Richard Brash was the author of A General Account of Cobbett's Conspiracy against Public Confidence (1826), a book critical of the political writer William Cobbett.
William Brass of Old Street, Finsbury and 'The Elms', Leigham Court Road, Surrey, builder and contractor, died on 14 January 1888. In his will he appointed his eldest son William, half brother Robert Brass and son-in-law Ernest Grimwade trustees of his estate, to manage it for the benefit of his children when they reached adulthood.
At the time of his death, William Brass owned property in the City of London and neighbouring boroughs, of which buildings in Angel Court, Bishopsgate, Cheapside, Lime Street, Old Change and in the borough of Finsbury were the main concerns.
Born in 1884; 2nd Lt, East Yorkshire Regt, 1903; Lt, 1905; Capt, 1914; served at Gallipoli, 1915, and in Egypt, 1916; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, 11 Div, Egyptian Expedition Force, 1916 and British Armies in France, 1916-1918; Maj, 1918; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, 11 Div, British Armies in France, 1918-1919; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, British Army on the Rhine, 1919; served in operations in Iraq, 1919-1920; Lt Col, 1931; died 1973.
John Francis Bray (1809-1897) was born in Washington in the United States, the son of a singer and comedian who was descended from West Riding farmers and cloth manufacturers. In 1822 the Bray family returned to Leeds. When his father died a few days following the family's return to Yorkshire Bray stayed with his aunt who was a milliner. During the 1820s he became apprenticed to a printer and bookbinder in Pontefract, West Yorkshire. He later moved to Selby, North Yorkshire to complete his apprenticeship. In 1832 Bray returned to Leeds and in the following year worked on the "Voice of the West Riding" periodical. He then moved to York and contributed to the "Leeds Times" until 1837 when he moved back to Leeds. He became involved in the town's working class movement and helped to set up the Leeds Working Men's Association. He became its treasurer and delivered a number of lectures on its behalf. Bray returned to the United States in 1842 and became a printer in Detroit. From 1856 to 1865 he ran a daguerreotype gallery in Pontiac, Michigan. In the following decade Bray became involved in the Young American Socialist Movement. He helped draft a number of political tracts, addressed public meetings in parts of the mid-West and was a correspondent on economic and social questions. By this time Bray was living on a farm near Pontiac, Michigan, where he spent the rest of his life producing corn and fruit for market. He joined the Knights of Labour in 1886 and the Pontiac branch of the knights subsequently took the name the "John F Bray Assembly". Bray died on 1st February 1897 at his son's farm in Pontiac.
His publications include: "Labour's wrongs and labour's remedy" (1839); "Government and society considered in relation to first principles" (1842); "The coming age devoted to the fraternisation and advancement of mankind through religious, political and social reforms. No. 1 Spiritualism founded on a fallacy" (1855); "No. 2 The origin of mundane and human energies unfavourable to spiritualism" (1855); "American destiny what shall it be? Republican or Cossack? An argument addressed to the people of the late Union North and South" (1864); "God and man a unity and all mankind a unity; a basis for a new dispensation social and religious" (1879).
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
One of the twenty-six wards of the City of London, bounded on the north by Cripplegate and Farringdon Within wards, on the south by Queenhithe, the west by Castle Baynard and the east by Cordwainer wards. The ward contained four City parish churches: All Hallows Bread Street, St Mildred Bread Street, St John the Evangelist Friday Street, and St Margaret Moses.
Born in Middlesex, 1834; entered the Royal Navy as a cadet, 1848; commissioned as a midshipman, 1850, and served on HMS CALEDONIA, HMS CASTOR and HMS STYX; promoted Lieutenant, 1854, and served on HMS ALGIERS; commanded HMS DAISY (gunboat), 1856; served on HMS BELLEROPHON, [1867-1870]; requested to revise Royal Navy publications, 1874; promoted Captain, and commanded HMS UNDAUNTED, 1875; appointed to the Admiralty Torpedo Committee, 1875; Captain, HMS HIMALAYA, 1879; appointed Director of the Indian Marine, 1881-[1883]; Captain, HMS AMETHYST, 1883, HMS HERCULES, 1885, and HMS BLACK PRINCE, 1887; took part in the Spithead Review, 1887; retired as Captain, 1889; promoted Vice-Admiral, 1896; died 1911. Publications: The Law of Port Helm. An examination into its history and dangerous action; with suggestions for its abolition with Philip Howard Colomb (J D Potter, Harrison & Sons, London, 1866).
Brent entered the Navy as a cadet in 1848, was promoted to lieutenant in 1854 and to commander in 1866. Between 1867 and 1870 he served in the BELLEROPHON in the Channel and the Mediterranean. He was promoted to captain in 1875 and commanded the troopship HIMALAYA from 1879 to 1881, running between Great Britain and the Mediterranean. For a short period he was Director of the Royal Indian Marine but resigned and after further seagoing appointments, retired in 1889. He was made a vice-admiral in 1896.
Community Health Councils were established in England and Wales in 1974 "to represent the interests in the health service of the public in its district" (National Health Service Reorganisation Act, 1973). Often referred to as 'the patient’s voice in the NHS', each Community Health Council (CHC) served the public and patients in its local area by representing their interests to National Health Service (NHS) authorities and by monitoring the provision of health services to their communities.
CHCs were independent statutory bodies with certain legal powers. CHCs were entitled to receive information about local health services, to be consulted about changes to health service provision, and to carry out monitoring visits to NHS facilities. They also had the power to refer decisions about proposed closures of NHS facilities to the Secretary of State for Health. For this reason, CHCs were sometimes known as the ‘watchdogs’ of the NHS. The co-ordinated monitoring of waiting times in Accident and Emergency departments led to ‘Casualty Watch’ which gained national press coverage. Locally, many CHCs represented patients’ views by campaigning for improved quality of care and better access to NHS services, and by responding to local issues such as proposed hospital closures.
Each CHC had around 20 voluntary members from the local area. Half were appointed the local authority, a third were elected from voluntary bodies and the remainder were appointed by the Secretary of State for Health. Members met every month to six weeks and meetings were usually open to the general public. Guest speakers or guest attendees were often invited, particularly when a specific topic or issue was under discussion.
All CHCs employed a small number of paid office staff and some had shop-front offices, often on the high street, where members of the public could go for advice and information about local NHS services. CHCs published leaflets and guidance on a wide variety of topics from ‘how to find a GP’ to ‘how to make a complaint’.
Within the guiding principles and statutory duties of the legislation, CHCs developed organically in response to the needs of the communities they served and for this reason considerable variation can be found in the records of different CHCs.
Brent Community Health Council in its final incarnation was created in 1995. The area had formerly been served by Parkside Community Health Council. Parkside CHC was created around the same time that Parkside District Health Authority was created in 1988 through the amalgamation of the Paddington & North Kensington and the Brent District Health Authorities. The CHCs appear to have amalgamated also, Paddington & North Kensington CHC combining with Brent CHC to create Parkside CHC. In 1990 Parkside District was enlarged through the addition of a part of the City of Westminster from the abolished Bloomsbury District. Parkside District Health Authority was abolished in 1993 and replaced by Brent & Harrow District Health Authority and Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster District Health Authority. With the abolition of the Parkside District Health Authority, Parkside CHC was wound up. In the Brent & Harrow District Health Authority area it was replaced by Brent CHC. In the Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster District Health Authority area Parkside CHC was replaced by Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster CHC (see LMA/4750).
Community Health Councils in England were abolished in 2003 as part of the ‘NHS Plan (2000)’.
Brentford Hospital originated in Brentford Dispensary founded in 1818. The parish records of Saint Laurence, New Brentford, include an annual report of Brentford Dispensary for 1928 (DRO58/131) and an account book for 1852-1895 (DRO58/132/1). In 1891 the dispensary committee leased Marlborough House in the Butts as a residence for nurses to care for the sick poor in their own homes and to provide accommodation for some patients. Brentford Cottage Hospital and Nurses Home opened in 1892. The committee was subsequently able to purchase Marlborough House.
Between 1927 and 1928 a new larger hospital was built in Boston Manor Road, Brentford, on a site of over an acre, part of Gale's Orchard. Although it was now known as Brentford Hospital, it remained a general practitioner hospital with beds for 33 inpatients. In 1954 visitors from King Edward's Hospital Fund for London described it as "a very pleasant general practitioner hospital built in 1928. There are six general practitioners on the staff and we gathered that nearly all the patients come from them, except those that come through the Emergency Bed Service. There are medical and surgical consultants, the latter do the operating" (A/KE/735/48).
In 1948 Brentford Hospital was transferred to the National Health Service. It became one of the South West Middlesex group of hospitals of the North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. In 1974 Brentford Hospital came under the control of Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow Area Health Authority (Teaching) as part of Hounslow Health District. After 1976 it ceased to be used as an acute hospital, it reopened late in 1979 as a long stay geriatric hospital. In 1982 it became the responsibility of Hounslow and Spelthorne Health Authority.
Brentford Magistrates' Court:
Brentford Magistrates Court, situated in Market Place, Brentford High Street, was originally opened in 1850 as a combined Town Hall and Police Court. A second Court was added in 1891 and the front extensively rebuilt in 1929. Ealing Magistrates Court, Green Man Lane, Ealing was built in 1914-1915, to a design commissioned by the Middlesex County Council.
History:
An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establish fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.
Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.
In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.
Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.
The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.
In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.
The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.
Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.
Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.
The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
Brentford Poor Law Union was formed in June 1836. It had 10 constituent parishes: Acton, New Brentford, Chiswick, Ealing, Greenford, Hanwell, Heston, Isleworth, Perivale and Twickenham, with the later addition of West Twyford. The Brentford Union Workhouse was constructed on Twickenham Road in 1837. A separate school, called Percy House, was built on the same site in 1883. Between 1895 and 1902 the workhouse was rebuilt with an infirmary being erected on the older site, and a new, much larger workhouse placed to the south-east, near Isleworth. It was considered to be a very well designed and spacious building. From 1920, the infirmary was known as West Middlesex Hospital.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
The 1834 Poor Law Act led to improvements in the arrangements made for the education of pauper children. Unions, and parishes regulated by local acts, were persuaded to establish schools and to appoint schoolmasters. The policy of separating the children from their parents and sending them, if possible, to the country was continued and in 1866 several Middlesex metropolitan authorities were sending children to schools outside London. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1844 made possible a further development in this field which was of significance for the metropolitan area. Unions and parishes were empowered to unite and to form a school district which then set up a large separate school for the education of all the indoor pauper children of the constituents of the district. In 1849 the Central London School District (comprising the City of London, West London, and East London Unions, and St. Saviour's parish) took over Aubin's School at Norwood and improved it.
The Brentwood School District was established in 1877 by the Hackney and Shoreditch Poor Law Unions. Pauper children from Shoreditch and Hackney were sent to an industrial school in Brentwood, Essex (known as the Hackney branch Institution) which had been established by the Shoreditch Board of Guardians in 1852. The school was the subject of a scandal in 1894 when it emerged that the staff treated the children with terrible cruelty, resulting in the imprisonment of a member of staff. The school later became Saint Faith's Hospital and is now the site of offices.
The Brentwood School District also ran the Harold Court School, situated on Church Road in Harold Wood. Harold Court was built in 1868 as a mansion house for a wealthy Brentwood solicitor, who became bankrupt in 1882 when the house was taken over by the School District. The school was later used as a lunatic asylum and tuberculosis hospital. In 1958 the hospital closed and in 1960 the house became a teacher training college. It is now private flats.
The Brentwood School District was dissolved in 1885.
Sources: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1, pp. 213-240 (available online) and Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
'Non-jurors' was the name given to the Anglican Churchmen who in 1689 refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, and their successors under the Protestant Succession Act of that year. Years of sporadic persecution followed, during which they were deprived of their benefices and held secret services of their own which they believed maintained the true Anglican succession. Their difficulties terminated in 1788, when on the death of Charles Edward they saw no further reason for withholding the oath to George III.
Thomas Brett was born in Betteshanger, Kent, in 1667. He was educated at Queens' College and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University, from 1684-1690. Brett was ordained as a deacon in 1690 and worked as curate at Folkestone until the following year, when he was ordained as a priest. He was a Lecturer at the church in Islington until his father's death forced a return to Kent in 1696, where he was curate to the parish of Great Chart. He was awarded the livings of Betteshanger in 1702 and Rucking in 1705. Brett was already publishing works on church government and edging towards the views of the non-jurors, and matters came to a head with the death of Queen Anne, when he refused to take the oath of allegiance to George I and resigned both his livings. From this point on he was a prominent member of the non-jurors, writing extensively on liturgical matters and being consecrated as bishop. Brett died in 1743/1744.
Thomas Brett's son, Nicholas, was also a non-juror priest, who acted as chaplain to Sir Robert Cotton for a time, but who later lived at the family estate in Spring Grove, Kent. He died in 1775.
Percy Croad Brett of West Hampstead was a medical student, probably at St Mary's Hospital Paddington.
John Ernest Frazer was born, London, 1870; educated at Dulwich College; trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital; worked in London and provincial hospitals; health injured by post-mortem wound; took up anatomy as speciality, 1900; Demonstrator, St George's Hospital; transferred to King's College Hospital, 1905; Lecturer, St Mary's Hospital, 1911; acted as Out Patient Surgeon during World War One; Professor of Anatomy, University of London, 1914-1941; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1915-1916; Harveian Lecturer, 1924; Member of Council and President, Anatomical Society; Examiner, Universities of London, Durham, Oxford, and Cambridge; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons; Professor Emeritus, University of London, 1942; died, 1946.
Publications: The Anatomy of the Human Skeleton (J & A Churchill, London, 1914); Buchanan's Dissection Guide with Edward Barclay-Smith and R H Robbins (Bailliere & Co, London, 1930); A Manual of Embryology (Bailliere & Co, London, 1931); Manual of Practical Anatomy with Reginald Henry Robbins 2 volumes (Bailliere & Co, London, 1937); Buchanan's manual of anatomy including embryology sixth edition edited by J E Frazer (Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, 1937); numerous papers, mainly Embryological in Journal of Anatomy and other Journals.
Reginald Baliol Brett was born in London in 1885. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as Liberal MP for Penrhyn between 1880 and 1885 and succeeded his father as Viscount Esher in 1899. Lord Esher became closely associated with the Royal Family, serving as Deputy Constable and Lieutenant Governor of Windsor Castle from 1901 until 1928, and subsequently as the castle's Constable and Governor until his death in 1930.
Karl Hermann Breul was born in Hannover, 1860 and educated at Lyceum II Gymnasium, where the headmaster, W Weidasch was a Schiller scholar who believed in the compulsory teaching of foreign languages. Accordingly Breul was obliged to study Greek, Latin, French and English, and volunteered to take classes in Hebrew. His principal tutor was Adolf Ley, former French and German tutor to Lord Kitchener.
In 1878 Breul left school to enter Tübingen University. He continued to study during his military service, working on South German dialects, particularly Swabian. At Tübingen he attended the lectures of Christoph Sigwart (1830-1904) and Karl Reinhold von Köstlin (1819-1894) in philosophy and literature. In 1879 he left Tübingen for Strassbourg and spent a semester studying English and French philology under Ten Brink, Boehmer and Eduard Koshwitz (1851-1904). In the winter of that year he left for Berlin and the Friedrich Wilhelm Universität, where he remained until taking his doctorate in 1883, with a thesis on an Old English epic Sir Gowther', and a lengthy treatise on comparative literature connected with the legend ofRobert le Diable'. His tutors at Berlin included Julius Zupitza (1844-1895), Adolf Tobler (1835-1920), Karl Müllenhoff (1818-1884) and Wilhelm Scherer.
In 1884, after briefly teaching in German secondary schools, Breul left Berlin for Paris to further his studies of French and romance languages and literatures. He studied under Gaston Bruno Paulin Paris (1839-1903) and Paul Meyer (1840-1917). During this time he translated Tobler's book on French versification into French, with the assistance of his friend, Léopold Sudre (b 1855).
In 1884 Breul was appointed the first lecturer in Germanic language and literature at Cambridge University, five years later he was appointed a Reader. In 1886 he was elected a Fellow of King's College and in 1896 he was awarded a Litt.D. In 1897 he was one of the co-founders of the `Modern Language Quarterly'. In 1902 he was offered a Professorship at the University of London, but refused it. In 1910 he was appointed the first Schröder Professor of German at Cambridge. He was President of the English Goethe Society, and represented it at the Golden Jubilee celebrations of the Wiener Goethe-Verein in 1928.
Breul's research and publications reflect the broad base of his education and interests. However, over and above that, Breul sought to promote the higher study of German philology and literature in the United Kingdom, and to develop and strengthen the knowledge and understanding of each other's language and culture between Germany and Britain. He founded the Honours School in German at Cambridge, and was largely instrumental in re-shaping the study of German in other British universities. Many of the best modern language teaching posts in Britain were held by Breul's former students. He wrote and lectures on the training and qualification of modern language teachers, which he regarded as a high priority for British secondary schools.
Publications: (Trans. with L Sudre) A Tobler Le Vers français ancien et moderne (1885); Sir Gowther. Ein Englische Romanze aus dem XV Jahrhunert (1886); A Handy Bibiographical Guide to the Study of German Language and Literature for the Use of Students and Teachers of German (1895); Die Originisation des höhren Schuhlwesens in Grossbritannien (1897); The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in Secondary Schools (1898); Betrachtungen und Vorschläbetreffend die Gründung eines Reichsinstituts für Lehrer des Englischen in London (1900); Cassell's New German Dictionary, (2nd ed, 1906); (Trans) Deutschland im XIX Jahrhundert (1913); Students' Life and Work in the University of Cambridge [1908]; numerous articles in European and America learned journals. He also edited seven volumes in the Cambridge University Pitt Press series: Lessing and Gellert: Fabeln und Erzählungen (1887); Benedix: Dr Wespe (1888); Hauff: Das Bild des Kaisers (1889); Schiller: Wilhelm Tell (1890); Schiller: Geschichte des dreissigjähren Buch III (1892); Schiller: Wallenstein (1894, 1896), Goethe: Iphigenie auf Tauris (1899) and Die Braut von Messina, oder, Die feindlichen Brüder: ein Trauerspiel mit Chören / Schiller (1913).
Thomas Brewer was an antiquarian who compiled extracts from records and notes on officers of the City of London Corporation, monumental inscriptions, and extracts from and indexes of other records, chiefly parish registers. He was also master of the Worshipful Company of Plaisterers (1859-60). The extracts and indexes were compiled between 1835-70.
Born Adolphe Brewster Brewster, 1855; Commissioner of Colo (Tholo), North and East Provinces, Fiji, [c1884]; he later changed his name to Adolphe Brewster Joske. He retired to England and died in 1937. The Brewster family were noted for their pioneering work in establishing the sugar industry in Fiji, including the importation of machinery for Fiji's first sugar mill.
Publications: The Hill Tribes of Fiji: A Record of Forty Years (Seeley, Service & co., 1922)
Iran and the West was a three-part series which examined relations between Iran and Western countries for thirty years beginning with the Islamic revolution of 1979. The documentary was produced by Brook Lapping Productions Limited, a London-based television production company. It was first broadcast by the BBC in Feb 2009. The Executive Producer of the series was Brian Lapping, with Series Producer Norma Percy, Producer/Directors Paul Mitchell, Dai Richards and Delphine Jaudeau and in Iran, Producer/Directors Mohammad Shakibania and Hosein Sharif.
The Washington Version, was a three part television documentary on the Gulf War produced for BBC Television and Discovery Channel by Brian Lapping Associates. The documentary was conceived and arranged for The American Enterprise Institute by Richard Perle. The producers were Mark Anderson, Norma Percy and Grace Kitto. The UK version of the documentary was transmitted by BBC2 on 16, 17 and 18 Jan 1992, the US version was transmitted on 17, 24 and 31 January 1992. The US version of the documentary was titled The Gulf Crisis: Road to War, and Program 2 was titled 'New World Order'.
The Washington Version is a three part television documentary on the Gulf War produced for BBC Television and Discovery Channel by Brian Lapping Associates, a London based television production company. The documentary was conceived and arranged for The American Enterprise Institute by Richard Perle. The producers were Mark Anderson, Norma Percy and Grace Kitto. The UK version of the documentary was transmitted by BBC2 on 16, 17 and 18 Jan 1992, the US version was transmitted on 17, 24 and 31 January 1992. The US version of the documentary was titled The Gulf Crisis: Road to War, and Program 2 was titled 'New World Order'.
Woolly Al Walks the Kitty Back was produced by Brian Lapping Associates for BBC Timewatch. It was broadcast in 1992.
The Death of Yugoslavia is a five part television documentary produced by Brian Lapping Associates, a London based television production company, for the BBC television and broadcast during Sep-Oct 1995. The Associate Producer of the documentary was Michael Simkin, Series Producer - Norma Percy, Producer/Director - Angus Macqueen and Paul Mitchell.
Fall of the Wall is a two part television documentary produced for BBC2 by Brian Lapping Associates, a London based television production company. The documentary was aired on the BBC2 on 30 Oct and 6 Nov 1994 to coincide with the fifth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The programme was produced by David Ash and Stephen Clark, and Directed by David Ash.
Fifty Years War - Israel and the Arabs is a six part television documentary produced by Brian Lapping Associates, a London based television production company, for BBC in association with WGBH. The Executive Producer of the documentary was Brian Lapping, with Norma Percy, Series Producer, and David Ash, Dai Richards, Michael Simkin and Charlie Smith, Producers and Directors.
Woolly Al walks the kitty back is a television documentary produced by Brian Lapping Associates, a London based television production company, for BBC television Timewatch series, and broadcast on 11 Mar 1992. Executive Producers were Mark Anderson and Norma Percy, with Paul Mitchell, Director.
Brian Lapping Associates was formed by Brian Lapping and Norma Percy in 1988, and is a London based television production company specialising in documentaries. Watergate was a joint production with the BBC and the Discovery Channel, produced by Norma Percy and broadcast in the UK and the USA in June and August 1994.
No information available at present.
Born in 1912; first RAF commission, 1941; Sqn Ldr, Secretarial Branch, 1947; retired 1958; died in 1992.
Born, 1912; educated, King Edwards Grammar School, Birmingham, 1924; journalist at Birmingham Mail; entered the Prison Service, 1938; Territorial Army; 6 Cavalry Brigade, 1939; Palestine, 1940; Western Desert Force, 1940; attached to the Sudan Government, survey of overland routes from Uganda to Sudan; Inspector of Prisons, Eritrea, 1941-1944; British Army on the Rhine, 1945; Prison Service; died, 1987.
Bridewell was built as a royal palace for Henry VIII from 1515 on a site between Fleet Street and the Thames, along the bank of the Fleet River and near to a well named after St Bride's Church. It was completed in 1523 but Henry only lived there for a few years The problem of the poor led the Lord Mayor and aldermen in 1552 to form a committee who recommended the foundation of Christ's Hospital for the education and sustenance of poor children, St Thomas's Hospital to be refounded for the wounded and sick and Bridewell to be given for the correction, reformation and employment of the idle and vagrant poor. Edward VI, perhaps inspired by a sermon by Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London, gave Bridewell Palace to the City on 26 June 1553.
The three hospitals, Christ's, St Thomas's and Bridewell, were under the supervision of the Lord Mayor and Aldermen and the City levied the livery companies for funds to establish the hospitals. Governors were elected annually for each hospital at a joint meeting and each hospital had its own President, Treasurer and Clerk The government of Bethlem Royal Hospital was given to the City in 1547. From some point in the later 16th century, Bridewell and Bethlem were jointly governed by a President, Treasurer amd a Court of Governors. Traditionally 1557 has been given as the start of joint administration, but recent research suggests that Bethlem was perhaps still separate until the 1570s.
Until the mid 17th century Bethlem was largely left in the hands of its "keeper" by the Bridewell Governors. After the Great Fire, meetings were held for the first time at Bethlem and the Governors then became more closely involved in its administration. Gradually, Bridewell became associated with prisoners and punishment rather than idle poor and reform. Although vagrant and poor children were apprenticed and learnt a trade there, the numbers of prisoners were far greater. The governors were much concerned with the corrupting effect on Bridewell's apprentices of close proximity to prisoners and at the end of the 18th century a move began to separate the houses of correction (prison) and occupations (apprentices) which culminated in the establishment of a new House of Occupations in Southwark in 1830.
Bridewell closed as a prison in 1855 when most of the building was knocked down and new streets and houses took its place. Bridewell Royal Hospital remains the name of the administrative body which moved to Witley, Surrey in the twentieth century. In 1948 Bethlem Royal Hospital was separated from Bridewell Royal Hospital and united with the Maudsley Hospital.
Bridge joined the Navy in 1851, was commissioned lieutenant in 1859 and from 1874 until 1877, when he was promoted to captain, served in the AUDACIOUS on the China Station. He went to Australia in command of the ESPIEGLE, 1881 to 1885, and when he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1894 became Commander-in-Chief there. As a vice-admiral he was Commander-in-Chief of the China Station, 1901 to 1904, during which time the Anglo-Japanese treaty was signed. At the end of this commission he retired. He published Some Recollections (London, 1918).
Bridge House Estates was established by Royal Charter in 1282 with responsibility for the maintenance of London Bridge, and subsequently built Blackfriars Bridge and Tower Bridge and bought Southwark Bridge and the pedestrian-only Millennium Bridge. Bridge House Estates are run by a committee of the City of London Corporation.
Bridge House was the administrative headquarters of the old London Bridge, situated near St Olave's Church. It was formed of properties bequeathed by Peter de Colechurch, the warden of the bridge from 1163, and Henry Fitz Ailwyn, the first Mayor of London in 1189.
The Bridge House Committee was originally part of the City Lands Committee, founded in 1592, but separated in 1818.
Bridge House Estates was originally funded by tolls on London Bridge as well as rents and leases of the buildings along the bridge. It soon acquired extensive property which made it financially self-sufficient. These funds are used to maintain the City bridges, while surplus monies are used to make charitable grants under the City Bridge Trust, established in 1995.
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
One of the twenty-six wards of the City of London, constituting the area to the north of the River Thames (Bridge Without Ward was in Southwark to the south of the River), between Billingsgate Ward in the east and Dowgate Ward in the west. The ward was associated with the area around London Bridge from a very early period.
Billingsgate Ward School united with Tower Ward School in 1874.
The united school merged with the combined Bridge, Candlewick and Dowgate Wards School in 1891 and this school combined with St Botolph Parochial School in 1905 to form the Sir John Cass Junior School.
Born in 1896; educated at Eton; 2nd Lt, the Rifle Brigade, 1914; served in France, World War One, 1915-1918; Lt, 1916; Private Secretary to his father when Parliamentary Secretary to Minister of Labour, 1918; Capt, 1921; Brevet Maj, 1932; Brigade Maj, 7 Infantry Brigade, 1932-1934; Brevet Lt Col, 1935; General Staff Officer Grade 2, War Office, 1935-1937; retired pay, 1937; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Deputy Director, Home Guard and acting Maj Gen, 1941; Director General, Home Guard and Territorial Army, 1941-1944; Col and temporary Maj Gen, 1942; Deputy Adjutant General, 1944-1945; President of West Midland Territorial Army and Volunteer Reserve Association, 1968-1969; died in 1982.
Charles Bridger was an antiquarian and genealogist. He published An Index to Printed Pedigrees, contained in county and local histories, and in the more important genealogical collections in 1867; while The Family of Leete: with special reference to the genealogy of Joseph Leete (1881) was published posthumously, based on his research.
Evelyn Alice Osborne attended Woolwich Polytechnic Junior Technical School for Girls between 1928 and 1930.
Bridges joined the Navy as an assistant clerk on 15 July 1912 and shortly afterwards took up a position in the NEPTUNE, transferring to the PRINCESS ROYAL in November 1912. In July 1913 he was promoted to clerk and a year later he joined the 4th Battle Squadron in the DREADNOUGHT as clerk to the Flag Officer's secretary and moved to the BENBOW soon afterwards from which ship he was lent to the ERIN in August 1915. Bridges became a paymaster sub-lieutenant in October 1915. In January 1916 he joined the HERCULES and was promoted to paymaster lieutenant in October 1917. In May 1918 he joined the LORD NELSON as clerk to the secretary of the Rear-Admiral second-in-command of the Mediterranean fleet and he served in this capacity, mainly in the EMPEROR OF INDIA, until 1920 when he retired. His brother William M Bridges became a midshipman in January 1917 and in February joined the NEW ZEALAND. He was promoted to sub-lieutenat in May 1918 and subsequently joined the VEGA. He retired in 1920 and saw further active service in the Second World War.
Bridges was a wool-comber.
John Bridgman (1766-[1804]) was the fourth child of Richard Bridgman (1731-70), a tea dealer from Aldgate, and Sarah, his wife. He became free of the Grocers' Company (by patrimony) in 1787. His brother Richard Whalley Bridgman (1762-1849) became clerk of the Grocers' Company. He set up in business with his brother William Bridgman (b 1767, free of the Grocers' in 1790) at 24 Austin Friars in 1792. By 1794 they were trading as Bridgman, Combes and Bridgman. The firm moved to 29 Throgmorton Street in 1794, to 36 Old Jewry, 1795-7, and 9 Finch Lane, Cornhill, 1797 (previously the address of Bridgman and Stuart, merchants).
From 1 March 1797 John Bridgman traded alone as a West India merchant from 80 Hatton Garden, moving to 83 Hatton Garden in 1800, and to Church Court, Lothbury in 1803. He is not listed in the directories after 1803.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Tony Brierley founded the Oxford University Humanist Group in 1958. Often with more than 1,000 members, the OUHG held meetings with eminent speakers, organised weekly discussion meetings, publicised Humanism and opposed Christian missions to the University. It had its own small printing press and produced its own posters and termly cards as well as taking in business for other clubs. The OUHG folded in the early 1970s.
No information available at present.
Frank Bright, formerly Frantisek Brichta, was born in Berlin, the son of a Czech Jew. The family moved to Prague just before the Nazis in 1938. They were sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp and thence to Auschwitz. Frank remained in Auschwitz only for a short while and survived the Second World War in a small concentration camp in Silesia, KZ Friedland. The rest of the family perished. Frank had relations in London to whom he was sent as a displaced person after the war.
Schwarzheide concentration camp, 50 km north of Dresden, a sub-camp of Sachsenhausen, was established in July 1944 initially to house 1000 Jewish slave labourers who were to work in the Braunkohlen-Benzinwerkes (Brabag) nearby. Such was the importance of this factory to the German war effort that it had been bombed on several occasions and for the whole of June 1944 was completely put out of action. Once the complex had recovered from this last assault, preparations were made to transfer inmates from Auschwitz, who had all lost their families in the aftermath of the liquidation of the so-called 'Familienlager' in Theresienstadt. Several inmates from Sachsenhausen had been sent over to fill posts of responsibility to administer the camp. It was a brutal regime, in which many inmates were worked to death. In addition many died or were injured as a result of Allied bombing attacks, mainly because they were not evacuated or given protection during air raids.
John Bright was born into a Quaker family in Rochdale, Lancashire, in 1811. He was active in local politics and known as a staunch opponent of the Corn Laws before becoming MP for Durham in 1843. He was subsequently Liberal MP for Manchester (1847-1856), Birmingham (1858-1885) and Birmingham Central (1885-1887), serving as a cabinet minister for part of that time.
Richard Bright was born on 28 September 1789, the third son of Richard Bright, a Bristol merchant and banker. He attended a school in Bristol, run by a Unitarian minister, and subsequently went to Exeter. In 1808 he left for Edinburgh to study first in the faculty of arts, and from 1809 in the medical faculty. He graduated MD in 1813. In 1810 he interrupted his medical education to join Sir George Mackenzie's scientific expedition to Iceland, where he contributed to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the island. He then spent two years in London, studying at the medical school of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals. He returned to London in 1814, after graduating, and became a pupil at the Carey Street Dispensary, under Thomas Bateman. Here he gained wide experience in skin disorders, which was Bateman's specialty, and general medicine.
Bright visited Holland and Belgium before traveling to Germany in 1814, and then Austria and Hungary during the winter of 1814-15. During his trip he met many physicians and observed the medical practice in the hospitals of Horn, Hufeland, Berlin and Vienna. On his way home from Hungary he stopped at Brussels, about a fortnight after the Battle of Waterloo, visiting the military hospitals and seeing many of the wounded. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1816, and a Fellow in 1832. In 1817 he was elected assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, where during a severe epidemic he contracted fever and narrowly escaped with his life. Bright returned to the continent in the autumn of 1818, visiting Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and France. During this trip he visited many hospitals and post mortem rooms. He returned in the summer of 1819 to continue work at the Fever Hospital.
In 1820 he became assistant physician to Guy's Hospital and then, in 1824, full physician. He took an active part in teaching, in both the wards and the lecture room. In 1822 he lectured at Guy's on botany and materia medica, and in 1824, on the theory and practice of physic. Despite the lack of interest shown by Bright's seniors in morbid anatomy, Bright worked undeterred in the post mortem room before his rounds of the wards. It was said that over the years Bright worked at Guy's, he spent at least six hours a day carrying out his research, `constantly and with untiring patience, whenever he could do so, to the ultimate test of the morbid appearances after deaths' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.157).
Bright is best known for his description of dropsy - oedema associated with kidney disease - in which the urine can be coagulated by heat owing to the presence of albumin. Observation of albumin in the urine had already been made, but it was Bright who made the connection between the presence of albumin and glomerulonephritis, and thus made the synthesis of the symptoms. Before this it was thought that the liver and the spleen were responsible for dropsy. The condition subsequently became widely known, from the 1840s, as Morbus Brightii, `Bright's disease', establishing his reputation at home and abroad.
He described the disease in the first volume of his illustrated Reports on Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (1827), in which the clinical picture during life is correlated with the pathology of the internal organs of the several parts of the body. A second part to this work was published in 1831 and is entirely concerned with the nervous system, with the illustrations appearing in a separate volume. Upon all the various subjects covered by Bright in this work, he showed `the most sagacious observation, untiring industry, and wonderful powers of investigating truth, the end and aim of all his work' (ibid).
Bright's writings were numerous and important. Although best known for his work on diseases of the viscera, especially the kidney, Bright also made numerous observations on neurological conditions, both in the above-mentioned publication, and in papers he contributed to the Guy's Hospital Reports. He also wrote articles on pancreatic diabetes, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, acute otitis and pathological lesions in typhoid fever. He was a frequent contributor to the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Bright collaborated with Thomas Addison, his colleague at Guy's, in a textbook of medicine for students, entitled Textbook: Elements of the Practice of Medicine (1839).
Bright's professional success was steady. He was Goulstonian lecturer in 1833, Lumleian lecturer in 1837, Censor of the College in 1836 and 1839, and member of the Council, 1838 and 1843. In 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, he was appointed physician extraordinary to the queen. As his reputation rose he took the leading position as consulting physician in London. Amongst his patients were Lord Macaulay, historian and Whig MP, John Snow, anaesthetist, famous for his theory that cholera was communicated through a contaminated water supply, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, who was suffering from nephritis. Bright was `probably consulted in a larger number of difficult cases than any of his contemporaries' (DNB, vol. VI, p.336). He held the post of full physician to Guy's Hospital until 1843 when he retired to devote his time to full practice, remaining active in his profession right up to his death in 1858. In 1838 he was honoured with the Monthyon medal of the Institute of France, awarded in recognition of his work on the kidney. At home he was honoured with a Doctorate of Civil Law by Oxford University in 1853.
Bright was a widely accomplished man. He was a good linguist, knowledgeable about more than one science, an amateur artist of some credibility, indeed his ability to draw accurately enabled him to produce fine diagrams of pathological anatomy, and well cultivated, due to his experience of travel and his wide social circle. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. His great skills were his acute observation and aptitude for synthesis, over his ability to theorise or to put forward his views.
Bright was married twice, first to Martha Babington in 1822. Martha died in 1823, shortly after giving birth to their only son, who died in early manhood. His second marriage was to Elizabeth Follett, sister to Sir William Webb Follett, attorney general. Bright had five surviving children, two daughters and three sons. He died at his house in Savile Row on 16 December 1858, at the age of 69, after an illness lasting just four days, associated with a longstanding disease of the heart. He was buried at Kensal Green, and an inscribed monument was erected in the Church of St James, Piccadilly.
Publications:
Travels from Vienna through Lower Hungary, with some remarks on the State of Vienna during the Congress in the year 1814 (Edinburgh, 1818)
Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (2 volumes, London, 1827; 1831)
Address at the Commencement of a Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1832)
Elements of the Practice of Medicine, Volume I Richard Bright and Thomas Addison (London, 1836)
Papers on Physconia by Bright, in Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours and Intumescence (London, 1860)
Publications by others about Bright:
Dr Richard Bright, 1789-1858, Pamela Bright (London, 1983)
Physician Extraordinary: Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858) Robert Manoah, R. Johnson (ed.) (Montpelier, Vermont, 1986)
Richard Bright, 1789-1858: Physician in an Age of Revolution and Reform D. Berry and C. Mackenzie (London, 1992)
Born in 1912; 2nd Lt, Royal Tank Corps, 1932; Lt, Royal Tank Regt, 1935; Capt, 1940; Assistant Inspector, Mechanical Inspection Department, Ministry of Supply, 1940-1942; Inspector, Fighting Vehicles Department, 1942-1943; Assistant Director of Army Fighting Vehicles, 1943-1946; Maj, 1946; special appointment under Director General of Fighting Vehicles, 1946-1947; Assistant Director of Technical Services (Fighting Vehicles), Washington, 1947-1948; Technical Staff Officer Grade 1, British Joint Services Mission, Washington, 1948-1950; Technical Staff Officer Grade 1, Fighting Vehicles Department, Ministry of Supply, 1950-1952; Assistant Director of Inspection of Fighting Vehicles, 1952-1955; Lt Col, 1953; Deputy to Deputy Director, Fighting Vehicles Research and Development Establishment, 1955-1957; Col, 1956; Director of Inspection of Fighting Vehicles, 1957-1960; Director of Fighting Vehicles, War Office 1961-1962; died in 1992.
Charles Tilston Bright was born at Wansted, Essex in 1832. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School before joining the Electric Telegraph Company and later the Magnetic Telegraph Company. His best known achievement, the laying of the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean (1858) earned him a knighthood at the age of 26. From 1860 onwards Bright worked as an independent consultant. He was also independent Liberal MP for Greenwich between 1865 and 1868.