Born in 1915; educated at Malvern College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, 1935; served in India, 1936-1939, France and Belgium, 1939-1940; General Staff Officer Grade 3, HQ 4 Div, 1941-1942; Bde Maj, 1942-1943; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Long Range Penetration (LRP) force (Chindits), HQ Special Force, Burma, 1943-1945; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, General HQ, India, 1946; General Staff Officer Grade 2 War Office, 1947-1948; Maj, 1948; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Staff College, Camberley, 1949-1952; General Staff Officer Grade 1, HQ Northern Army Group, 1955-1957; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, 1957-1959; Commander, 130 Infantry Bde (Territorial Army), 1961-1963; Director of Administrative Planning (Army), 1963-1964; Brig Gen, General Staff (Operations), Ministry of Defence, 1965-1966; Maj Gen, 1966; General Officer Commanding Singapore District, 1966-1970; retired, 1970.
Born 1914; educated at Aysgarth School, Winchester College and Royal Military Academy Sandhurst; commissioned into Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, Aug 1934; served in France, 1939-1940; participated in Operation DYNAMO, the evacuation of the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) from Dunkirk, May-June 1940; attended Staff College, Camberley, 1941; served as Brigade Maj with 126 Infantry Bde and 11 Armoured (Tank) Bde, UK, 1941-1943; Lt Col, 1943; 10 Armoured Div, Middle East, 1943-1944; 12 Royal Tank Regt, Italy, 1944-1945; 1 Div, Palestine, 1945-1946; School of Land/Air Operations, Old Sarum, 1947; War Office, 1948; Staff College, Camberley, 1949-1950; served with 11 Armoured Div in Germany, 1950-1953; Military Assistant to Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1953-1956; Officer commanding 4/7 Royal Dragoon Guards, 1956-1957; retired 1957; worked for WH Smith, 1957-1977; Managing Director of WH Smith, 1968; died 2002.
Born in 1900; educated at Eton and Royal Military College, Camberley; commissioned into Grenadier Guards, 1919; served in Turkey, 1922-1923; ADC to the Governor of South Australia, 1928-1929; Capt, 1929; General Staff Officer, Grade 3, 1935-1938; Maj, 1937; Staff College, Camberley, 1938-1939; transferred to Irish Guards, 1939; served in World War Two, France and Belgium, 1939-1940; Instructor at Staff College, Camberley, 1940; officer commanding 2 Battalion Irish Guards, 1940-1942; commander of 32 Guards Brigade, UK, and Brig, 1942; 6 Guards Tank Brigade, UK and Normandy, France, 1942-1944; Maj Gen and 7 Armoured Division, North West Europe, 1944; 1 Guards Brigade, Italy and Austria, 1944-1945; Military Commander, Vienna, Austria, 1945-1946; commander of 56 (London) Armoured Division (Territorial Army), 1946-1948; retired 1948; published The Desert Rats (Hutchinson, London, 1954); Guards Armoured Division, a short history (Hutchinson, London, 1955); The Devil's Wind, the story of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow (Hutchinson, London, 1956); died in 1957.
Born 1894; educated at Oundle School and Merton College, Oxford; served in World War One, 1914-1918; served on Western Front with 1/7 (Robin Hood) Bn, The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt), Territorial Force, 1915-1918; temporary Capt, 1915; awarded VC for action at Hohenzollern Redoubt, Battle of Loos, France, 14 Oct 1915 (award gazetted, 18 Nov 1915); Lt, 1916; Maj, 1918; Second in Command, 1 Bn, The Lincolnshire Regt, 1918; admitted as a Solicitor, 1923; Partner, Slaughter and May, 1926-1945; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; re-commissioned as a Col; seconded as Deputy Director General, Ministry of Economic Warfare, in charge of economic intelligence; Member, Joint Intelligence Committee of Chiefs of Staff, 1941-1945; Member, London passenger Transport Board, 1941-1946; Member, Council of Law Society, 1944-1948; Knighted, 1946; Legal Adviser to National Coal Board, 1946-1948; Member of National Coal Board in charge of manpower, training, education, health and welfare, 1948-1955; Chairman, Research Committee of Mental Health Research Fund, 1951-1967; Member, Medical Research Council, 1952-1960; Director, Parkinson Cowan Limited, 1955-1965; died 1982. Publications: The undirected society. Essays on the human implications of industrialisation in Canada (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1959); The art of judgement. A study of policy making (Chapman and Hall, London, 1965); Towards a sociology of management (Chapman and Hall, London, 1967); Value systems and social process (Tavistock Publications, London, 1968); Freedom in a rocking boat: changing values in an unstable society (Allen Lane, London, 1970); Making institutions work (Associated Business Programmes, London, 1973); Responsibility: its sources and limits [1980]; Human systems are different (Harper and Row, London, 1983); The Vickers papers, edited by Open Systems Group (Harper and Row, London, 1984); Policymaking, communication, and social learning: essays of Sir Geoffrey Vickers, edited by Guy B Adams, John Forester and Bayard L Catron (Transaction Books, New Brunswick, USA, 1987).
Born in 1901; educated at Repton School and RAF Cadet College, Cranwell; commissioned, 1921; various posts in Coastal Command, 1921-1939; served in First Lord's Operations Room, Admiralty, 1939-1942; commanded RAF Station, St Eval, Cornwall, 1942, commanded Coastal Command Station, Nassau, Bahamas, 1942-1944; served at Supreme HQ, Allied Expeditionary Force, 1944-1946; Director of Air Branch, Control Commission, Berlin, 1947-1949; devised and organised the Air Lift to Berlin in 1948; conducted Anglo-Russian enquiry into collision between Yak fighter and GB civilian aircraft flying from Hamburg to Berlin during the Berlin Airlift, 1948; Commandant, RAF Bircham Newton; Assistant Chief of Staff, Allied Air Forces, Central Europe, 1951-1953; retired 1953; died in 1975.
Born 1927; educated at Worksop College, Nottinghamshire; joined Army, 1945; commissioned into Worcestershire Regt in India, 1946; served in India and Middle East, 1946-1948; regular commission into Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regt, 1948; served with British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) and in Far East, Nigeria and Congo, 1950-1963; transferred to Parachute Regt, 1963; commanded 3 Bn, Parachute Regt, 1967-1969; served in Hong Kong, 1969-1970; Commander, 16 Parachute Bde, 1970-1973; National Defence College, Canada, 1973-1974; Deputy Adjutant General, BAOR, 1964-1975; Director of Army Air Corps, 1976-1979; General Officer Commanding Western District, 1979-1982; Deputy Colonel, Royal Anglian Regt, 1982-1987; Secretary, Eastern Wessex, Territorial Auxiliary and Volunteer Reserve Association, 1982-1989; died, 2002.
Born in 1913; educated at Edinburgh Academy, Trinity College, Glenalmond, Edinburgh University and the University of Pennsylvania, USA; served with 7/9 Bn, The Royal Scots (Lothian Regt), Territorial Army, and the Royal Army Medical Corps, UK, Sicily, Italy and North West Europe, World War Two, 1939-1945; Lt Col, 1942; Col, 1944; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 1 Airborne Div, Battle of Arnhem, Operation MARKET GARDEN, the Netherlands, 1944; awarded DSO, 1945; awarded Territorial Decoration, 1946; local Brig, Territorial Army, 1960; Chairman, Edinburgh, Lothians and Peebles Territorial and Auxiliary Forces Association, 1962; publication of Travel by dark: after Arnhem (Harvill, London, 1963); Deputy Lieutenant, Edinburgh, 1963; President, Royal Odonto-Chirurgical Society of Scotland, 1967; awarded CBE, 1968; Hon Col, 144 Parachute Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps (Volunteers), 1969; Member of Queen's Body Guard for Scotland (Royal Company of Archers); Chairman, Royal British Legion, Scotland, 1981-1984; died in 1985.
Born, 1925; 36 Div, US Army, Florida, France and Italy, 1943-1945; one time War Studies student, King's College London.
ACM Sir Neil Wheeler was born 1917; educated St Helens College, Hants; Royal Air Force College, Cranwell, 1935; Bomber Command, 1937-1940; Fighter and Coastal Commands, 1940-1945; Royal Air Force and US Army Staff Colleges, 1934-1944; Cabinet Office, 1944-1945; Directing Staff, Royal Air Force Staff College, 1945-1946; Far East Air Force, 1947-1949; Directing Staff, Joint Services Staff College, 1949-1951; Bomber Command, 1951-1953; Air Ministry, 1953-1957; Assistant Commandant, Royal Air Force College, 1957-1959; Officer Commanding, RAF Laarbruch, 1959-1960; Imperial Defence College, 1961; Ministry of Defence, 1961-1963; Senior Air Staff Officer, Headquarters, RAF Germany, 1963-1966; Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Operational Requirements), Ministry of Defence, 1966-1967; Deputy Chief of Defence Staff, 1967-1968; Commander, Far East Air Force, 1969-1970; Air Member for Supply and Organisation, Ministry of Defence, 1970-1973; Controller, Aircraft, Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive; 1973-1975; retired 1975.
Born in 1913; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers, 1933; Lt, 1936; served in Palestine, [1936-1939]; Capt, 1941; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, General HQ, Middle East Land Forces, 1941-1942; General Staff Officer Grade 2 under Engineer-in-Chief, Middle East Land Forces, 1943; Staff Officer, Royal Engineers, Grade 2, 30 Corps, 1944, 1946; Bde Maj, 1944-1945; HQ, 5 Div, 1946-1948; Maj, 1946; General Staff Officer Grade 2 under Inspector of Establishments, War Office, 1948-1951; Staff Officer, Royal Engineers, Grade 1, HQ British Troops in Egypt, 1951-1953; Lt Col, 1954; commanded 24 Engineer Group (Territorial Army), 1958; died in 1992.
Born, 1892; educated, Eton College, [1906-1907]; Coldstream Guards, 1917; 99 Light Anti-Aircraft Regt during World War Two, 1939-1945; Head of British Military Government, Graz, Steiermark, Austria, 1945; died, 1983.
Born 1909, son of Sir Arthur Willert, Times Correspondent, Washington, 1910-1920; worked in publishing, Germany and New York, 1936-1939, work in propaganda, Paris and London, 1939-1940, service with RAF, 1941-1944, and as Air Attaché, Paris, 1944-1945.
Born 1874; educated HMS BRITANNIA and King's College Cambridge; member of Institution of Civil Engineers; worked as designer of motor cars; joined Royal Naval Air Service [1914]; served as Lt in Armoured Car Div, RN, 1914; worked for Landships Committee on design of armoured fighting vehicles; Chief of Design, Mechanical Warfare Department, War Office, 1916-1918; with Sir William Tritton worked with Lt Col Sir Albert Gerald Stern on the design of first tank, 1915-1916; temporary Maj Tank Corps, 1916; awarded CMG, 1918; member of Special Vehicle Development Committee, Ministry of Supply [1939-1942]; died 1957.
Born in 1909; Lt, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1934; Capt, 1935; served in Palestine, [1936-1939]; commanded 3 Field Ambulance in Italy, 1943-1944; Maj, 1944; Lt Col, 1949; Col 1958.
The Parliamentary Recruiting Committee (PRC), was set up following the outbreak of war in August 1914. This was a cross-party organisation chaired by the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith. It utilised the party infrastructure in parliamentary constituencies to support recruitment - party activists were called upon to distribute leaflets, and organise rallies, processions and public meetings. The PRC commissioned some 200 posters, mostly published before the introduction of conscription, Jan 1916. In Jul 1915, the PRC became the Parliamentary War Savings Committee.
Born in 1912; educated at Marlborough College, Royal Military College, Sandhurst and Staff College, Camberley; 2nd Lt, Wiltshire Regt (Duke of Edinburgh's Regt), 1932; Lt, 1935; personal assistant to Resident in Mysore, 1936-1938; seconded to Malay Regt, 1939-1945; Capt, 1940; wounded and held by Japanese as POW at Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, 1942, and Changi camp, 1942-1945; Maj, 1946; Staff College, Camberley, 1947; Military Secretary's Department, War Office, 1948-1950; Assistant Quartermaster General, HQ Western Command, 1952; Lt Col, 1953; commanded 4 Bn, Wiltshire Regt (Territorial Army), 1953-1956; Col, HQ Federation Army, Kuala Lumpur, 1956-1957; Military Adviser to Malayan High Commissioner in UK, London, 1957-1958; commanded 107 Ulster Independent Infantry Bde Group (Territorial Army), 1958-1961; retired in 1961; died in 1984.
Born in 1909; Administrative Officer, Mental Hospitals Department, London County Council, 1928-1932; Administrative Officer, Department of the Clerk of the Council, 1932-1942; studied history at King's College London, 1931-1934; Ambulance Control Officer, London Ambulance Services, 1939-1942; served with 51 Training Regt, Royal Armoured Corps, UK, 1942 and with Royal Army Ordnance Corps in UK, 1942-1943, India, 1942-1945, and Burma, 1945-1946; Commander, No 52 Ordnance Field Depot, Myngaladon, Burma, 1945; Commander, No 62 Ordnance Field Depot, Rangoon, 1945-1946; served on Public Control Committee, London County Council, 1946, and Parks Committee, 1947-1954; postgraduate, Theology Faculty, King's College London, 1949-1952; Council Clerk, London County Council, 1954-1970; retired in 1970.
The Women's Employment Publishing Company Ltd was established by the Central Employment Bureau for Women around 1913/14 in order to deal with its publications. The Central Bureau had been issuing the twice-monthly journal 'Women's Employment' since 1899 and other occasional publications in connection with their work and it was this that the Women's Employment Publishing Company continued from the parent organisation's offices in Russell Square. In addition to the main periodical, the press was also responsible for the publication of numerous editions of 'Careers [later, 'and Vocational Training']: A Guide to the Professions and Occupations of Educated Women and Girls', 'The Finger Post', 'Hints on how to find work' and 'Open Doors for Women Workers'. The directors just before the outbreak of the Second World War were H John Faulk (Chairman), Miss E R Unmack (Managing Director) and Miss A E Hignell (secretary). Despite problems cause by this disruption and a decline in the number of readers in this period, the company survived and continued publishing 'Women's Employment' until 1974.
Anna Helene Askanasy (fl 1930-1970) was a Viennese woman, and Gustav Mahler's niece, who appears to have been involved in both the women's movement and the movement for peace which sprang up in Austria in the wake of the First World War. She spoke at the conference on statelessness which was organised by Mary Sheepshanks at the request of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and which was held in Sep 1930. She also entered into correspondence with both Robert Briffault and Mary Beard at some point. At another stage she began writing a book in German whose English translation was 'The Catastrophe of Patriarchy' and worked with Birgitta M Schulte on the publication of the 'Lexikon der Frau' in Switzerland in 1953-1954. She appears to have been active until around 1970.
Catherine Mary Charlotte Stott (1907-2002), known as Mary, was born in Leicester. She was the only daughter of two journalists, Robert and Amalie Waddington (née Bates), and had two older brothers. Her uncle, Henry Bates, was a local journalist. For nearly 50 years she worked in newspapers. Mary became interested in politics after accompaning her mother to meetings of local women Liberals during the First World War. Her first memory was of being driven around with a green ribbon in her hat, campaigning in the 1911 general election. After attending Wyggeston Leicester grammar school Mary worked as a temporary copyholder at the Leicester Mail, and then at the age of 19 she was appointed the women's editor. She was unable to join either the Typographical Association or the Correctors of the Press Association because neither accepted women members. In 1931 she moved to the Co-operative Press in Manchester, where she edited the two pages of the weekly Co-op News devoted mainly to reports of the women's co-operative guild, and children's publications. In 1945 she accepted John Beavan's offer of a sub-editing job on the Manchester Evening News. In 1950 she was sacked in order to protect the male succession to the post of chief sub-editor. She spent the next seven years mainly in 'domesticity'. In 1937, Mary married Ken Stott, a journalist at the News Chronicle, always known to her simply as 'K'. They lived in Heaton Moor, Cheshire until he died in 1967, at the age of 56. They had one daughter, a journalist named Catherine. Stott later moved to a flat in Blackheath, south London. In 1957 the then Guardian's editor, Alastair Hetherington, asked Mary to edit the paper's women's page, and she became the women's page editor of the 'Guardian' until 1972. Mary had a keen interest in equal rights for women, but also other forms of discrimination: poverty, unemployment or disability. She was particularly keen on women's financial independence. The Mainly For Women title became, in 1969, Woman's Guardian, which ran until 1973. After a two-year change of tack as Guardian Miscellany, Guardian Women re-emerged, with Stott still a contributor. Stott encouraged women - both professional and non-professional writers - to write articles that were published in her pages, often receiving over 50 unsolicited manuscripts per week. She was a founder member in 1970 of the pressure group Women in Media and last president of the Women's Press Club in 1970. She also established the National Association for Widows, of which she was president from 1993 to 1995. She chaired the Fawcett Society from 1980-1982. Her autobiography, 'Forgetting's No Excuse', was published in 1973 and it focused on her experience of widowhood. Her second volume of memoirs, 'Before I Go' (1985), contained reflections on old age. Stott's other books include: 'Organisation Woman: The Story of the National Union of Townswomen's Guilds' (1978), 'Ageing for Beginners' (1981), 'Women Talking: An Anthology From the Guardian Women's Pages 1922-1953 and 1957-1971' (1987). She was also interested in classical music and in painting. She received several honours: she won the Granada Award for the liveliest daily interest page in journalism in 1971; an honorary fellowship from Manchester Polytechnic in 1972; awarded the OBE for services to journalism in 1975; an honorary MA from the Open University in 1991; and an honorary doctorate from De Montfort University, Leicester, in 1996.
Until the end of the nineteenth century, most middle-class girls were educated at home by the family, unlike their brothers who routinely attended university, and the schools which did cater for them were generally of a very poor academic standard, with emphasis on 'accomplishments' such as embroidery and music. However, some, such as Louisa Martindale, tried to start their own schools for girls with more academically demanding curricula. Despite the failure of Martindale's exercise, Frances Mary Buss followed in her footsteps when, at the age of twenty-three, she founded the North London Collegiate School for Ladies with similar aims. In 1858 Dorothea Beale became Principal of the already extant Cheltenham Ladies College and soon transformed it into one of the most academically successful schools in the country while at the same time working to improve teaching standards through her work with the Head Mistresses' Association and The Teachers' Guild. In 1865 Beale began collaborating with Emily Davis, Barbara Bodichon, Helen Taylor, Frances Buss, and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, in forming a debating society which became known as the Kensington Society. There, these women, who would be crucial in the development of these schools, met for the first time to discuss this and other topics such as women's franchise. Nor did they confine their attentions to the education of girls but also researched the question of the subsequent entrance of women into higher education. The Queen's College in London had already opened in 1847 to provide a superior level of education to governesses and had proved a success without being an accredited institution of higher education itself. In this context and influenced by the London group, a large number of Ladies' Educational Associations sprang up throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Those in Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield, etc, were brought together in 1867 by Anne Clough as the North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women and its members included Josephine and George Butler as well as Elizabeth Wolstenholme-Elmy. This council began setting up a series of lectures and a university-based examination for women who wished to become teachers and which would later develop into a University Extension Scheme. However, universities generally still refused to open their degree examinations to women. In 1871, Henry Sidgwick established the residence Newnham College for women who were attending lectures at Cambridge where Clough would become principal in 1879 when it was recognised as an academic college. Girton was established by Davis as the College for Women at Hitchin in 1869 and moved to Cambridge as the first residential higher education college for women four years later. After the campaign to establish these institutions, it remained necessary to continue the campaign to extend their levels of excellence to the general state of female education and to open up other avenues of achievement to them.
The foundation of the Mothers' Union is dated to the publication of the first membership card in 1876. The society was established by Mary Sumner, wife of the Rector of Old Alresford in the Diocese of Winchester, to defend the institution of marriage and promote Christian family life. This concern broadened over time to consider all factors affecting the morality of society, within the home and without.
Initially a network of meetings in parishes in the Diocese of Winchester, by the mid 1890s, the MU had established a centralised governing body in London, and had a number of branches overseas; from the early twentieth century, departments were established to deal with specialised tasks in the society's work. Although the society was primarily concerned with the role of the mother and the upbringing of children, married women without children and unmarried women were allowed to join as Associate Members from the outset. Throughout the twentieth century the MU addressed a variety of contemporary social issues (such as runaway children, drug dependence, venereal disease, housing conditions and birth control), but reserved particular efforts for campaigning against divorce and marriage breakdown.
Faced with a need to address a liberalisation in both society and the Church in the decades following the Second World War, the Mothers' Union revised its constitution in 1974 giving greater autonomy to the MU overseas and no longer excluding divorcées. Further reassessment took place in the early 1990s when the need to comply with charity regulations prompted a restructuring of the organisation.
Thomas Hodgkin was born in London in 1798, the son of John Hodgkin (1766-1845), a private tutor. The family were strong Quakers and originated in Warwickshire. He trained in medicine at Edinburgh University, taking his MD in 1823. After travels in Europe he became Curator of the Medical Museum and Inspector of the Dead at Guy's Hospital, London. His pathological work led him to the first description of what is now known as Hodgkin's Disease in his honour. He left Guy's Hospital following his failure, in 1837, to be appointed Assistant Physician and after a short period at St Thomas's Hospital devoted himself to private practice and to his other interests. He had a keen interest in the world beyond Europe and in particular in the societies there that were threatened with cultural extinction by the spread of European commercial, political or cultural dominion; his works in this area included playing a moving role in the foundation and functioning of the Aborigines Protection Society. In 1850 he married Sarah Frances Scaife, a widow, from Nottingham. The couple had no children of their own but there were two sons from her first marriage. He died in 1866 at Jaffa while on a journey with his friend Sir Moses Montefiore (1784-1885) to negotiate for better treatment for Jewish residents in Palestine.
Not given.
Dr Ainsworth, a mycologist in the Department of Botany in the University of Exeter, was Secretary of the Medical Mycology committee of the Medical Research Council and a member of the Industrial Epidermophytosis Committee. The papers of the MRC Medical Mycology Committee including in this collection cover the period 1953-64 (the Committee was disbanded in 1969).
Dr Davies qualified in medicine at the London Hospital Medical School in 1950. In 1950 he was the Chief of the Division of Epidemiology in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Armitage Dispensing Chemists were based at Blackheath, south-east London.
Imperial Pharmacy was based in South Croydon, Surrey.
Born 1866; educated privately and King's College London; St Thomas's Hospital; University of Leipzig; Demonstrator in Biology and Physiology, King's College London and evening lecturer in Comparative Anatomy, 1887; Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Sydney, 1891; Professor of Physiology, University of Melbourne, 1901; 1903-1930 Director, Lister Insititute of Preventive Medicine, 1903-1930; Professor of Experimental Pathology, University of London; Chief of Division of Animal Nutrition of Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1931-1933; Professor of Bio-chemistry and General Physiology, Adelaide University, 1931-1933; Committees and other appointments: served Gallipoli, Egypt, Palestine Expeditionary Force and France, 1915-1919; Lieutenant-Colonel, Australian Army Medical Corps and Consultant Pathologist, Australian Imperial Forces; Chairman of War Office Committee on anti-typhoid innoculation, 1904-1907; Member of Advisory Committee for Investigation of Plague in India, appointed jointly by the India Office, Royal Society and the Lister Institute, 1905-1913; Honours and awards: Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1901; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1901; Companion of St Michael and St George, 1919; knighted, 1927; Doctor of Science (honorary) Sheffield and Dublin, Doctor of Laws (honorary) Edinburgh, Doctor of Civil Law (honorary) Durham, Master ofArts (honorary) Cambridge, Fellow of King's College London; Other information: married Edythe Cross, one daughter.
Unknown.
Professor Chapman of the Department of Physiology in the University of Bristol gave these books to the Contemporary Medical Archive Centre (now Archives and Manuscripts, Wellcome Library) in two accessions, in June 1989 and May 1993. They had been stored in a room in the Department of Physiology at Bristol. After the foundation of the Veterinary School in 1949 separate capital and revenue accounts were kept for some years for the Physiology Departments in the Medical School and Veterinary School.
This item was discovered in the office formerly occupied by the Librarian of the Wellcome Institute and handed over to the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre (now Archives and Manuscripts, Wellcome Library) in March 1984. Its provenance is otherwise obscure.
The register appears to have been compiled by an unknown physician at an unnamed hospital, presumably in London as the notebook was purchased from a stationer in Long Acre. The date on the spine is 190[illegible], however a list right at the end of the book is of 'Deaths 1901'.
Sir Ernest Marshall Cowell, KBE, CB, DSO, MD, FRCS (1886-1971) took his MD at London University in 1909 and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1911. From 1914 to 1918 he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1922 he became surgeon at Croydon General Infirmary and continued to practise in Croydon for the remainder of his career (becoming surgeon of the Mayday Hospital in 1938) with the exception of war service 1939-1946. During the Second World War he once again served in the Royal Army Medical Corps and was Director of Medical Services for the Allied Forces in North Africa during 1942-1944. A biography of Cowell can be found in Lives of the fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1965-1973 by Sir James Paterson Ross and W.R. LeFanu (a continuation of 'Plarr's Lives').
Unknown.
W.J Manktelow was born in 1918, he went on to became a branch manager at Boots the Chemist. These notebooks were compiled by him while he was on the Chemist and Druggist course in the Department of Pharmacy at Brighton Technical College, September 1937 to June 1938.
During the Second World War the Wellcome Foundation laboratories at Frant, East Sussex, were engaged in work for the Ministry of Supply, producing scrub typhus vaccine for the armed forces. The project was given the wartime codename of 'Tyburn' after Tyburn Farm, the farm at the Wellcome Veterinary Research Station there. The project was organised by the bacteriologist Marinus van den Ende (1912-1957), serving with the RAMC: his obituary in the Lancet states that "his greatest achievement in England was the organisation of the laboratory at Frant for the large-scale production of scrub typhus vaccine, exacting and dangerous work which he carried out with great speed and precision".
Thomas Young was born, 1730; MD, University of Edinburgh, 1761; apprenticed as an apothecary and surgeon in Edinburgh, becoming a master surgeon in 1755; joined the Incorporation of Surgeons, 1751; Deacon of the Incorporation of Surgeons, 1756-1762; Professor of Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh, 1756-1783; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1762; created a Lying-In Ward at the Royal Infirmary to give clinical lectures which eventually became the Edinburgh Maternity Hospital; died, 1783.
James Prew was a surgeon dentist of Bristol and Bath.
St Bartholomew's Hospital was founded, with the Priory of St Bartholomew, in 1123 by Rahere, a former courtier of Henry I. A vow made while sick on a pilgrimage to Rome, and a vision of St Bartholomew, inspired Rahere to found a priory and a hospital for the sick poor at Smithfield in London. Rahere was the first Prior of the Priory of Austin Canons in Smithfield and supervised the Hospital House. In 1170 a layman Adam the Mercer was given charge of the Hospital as the first Proctor and a certain amount of independence from the Priory was achieved. After 1170 grants were received by the Hospital, which attracted valuable endowments of property.
However, relations with the Priory remained problematic throughout the medieval period. There were conflicts over several issues, including the admittance of brethren, lay-brethren and sisters who cared for the sick in the early medieval period. Gradually the Hospital became independent, and was using a distinctive seal from about 1200. By 1300 the title of Proctor used for the head of the Hospital was dropped in favour of Master. By 1420 the two institutions had become entirely separate. As well as caring for patients from the City of London and the country the brethren looked after small children and babies from Newgate Prison, and orphans. By the 15th century a school had been formed with a latin master, and a night shelter for pilgrims and travellers was provided.
The Priory of St Bartholomew was closed during Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries in 1539, and although the Hospital was allowed to continue, its future was uncertain as it had no income. The citizens of London, concerned about the disappearance of provision for the sick poor and the possibility of plague, petitioned the King in 1538 for the grant of four hospitals in the City including St Bartholomew's. In 1546-1547 St Bartholomew's Hospital was refounded as a secular institution and a Master and Vice-Master, Curate, Hospitaller and Visitor of Newgate Prison were appointed. Henry issued a signed agreement dated December 1546 granting the Hospital to the City of London, and Letters Patent of January 1547 endowing it with properties and income, comprising most of its medieval property. Along with Bethlem, Bridewell and St Thomas', St Bartholomew's became one of four Royal Hospitals administered by the City.
In 1546 four Aldermen and eight Common Councillors of the City of London became the first Governors of the Hospital. They administered the Hospital and appointed paid officials, including a Renter-Clerk, Steward, Porter and eight Beadles. The Board of Governors also divided work amongst themselves. Four were Almoners with responsibility for admitting and discharging patients, ordering stock and checking bills. They worked closely with the Treasurer, responsible for Hospital finances. The weekly meetings of the Treasurer and Almoners developed into an executive committee in the 19th century, reporting to General Courts of the Governors, and became the Executive and Finance Committee in 1948. Other Governors were Surveyors of the Hospital buildings and property. The first professional Surveyor was appointed in 1748. Some Governors had responsibility for inspecting financial statements, and worked closely with the Treasurer and Almoners. Their meetings developed into the House Committee in the 18th century, dealing with leases, appointments and reports of the Hospital Surveyor. The House Committee met frequently and eventually came to manage the routine running of the Hospital. The General Courts of Governors were held two or three times a year. The basic constitution of the Hospital remained the same until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. The Medical Council was formed in 1842 to give expert advice to the Governors, and comprised all physicians and surgeons serving the Hospital.
The nursing staff on the Hospital's re-foundation consisted of a Matron and twelve Sisters, and there were also three Surgeons who had to attend the poor daily. Nurses, or "Sisters' helpers", were first recorded in 1647. Although a Physician had been provided for in the Agreement of 1546, the first Physician was not appointed until 1562. A Medical School was gradually established from the end of the 18th century, but its foundation is generally attributed to the efforts of the surgeon and lecturer John Abernethy, who in 1822 persuaded the Hospital Governors to pass a resolution giving formal recognition to the School. Bart's was one of the first hospitals in the 19th century to encourage the use of anaesthetics, making a great many more kinds of operation possible. Understanding of infection and the importance of antiseptic procedures in surgery were only gradually accepted at Bart's, but once adopted did a great deal to reduce patient mortality. The development of medical science, particularly in pathology and bacteriology, led to an increased knowledge of disease. X-rays were first used in the Hospital in 1896 and by the end of the century the first specialised departments had been established. A School of Nursing at St Bartholomew's was founded in 1877. A notable early Matron was Ethel Gordon Manson, better known as Mrs Bedford Fenwick, who encouraged a high standard of training and campaigned for the state registration of nurses.
All the medieval hospital buildings were demolished during the 18th century rebuilding programme, carried out to the designs of architect James Gibbs. The staircase leading to the Great Hall in the North Wing is decorated with two huge paintings by the artist William Hogarth. Other buildings have continued to be added as the need has arisen, including Medical College buildings, nurses' accommodation and new ward blocks.
The Hospital remained open throughout the World Wars, although during World War Two many services were evacuated to Hertfordshire and Middlesex. In 1954 it became the first hospital in the country to offer mega-voltage radiotherapy for cancer patients. Cancer services remain a speciality today. Other notable medical specialities are endocrinology and immunology (particularly HIV/AIDS), while a Day Surgery Unit and state-of-the-art operating theatres were opened in 1991 and 1993.
In 1948 St Bartholomew's became part of the National Health Service, and following re-organisation in 1974 became the teaching hospital for the newly-formed City and Hackney Health District, which included several other hospitals. In the late 1980s, Bart's was planning to set up a self-governing hospital trust when its future was called into question by the publication in 1992 of the Tomlinson Report of the Inquiry into the London Health Service. Bart's was not regarded as a viable hospital and its closure was recommended. The Government's response to this report (Making London Better, 1993), laid out three possible options for Bart's: closure, retention as a small specialist hospital, or merger with the Royal London Hospital and the London Chest Hospital. This produced an intense public debate and a campaign to save the Hospital on its Smithfield site. The result was St Bartholomew's remained open, and joined with the Royal London and the London Chest to form the Royal Hospitals NHS Trust in 1994, which became Barts and The London NHS Trust in 1999. St Bartholomew's Hospital now provides specialist cardiac and cancer care. The Medical Colleges of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital merged with Queen Mary, University of London in 1989, to form the Central and East London Confederation (CELC). Following the recommendations of the Tomlinson Report (1992) and the governmental response to it (Making London Better, 1993), the colleges united with Queen Mary and Westfield College in December 1995, to become known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.
The case concerned Richard Paternoster's claim for damages after he was seized and certified as a lunatic in 1838. Witnesses included Edward James Seymour, Commissioner in Lunacy, Benjamin Hawes, MP, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Richard Paternoster went on to publish, in 1841, The madhouse system, a pamphlet attacking 'the absurdities of the Lunacy Act'.
Alec Haggis was a staff member of Wellcome Historical Medical Museum.
[Jonas] Henrik Kellgren (1837-1916) was a practitioner of Swedish medical gymnastics and helped to disseminate the technique beyond Sweden. He was born in Alingsas, southern Sweden, matriculated in 1855 and became an officer in the Swedish Army in 1858. In 1863-1865 he trained at the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm (founded 1813 by Per Henrik Ling, the pioneer of medical gymnastics), gaining the institute's diploma, and took up the post of teacher of pedagogical gymnastics at Lidköping. Following the death of his wife and son, however, he left Sweden and settled in Germany, setting up the Schwedisches Heilgymnastisches Institut in Gotha. In the early 1870s his health broke down and he retired from full-time work, taking up residence in London. Here he founded the Swedish Institution for the Cure of Diseases by Manual Treatment. An expanding practice was reflected in the foundation of further institutes in the German resorts of Norderney (1877) and Baden-Baden (1883), and in Paris (1884); in summer he took patients to Sanna, near Jönköping in Sweden, leading to the foundation of a sanatorium there. He became the director of the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm. His son-in-law, Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax, who took up residence in London, was also an important figure in the spread of Kellgren's techniques of Swedish remedial gymnastics and massage to the United Kingdom.
Born, 1877; Graduated MB. BS. University of Durham, 1898; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne; Postgraduate study at Vienna; MS, 1901; FRCS, 1903; Elected to staff of Royal Infirmary, 1906; Service with R.A.M.C. at home and overseas - for a time as consulting surgeon in Mesopotamia; 1914-1918; Council of Royal College of Surgeons, 1926-1950; Professor Surgery in University of Durham, 1927; President of the Association of Surgeons of GB and Ireland Hunterian Professor, 1928; Orator, Medical Society of London, 1929; President Medical Society of London, 1934; Professor of Surgery in new British Postgraduate Medical School, 1935; Vice President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1937-1939; President, Medical Society of London, 1943-1944; died, 1951.
Born, 1780; spent four years studying under the Norwich surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau, before matriculating at Edinburgh University in 1800; graduated MD at Edinburgh, 1803; attended Robert Willan's practice at the Public Dispensary in Carey Street, London, 1803; fellow of the Medical Society of London, 1803; went on a year-long European tour, 1805-1806; extra-licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, 1807; private practice in Norfolk; physician to the Norfolk Public Dispensary; physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital and the Bethel Hospital for Lunatics, 1808; died, 1814.
Not given
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.