Harry Undy was born in 1932. He joined the London Missionary Society in 1959. He worked in Southern Rhodesia until 1974 (continuing work with the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa from its inception in 1967). Amongst his roles in Southern Rhodesia he taught at Hope Fountain. He married Sheila Cheetham in 1954.
Edgar Ashworth Underwood (1899-1980) was a medical man specialising in public health before making a second career in medical history. Born, 1899; Schooling in Glasgow/Dumfries Academy; Served with Cameron Highlanders in France, 1917-1919; University of Glasgow MA, MB,Ch B,BSc, 1924; Physician at Western Infirmary, Glasgow, 1924; Diploma in Public Health (DPH), 1926; Assistant M O H in Glasgow and County of Lanark, 1926; Deputy M O H County of Rotherham, 1929; Medical Superintendant of Oakwood Sanitarium, Rotherham, 1929-1931; Deputy M O H, City of Leeds, 1932-1934; Lecturer in Public Health, University of Leeds; M O H, Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch, 1934-1937; M O H, Chief School Medical Officer, County Borough of West Ham, 1937-1945; MD, 1936; Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine, 1933; Honorary Secretary of Royal Society of Medicine, 1942-1948; President of Royal Society of Medicine, 1948-1950; Director, Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and Library, 1946-1964; President of the History Section, RSM, 1948-1950; retired, 1964; died, 1980.
Born at Wolverhampton, 1875; educated at home, except for three years at a private school in Folkestone; read history and botany at King's College for Women, London; developed a knowledge of the art of France and Italy and travelled abroad each spring, 1898-1913; first work published, 1902; married (Hubert) Stuart Moore, a barrister, 1907; converted to Christianity, 1907; initially sympathetic to Roman Catholicism, but subsequently leant towards Anglicanism on intellectual grounds; after her conversion Underhill's life consisted of various religious work including writing, visiting the poor, and offering spiritual guidance, the latter increasing over time; published her first important book, Mysticism, 1911; honorary fellow of King's College for Women, 1913; became acquainted with the theologian Baron Friedrich Von Hugel to whom she was indebted spiritually; formally under his spiritual direction, 1921-1925; became a practising Anglican, 1921; Upton Lecturer on Religion, Manchester College Oxford, 1921-1922; began to conduct retreats, especially at Pleshey, Essex, 1924; several books were based on these; other publications included three novels, two books of verse, works on philosophy and religion, editions of and critical essays on the mystics John of Ruysbroeck and Walter Hilton, and reviews and articles for The Spectator, of which she was theological editor, and later for Time and Tide; fellow of King's College London, 1927; in the 1930s became deeply interested in the Greek Orthodox Church and joined the Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius; although employed in the naval intelligence (Africa) department at the Admiralty during World War One, her views changed and she was a Christian pacifist, 1939; joined the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship; honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity, University of Aberdeen, 1939; died at Hampstead, 1941. Cf The Letters of Evelyn Underhill, edited with an introduction by Charles Williams (1943). Cited in the Church of England Calendar from 1997. Publications include A Bar-Lamb's Ballad Book (1902), containing humorous verse concerned with the law; Mysticism (1911); Immanence. A book of verses [1913]; The Life of the Spirit and the Life of To-day (1922), based on her Upton lectures; Worship (1936), written for the Library of Constructive Theology; The spiritual life (1937); The Church and War (1940), written for the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Editor of or contributor to: The Miracles of Our Lady Saint Mary, brought out of divers tongues and newly set forth in English (1905); A Book of Contemplation the which is called the Cloud of Unknowing, in the which a soul is oned with God, edited from the British Museum MS Harleian 674, with an introduction by Underhill (1912); One Hundred Poems of Kabir, translated by Rabindranath Tagore, with an introduction by Underhill (1914); The Fire of Love or Melody of Love and the Mending of Life or Rule of Living, translated by Richard Misyn from the 'Incedium Amoris' and the 'De Emendatione Vitae', edited and done into modern English by Frances M M Comper, with an introduction by Underhill (1914); The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage. The Sparkling Stone. The Book of Supreme Truth, translated from the Flemish by C A Wynschenk Dom, edited with an introduction and notes by Underhill (1916); Caroline Frances Eleanor Spurgeon, The Training of the Combatant: an address delivered for the Fight for Right Movement, with a note on the movement by Underhill (1916); The Confessions of Jacob Boehme, edited by W Scott Palmer, with an introduction by Underhill (1920); Walter Hylton, The Scale of Perfection, edited from MS sources with an introduction by Underhill (1923); Cardinal Nicolaus de Cusa Khrypffs, The Vision of God (De Visione Dei), translated by Emma Gurney Salter, with an introduction by Underhill (1928); A Simple Method of Raising the Soul to Contemplation, translated by Lucy Menzies, with an introduction by Underhill (1931); Margaret Beatrice Cropper, Christ Crucified. A Passion play in six scenes, with an introductory note by Underhill (1932); Letters of direction. Thoughts on the spiritual life from the letters of the Abbe de Tourville, with an introduction by Underhill (1939); Eucharistic Prayers from the Ancient Liturgies, chosen and arranged by Underhill (1939). Published pseudonymously, as John Cordelier: The Path of the Eternal Wisdom. A mystical commentary on the Way of the Cross (1911); The Spiral Way. Being meditations upon the fifteen mysteries of the soul's ascent (1912). Some of her work has been reprinted and anthologised.
Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited was founded in 1902 by American Charles Yerkes, who had made a substantial profits investing in public transport in the city of Chicago. The company bought existing railway companies involved in the construction of deep-level tube railway lines, including the Metropolitan District Railway; Baker Street and Waterloo Railway; Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. The lines constructed by these companies now form the District Line, Bakerloo Line, Northern Line and Piccadilly Line.
The Underground Electric Railways Company began to act together with other railway companies, including the Central London Railway and the Great Northern and City Railway; representing themselves as the Underground Group and agreeing on fare structures. In 1909 the Underground Electric Railways Company applied for and was granted permission to merge the Metropolitan District Railway; Baker Street and Waterloo Railway; Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway companies into one company, the London Electric Railway Company. In 1913 the company purchased the City and South London Railway and the Central London Railway, bringing all but three of the exisiting underground lines into common ownership.
The Underground Electric Railways Company also purchased bus and tram service providers including the London General Omnibus Company; London and Suburban Traction Company; London United Tramways; Metropolitan Electric Tramways; and South Metropolitan Electric Tramways.
In the 1920s the group was struggling financially. Chairman Lord Ashfield lobbied for greater regulation of transport services in the London area - leading ultimately to the liquidation of the Underground Electric Railways Company when the London Passenger Transport Board was formed in 1933. This was a public corporation which took control of the company and several others within the London Passenger Transport Area.
The collection was purchased from W. Underdown but nothing is known about him beyond that.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Ulvik Anglican Chaplaincy was founded to serve the English tourists visiting Norway.
Frederick (Fritz) Ullstein was the son of Hermann Ullstein, the youngest of the 5 Ullstein brothers, responsible for building up the Ullstein publishing House to become the largest in Europe, prior to compulsory purchase by the Nazis in 1934, on account of the family's Jewish origins. Frederick came to Great Britain in the 1930s, became a farmer, served in the British army during the war and married into the Guiness family. After the war he was involved in claiming back for the Ullstein family what was rightfully theirs. Once the business was back in the hands of members of the Ullstein family, it became evident that for a number of reasons, they were not able to recreate the success, which the firm enjoyed before the Nazi seizure of power. Sustained interest by Axel Springer eventually resulted in the latter's company taking over the firm. Frederick Ullstein became an employee of Aldus Books, based in London.
.Aldus Books, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Doubleday and Co. Inc. of New York, USA Division was run by Wolfgang Foges, who came to Great Britain from Austria to get married in 1936. In Vienna he had edited a fashion magazine. He founded Adprint in Great Britain in 1937. This company created and produced illustrated books, the best known of which were the 120 volumes of the Britain in Pictures series, published in England by Collins, and translated into several languages by the Ministry of Information.
In 1941, Foges had been granted British citizenship for important services to the war effort and soon after his naturalisation he was appointed an honorary advisor to the Colonial Office on books and publications.
In the early 1950s, under the imprint of Rathbone Books, a series of books called The Wonderful World was published in association with Doubleday and Co. Inc. New York. This was the start of many further series of internationally co-produced educational and general knowledge books, written by distinguished British authors. In 1960 Aldus Books was founded.
UBS Global Asset Management is the business division of UBS, a global firm providing financial services to private clients, corporations and institutions. This collection comprises of publications produced by Phillips and Drew, a brokerage company established in 1895 which became a subsidiary of UBS in 1985.
Phillips and Drew were based in London, and although UBS are an international firm they retain offices in Lombard Street, London.
Source of information: www.ubs.com [accessed 6 Jun 2011].
U. C. Farmer Limited, fishmongers, was a Billingsgate company formed in 1965.
Francis John Tyssen established extensive land holdings in Hackney (see below). His estates were left to his daughter Mary Tyssen. Her grandson William George Daniel (1801-55) took the surname Daniel-Tyssen. He married Amelia Amhurst. Their son William Amhurst Tyssen (1835-1909) adopted the surname Tyssen-Amherst in 1852, changing it to Tyssen-Amherst in 1877. His estates included 9488 acres at Didlington Hall, Norfolk, as well as the Hackney estates in London.
THE MANOR OF LORDSHOLD, HACKNEY: The principal manor of Hackney, now known as Lordshold, was formerly held by the Bishop of London who surrendered it to King Edward VI in 1550, together with the manor of Stepney. Both manors were granted by the King to Thomas, Lord Wentworth, Stepney in 1550 and Hackney in 1551 and remained in the Wentworth family until the confiscation of the Earl of Cleveland's estates in 1652. In 1633, however, the Earl of Cleveland had mortgaged the manor to Sir Thomas Trevor and Thomas Trevor. The redemption sum was not repaid and the term was assigned to Anne, Viscountess of Dorchester in trust for Viscount Bayning, whose executors Sir Thomas Gleinham and Henry Gleinham assigned it to Richard Wallcott, Richard Wallop, William Smith and Francis Glover. The remainder of the term was acquired by William Hobson in 1660, whose coheirs sold it to John Forth, Alderman of London and, after a dispute in Chancery between the Wentworth and Forth families, this assignment was confirmed in 1669. In 1676 the manor was sold to Nicholas Cary and Thomas Cooke, goldsmiths and was subsequently purchased by Francis Tyssen in 1697.
THE MANOR OF KINGSHOLD, HACKNEY: By the 13th century, the Knights Hospitaller had acquired considerable lands in Hackney which passed to the Priory of St John of Jerusalem on the abolition of the Order. When the Priory was, in turn, dissolved by King Henry VIII, this estate was granted to Henry, Earl of Northumberland. Although the Earl conveyed the manor to Sir Thomas Audley, the Lord Chancellor, in 1535 for the King's use, the Earl kept possession until his death in 1537 when it reverted to the Crown. From that time the manor was known as Kingshold. In 1547 Edward VI granted it to William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke who sold it to Sir Ralph Sadler in the same year. In 1548 it passed to the Carew family until 1578 when it was alienated to Sir Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon. He conveyed the manor to Sir Rowland Hayward in 1583 and after conveyance to Elizabeth, Countess of Oxford in 1596 and Fulke Grevile in 1609, it reverted to the Crown. In 1614 it was granted to Thomas Lande and Thomas Banckes who sold it to Hugh Sexey. In 1647 the manor was acquired by William Hobson, whose sons-in-law alienated it to Sir George Vyner in 1668. In 1694 it was purchased by John Sikes, one of the coheirs of Sir Thomas Vyner who sold it in 1698 to Francis Tyssen.
THE MANOR OF GRUMBOLDS, HACKNEY: The manor of Grumbolds formed part of the Rectory of Hackney, the advowson of which was originally vested in the Bishops of London as lords of the superior manor, until both were separated from the see in 1550. It then seemed to continue to pass with the ownership of Lordshold.
Geoffrey Francis Andrew Best: born 1928, educated at St Paul's School, London, Trinity College Cambridge (MA, PhD); served in Royal Army Education Corps, 1946-1947; Choate Fellow, Harvard University, 1954-55; Fellow of Trinity Hall, and Asst Lecturer, Cambridge University, 1955-1961; Lecturer, Edinburgh University, 1961-1966; Prof. of History, Edinburgh University, 1966-1974; Prof. of History, University of Sussex, 1974-1985; Senior Associate Member, St Anthony's College, Oxford, 1988-date
Born, 1661; education: Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1667-1677; moved to London and continued to pursue anatomy, 1677; MD, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1680; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1683; anatomical curator, Royal Society, 1683; Ventera reader in anatomy at the Company of Barber-Surgeons, 1684-1699; Physician to Bethlem and Bridewell Hospitals, 1684; died, 1708.
Elizabeth Tyrrell (1769-1835) was the wife of Timothy Tyrrell, Remembrancer of the City of London, 1808-11. Tyrrell was also a solicitor working at the Chancery and Queen's Bench courts. The family lived on Queen Street, Cheapside.
These manuscripts were compiled by Edward Tyrrell, City Remembrancer, 1832-63.
John Tyndall was born the son of John Tyndall, a shoemaker, in Leighton Bridge, County Carlow, Ireland, in 1820. He attended the National School in Carlow until the age of 19. He supplemented his schooling by reading and thus became fascinated by science. He began work as a draftsman and civil engineer in the Irish Ordnance Survey, but was later transferred to the English division in Preston, Lancashire in 1842. He was strongly against political principles in England and was transferred back to Ireland after protesting against them. He later returned to England as a surveyor and engineer during the railway development of 1844-1845. He became acquainted with George Edmondson of Queenwood College in Hampshire in 1847, and began teaching mathematics and drawing there. At Queenwood College, Tyndall was introduced to German science through his involvement with Thomas Archer Hirst and Edward Frankland. In 1848, he attended the University of Marburg in Germany, and studied science under Bunsen, gaining his PhD in 1850. He remained at Marburg and worked in the laboratory on diamagnetism with Karl Herrmann Knoblauch. Together, they published a paper on their work in Philosophical Magazine, in 1850-1851. Like many natural philosophers, Tyndall had to write, lecture and examine in order to earn a living and gain a name as a first-rate natural philosopher. Nevertheless, in 1852 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1853 he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI). Under Michael Faraday's guidance, he became a very good lecturer giving over 300 lectures at the RI alone. He succeeded Faraday as Superintendent of the RI in 1867, which he held until 1887. He became Scientific Adviser to Trinity House in 1865 and to the Board of Trade in c1867. Tyndall undertook various forms of research in his time, from electromagnetism to thermodynamics to bacteriology. From 1851 to 1856, he studied the compression on crystalline substances; 1854-1856 he looked at Penrhyn slate and investigated the Penrhyn quarries; 1856-1859, he studied glacial movements; 1860-1870 he undertook work on the effects of solar and heat radiation on atmospheric gases; 1870-1876 he considered the scattering of light particles and the blue colour of the sky, as well as spontaneous generation and defending Pasteur in his work. John Tyndall is known for verifying the high absorptive and radiative power of aqueous vapour; measuring atmosphere and the transmission of heat by gases and liquids; explaining the selective influence of the atmosphere on sounds, and establishing the principle of discontinuous heating', otherwise known asTyndallisation', as a sterilizing technique. His work on glacial movement was inconclusive. Tyndall was kept busy outside of the laboratory through other activities such as being the Examiner for the Royal Military College 1855-1857; Professor of Physics at the Royal School of Mines 1859-1968; lecturer at Eton College 1856 and at the London Institution 1856-1859. He regularly wrote articles for the Saturday Review from 1859, and became Scientific Adviser to The Reader 1863-1867. In 1869 he inaugurated the journal Nature and pushed for public knowledge and access to science. In 1866-1867, he was on the British Association Committee for teaching science. He published many papers through the Royal Society, as well as books such as Glaciers of the Alps in 1860 and Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion in 1863. He received the Rumford Medal from the Royal Society, in1869. In 1874, he gave a presidential address to the British Association in Belfast which caused a great deal of controversy since he questioned theistic explanations for natural phenomena. In 1876, he married Louisa Charlotte Hamilton. During the 1870s and 1880s, Tyndall was often ill. He resigned from his position as Scientific Advisor to Trinity House and the Board of Trade in 1884, over Joseph Chamberlain's policy for lighthouses. He rejected Gladstone's policies for home rule in Ireland in 1885, and by 1886 he became so ill that he was eventually bedridden. He retired from the RI in 1887, and after an accidental overdose of medication by his wife, Louisa, he died in 1893.
Born, 1820; Education: PhD; Career: Taught at Queenwood College, Hampshire (to 1853); in 1859, his labortory experiments showed that water vapour and carbon dioxide absorb infra-red radiation and that they could therefore affect the climate of the Earth. As soon as his paper was published in 1861 in the 'Proceedings of the Royal Society', he put out a press release for the London newspapaers explaining that this result implied that all past climate changes were now understood and all future climate changes could be predicted simply from a knowledge of the concentrations of these 'greenhouse' gases. Tyndall restricted himself to describing his experiments and simply linking it to work of Fourier a few decades earlier. It took more than a century before the credible quantitative estimates of these effects and their influence on past and possibly future climates were made, along with good enough observations of the gases to know that they have (and continue) to change significantly. Fellow of the Royal Society, 1852; Rumford Medal, 1864; Vice President of the Royal Society, 1879-1880; died, 1893.
Tyler Dispensing Chemists were based in Abingdon Road, London W12.
Tyler and Company Limited were wine merchants. They were incorporated in 1908 and their registered office was in Woking, although they had branches nationwide. They were bought by Allied Breweries Limited and merged with the Victoria Wine Company to form Victoria Wine-Tylers Limited.
Tyler entered the Navy in 1771 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1779. During the American War he served chiefly in the Channel and the Mediterranean and in the early part of the Revolutionary war in the Mediterranean. In 1799 he was appointed to the WARRIOR, at first in the Channel and after 1802 in the West Indies, and in 1805 to the TONNANT, with the Mediterranean fleet. He was severely wounded at Trafalgar. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1808 and hoisted his flag as second-in-command at Portsmouth. Between 1812 and 1816 he was Commander-in-Chief at the Cape of Good Hope, after which he had no further service. He was promoted to vice-admiral in 1813 and to admiral in 1825.
See W.H. Wyndham-Quin Sir Charles Tyler, G. C. B. Admiral of the White (London, 1912)
Mr E J Tyler was a professional writer who had been interested in paddle steamers since he was a child. In 1949, he undertook a detailed investigation into those steamers still remaining since the building of the last paddle Cunarders in 1862, which was an area of study that had been ignored by textbooks. He travelled on them extensively, taking copious notes and photographs, forming an extensive collection of material including excursion bills issued by the various companies. Having given a talk to the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society in 1962, he decided that there was no public audience for the material that he had collected, and he carried on collecting without publishing it.
Twort went into research shortly after he qualified in medicine in 1900. In 1909 he was appointed Superintendent of the Brown Institution in South London, a post he held until the building was destroyed during the Blitz in 1944, apart from a period of service in Salonika at the Base Laboratories during World War I. In 1929 he was elected FRS and in 1931 the title of Professor of Bacteriology was conferred on him by the University of London. He did important work on the bacteriophage and was involved in controversy with Félix d'Hérelle over priority in research findings. Twort's research interests were wide and included developing improved wireless reception and work on removing impurities in latex. Described in an obituary as an 'erratic genius' he was no stranger to controversy, criticising his military superiors during his war service and initiating a legal case against the Medical Research Council when they terminated their funding to the Brown Institution. Details of a biography of Twort by his son are given below.
Margaret Twocock attended Avery Hill College from 1923 to 1925. She was Deputy Head Mistress at Ruxley Manor Junior School from 1955 to 1964, when she retired.
Philip Elias Twist decided in 1769 to build on his land in Oxford Street a building suitable for public entertainment, an 'indoor Ranelagh'. It was to be called the Pantheon. The project was financed by selling 50 shares in the building and its profit, in the form of leases for 61 years.
The main room was a huge and beautiful rotunda based on Santa Sophia, Constantinople. There were smaller vestibules, card rooms and tea rooms. It took more than two and a half years to complete and was opened in 1772. It was widely admired by Londoners and foreign visitors. The building was used for entertainments such as masquerades, ridottos, fetes and concerts. In 1791 it was decided to turn the building into a theatre, but it was burnt down in 1792.
The ruined building was restored by Crispus Clagett, the proprietor of the Apollo Gardens, and reopened in 1796. However, the project proved too expensive, and Clagett disappeared leaving his debts. The building changed hands several times, each owner finding it too expensive to adapt. In 1813 the owner Nicholas Cundy violated the terms of the licence by opening a theatre in the building and was closed down by the Lord Chamberlain. In 1814 it was stipped of its fittings and left empty. It was converted into a bazaar in 1833 and sold to Marks and Spencer in 1937. They demolished it and built in its place their Oxford Street shop.
This company was registered in September 1916 as Twining, Harrisons and Crosfield Company Limited; the name was changed in December of that year to Twining, Crosfield and Company Limited. The company took on the packed tea and tea wholesaleing business of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112-001-016) under Hugh Theodore Crosfield at 9 Mincing Lane, London and Ceylon Wharf, Southwark. It had links with Irwin Harrisons and Whitney.
Harrisons and Crosfield Limited held preference shares in the company and appointed directors until 1952, but it did not act as agents or secretaries for the company. In 1952 Twining, Crosfield and Company became a public company. In 1961 it acquired Barber's Teas Limited and its subsidiary Samuel Harvey and Company Limited.
For historical notes concerning Harrisons and Crosfield Limited's shareholdings in the company see CLC/B/112/MS37392.
William Lawrence Twining (b 1934) has had a long and distinguished career in law teaching and has been involved in many projects relating to legal education. He was educated at Charterhouse School, Brasenose College, Oxford, and the University of Chicago. He has been Lecturer in Private Law at the University of Khartoum (1958-1961), Senior Lecturer in Law at University College, Dar-es-Salaam (1961-1965), Professor of Jurisprudence at the Queen's University, Belfast (1965-1972) and Professor of Law at the University of Warwick (1972-1982). From 1983-1996 he was the Quain Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London. Other activities have included membership of the Committee on Legal Education in Northern Ireland (1972-1974), presidency of the Society of Public Teachers of Law (1978-1979) and of the UK Society for Legal and Social Philosophy (1980-1983), chairmanship of the Bentham Committee (1982-) and of the Commonwealth Legal Education Association (1983-1993).
Publications: How to do things with rules with David Miers (1976); editor of Law publishing and legal information: small jurisdictions of the British Isles with Jennifer Uglow (1981); Theories of evidence: Bentham and Wigmore (c1985); editor of Legal theory and common law (1986); editor of Essays on Kelsen with Richard Tur (1986); editor of Learning lawyers' skills with Neil Gold and Karl Mackie (1989); editor of Access to legal education and the legal profession with Rajeev Dhavan and Neil Kibble (1989); Rethinking evidence: exploratory essays (1990); editor of Issues of self-determination (1991); Analysis of evidence: how to do things with facts with Terence Anderson (1991); editor of Evidence and proof with Alex Stein (1992); joint editor of Legal Records in the Commonwealth with Emma Varnden Quick (Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1994); Blackstone's tower: the English law school (1994); Law in context: enlarging a discipline (1997); edited the Law in Context series and the Jurists' series.
Louisa Twining (1820-1912) was born in 1820, the grandchild of Richard Twining, the head of the firm of tea and coffee merchants. She was educated at home and later attended lectures at the Royal Institute. She was a talented artist and her first publication, in 1852, was the book Symbols and Emblems of Early and Mediaeval Art. It was the year after this that she became aware of the problems presented by the workhouse when she visited a former nurse in one such establishment. She organised a workhouse-visiting scheme amongst her friends but attempts to implement it were rejected by the local Poor Law Board. Attempts to sway the board through personal interventions, letters to the press and lectures met with little success until 1855, when the Rev. JS Brewer published one of Twining's lectures in 'Practical Lectures to Ladies'. A further pamphlet entitled 'A Few Words about the Inmates of Our Union Workhouses' followed this, while a petition was also circulated. The effect of this was that the first visiting committee was set up in 1857 and the following year she established a campaigning organisation under the title of the Workhouse Visiting Society that published its journal from Jan 1859 until 1865 and was active in workhouse reform. It's stated aim was 'the promotion of the moral and spiritual improvement of Workhouse inmates' and the organisation was especially concerned with the care of children and the ill, work which would lead her to take an interest in the question of nursing in later life. This work over a period of five years had equipped Twining with a significant knowledge of the Workhouse system and consequently she was asked to give a paper to a meeting of the Social Science Association that took place in 1857. Two years later, she undertook several interviews with the Poor Law Boards and was subsequently asked to give evidence on Poor Schools the following year. Her statement called for women poor law inspectors and for girls to receive training in a suitable trade, a call that resulted in the appointment of Mrs Nassau Senior as the first female Poor Law Inspector in 1872. She went on to try to have measures adopted to improve the standard of workhouse nursing and in 1870 set up the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association. Her interest in training for girls had been evident for a number of years. Since 1850 she had given classes for women at the Working Men's College as well as attending lectures herself at Queen's College and she would later become involved with the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. She was elected as one of the first female poor law guardians in 1884 (she was a guardian for Kensington and Tunbridge Wells) and remained in this post until 1890. In 1900 she retired from work and died in Tunbridge Wells in 1912.
In 1706 Thomas Twining (1675-1741) took over Tom's Coffee House and decided to make tea more prominent on the menu. His son Daniel Twining (1713-1762) was a dealer in tea, while his son Richard Twining (1749-1824) established the prominence of the Twining label and their lasting association with the import of tea. The family home was Dial House in Twickenham.
Alexander Tweedie was born in Edinburgh on 29 August 1794. He was educated at the Royal High School in the city. In 1809 he began his medical studies at the University of Edinburgh, and became a pupil of a surgeon to the Royal Infirmary named Wishart, who had distinguished himself for his knowledge and skill in ophthalmic disease. Tweedie graduated MD in 1815. Choosing to specialise in surgical pathology he became a fellow of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons in 1817.
Tweedie was elected to one of the two house-surgeon positions at the Royal Infirmary, Robert Liston taking the other. In 1818 Tweedie commenced practice in Edinburgh, with a view to devoting himself to ophthalmic surgery. However in 1820 he moved to London, and took a house in Ely Place. In June 1822 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he was appointed assistant physician at the London Fever Hospital. He became physician to the hospital two years later, on the retirement of John Armstrong.
Tweedie was a prolific writer; he devised the Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine (1831-35), in four volumes, which included chapters on the 'Nature and Treatment of Diseases', 'Materia Medica and Therapeutics', and 'Medical Jurisprudence'. Tweedie wrote many articles and was one of the editors. During this time he also jointly authored A Practical Treatise on Cholera (1832), with Charles Gaselee.
In 1836 he was elected physician to the Foundling Hospital. Tweedie became a fellow of both the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal Society in 1838. He planned and edited the eight-volume Library of Medicine, which appeared in 1840-42. The first five volumes of this work dealt with practical medicine, the sixth with midwifery, and the seventh and eighth were a translation with illustrations of the French physician Jean Cruveilhier's celebrated work on anatomy.
At the Royal College of Physicians he was Consiliarius (adviser to the President), 1853-55, and Lumleian Lecturer in 1858 and 1859. In 1861 he resigned his position as physician from the London Fever Hospital, and became consulting physician and a vice-president of the hospital. The following year he published his Lectures on the Distinctive Characters, Pathology, and Treatment of Continued Fevers (1862). In 1866 he was elected an honorary fellow of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. During his career he was also examiner in medicine at the University of London.
Tweedie continued to practice until the age of 89, when on 30 May 1884 he died at his home, Bute Lodge, in Twickenham.
Publications:
Clinical Illustrations of Fever, Comprising a Report of the Cases Treated at the London Fever Hospital, 1828-29 (1828)
Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine (1831-35), Sir John Forbes, John Connolly, & Alexander Tweedie (eds.)
A Practical Treatise on Cholera, as it has Appeared in Various Parts of the Metropolis (1832), Alexander Tweedie & Charles Gaselee
Library of Medicine (1840-42)
Lectures on the Distinctive Characters, Pathology, and Treatment of Continued Fevers (1862)
These sketches and photographs were taken by Sylvia Turtle in the 1980's and 1990's as part of a photography course and also because of her interest in the Clerkenwell area and its development over the years.
The origins of Turquand Youngs and Company of 41 Coleman Street, accountants, go back to c 1840. In 1857 three London firms of accountants, namely J E Coleman and Company (established c 1840), Turquand and Edwards (established c 1850) and Youngs and Company (established c 1840), combined to form Coleman, Turquand, Youngs and Company. On the death of J E Coleman in 1869, the firm became known as Turquand Youngs and Company and remained so until the mid-20th century. The firm was a predecessor of Ernst and Young.
Roger Turpie was Captain of the London Missionary Society (LMS) ship the John Williams.
Several mission ships served LMS mission stations in the South Seas, itinerating among the islands. A succession of these ships was named John Williams (after the famous missionary), the first of them launched in 1844, and the fourth, a steamship, in 1893. The John Williams became a feature of the LMS's educational service, and an annual New Year offering for the ship became an important part of the Society's income, including gifts from children.
Benjamin Turok, born Latvia, 1927; came with his family to South Africa, 1934; educated at the University of Cape Town; taught in London, 1950-1953; returned to South Africa, and became a full-time political activist; served with a banning order, 1955, and arrested for treason, 1956 (the charges were withdrawn in 1958); elected unopposed to represent Africans of the Western Cape on the Cape Provincial Council, 1957; during the 1960 emergency Turok evaded arrest, and went underground to help reestablish ANC organisation; in 1962 he was convicted under the Explosives Act, and sentenced to three years in prison; after his release he escaped via Botswana; resident in the UK from 1972; currently a member of the South African Parliament.
Turner's Free School was established under the control of seven trustees, by the bequest of Richard Turner, citizen and haberdasher (will proved P.C.C. 1768). It took the place of the Norton Folgate Charity School, of which Turner had been Treasurer, which was situated in the old court house of the Liberty of Norton Folgate. The school moved to 4 Primrose Street in 1775. It aimed to educate the children of the poor of the area in reading, writing, accounting and church catechism.
Under a scheme of the Charity Commissioners sealed 28 June 1880, the funds of the charity were diverted to the further training of female pupil teachers at church training colleges, providing "Turner's Exhibitions" held over a two year period, preference being given to candidates from the parishes of St Mary, Spital Square, St Botolph Bishopsgate, Shoreditch, Spitalfields and Bethnal Green. In 1902 supervision of the charity was transferred to the Board of Education and various amendments were made
Under a new Charity Commissioners Scheme, sealed 16 August 1927, the exhibitions could be held at any places of education higher than elementary, not necessarily Church of England institutions. Since the Education Act of 1944 the funds of the charity have been allocated to training and further educating college students and secondary and grammar school pupils in financial need. For a more detailed account of the history of the charity see Ms 18608.
Turner's Free School was established under the control of seven trustees, by the bequest of Richard Turner, citizen and haberdasher (will proved P.C.C. 1768). It took the place of the Norton Folgate Charity School, of which Turner had been Treasurer, which was situated in the old court house of the Liberty of Norton Folgate. The school moved to 4 Primrose Street in 1775. It aimed to educate the children of the poor of the area in reading, writing, accounting and church catechism.
Under a scheme of the Charity Commissioners sealed 28 June 1880, the funds of the charity were diverted to the further training of female pupil teachers at church training colleges, providing "Turner's Exhibitions" held over a two year period, preference being given to candidates from the parishes of St Mary, Spital Square, St Botolph Bishopsgate, Shoreditch, Spitalfields and Bethnal Green. In 1902 supervision of the charity was transferred to the Board of Education and various amendments were made.
Under a new Charity Commissioners Scheme, sealed 16 August 1927, the exhibitions could be held at any places of education higher than elementary, not necessarily Church of England institutions. Since the Education Act of 1944 the funds of the charity have been allocated to training and further educating college students and secondary and grammar school pupils in financial need.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The author obtained his MD at Durham University in 1895, and was Assistant Medical Officer at Chatham Lunatic Asylum. He practised at Leytonstone 1895-1902, and later at Balham. His name is not found in the Register after 1933. His theories on tuberculosis received a derogatory notice in the British Medical Journal 1907, i, p. 383.
Tom Turner was an official in the British Post Office, and a poet and short story writer. His substantial collection of books, mainly poetry but including some fiction and other prose, is now held in the library of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Sir William Turner, Citizen and Merchant Taylor, was an Alderman of Castle Baynard Ward; Sheriff, 1662-63 and Lord Mayor, 1668-69. He was also a woollen draper, cloth and silk merchant and most of these records are of his business in the City of London. He also had an estate in Kirkleatham, Yorkshire where he endowed a hospital.
Born, 1888; educated at the Perse Grammar School; Christ's College, Cambridge (Senior Scholar); first class, Classical Tripos Part I, 1909; first class, Oriental Languages Tripos, 1910; first class, Classical Tripos Part II, 1911; awarded the Brotherton Memorial Sanskrit Prize; elected Fellow of Christ's College, 1912; Indian Educational Service Lecturer in Sanskrit at Queen's College, Benares, 1913; Wilson Philological Lecturer, Bombay University, 1914; served with the 2nd/3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles in Palestine and India, 1915-1919; awarded the Military Cross; twice mentioned in despatches; Examiner, Oriental Languages Tripos and Classical Tripos Part II, Cambridge; Professor of Indian Linguistics, Benares Hindu University, 1920-1922; Wilson Philological Lecturer, Bombay University, 1922; Professor of Sanskrit, School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1922-1954; Philological Society Honorary Treasurer, 1931-1962, and President, 1939-1943; Director of the School of Oriental Studies, from 1938 the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 1937-1957; under his Directorship the first department of the languages and cultures of Africa in a British university was begun, and the School moved from the City of London to Bloomsbury; during the Second World War, following his warnings that the forces lacked sufficient personnel trained in Asian languages, SOAS trained servicemen in Chinese and Japanese for intelligence work; elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1942; instrumental in the appointment of the Scarborough Commission (which was to recommend expanded provision in British universities for the study of Asia and Africa), 1944; subsequently engaged in implementing the Commission's recommendations at SOAS; Knight, 1950; Honorary Fellow, Christ's College, Cambridge, 1950; Royal Asiatic Society President, 1952-1955, Gold Medallist, 1953, and Honorary Vice-President, 1963; retired as Professor, 1954; Emeritus Professor, 1954; Honorary Fellow, SOAS, 1957; Honorary Fellow, Deccan College, Poona; member of the Inter-Services Committee on Language Training, Linguists' Committee of Ministry of Labour and National Service, Colonial Social Science Research Council, Advisory Committee on the Humanities of the British Council, Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies, Treasury sub-committee for studentships in foreign languages and cultures, and University Grants Committee sub-committee on Oriental and African Studies; member of various overseas learned societies in Europe, America and Asia; recipient of numerous medals, honorary degrees, and awards; died, 1983. Publications: various works on linguistic subjects, including Indo-Aryan languages, among them A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language (1931), and A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages (1966), with Indexes by his wife Lady Dorothy Rivers Turner (1969) and a Phonetic analysis (1971), and the posthumously-published Addenda, ed J C Wright (1985).
Dealer of the Independent Gallery; Samuel Courtauld's principal adviser, and central in the acquisition of many of his paintings; died c1950. Publications: Millet ... Illustrated with eight reproductions in colour ([1910]); Van Dyck ... Illustrated with eight reproductions in colour ([1908]); Stories of the French Artists from Clouet to Delacroix collected and arranged by P M Turner [chapters 1-17] and Charles Henry Collins Baker [chapters 18-30] (Chatto & Windus, London, 1909); The Appreciation of Painting ... With illustrations (Selwyn & Blount, London,1921).
Born in London, 1927; Architectural Association Diploma, London, 1954; Associate, RIBA; self-employed, working mainly for clients obtaining improvement grants for small dwellings, and a new home self-builder, 1955-1957; employed, mainly by Peruvian government agencies, on improvement and self-help housing projects, and by the British Department of Technical Co-operation, setting up a Voluntary Service Overseas project for training young electricians, 1957-1965; Research Fellow at the Harvard-MIT Joint Centre for Urban Studies and subsequently a lecturer at MIT, publishing papers and developing a course on Housing in Development, and carrying out consultancies, mainly in Latin America, 1965-1973; lecturer at the Architectural Association Graduate School and subsequently at the Development Planning Unit, University College London, developing courses on Housing in Development, and carrying out consultancies in Africa and Asia, 1974-1983; received the Sir Robert Matthew Prize for Architecture, UIA, Paris, 1977; self-employed partner of AHAS, a consultancy on housing and local development, and undertook advisory work in London and Paris, 1984-1989; directed Habitat International Coalition's project for the UN International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, culminating in a conference of community activists and enablers at the Reichstag in Berlin, 1987; received the Right Livelihood Award, Stockholm, 1988; served on the Board of Hastings (local development ) Trust, 1991-2000; received the Habitat Scroll of Honour, United Nations, New York, 1992; received the Johannes Olivegren Memorial Award, Gothenburg, 1994; advised on projects at the Max Lock Centre (a research and consultancy group) at the School of the Built Environment, University of Westminster; volunteer on the Tools for Community Regeneration (TCR) project, an information and advisory service for self-managed community development initiatives, from 1997; Turner's work was influenced by the ecological, urban sociology of Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932). Publications include: edited and co-authored Dwelling Resources in South America, a special number of Architectural Design (Aug 1963); 'Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in Modernizing Countries', Journal of the American Institute of Planners, vol xxxiii, no 3 (1967); 'Uncontrolled Urban Settlement, problems and policies', International Social Development Review, no 1 (United Nations, New York, 1968); co-edited, with Robert Fichter, Freedom to Build, dweller control of the housing process (Macmillan, New York, 1972, and translated into Italian and Spanish); Housing By People, towards autonomy in building environments (London, 1976, and translated into Dutch, German, French, Italian and Spanish); 'Tools for Building Community, an examination of 13 hypotheses', in Habitat International, vol xx, no 3 (1996); 'From housing to building community, a mirror and a directive agency', in City, analysis of urban trends, culture, theory, policy, action (London, 1996); with Renate Ruether-Greaves, 'Tools for community regeneration (TCR) - a Hastings Trust project', in Building Civil Society, current initiatives in voluntary action, ed Barry Knight et al (Charities Aid Foundation, 1998).
Born, 1877; Graduated MB. BS. University of Durham, 1898; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne; Postgraduate study at Vienna; MS, 1901; FRCS, 1903; Elected to staff of Royal Infirmary, 1906; Service with R.A.M.C. at home and overseas - for a time as consulting surgeon in Mesopotamia; 1914-1918; Council of Royal College of Surgeons, 1926-1950; Professor Surgery in University of Durham, 1927; President of the Association of Surgeons of GB and Ireland Hunterian Professor, 1928; Orator, Medical Society of London, 1929; President Medical Society of London, 1934; Professor of Surgery in new British Postgraduate Medical School, 1935; Vice President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1937-1939; President, Medical Society of London, 1943-1944; died, 1951.
Born, 1877; Graduated MB. BS. University of Durham, 1898; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne; Postgraduate study at Vienna; MS, 1901; FRCS, 1903; Elected to staff of Royal Infirmary, 1906; Service with R.A.M.C. at home and overseas - for a time as consulting surgeon in Mesopotamia; 1914-1918; Council of Royal College of Surgeons, 1926-1950; Professor of Surgery in University of Durham, 1927; President of the Association of Surgeons of GB and Ireland Hunterian Professor, 1928; Orator, Medical Society of London, 1929; President Medical Society of London, 1934; Professor of Surgery in new British Postgraduate Medical School, 1935; Vice President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1937-1939; President, Medical Society of London, 1943-1944; died, 1951.
Educated, Aberdeen; Medical Officer, Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, Ltd., Johannesburg; Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1911-1917; died, 1917.
Born 1916; qualified in medicine, 1942; regimental Medical Officer to the 2nd Battalion Coldstream Guards, 1942-1945; joined the British Medical Association as an Assistant Secretary, 1948; Under-Secretary BMA, 1960; Deputy Secretary BMA, 1964; Secretary, 1976-1979; Vice-President BMA, 1982; joint author of the second volume (1932-1981) of the official history of the BMA. Further details can be found in the obituaries in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet.
In the mid-nineteenth century the Scott Turner family lived at The Lodge. Horn Lane, Acton. Henry Scott Turner Esquire is listed as a private resident in Kelly's Middlesex Directories of 1855 and 1867. Cecil Turner remembered the house where he lived as a small child. "Went to Acton... Walked round Horn Lane and saw the gardener at the gates so got him to take me all round the garden and over the house- my earliest home- all looking sweet and comparatively unchanged-the house quite empty and the rooms where we played as children silent and solitary" (ACC/1385/009, 1 March). The Lodge was demolished in the first decade of the twentieth century, but the family maintained its links with the district, as the graves in neighbouring Perivale churchyard bear witness.
Soon after the death of her husband in 1871, Mrs. Turner and her three sons went to live in Uxbridge. Looking back in 1943 Cecil remembered his sixth birthday at Uxbridge in 1876 (ACC 1385/050) and on 22 June 1901 he visited "Southfield-my old home" (ACC/1385/008). Kelly's Middlesex Directory for 1882 lists a Mrs. Turner at 41, St. Andrew's, Uxbridge. The family's movements can be traced through the diaries, the first four being written by M.F.Turner, Cecil's mother. The Turners left Uxbridge on 24 June 1886 and, for the next two years Mrs. Turner lodged at a variety of addresses in London and paid extended visits to friends and relatives in other parts of the country. From 23 May, 1888, she took up residence at the Elms, Ealing, but by 1898 she and Cecil had moved to 99 Elm Park gardens, Chelsea. In 1919, they were joined by Cecil's brother Alec who had spent over two years as a prisoner of war in Germany. After the death of their mother in October 1931 the two unmarried brothers moved into the Vanderbilt hotel, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, where Cecil lived alone after Alec's death in December 1938. Happily, he wrote in 1955, "after 22 years of hotel life I am living in my home 9 Alexander Square, S.W.3" (ACC 1385/062). It was here that he wrote the last entries in his diary as he prepared to enter hospital for an operation in April 1956.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) became a deputy solicitor general in January 1752 and later a counselor magistrate to the Parlement (supreme court of law) in Paris (December 1752). In 1753 he bought the office of examiner of petitions, and by 1761 Turgot had drawn enough attention to himself for Louis XV to accept his nomination as Intendant to the administrative region of Limoges. He occupied this post for 13 years and there displayed his extraordinary capacities as an administrator, reformer, and economist. He was appointed comptroller general by Louis XIV on 24 Aug 1774, and tried unsuccessfully to institute financial reform.
Edvard Benes (1884-1948) became involved in politics after an academic career. He believed that the Czech and Slovak peoples should be free from rule by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the outbreak of World War One, Benes went into exile. In 1915 he became secretary-general of the Czecho-Slovak National Council and along with his mentor Tomas Masaryk and M Stefanik led the Czechoslovak independence movement. After independence was attained in 1918, Benes became foreign minister, a post he held until 1935. He also headed the Czechoslovak delegation to the peace conference of 1919-1920 and was prime minister 1921-1922. In 1935 Benes succeeded Masaryk as president but resigned in 1938 after the Munich agreement and went into exile once more. In London during the Second World War Benes was president in exile 1940-1945 and on his return to Czechoslovakia after the war was re-elected. He favoured Slavic co-operation and friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and the West but in June 1948, shortly after the Communists seized power he refused to give his assent to the new constitution and resigned. A few months later he died.
Martin Tupper was the son of John Tupper of the Pollett, Guernsey, and the father of Martin Farquhar Tupper (1810-1889), writer and poet. He entered Guy's Hospital, London, as dresser under Mr Forster, May 1800, having served as apprentice Mr Stocker, Apothecary of Guy's Hospital. He died on 8 Dec 1844, aged 65.
James Tupper entered Guy's Hospital, London, as Dresser under Mr Cline, Sep 1794.