and lawfull men" into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances, abuses of weights and measures" and many other things, and to "chastise and punish" anyone who had offended against laws made in order to keep the peace.
Gradually the justices took over the work of the sheriff in the county. During the sixteenth century their powers and duties increased, as the Tudor monarchs found them a cheap and effective way of enforcing their will across the country. Likewise, the new middle classes saw the post as a means to gain local prestige and influence (despite the arduous and costly duties) and there was regular pressure 'from below' to increase numbers in the Commission. Consequently, at this time, the numbers on the commission rose from an average of 8 to around 30 to 40 by the middle of the sixteenth century. Not until the mid-nineteenth century did the post lose its desirability and numbers begin to drop off.
It was a system that recognised local social structures - the natural wish to regulate local law and order, and men wanting to be judged by other local men. The justices have often, aptly, been described as 'the rulers of the county', and the crown had to be careful to choose men whose standing would not turn them into faction leaders. Equally, the justices' unpaid status ensured that the crown could not take advantage of them and act despotically, and they retained some local independence. Justices needed to be of sufficient local status to exercise authority in a judicial and administrative capacity, and to supervise the parish officials who did so much of the actual law enforcement. Men were therefore appointed from the ranks of the local gentry, most without legal training. To some extent their unpaid status excluded men from the lower orders who had to work and earn a wage.
As early as 1439 a statute introduced a property qualification for each prospective justice. Many names on the commission were purely honorific, not all of those listed had to attend every court, and in practice only a minority did so. Only those named as being of the quorum (who possessed knowledge of the law) had to appear.
The 1811 prospectus for the Regent's Canal describes the ill-fated Paddington to Wapping Canal project:
"The great Distance of the Thames from the Northern Boundary of the Town has been always considered an Inconvenience from the Expense of Land Carriage, and the crowding the intermediate Streets with Carts and Waggons: as the Town has extended itself Northwards, those Inconveniences have been more severely felt, and so long ago as the year 1773 a Canal was contemplated along the back Part of the Metropolis, between its Northern Boundary and the High Grounds of Hampstead, Highgate and Islington.
The Paddington Branch of the Grand Junction Canal, executed about ten years since, formed a Communication with the River Thames at Brentford but the Distance from Paddington to Brentford being 20 miles, and from thence by the River Thames to the Shipping at Limehouse and the different Docks at Wapping, Blackwall etc. upon the Average 20 miles more, is so circuitous and the Passage through the different Bridges is so hazardous, that no Sort of Accommodation has been afforded by that Connection with the River Thames to the Neighbourhood through which the intended Canal is proposed to pass, and the Accommodation it has afforded to Paddington itself is very little.
In the Year 1802, a Canal from Paddington to the Limehouse Dock, at Wapping, was projected on a line through Ground, much of which was then allotted for building upon, and in the Course of which many and valuable Buildings then erected must have been necessarily taken down. A large subscription was then raised to carry the Scheme into Effect, but it was afterwards abandoned from the very heavy Expence likely to be incurred by it and by the great Opposition made by the Land Owners through which it was to pass."
Source: Website "When London Became an Island" about the building of the Regent's Canal. See http://www.whenlondonbecame.org.uk/new_page_5.htm (accessed Aug 09).
The authors of the report are not named but are referred to as 'the Committee'. It is possible they were a local authority investigative committee conducting research for post-war development planning, as they include a list of recommendations and improvements as to how stations could be constructed in a more effective manner.
Nothing is known about the provenance of this apparently authentic account of imprisonment in Spain during the Spanish Civil war by an unidentified Austrian Jew. The events described took place in 1936 and the account was, according to the author, written in Vienna in 1937.
Rabbi Dr F Steckelmacher came from Dürkheim, Württemberg, Germany. Having experienced the Nazis' rise to power and later the infamous nationwide pogrom of 9 November 1938, he was to spend time in various concentration camps and slave labour camps in France.
The panopticon prison at Breda, North Brabant, housed the only German war criminals ever to be imprisoned in the Netherlands for their war crimes during the Second World War. They were known as the 'Breda Four (and later three)'. They were Willy Paul Franz Lages who was released in 1966 due to serious illness, Joseph Johann Kotälla who died in prison in 1979, Ferdinand Hugo aus der Fünten and Franz Fischer who both were released in 1989.
Nazi antisemitisc propaganda drawing on theJudensau tradition of caricature that sought to dehumanise Jewish people. The tradition dates back to the Middle Ages when images were displayed in churches, public buildings, town gates and town walls. It was later revived by the Nazis.
Nothing is known of the provenance and little is known of the authorship of these letters and reports which document the situation of Jews in Brazil in the 1930s.
Part of the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn was partly in Middlesex and partly in the City of London. Grays Inn Lane was in Middlesex.
The Red Lion Inn was situated in the parish of Saint Andrew, Holborn. According to the Scavengers Rate Books of Saint Andrew and Saint George the Martyr, 1729-1757, kept at the Holborn Reference Library, the inn lay on the east side of Gray's Inn Lane, the ninth property from Liquorpond Street and the third from Portpool Lane. This is confirmed by the marking of Red Lion Yard on Horwood's map of 1819. The site appears to be approximately that of the present 88-90 Gray's Inn Road, Liquorpond Street having been widened and renamed Clerkenwell Road.
This guide which was written in 1941 was produced for invasion forces landing in Britain. It includes a series of photographs mainly of London bridges and contains information relating to the numbers of hospitals, gas and electricity stations in the boroughs.
Photographs include the royal tram car; a doorway on Laurence Pountney Hill; McGarrick and Sons, Drapers, 484 Harrow Road; the new console of the Grand Organ, Alexandra Palace; No. 17 Fleet Street, Princes Street and the electrification of the tramway, Islington Green.
Artists whose work appears in these photographs include:
Robert Adams; Dorothy Annan; Raymond Arnott; Franta Belsky; Perry Brown; Ralph Brown; Penelope Callender; Francis Carr; David Chapman; Siegfried Charoux; Robert Chatworthy; Hubert Dalwood; Robyn Denny; Professor Frank Dobson; Alan Durst; George Ehrlich; Merlyn Evans; Mary Fedden; Elizabeth Frink; Professor A.H. Gerrard; Stephen Gilbert; Sydney Harpley; Aileen Hart; Henry Henghes; Barbara Hepworth; Gertrude Hermes; John Hoskin; Karin Jozen; F.E. McWilliam; Kenneth Martin; Bernard Meadows; Fred Millett; John W. Mills; Dennis Mitchell; George Mitchell; William Mitchell; Henry Moore; Uli Nimptoch; Tom Painter; Victor Passmore; Oliffe Richmond; Willi Soukop; Lesley South; Steven Sykes; Trevor Tenant; Mrs D. Thomas; Miss M. Traherne; William Turnbull; John Verney; Kavel Vogel; Althea Wynne and David Wynne.
The Thames Estuary Special Defence Units, also known as the Thames Estuary Army Forts and the Thames Estuary Navy Forts, were designed by Guy Maunsell and built in 1942 to provide defence of the Thames Estuary.
Hampstead Garden Suburb is an area of outstanding architectural importance situated to the north west of London. In 1951, Nikolaus Pevsner in his Buildings of England - Middlesex described it as 'the aesthetically most satisfactory and socially most successful of C20 garden suburbs'. The Suburb was the vision and accomplishment of Henrietta Octavia Barnett (later Dame Henrietta).
In 1905 Henrietta published an article in the Contemporary Review stating that she wanted to create a place where the rich and poor could live together. The estate would be aesthetically pleasing as it would consist of low dennsity housing and would be planned as a whole, a mixture of buildings and nature. The community would be served by a range of local amenities including churches, libraries, schools and shops. It would be a suburb for all, the old, the young and the handicapped. Nobody would be excluded. Henrietta wanted to bring different classes together rather than create a classless community. She hoped that the result would avoid the worst evils of conventional suburbs of the time - social segregation and destruction of the countyside.
The head architect employed by Henrietta was Raymond Unwin. He had the responsibility of surveying and planning the estate as a whole. Edwin Lutyens was appointed to plan the centrepiece, Central Square. The land purchase negotiations took place between 1900 and 1907. It was on the 2nd May 1907, that Henrietta ceremoniously cut the first sod of grass. Building work from this point was rapid, and by October of the same year the houses which are now known as 140 and 142 Hampstead Way were completed. Also in 1907, Central Square was constructed with its showcase buildings of St Jude's Church, the Free Church, and the Institute.
Although the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust Ltd owned and administered the suburb, a large section of the housing was built by the Co-Partnership companies. The Co-partnership Tenants Ltd was formed in June 1907, and they aimed to built houses for all classes but especially for the working class. They had a dividend limitation of 5% which limited their profits. The tenants of the houses were the investors, and after expenses had been deducted, surplus profits were divided amongst these tenants in proportion to the rent that they paid. The profit was given in shares only.
Other companies which were involved in the construction of housing in the period before the First World War were the Improved Industrial Dwelling Company Ltd. and the Garden Suburb Development Company (Hampstead) Ltd.
There were also Suburb Tenants Societies who elected their own Board of Management. The Hampstead Tenants Ltd and the Second and Third Hampstead Tenants Ltd (formed 1907, 1909 and 1910 respectively) and finally the Oakwood Tenants Ltd formed in 1913. The impact of all these companies was considerable as they increased the size of the Suburb by more than twofold during the period in which they were building.
No administrative history has been traced for these photographs.