The 1950s and 1960s saw an expansion in union power and membership as the high demand for labour in a growing economy strengthened its representatives' bargaining power. At the same time the merger of the Canadian Congress of Labour and the Trades and Labor Congress, which formed the Canadian Labor Congress, both allowed labour to present a more united front and facilitated the setting up in 1961 of the New Democratic Party, a political party intended at least in part to represent union interests. Yet by the 1970s and 1980s the movement found itself on the back foot, as the Trudeau wage controls and later demands for a more flexible workforce and the loss of manufacturing jobs contributed to the erosion of hard-won rights. The materials here, mainly from union confederations, deal with their internal and external responses to the changing conditions described above.
Modern trade unionism can be said to have begun in Dominica in 1945 with the formation of the Dominica Trade Union. The Dominica Amalgamated Workers' Union (DAWU), whose history is to be found here, grew out of this original organisation. In contrast, the Civil Service Association (CSA) was formed independently of the general unions like DAWU and, in the advertisement preserved here is seen to be concerning itself with the political issues facing the country, particularly the question of sovereignty.
Part of the British Windward Islands Federation until 1958, Grenada then joined the West Indies (Federation) and when that dissolved in 1962 was made part of a further federation comprising Great Britain's remaining East Caribbean dependencies. After achieving "associated statehood" in 1967 it finally became independent in 1974, with Eric Gairy of the Grenada United Labour Party (GULP) becoming the country's first Prime Minister. The emergence in the 1970s of the New Jewel Movement (NJM) posed a challenge to Gairy that was met by an increasingly authoritarian approach. The NJM took power in a 1979 coup and established a people's revolutionary government (PRG) with Maurice Bishop at its head, but differences between Bishop and the more radical wing of the government led by Bernard Coard led to the death of the revolutionary leader in an armed fracas and the subsequent invasion of the island by the United States. Elections following the invasion saw the return of the New National Party (NNP), and this party or offshoots of it have governed the country ever since. The materials held here all date from the period prior to independence and include constitutions produced in the 1950s during a period of expansion for the Grenadian trade union movement as well as later bulletins produced by both blue and white collar unions. Interestingly these latter publications concentrate on the industrial rather than the political sphere, despite (or perhaps because of) the fact that by this time Eric Gairy's union-based GULP party was in office.
All the materials held here were produced by the Ghana Trades Union Congress, and are concerned both with internal administrative matters and with the union reaction first to one-party rule and then to government by the military.
Both the major political parties in Guyana had ties to the trades union movement, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) being affiliated to the People's National Congress (PNC) and the Guyana Agricultural and General Workers Union (GAWU) having close links to the People's Progressive Party (PPP). In addition PPP governments were twice suspended in the pre-independence period as a consequence of labour unrest, first in 1953 when the Guiana Industrial Workers' Union struck in favour of a piece of industrial legislation, and then in 1964 when the pro-opposition TUC organised a general strike which led to British intervention and the introduction of proportional representation. The 1964 General Strike is defended in the materials held here, which also include details of sugar trade labour-management agreements and congress reports from the 1970s and 1980s when the unions were involved in supoporting Forbes Burnham's programme of nationalisation.
The trade union movement in India inevitably became bound up with the independence movement, with the foundation of the All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)in 1920 reflecting the increase in political and national consciousness following the First World War. An indication of the degree to which the economic struggle was subsumed in favour of the fight for independence can be found in the split which followed independence, with the Indian National Congress forming the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) in response to communist domination of the AITUC. The struggles of these umbrella organisations to work inside and outside the system throughout a period marked by increasing socio-economic and political crisis (encompassing the curtailing of trade union freedoms during the emergency and the wave of strikes under the Janata Party administration) are reflected in the materials here, as are the more generalised protests against the erosion of civil rights in this period by the likes of the People's Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR).
The major political parties in Jamaica grew out of the trade union movement, so it is as a consequence unsurprising that the trade union federations remained politicised, affiliated either to the Jamaica Labour Party (the Bustamente Industrial Trade Union) or the People's National Party (the National Workers Union). The process by which union-employer negotiations were conducted is represented here, along with statements on collective bargaining agreements produced by both sides of industry.
The collection held here stretches back to the 1940s and includes accounts of industrial disputes from that period from the likes of the New Zealand Waterside Workers' Union and the N.Z. Carpenters' and Related Trades' Union. Many of the later items originate from the Public Service Association, a white-collar union, and the umbrella organisation the New Zealand Federation of Labour, often consisting of critiques of government economic policy that reflect the increasing difficult circumstances the unions found themselves in in the late 1970s and early 1980s. As well as these materials and those of other unions representing specific industries there are also productions issued by the Labour Women's Council concentrating on the issues facing female union members.
The Industrial Conciliation Bill of 1923 which followed the 1922 miner's strike was the first step in a process that led to the trade union movement becoming split into two distinct sections. Firstly there were unions based mainly on white labour (but also including a minority of skilled 'coloured' and Indian workers) which, if at all, only permitted African membership of separate 'parallel' organisations. The second group of unions consisted of those initially based on African workers, later open to all, who were largely excluded from the industrial conciliation system. Both groups are represented in the materials here, which deal amongst other issues with the arguments concerning the degree to which unions should or could be 'non-political' under the apartheid system, and the extent to which members of the 'recognised' unions benefitted as a consequence of the limited access of the non-white worker to wage increases and better paid jobs. Concerns limited to particular trades and industries are also dealt with. of how the outlawing of various political parties left a greater space for other organisations to contest these issues.
The majority of the materials currently held in this collection originate from the Singapore National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), a union federation loyal to the state and geared more towards guaranteeing productivity than fighting for worker's rights. A large part of their output here comprises reports on tripartite meetings with government and employers, as well as pamphlets designed to inform their membership of relevant legislation or of changes in economic policy.
The Trinidad and Tobago labour movement was particularly significant in the 1960s and 1970s, the period from which most of the materials in this collection originate. Particularly well represented are the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union (OWTU), an organisation whose significance mirrored the importance of oil to the country's economy, and the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factories Workers Trade Union (ATSE/FWTU), who represented the largely East Indian sugar cane workers. Though Trinidad and Tobago was unusual in the Caribbean area in that unions tended not to affiliate to political parties, this is not to say that they did not involve themselves in politics - as shown here by the polemics issued by OWTU leader George Weekes against the ruling People's National Movement (PNM), accused of selling out the workers. Also represented here are union federations, of which the most prominent were the Trinidad and Tobago Labour Congress and the Council of Progressive Trade Unions, and many smaller organisations. Following the economic downturn of the 1980s and the opening up of the previously state-dominated economy, union membership and influence declined, but a significant proportion of the workforce continues to be unionised and materials continue to be collected.
Christmas Island came under British rule in 1888 following the discovery of phosphate, and was administered as part of the Colony of Singapore until 1958, when it was first made a seperate colony and then transferred to Australian sovereignty. Throughout this period and thereafter phosphate mining dominated the island, and the Union Of Christmas Island Workers was created in 1975 to protect the interests of those working in the industry. The materials here document the birth of the union as well as its grievances with the Australian government, most notably with regard to wage policies which the UCIW saw as discriminating against non-European workers.
Prior to UDI in 1965 only all-white unions and African unions formed after 1959 were legally recognised in what was then Southern Rhodesia, and in addition these unions had to be skill-based rather than general. After 1965, repressive labour policies forced many unionists, including the leadership of the African Trades Union Congress (ATUC), into exile. Given government antipathy and splits within the labour movement, with some unionists advocating a less political stance and association with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) while others left to support the guerrilla war (1966-1980), trade unions remained weak until independence. Subsequently the ZANU-PF regime sought to control the workforce through the creation of a new confederation, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), designed to be compliant with government labour policy. The majority of the materials held here date from before 1980, and originate from both blue and white-collar and African and European unions.
The Australian Studies Centre was established as part of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, Sep 1982 and received funding from the Menzies Memorial Trust and the Australian Government. It was officially opened, 7 Jun 1983. The first Head of the Centre was Professor Geoffrey Bolton; Professor Thomas Millar became Head in 1985. The Menzies Centre's object is to promote Australian studies in British and European universities and to act as an Australian cultural base in London, providing a forum for the discussion of Australian issues. In 1988 the Australian government ceased its financial support for the Centre and the Menzies Memorial Trust took up the full financing. The Centre was subsequently renamed the Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. The Centre moved from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies to King's College London in 1999 and was then known as the Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. At this time the Centre was endowed permenantly by the Australisn government whilst continuing to receive funds from the Menzies Foundation and Monash University.
Unknown.
Livestock have historically been an important feature of Argentina's economy, and the establishment of refrigerating plants for meat stimulated the expansion of trade. Britain was among the prime consumers of Argentine products and a substantial investor in the development of infrastructure.
Details of the Anglo-Argentine Refrigerating Company Ltd are not known.
Unknown.
Following the Spanish-American War a treaty (1898) established Cuba as an independent republic, although US military occupation continued until 1902, and subsequently US influence remained strong. US investment in Cuban enterprises increased, and many economic concerns passed to American ownership.
Details of the American Cuban Estates Corporation are not known.
Alexander King Brown & Co Ltd were Manchester textile exporters to Latin America.
Allen was born in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, on the 28 June 1900. He was educated at King Henry VIII School in Coventry and at the University of Birmingham. In 1922 he went to Japan as a Lecturer in Economics at the Higher Commercial College there. He stayed till 1925. From 1929 to 1933 he was a Research Fellow and Lecturer in the Faculty of Commerce at University College Hull. He was then appointed Brunner Professor of Economic Science at the University of Liverpool, 1933-1947. From 1947 to 1967 he was Professor of Political Economy at University College London. Allen was temporary Assistant Secretary of the Board of Trade from 1941 to 1944, and a member of the Central Price Regulation Committee 1944-1953. He was a member of the Monopolies (and Restrictive Practices) Commission from 1950 to 1962. His many publications were mainly concerned with Japanese and British industry and economic policy. Allen died on 31 July 1982.
Alexander Altmann was born in Kaschau, Austria-Hungary, 1906; educated, University of Berlin, -1931; rabbi in Berlin and Professor of Jewish Philosophy at the Seminary, 1931-1938; emigrated to England, 1938; communal rabbi in Manchester, 1938-1959; Director of the Institute of Jewish Studies, 1953-1958; Philip W Lown Professor of Jewish Philosophy and History of Ideas, Brandeis University in Waltham, USA, 1959-1976; Visiting Professor at Harvard and at Hebrew University, 1976-1978; associate at the Harvard University Center for Jewish Studies, 1978-1987; died, 1987.
Manfred Altmann was born, 1911; educated at Universities in Frankfurt, 1928, Berlin and Marburg; emigrated to Holland, 1934-1939; emigrated to England as a lawyer for a Dutch-Jewish company, 1939; worked for the Jewish National Fund, 1941; started his own import-export business, 1947; Honorary Secretary of the Institute of Jewish Studies at University College London (UCL); Chairman of the Institute of Jewish Studies, 1988; Honorary Fellow of UCL, 1992, died, 1999.
The first surveys of the Bahia and San Francisco railway in Brazil were made by Charles Vignoles in 1854. Works were not commenced until the year 1857, and were completed in 1861. Vignoles was the Engineer-in-Chief.
Born in Gloucester, 1909; educated at the Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester, 1920-1928; graduated from St John's College Cambridge with a first class degree in both parts of the Natural Science Tripos (Part ll Biochemistry); began postgraduate research in the Biochemistry Department at Cambridge, receiving his PhD for 'Some comparative studies on phosphagen', 1934; principal research interest was comparative biochemistry; Fellow of St John's College Cambridge, 1936-1941; worked under Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins as Demonstrator in Biochemistry, 1936-1943; also worked for periods at marine biological stations in France and at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, in the 1930s; undertook a series of investigations of the pharmacology and physiology of Ascaris lumbricoides, 1940-1949; Lecturer in the Biochemistry Department at Cambridge, 1943-1950; Senior Fellow of the Lalor Foundation, USA, carrying out research into the phosphagen of the invertebrates at the Marine Biological Laboratories at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 1948; as Joint Honorary Secretary and member of the Congress and Executive Committees, active in the organisation of the First International Congress of Biochemistry, in Cambridge, 1949; Professor of Biochemistry at University College London (UCL), 1950-1969; his reputation as an educator was one of the principal reasons for his appointment; established the first undergraduate biochemistry course at the College and orientated the biochemistry department as a branch of biological rather than chemical science; awarded the Cortina Ulisse Prize for the Italian edition of Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry, 1952; after his move to UCL, his principal research interests were the comparative biochemistry of nitrogen metabolism and water shortage effects on the ureotelic metabolism; carried out research on ureogenesis in elasmobranch fishes during a period as Visiting Professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, University of California, 1956-1957; author of several influential books on biochemistry; died, 1969. Publications include: An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry (1937); Dynamic Aspects of Biochemistry (1947); The Nature of Biochemistry (1962).
This company was the last of the great Argentine railway companies to be liquidated.
Henry Clark Barlow was born on 12 May 1806 in Surrey, the only child of Henry and Sophia Barlow. He was educated at schools in Gravesend and Bexley. In 1822 he was articled to the architect and surveyor George Smith of Mercer's Hall and soon afterwards he also began to study at the Royal Academy. Following an accidental wound to his right thumb which affected a nerve, he gave up his architectural work in 1827 and spent the next few years in private study and attending lectures. In 1831 he began a course in 'classical reading' at the University of Edinburgh. He stayed at Edinburgh for six years during which his interests covered a wide field: mathematics, metaphysics, philosophy of the mind, theology and natural sciences, with special emphasis on geology. In November 1831 he matriculated as a medical student without any intention of graduating in the subject, but on the persuasion of a friend he stayed on to become a doctor. After graduating, he spent a further winter in Edinburgh and then went to Paris where he attended hospitals and lectures on medicine and joined the Parisian Medical Society. During his time in Paris, Barlow also found time to pursue his two greatest interests: geology and the fine arts. He made a collection of the rocks and fossils of the Paris Basin and he frequently visited the Louvre. He had become a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1833: he was to become a fellow of the Geological Society in 1865. His love of geology and the arts, combined with that of travel, kept him fully occupied until the autumn of 1840. During that time he toured the British Isles and northern Europe. The winter of 1840-1841 was spent in making a detailed study of Italy and the Italian language in preparation for an extended stay in that country. He left England in May 1841 and travelled through Belgium, France and Switzerland, arriving in Milan in the autumn. He stayed in Italy until Christmas 1845 and made innumerable sketches and drawings of architecture, sculpture and painting which culminated in the writing of his histories of Italian sculpture and painting. Although he intended their publication he was never quite satisfied with them and they remained unpublished. Barlow spent the winter of 1844-1845 in Pisa where he 'discovered Dante' and 'led the life of a literary student ... The study and illustration of the Poet's work now took precedence of everything else'. He painstakingly examined Dante texts and also searched for the localities mentioned in the Divina Commedia in order to compile an album of original drawings illustrating Dante's great work. In 1846 he went to Florence where he became involved in the political movement for the unification of Italy. After further travel through Greece, Turkey, the Austrian Empire and Germany, Barlow returned to England. He began writing to the Morning Post a series of letters concerning diverse subjects, which continued until 1868, usually under the signature XYZ. In 1850 Barlow published his first paper relating to Dante, 'Remarks on the reading of the 59th verse of the 5th canto of the Inferno'. Other articles followed, many of which were printed in the Athenaeum between 1857 and 1874. During the 1850s he published some occasional verse, but his main work was the preparation of at least eight books or major essays on Dante, while at the same time planning a text of the Divina Commedia according to his interpretation of the codices studied, and a new translation in prose with a life of Dante. In 1858 he listed this material in 'Works on the Divina Commedia Preparing for Publication', which included a sample page from his 'Word Book of the Divina Commedia' and from his 'Critical, Historical and Philosophical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Commedia'. This last remains his most important work, and its publication in October 1864 was the result of years of study in European libraries. He dedicated the book to the approaching Festival of Dante at Florence, and was awarded a silver medal for it by the municipality of the city. Barlow attended the Festival of Dante held in 1865: he was the British representative appointed by the organizing committee. Ten days after the Festival in Florence, Dante's bones were discovered at Ravenna, so another Festival was hastily arranged. Barlow attended this too and sent an article to the Athenaeum describing both events: it was published on 9 September 1865. In recognition of his part in the organization of the Florence festival, Barlow was knighted by Victor Emmanuel II, who bestowed on him the title of Cavaliere dell'Ordine dei SS Maurizio e Lazzaro. Barlow continued to travel and study abroad. He was a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Quiriti of Rome from 1854 and an honorary fellow of the German Dante Society. He corresponded with many other Dante scholars, including Carl Witte and Lord Vernon. Although Barlow did not publish many of his projected works, he did much in preparation. Many of his original drawings to illustrate the Divina Commedia were finished and mounted, but the series is incomplete. No commentary on the Divina Commedia was ever published by him although he wrote three over the years. Among his published and unpublished works were several essays on medicine, symbolism and theology. His quest for knowledge and his love of travel never left him. He died aged 70 on 8 November 1876, while on a visit to Salzburg.
Edward Spencer Beesly went to Wadham College Oxford, graduating in 1854. In 1859 he was appointed Principal of University Hall, London. He was Professor of History at University College London, 1860-1893, and also Professor of Latin at Bedford College London, 1860-1889. In 1869 he married Henry Crompton's sister Emily. In 1882 he was a radical candidate for Marylebone and in 1885 a radical candidate for Westminster. In 1893 he became editor of the Positivist Review. Beesly died in 1915.
Born, 15 February 1748; learned Latin, Greek and French at a young age; attended Westminster School, 1755; Queen's College Oxford, 1760; awarded BA degree in 1763 and Master's in 1766; called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1817; did not succeed or continue in the law profession; dabbled in chemistry and the physical sciences but the doctrine of utilitarianism and the principle of 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number', law reform, politics, jurisprudence and philosophy, became the occupation of his life; produced a utilitarian justification for democracy; also concerned with prison reform, religion, poor relief, international law, and animal welfare; published many writings on these subjects; died, 6 June 1832. Publications: Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation (T Payne & Son, London, 1789); Chrestomathia: being a collection of papers, explanatory of the design of an institution, proposed to be set on foot, under the name of the Chrestomathic Day School (Payne & Foss, London, 1815); Supply without Burthen; or Escheat vice Taxation (J Debrett, London, 1795); A Fragment on Government; being an examination of what is delivered on the subject of government in general, in the introduction to Sir W Blackstone's Commentaries (T Payne, London, 1776); Constitutional Code; for the use of all nations, and all governments professing liberal opinions (printed for the Author, London, 1830); many other writings.
Biometrika, a journal for the statistical study of biological problems, was founded by the eugenicist (Sir) Francis Galton (1822-1911), the mathematician and biologist Karl Pearson (1857-1936), and the zoologist Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860-1906), in 1901. It was initially edited by Pearson and Weldon. The journal was later published by the Biometrika Trust, whose offices are accommodated in the the Department of Statistical Science at University College London (founded in 1911 as the Department of Applied Statistics). It is distributed by Oxford University Press.
John Joseph Bithell was Chief Engineer for the Ferro Carril de Chumbicha a Tinogasta y Andalgala Catamarca, Argentina.
The British Maritime Law Association was founded in 1908 to promote the study and advancement of British maritime and mercantile law; to promote, with foreign and other maritime law associations, proposals for the unification of maritime and mercantile law in the practice of different nations; to afford opportunities for members to discuss matters of national and international maritime law; to collect and circulate information regarding maritime and mercantile law; and to establish a collection of publications and documents of interest to members. Membership comprises representatives from shipowners, shippers, merchants, manufacturers, insurers, insurance brokers, tug owners, shipbuilders, port and harbour authorities, bankers, and other bodies interested in the objects of the Association. The Association also has individual members - employees of corporate or institutional members, barristers, or others without a corporate identity. The two principal functions of the Association are, firstly, to advise UK Government bodies responsible for maritime legislation or regulation and, secondly, to co-operate with its international parent body, the CMI (Comité Maritime International, or International Maritime Committee, composed of the maritime law associations of more than 30 nations), in research and drafting of international instruments for the harmonisation of maritime and mercantile law. The Association publishes documents pertaining to its interests, and organises an annual lecture, dinner, and other events. Its work is delegated to standing committees on particular topics, and to ad hoc sub-committees, appointed from time to time to report as necessary on topics not under consideration by a standing committee.
The Bank of London and South America was formed in October 1923 as an amalgamation of the London and Brazilian Bank and the London and River Plate Bank. They were brought together by Lloyds Bank. The amalgamation occurred to prevent the two banks competing and pushing one of them out of business, as most of their branches were in the same cities and they were carrying out the same kind of business. Lloyds retained overall control, though it was joined by other shareholders. In 1936 the Bank took over the Anglo-South American Bank, which had itself absorbed the British Bank of South America and the Commercial Bank of Spanish America. It is now a subsidiary of Lloyds Bank International.
Members of the Brougham family of Brougham, Westmorland, included Henry, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), who served as Lord Chancellor, 1830-1834; James (1780-1833); John Waugh (1785-1829); and William, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795-1886).
The Chilean merchants Balfour Williamson & Company Ltd were founded in 1851, with an interest in most Chilean imports and exports including nitrates, and some business with Peru.
Carswell was born in Paisley, Scotland, on 3 February 1793. He studied medicine at the University of Glasgow where he was noted for his skill in drawing. He spent 2 years working at hospitals in Paris and Lyons, 1822-1823. He then returned to Scotland and took his MD at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1826, before returning to Paris. In about 1828 he was nominated by the Council of University College London to be Professor of Pathological Anatomy there, but before starting teaching duties he was commissioned to prepare a collection of pathological drawings. He remained in Paris till 1831 when he had completed a series of two thousand water-colour drawings of diseased structures. He then came to London and undertook the duties of his Professorship. Soon afterwards, he was also appointed physician to University College Hospital; however he never practised and embarked on preparing a great book on pathological anatomy. This book was published in 1837 as 'Illustrations of the elementary forms of disease'. Later in life he became unwell and in 1840 he resigned his Professorship and accepted the appointment of physician to the King of the Belgians. Carswell spent the remainder of his life in Belgium, being occupied in official duties and charitable medical attendance on the poor. He was knighted in 1850 by Queen Victoria. He died on 15 June 1857.
Chadwick was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1823. In 1832 he was appointed Assistant Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry and the following year Royal Commissioner to the same Enquiry, and to enquire into the employment of children in factories. In 1834 he was appointed Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, and in 1836 Royal Commissioner to enquire into a rural constabulary. In 1842 Chadwick published the Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population (known as the 'Sanitary Report'). In 1847 he lost his position as Secretary of the Poor Law Commission, but was appointed Royal Commissioner on London sanitation, and Metropolitan Commissioner of Sewers. In 1848 he was created CB and was appointed Commissioner to the General Board of Health. He resigned from the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers in 1849 and from the General Board of Health in 1854. In 1857 he became interested in standing for Parliament and in 1859 stood as candidate for Evesham. In 1865 he stood as candidate for London University but withdrew before the poll. In 1868 he stood for Kilmarknock Burghs. He was created KCB in 1889. See also S E Finer, The life and times of Sir Edwin Chadwick (London, 1952).
The Chadwick Trust was set up in 1895 under the provisions of the will of Sir Edwin Chadwick (d 1890), who bequeathed money to promote research into public health engineering. Sir Edwin Chadwick, born in 1800, was a pioneering sanitary reformer; secretary to Jeremy Bentham; appointed Assistant Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, 1832; appointed Royal Commissioner to the Poor Law Enquiry, and to enquire into the employment of children in factories, 1833; Secretary of the Poor Law Commission, 1834-1847; Royal Commissioner to enquire into a rural constabulary, 1836; published his report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population, 1842; appointed Royal Commissioner on London sanitation, 1847; Metropolitan Commissioner of Sewers, 1847-1849; Commissioner of the General Board of Health, 1848-1854. At his death he also bequeathed money to University College London to create the Chadwick Professorship of Municipal Engineering, first occupied by his son Sir Osbert Chadwick from 1898. The Chadwick Trust gives prizes and medals to students researching into both the medical and engineering aspects of sanitary science. It also funds lectures on related subjects. The Trust was set up under a Board of Trustees and was later associated with the Royal Society of Health, on whose premises its office was situated. In 1980 negotiations began with University College London to house the Trust in the Civil Engineering Department, and the Trust was subsequently administered by a committee of University College London.
Raymond Wilson Chambers studied at University College London (UCL), 1891-1899, and was appointed Quain Student in English there in 1899. He stayed at UCL and was Librarian from 1901 to 1922. He was also Assistant Professor in the English Department, 1904-1914. In 1915 he became Reader in English. From 1915 to 1917 he served for a time with the Red Cross in France, and with the YMCA with the British Expeditionary Force in Belgium. In 1922 he became Quain Professor of English at UCL in succession to W P Ker. In 1933 he visited the USA to deliver the Turnbull lectures in Baltimore. He published Widsith: a study in Old English herioc legend in 1912, Beowulf: an introduction to the study of the poem, with a discussion of the stories of Offa and Finn in 1921, Life of More in 1932, Thomas More in 1935, and Man's unconquerable mind in 1939. Chambers retired in 1941 and died in 1942. The fullest account of Chambers' life is given by C J Sisson in the Proceedings of the British Academy, vol xxx (1944), pp 427-39, with a bibliography by H Winifred Husbands.
CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, was inaugurated on 1 April 2002, following the unification of two predecessor bodies - the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS). CILIP is primarily a personal membership organisation, with a Royal Charter and charitable status. CILIP speaks out on behalf of the profession to the media, government and decision makers and provides practical support for members on academic education, professional qualifications, job hunting and continuing professional development.
The LA was formed in 1877 and received its Royal Charter, which permitted it to award professional (Chartered) status to members, in 1898. It became a registered charity in 1963 and was awarded a supplemental Royal Charter in 1986. The Scottish Library Association was founded in 1908, and formally affiliated with the LA (of the UK) in 1931. The Welsh Library Association (WLA) was a branch of the UK LA, and a further branch existed in Northern Ireland.
In the late 1950s, a group of professionals working predominantly in scientific and technological research took the view that a separate body was required to meet their more specialist form of practice and split off to form the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) in 1958. The IIS was founded to promote and maintain high standards in scientific and technical information work and to establish qualifications for those engaged in the profession. Thereafter increasingly the IIS also attracted those working in the rapidly expanding field of financial and business information, and subsequent technological developments meant that its members were in a better position to pay close attention to developments in digital technology. Like the LA, it also had charitable status.
Born, 1919; education: Howell's School Llandaff; Girton College, Cambridge, 1937-; war work, 1940-1944, in The Armament Research Department of the Ministry of Supply and later Woolwich Arsenal; Research Assistant to B C J G Knight at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, 1944; Medical Research Council National Collection of Type Cultures, 1951-; Assistant Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, University College London, 1953-1956; Lecturer, University College London, 1956-1966; Reader, University College London, 1966-1974; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1976; Professor, University College London, 1974-1984; Professor Emeritus of the University of London, 1984; Honorary Fellow, University College London, 1996.
Colombia's mineral resources include coal, iron, and other metals.
Born in London, 1920; educated at Highgate School, Trinity College Cambridge (Robert Styring Scholar, Classics, and Senior Scholar, Natural Sciences), and the London Hospital (Scholar); visited Buenos Aires and West Africa, 1936; refused military service in World War Two, 1939-1945; 1st Class Natural Science Tripos, Part I, 1940; 2nd Class Natural Science Tripos, 1st Division (Pathology), 1941; BA, 1943; married Ruth Muriel Harris, 1943; Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, Cambridge, 1944; Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate, Royal College of Physicians, London, 1944; MA, Cambridge, 1945; Diploma in Child Health, London, 1945; one son, Nicholas, born, 1946; Lecturer in Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, 1948-1951; PhD in Biochemistry, London, 1949; Honorary Research Associate, Department of Zoology, University College London, 1951-1973; DSc in Gerontology, London, 1963; Director of Research in Gerontology, Zoology Department, University College London, 1966-1973; President, British Society for Research on Ageing, 1967; first marriage dissolved and married Jane Tristram Henderson (d 1991), 1973; Clinical Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, 1974-1983; Professor, Department of Pathology, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, 1976-1978; Consultant psychiatrist, Brentwood VA Hospital, Los Angeles, 1978-1981; Adjunct Professor, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, from 1980; Consultant, Ventura County Hospital (Medical Education), from 1981; member of the Royal Society of Medicine; member of the American Psychiatric Association; a prolific author, best known for books on sexual behaviour - in which he advocated greater sexual freedom, including the bestselling and widely translated The Joy of Sex and its sequels - but wrote on a diverse range of subjects; an anarchist, and published works on anarchy; a pacifist, and active in the movement for nuclear disarmament; died in Banbury, Oxfordshire, 2000. Publications include: Fiction: No Such Liberty (1941); The Almond Tree (1943); The Powerhouse (1944); Letters from an Outpost (1947); On This Side Nothing (1949); A Giant's Strength (1952); Come Out to Play (1961); Tetrarch (1980); Imperial Patient (1987); The Philosophers (1989). Poetry: France and Other Poems (1942); A Wreath for the Living (1943); Elegies (1944); The Song of Lazarus (USA, 1945); The Signal to Engage (1947); And All But He Departed (1951); Haste to the Wedding (1961); Poems (1979); Mikrokosmos (1994). Plays: Into Egypt (1942); Cities of the Plain (1943); Gengulphus (1948). Songs: Are You Sitting Comfortably? (1962). Non-fiction: The Silver River (1938); Art and Social Responsibility (1946); First Year Physiological Technique (1948); The Novel and Our Time (1948); Barbarism and Sexual Freedom (1948); Sexual Behaviour in Society (1950); The Pattern of the Future (1950); Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State (1950); The Biology of Senescence (1956); Darwin and the Naked Lady (1961); Sex in Society (1963); Ageing, the Biology of Senescence (1964); The Process of Ageing (1964); Nature and Human Nature (1966); The Anxiety Makers (1967); The Joy of Sex (1972); More Joy (1974); A Good Age (1977); as editor, Sexual Consequences of Disability (1978); I and That: Notes on the Biology of Religion (1979); A practice of Geriatric Psychiatry (1979); The Facts of Love (1980); What is a Doctor? (1980); Reality and Empathy (1984); with Jane T Comfort, What about Alcohol? (1983); The New Joy of Sex (1991); Against Power and Death (1994). Translation: The Koka Shastra (1964).
Davis was born on 30 April 1915. He was educated at the London School of Economics, 1946-1950. He then became a Lecturer and Reader in Economic History at the University of Hull, 1950-1954. He became Professor of Economic History at the University of Leicester in 1964, and in 1976 he was appointed Pro-Vice-Chancellor there. Davis was a Trustee of the National Maritime Museum from 1968 to 1975. He published articles and books, mainly on trade and the shipping industry. Davis died on 30 September 1978.
Peter Davison was editor of The Complete Works of George Orwell and Professor and Senior Research Fellow in English and Media, De Montfort University, Leicester. Davison was originally commissioned in 1981 to produce corrected versions of Orwell's nine separate books. He also edited the Facsimile of the Manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four and was commissioned in 1982 to produce a collected edition of Orwell's shorter writing which developed into the production of The Complete Works. He was President of the Bibliographical Society, 1992-1994, whose journal, The Library, he edited for 12 years. He was also a Shakespeare expert on whose plays he published a number of works.
Publications:
The Complete Works of George Orwell editor
Songs of the British Music Hall: A Critical Study
Popular Appeal in English Drama to 1850
Contemporary Drama and the Popular Dramatic Tradition
Hamlet: Text and Performance
Henry V: Masterguide
Othello: The Critical Debate
George Orwell: A Literary Life
Born at Shrewsbury, 1862; moved with his family to Guildford, 1866; educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford; interested in natural science, but formed a desire to enter the Unitarian ministry and went to Owens College, Manchester, 1883; graduated in philosophy with first class honours, 1888; continued to study philosophy, at Manchester College Oxford and then at Leipzig; Hibbert Scholar, 1891-1896; graduated from Leipzig with a PhD, 1896; minister at Unity Church, Islington, 1897-1903; Lecturer for the London School of Ethics and Sociology, 1897-1898; Vice-President of the Aristotelian Society, 1901; Assistant Editor of the Hibbert Journal, 1902; LittD, Manchester, 1904; appointed to the Chair of Moral Philosophy at University College London, 1904; lived in Cambridge, travelling to London several times weekly, and also delivered some lectures in Cambridge; BA by research, Cambridge, 1909; MA, 1912; President of the Aristotelian Society, 1913; elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1927; retired his Professorship, 1928; Emeritus Professor from 1928; Hibbert Lecturer, 1931; Upton Lecturer in Philosophy, 1933; Essex Hall Lecturer, 1934; Hobhouse Memorial Lecturer, 1936; examiner in philosophy at various universities; a leading authority on the philosophers Immanuel Kant and George Berkeley, and on the history of philosophy, and worked on the theory of knowledge, eventually tending towards the realistic theory; died at Cambridge, 1941. Publications: Die Begriffe Phänomenon und Noumenon in ihrem Verhältnis zu einander bei Kant (1897); 'English Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century' in Friedrich Ueberweg and Franz Friedrich Maximilian Heinze's Geschichte der Philosophie (1897); memoir of James Drummond in Drummond's Pauline Meditations (1919); Ways towards the Spiritual Life (1928); article on theory of knowledge in Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th edition, 1929); Berkeley, in Leaders of Philosophy series (1932); Human Personality and Future Life (1934); Thought and Real Existence (1936); The Philosophical Bases of Theism (1937); Critical Realism: Studies in the Philosophy of Mind and Nature (1938); various articles and reviews in Mind, the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Hibbert Journal, Journal of Psychology, and other periodicals.
De Beer was born on 1 November 1899 at Malden, Surrey. His early life was spent abroad and he attended the Ecole Pascale in Paris. He came to England in 1912 and attended Harrow School, followed by Magdalen College Oxford. He joined the Grenadier Guards and was called up, but the First World War ended soon afterwards. He returned to Oxford and studied zoology, achieving a first class honours in 1921. He was elected to a Prize Fellowship of Merton College in 1923, and held this until 1938. From 1926 to 1938 De Beer was Jenkinson Lecturer in Embryology at Oxford. He served in the Second World War, being involved with psychological warfare. From 1946 to 1950 he was Professor of Embryology at University College London and from 1950 to 1960 Director of the British Museum (Natural History). He then joined the publishing company Thomas Nelson, initially as a Director and later as Editorial Consultant. He was President of the Linnean Society from 1946 to 1949. He was knighted in 1954. He won many medals during his lifetime and published a many of books on a range of subjects, from embryology and genetics to travelling in Switzerland. De Beer died on 21 June 1972.
Unknown.
Frederick George Donnan studied at Queen's College Belfast from 1889 to 1893, and in Germany under Wislicenus, Ostwald and van't Hoff until 1897. From 1898 to 1903 he worked in Professor (later Sir William) Ramsay's laboratory in University College London. In 1903 he became a Lecturer in Organic Chemistry at the Royal College of Science in Dublin. The following year he was appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry in Liverpool. He supervised the building of the Muspratt Laboratory of physical chemistry and was its Director 1906 to 1913. In 1913 Donnan succeeded Ramsay as Professor of General Chemistry at University College London, where he remained until 1937. From 1924 to 1926 he served on the Council of the Royal Society and was President of the Faraday Society. He was also a member of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research from 1925 to 1930; and from 1925 to 1933 he was Foreign Secretary of the Chemical Society. In 1928 he received the Davy Medal of the Royal Society. In 1936 he became a Fellow of University College London. He was President of the Chemical Society from 1937 to 1939, and Chairman of the Royal Society Scientific Relief Committee from 1941 to 1946.
Drummond was born on 12 January 1891. He was educated at the Strand School of King's College, and Queen Mary's College and King's College of the University of London. He started work as a Research Assistant in 1913 at King's College London. In 1914 he was a Research Assistant at the Biochemical Department of the Cancer Hospital Research Institute in London, where in 1918 he became a Director. In 1919 he joined University College London as a Reader in Physiological Chemistry, and in 1922 he was made Professor of Biochemistry there. He stayed at UCL till 1945. During the Second World War he was also a scientific adviser to the Ministry of Food, and an adviser on nutrition. He was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1942-1944. In 1946 he became Director of Research and Director of Boots Pure Drug Co Ltd. Drummond was knighted in 1944. He published numerous articles in scientific periodicals. He died on 4 August 1952.