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Edward Alfred Cockayne was born in Sheffield on 3 October 1880, the son of Edward Shephard Cockayne. He was educated at Charterhouse School and then at Balliol College, Oxford. He obtained a first class honours from the Natural Science School in 1903. He continued his medical education at St Bartholomew's Hospital, receiving the Brackenbury scholarship for medicine. He graduated BM BCh from Oxford in 1907. In 1909 he passed the membership examination for the Royal College of Physicians.

Cockayne became house physician at St Bart's and then at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and subsequently casualty physician at the former. He graduated DM in 1912. He was appointed medical registrar at the Middlesex Hospital before being appointed physician to out-patients in 1913. It was also in 1913 that he joined the staff of the Victoria Hospital for Children.

During the First World War he served in the Royal Navy, from 1915 until 1919, and was at Archangel during the Russian Revolution. In 1916 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Upon returning to London after the War he became physician to out-patients at Great Ormond Street. At this hospital he was a junior colleague of the physician and geneticist Sir Archibald Garrod, with whom he shared an interest in genetics. In 1924 he was appointed full physician at the Middlesex Hospital, it was however another ten years before he held the same position at Great Ormond Street. In 1928 he was vice-president of the Section of Diseases of Children at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association.

Cockayne was one of the last physicians to combine the work of a general physician with paediatric practice. He was interested in every unusual genetic aberration in the young, and especially the disorders of the ductless glands. His most important medical publication was his book, Inherited Abnormalities of the Skin and its Appendages (1933), which represented `an immense amount of labour spread over years' (The Lancet, 1956, p.1220). He also wrote chapters on the 'Principles of Heredity' in Sir Leonard Gregory Parsons and Seymour Gilbert Barling's Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (1933), and on 'Diseases of the Ductless Glands' in Diseases of Children by Various Authors (1st ed. 1913 - 5th ed. 1953), by Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, Frederick Eustace Batten, James Hugh Thursfield, and Donald Hugh Patterson (eds.). In 1937 Cockayne gave the Bradshaw Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians, on the genetics of transposition of the viscera. The following year he became President of the Section for the Study of Diseases in Children of the Royal Society of Medicine, where he was also treasurer for a number of years.

Cockayne was a keen entomologist. It has been said that he `delighted to contrast with analogous manifestations in the field of entomology' many of the bizarre genetic aberrations he investigated as a paediatrician (BMJ, 1956, p.1370). His specialty was the biology, variation and genetics of British butterflies and moths. He reached the top rank in the science when he was elected president of the Royal Entomological Society, 1943-45.

In 1945 Cockayne became a consultant physician to both the Middlesex and Great Ormond Street hospitals, and removed himself from London to Tring, Hertfordshire. In 1947 he offered his entomological collection to the Natural History Museum, who invited him to amalgamate it with their existing British collections, which included that of the late Lord Rothschild. Accordingly at the Rothschild Zoological Museum at Tring, where he was invited to become assistant curator, he built up a new collection from their existing collections and his own. The result was a collection that demonstrated the complete known range of variation within each species, and all that there was to know of their genetics. He constantly supplemented the collection with rare and beautiful specimens at his own expense, and encouraged valuable donations from others, until it numbered 50,000 select specimens.

Entomology occupied Cockayne's retirement, and in 1954 he received an OBE for his services in this field. He never married, and died at his home in Tring on 28 November 1956, aged 76. In his will he left over £5,000 and his own watercolours to the British Museum, as well as money and books to various entomological societies. A considerable residue went to medicine, to the Royal College of Physicians and to the Royal Society of Medicine. The latter honoured him by opening the Cockayne Suite in 1963.

Publications:
Inherited Abnormalities of the Skin and its Appendages (London, 1933)
Chapter in Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, Sir Leonard Gregory Parsons and Seymour Gilbert Barling (eds.) (London, 1933) and in Diseases of Children by Various Authors, Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, Frederick Eustace Batten, & James Hugh Thursfield (eds.) (London, 1st ed. 1913 - 5th ed. 1953)

Thomas Cogan ([1545]-1607). Medical student at Oxford, 1563-1574.

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In 1767 Licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians established the Society of Collegiate Physicians, a dissentient body agitating for a change in the College rules. Fellows were not to be admitted to its membership. The Society wound up in 1798.

William Collyns (d [1863]), physician

John Josias Conybeare was born on 13 December 1888, in Oxford, the son of Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, a distinguished Oxford philologist. He was educated first at Rugby School before he went to New College, Oxford. He began by reading classics but subsequently turned to medicine. He was close to qualifying when the First World War broke out. Conybeare left immediately for service in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, where he was already a member of the Territorial Army. He served in France on the Somme, for which he was awarded the Military Cross. Conybeare returned to England in 1916, when a lack of doctors in the Army caused a recall of senior medical students from service. He returned to Guy's Hospital to finish his medical training and graduated MB BS in 1917 and rejoined the Army, this time in the Royal Army Medical Corps, in Mesopotamia.

At the end of the War he returned to Guy's as Medical Registrar. He held a postgraduate fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and was then appointed Warden of the College at Guy's in 1923. In the following year he obtained his Oxford doctorate. In 1925 he was appointed assistant physician and Sub-Dean of the Medical School, and in 1926 was elected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

In 1929 the first edition of Conybeare's Text-book of Medicine by Various Authors appeared, this proved so popular that a further thirteen editions appeared under his editorship. It was this work, as in all his writing, that his precise thinking, with Latin clarity and brevity of style, made for a terse, readable text which was widely appreciated' (Munk's Roll, vol. VI, p.112). In 1935 he wrote a Manual of Diabetes, which included a supplement for the use of patients, which was also widely valued at the time. Until 1939, Conybeare built up a wide consulting practice and was the Chief Medical Officer of several insurance companies, becoming President of the Assurance Medical Society in 1937. It is said that doctors and their families constantly sought his opinion, which wasthe accolade of the profession' (ibid, p.114). He was at his best at the patient's bedside, teaching medicine to students, where `his shrewd clinical judgement [sic] was rarely at fault' (ibid).

When the Second World War broke out, in 1939, Conybeare was commissioned as Group Captain, having held the post of civilian medical adviser to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in peacetime. He served throughout the War, reaching the rank of Air Vice Marshal and, at the end, was made a Knight of the British Empire (KBE). In 1946 Conybeare returned to Guy's and became Governor.

Conybeare, known as Cony' to his friends, andConny' to his military friends, had many interests. He had a love of music, painting and ecclesiastical architecture. He loved to travel abroad, taking many cruises during the inter-war years, and taking great delight in foreign cuisine. At home he generated a number of social circles, frequently entertaining or dining out, indeed he was a member of many dining clubs. Conybeare played golf with Lord Nuffield, which, it is thought, must have greatly influenced the latter's many benefactions towards medicine, particularly towards Guy's. Even when his health began to diminish in later years he did not modify his lifestyle.

He retired from the active staff of Guy's, as Senior Physician, in 1953 at the age of 65, and was appointed Consulting Physician Emeritus. His associations with the Hospital continued until his death. He died suddenly at his home in St Thomas's Street, near to Guy's, on 6 January 1967 at the age of 78.

Publications:
Textbook of Medicine by Various Authors, John Josias Conybeare (ed.) (Edinburgh, 1929-)
Manual of Diabetes (1935)

Joseph Cope (d 1839), physician.

Vincent Zachary Cope was born in Kingston-upon-Hull on 14 February 1881, the son of Thomas John Gilbert Cope, a Methodist minister. He was educated at Westminster City School, where he was head boy, before going to London University where he graduated BA in 1899. He entered St Mary's Hospital Medical School with a scholarship to study medicine. In 1905 he graduated MB BS with honours in surgery and forensic medicine, and proceeded MD in 1907. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1909.

Cope took the post of demonstrator of anatomy at St Mary's Medical School, before becoming surgeon at the hospital in 1911. It is said that 'his reputation as a clinical teacher at the bedside brought a large attendance at his rounds' (The Lancet, 1975, p.115). In 1912 he also became surgeon to the Bolingbroke Hospital.

During the First World War, 1914-18, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), as a Captain and temporary Major, and was attached to the 3rd London General Hospital. He saw active service in the Middle East, 1916-19, and was mentioned in dispatches in 1918. His Surgical Aspect of Dysentery (1921) was based on his experiences in Mesopotamia. However his major contribution to medical literature was his Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen (1922). This was arguably one of the 'most successful books in surgery' (ibid). It was translated into 5 languages and reached its 14th edition in 1972.

He was Hunterian professor of the Royal College of Surgeons four times, between 1916 and 1927, and delivered their Arris and Gale lecture, in 1922, as well as most of their other lectures. He became a member of the Board of Examiners of the College, and was also an examiner in surgery to London, Birmingham, and Manchester universities. Cope became a member of the Council of the British Medical Association (BMA), 1938-45, and later became vice-president. He was prominent in the Marylebone Division of the BMA.

During the Second World War he was a Sector Officer of the Emergency Medical Service. In 1939 he published Some Principles of Minor Surgery. It was also during the War that he became a member of the Medical Planning Commission of the BMA, and in 1940 a member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, and later vice-president. Between 1940 and 1943 he was Chairman of the Marylebone Division of the BMA. From 1943-45 he was engaged on a regional hospital survey of South West England. Cope retired from the Bolingbroke Hospital in 1946, although he remained consulting surgeon.

In the postwar years he was a successful chairman of a number of influential inquiries and committees. His committee work was extensive and amongst the subjects he worked on were medical education, proprietary medicines, the British Pharmacopoeia, physical medicine, and medical war relief. Cope became a member of the General Practice Review Committee of the BMA, when it was set up in 1950. In 1951 he took part in an inquiry into the national registration of medical auxiliaries, presiding over eight committees which covered different branches of the auxiliary services. It became known as the Cope Committee.

Cope was made honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1951, having served for many years as honorary librarian. He was also involved with the Medical Society of London and became its president. He edited two clinical volumes of the Official History of the War of 1939-45, on medicine and pathology (1952) and on surgery (1953). Cope was knighted for his public service in 1953, his name appearing in the first New Year's Honours List of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. In 1955 he became Chairman of the National Medical Manpower Committee.

During his retirement Cope was much occupied by the writing of medical history. He remained in the service of St Mary's Hospital throughout his life, becoming consulting surgeon in these years. He published two histories of the medical school at St Mary's, in 1954 and 1955, several biographies of important medical figures including one on Florence Nightingale, in 1958, and an account of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1959. In 1961, for his long and distinguished contribution to the history of medicine, he was made honorary Fellow of the Faculty of the History of Medicine and Pharmacology of the Society of Apothecaries. Four years later he published A History of the Acute Abdomen (1965).

Outside of medicine, Cope was devoted to music and was a keen motoring enthusiast, owning his own car from 1916 onwards. He was twice married. In 1909 he married Agnes Dora Newth. She died in 1922, and in 1923 he married Alice May Watts, who died in 1944. A daughter of his second marriage survived him.

Cope died in Oxford on 28 December 1964 at the age of 93.

Publications:
Surgical Aspect of Dysentery (1921)
Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen (1922)
Actinomycosis (London, 1938)
Some Principles of Minor Surgery (1939)
Pioneers in Acute Abdominal Surgery (London, 1939)
Reports. (Cmd. 8188) [of the Committee on Medical Auxiliaries] (London, 1951) Cope (chairman)
The Versatile Victorian: The Life of Sir Henry Thompson, Bt, 1820-1904 (London, 1951)
Medicine and Pathology (London, 1952) and Surgery (London, 1953) (History of the Second World War. UK Medical Series) Cope (ed.)
William Cheselden, 1688-1752 (Edinburgh, 1953)
The History of St Mary's Hospital Medical School: Or, a Century of Medical Education (London, 1954)
A Hundred Years of Nursing at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington (London, 1955)
Sidelights on the History of Medicine (London, 1957)
Florence Nightingale and the Doctors (London, 1958)
The Royal College of Surgeons of England: A History (London, 1959)
Sir John Tomes: A Pioneer of British Dentistry (London, 1961)
Six Disciples of Florence Nightingale (London, 1961)
Some Famous General Practitioners and Some Other Medical Historical Essays (London, 1961)
A History of the Acute Abdomen (London, 1965)
Almroth Wright: Founder of Modern Vaccine-Therapy (British Men of Science Series) (London, 1966)

No biographical details of Mrs Alice Corffilde (fl. 1649) are known.

Unknown

William Currie (fl 1768-1805) graduated MD Edinburgh on September 12, 1770, with a thesis 'De Phthisi Pulmonali', and became in the same year a Member of the Medical Society of Edinburgh. In the Medical Register for 1780 he is given as one of the three Physicians to the Chester General Infirmary; the other two being Drs Denton and John Haygarth. He is not to be confused with William Currie (1754-1829), of Philadelphia.

David Davies (1760-1844) MD St Andrew's, Extra-Licentiate, surgeon to St Peter's Hospital, Bristol.

Deptford Hospital, Avonley Road, Deptford, was opened on 17 March 1877, by the Metropolitan Asylums Board for admission of pauper patients with smallpox. By 1881, the epidemic was over, but it remained a fever hospital up until 1941. It became the South Eastern Fever Hospital in 1885 and then New Cross General Hospital in 1949. Since c 1964 it was known as New Cross Hospital. It closed c 1991.

Heneage Dering was born on 7 February 1664/5 in London, the son of Christopher Dering of Wickens, Kent, who was secretary to Heneage Finch, Chancellor of England and Earl of Nottingham. He was called Heneage in honour of Finch, who became his godfather. Dering went to school at St Albans in 1674 where he spent the next four years. He entered the Inner Temple on 31 May 1678. In 1680 he was admitted a pensioner at Clare College, Cambridge, but returned home in October 1682 without having taken a degree.

His father bought him a set of chambers in Figtree Court in February 1682/3 and he was called to the Bar in 1690. In 1691 he became secretary to his father's old friend John Sharp, previously Finch's chaplain, on Sharp's promotion to Archbishop of York. In May 1692 Dering took up his residence with the archbishop at Bishopthorpe. He remained in this position for many years. Archbishop Sharp undoubtedly insured Dering's advancement in the church. On his father's death in 1693 Dering inherited the manor of Wickins, lands in Westwell, Kent, and the family estate of his branch of the Derings, and undoubtedly became `one of the wealthiest clergymen in England' (DNB, 1888, p.397).

In September 1699 Dering was rewarded for his services as Archbishop Sharp's secretary with the appointment of high steward of the manors of Wistow, Cawood, and Otley, which he held until February 1700/1. In January 1700/1 he resolved to take orders in the Church and was created LLD of Clare College. In February 1700/1 he was ordained deacon in Bishopthorpe chapel, and was appointed Archbishop Sharp's chaplain. In July 1701 he was admitted to priest's orders. Derring was Archdeacon of the East Riding of York from March 1702/3 until his death. He was also instituted to the rich rectory of Scrayingham on the presentation of Queen Anne in March 1703/4, made Prebendary of Grindall in York Minster, 1705/6-1708, and from May 1708 until his death kept the prebendal stall of Fridaythorpe. He became the Dean of Ripon in March 1711/12, and in June 1712 was appointed to the mastership of the hospitals of St Mary Magdalene and St John Baptist, near Ripon.

Heneage published a poem in Latin hexameters called Reliquiae Eboracenses. Per H.D. Ripensem (Eboraci, 1743). (Thomas Gent entitled his English translation of the work, `Historical Delights, or Ancient Glories of Yorkshire'.) It had been his intention to write a history of Yorkshire under Roman, Saxon, and Danish rule, but he failed to write more than three books in 95 pages of print. His other published work was the poem De Senectute. Per H.D. Ripensem (Eboraci, 1746). This was the lament of one of two oaks that stood side by side in Studley Park; with their felling imminent, one tree outpours its grief about their impending doom to the other.

Dering married Anne, eldest daughter of Archbishop Sharp, in 1712. They had two sons and five daughters. The elder son, John, became Sub-Dean of Ripon, whilst the younger one, Heneage, became Prebendary of Canterbury and Rector of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

Dering died on 8 April 1750, at the age of 85, and was buried at the east end of the north aisle of the choir in Ripon Minster where a monument was erected to his memory.

Publications:
Reliquiae Eboracenses. Per H.D. Ripensem (Eboraci, 1743). (`Historical Delights, or Ancient Glories of Yorkshire', Thomas Gent, translated into English)
De Senectute. Per H.D. Ripensem (Eboraci, 1746)

Charles Dodds (1899 - 1973) was Professor of Biochemistry at the Middlesex Hospital 1925 - 1965, director of the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry 1928 - 1965 and President of the Royal College of Physicians 1962 - 1966. Accounts of his life and works are given in MS3120, Munk's Roll vol.VI pp.151-3, and Anon., "Sir Charles Dodds: a pioneer in medicine and biochemistry", in New Scientist vol 6 (1959) pp.234-5.

Frederick George Dawtrey Drewitt was born at Burpham, Surrey, on the 29 February 1848. He was educated at Winchester College before entering Christ Church College, Oxford. He graduated with a natural science degree in 1871, and then began his medical studies at St George's Hospital, London. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1876, and took house appointments at St George's, the Hospital for Sick Children at Great Ormond Street, London, and the Belgrave Hospital for Children.

He graduated MA and BM from Oxford in 1878, and the following year became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. Drewitt held honorary appointments at the Victoria Hospital for Children, 1881-87, and the West London Hospital, 1882-1902. He qualified MD from Oxford in 1883. In 1888 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Drewitt's private income enabled him to retire early. He then devoted himself chiefly to the study of birds and flowers. He had a range of interests however, which were reflected in his publications. In 1907 he wrote Bombay in the Days of George IV, and in 1922 The Romance of the Apothecaries' Garden, which reached a third edition. His other publications included The Latin Names of Common Flowers: Their Pronunciation and History (1927), and The Life of Edward Jenner (1931). He was also a fine water-colour painter and exhibited at the Royal Academy.

Drewitt sat on the governing bodies of the Ornithological Society, the Zoological Society, and the National Trust, and represented the Royal College of Physicians in the management of the Chelsea Physic Garden until 1941.

He had married in 1897 the Hon. Caroline Mary, daughter of the third Baron Lilford. Drewitt died on 29 July 1942, at the age of 94.

Publications:
Bombay in the Days of George IV: Memoirs of Sir Edward West, Chief Justice of the King's Court during its Conflict with the East India Company (London, 1907)
The Romance of the Apothecaries' Garden at Chelsea (London, 1922)
The Latin Names of Common Flowers: Their Pronunciation and History (London, 1927)
The Life of Edward Jenner, MD, FRS, Naturalist and Discoverer of Vaccination (London, 1931).
The Notebook of Edward Jenner in the possession of the Royal College of Physicians of London, with an introduction on Jenner's work as a naturalist by F. Dawtrey Drewitt, Edward Jenner (London, 1931)

Unknown

Sir Dyce Duckworth (1840-1928) Bt, MD, LLD, FRCP, Consulting Physician to St Bartholomew's and the Italian Hospitals. Senior Physician to the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich.

Samuel England was an apothecary who flourished in the middle of the eighteenth century. It appears he was an apprentice in the 1730s, referring in his notebooks of 1730-33 to his master, and to doctors by the names of Talbot, Dunning, and Bere. It is thought that Samuel England came from the West Country of England, either Devon, Dorset, or Somerset.

Sir George Ent was born at Sandwich, Kent, on 6 November 1604, the son of Josias Ent, a Belgium merchant whose religion had forced him to flee the Netherlands and settle in England. He was educated at a school in Rotterdam. In 1624 he entered at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1627, and MA in 1631. Ent then went to Padua University, at the time the most celebrated school of medicine. He studied there for five years, graduating MD in April 1636. As was the custom of the time, congratulatory poems addressed to him by his friends were published in Padua, entitled Laureae Apollinani, with Ent's coat of arms endorsed on the title page. He was incorporated MD at Oxford in November 1638.

In 1639 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Ent's major work was his Apologia pro Circuitione Sanguinis, contra Aemilium Parisanum (1641; 2nd edition 1683). The book defends William Harvey's doctrine of the circulation of the blood, and is a particular reply to a Venetian physician Aemylius Parisanus. It also gives a `rational account' of the operation of purgative medicines (Munk's Roll, 1878, p.226). Both editions were dedicated to Sir Theophilus Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, and were preceded by an address to Harvey. In 1642 Ent delivered the Goulstonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians. He was censor of the College for twenty-two years, between 1645 and 1669.

In 1651 Ent published Harvey's De Generatione Animalium, with a dedicatory letter to the celebrated anatomist. Ent had persuaded Harvey to give him the manuscript, which Harvey had up to that point delayed publishing as he felt he might have made further observations. Ent then published the work, with the author's permission. He dedicated the book to the president and fellows of the Royal College of Physicians. Ent was a close friend of Harvey's, and when Harvey died, in 1657, he left Ent five pounds with which to buy a ring. Their friendship was immortalised by the poet John Dryden, in his Epistle to Dr Charleton.

Ent was registrar of the Royal College of Physicians for fifteen years, 1655-70, and became an elect in 1657. In 1665 Ent delivered the anatomy lectures at the College. After the last lecture Charles II, who was present at the lecture, knighted Ent in the Harveian Museum, an unprecedented event. Ent was subsequently consiliarius, advisor to the president, from 1667-69, and again from 1676-86. Ent became president of the College from 1670-75, and served again in 1682 and 1684.

He was one of the original fellows of the Royal Society, and is named in the charter as one of the first council. A collection of Ent's works, Opera Omnia Medico-Physica, was published in Leiden in 1687. It has been said of him that he was `a man of very considerable scholarship speaking and writing Latin with ease and elegance' (Whitfield, [1981], p.51).

Ent had married Sarah, daughter of the physician Othowell Meverall, treasurer of the Royal College of Physicians, in February 1645-6. Ent died at his house in the parish of St Giles-in-the-Fields, on 13 October 1689, at the age of 84. He had resigned from his position as elect at the College just a few days before his death. He was buried in the church of St Lawrence Jewry, near the Guildhall of London.

Publications:
Apologia pro Circuitione Sanguinis, contra Aemilium Parisanum (London, 1641; 2nd ed. 1683)
De Generatione Animalium, William Harvey (London, 1651, published by Ent)
Animadversiones in Malachiae Thrustoni, MD, Diatribam de Respirationis usu Primario (London, 1672)
Opera Omnia Medico-Physica... Nunc Primum Junctim Edita... (Leiden, 1687)
A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, Olof Rudbeck, Philip Stansfield, & Sir George Ent, ed. by John Houghton (London, 1692)

George Etherege (b 1518): see A Memorial of George Edrych and his friends in our College, 1518-1588, by Sir Norman Moore.

Anne Eure (fl 1720).

Frederic John Farre was born in Charterhouse Square, London, on 16 December 1804, the son of John Richard Farre, physician. He was educated at Charterhouse, where he was gold medalist in 1821, and school captain in 1822. He obtained a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA with first class honours in Mathematics in 1827, and MA in 1830. During this time he undertook his medical studies at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London (St Barts).

In 1831 Farre was appointed lecturer on botany at St Barts. In 1836 he was appointed assistant physician to the hospital. He graduated MD in 1837. In 1838 he was elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and became closely involved with the work of the College. He was censor there in 1841 and 1842, and from 1843-45 he lectured on materia medica. From 1843, until his death, he was physician to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. He was also physician to Charterhouse and to the Rock Assurance Office. Furthermore, Farre conducted a private practice based at his residence in Montague Street, Russell Square, and later in Pimlico.

He was a member of the council of the Royal College of Physicians from 1846-48. In 1854 he became full physician and lecturer on materia medica at St Barts, on which subject he became an authority. In the same year he served again as censor for the College. Farre became an examiner for the College, 1861-62, and an examiner in materia medica for the University of London.

He was one of the editors of the first British Pharmacopoeia (1864), and the following year was involved in editing an abridged version of Jonathan Pereira's Elements of Materia Medica (1865). In 1866 he published a paper on the `Treatment of Acute Pericarditis with Opium' in the St Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, which recommends the disuse of the then popular but injurious mercurial treatment.

He served a second time as councillor and as an examiner of the Royal College of Physicians, from 1866-67, and was treasurer there from 1868-83. In 1870 he retired from his position as physician at St Barts, although he continued to lecture there for another six years.

Upon his resignation as treasurer of the College, in 1883, he presented the College with a manuscript history of its proceedings, compiled by himself. He finally became vice-president there in 1885.

He had married Julia Lewis in 1848 and they had two daughters. He died in his home at Kensington on 9 November 1886, at the age of 81.

Publications:
Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics: Being an Abridgement of the Elements of Materia Medica, Jonathan Pereira, F.J. Farre, R. Bentley & R. Warington (London, 1865)

Born in 1821 at Earlsdon House near Newcastle-on-Tyne, Fenwick was apprenticed to Newcastle's Royal Infirmary aged 14. He qualified at 21, practised around North Shields and lectured at Durham University. He moved to London in 1862 and became assistant physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest and in 1868 then 1879 became assistant and full physician respectively at the London Hospital. He lectured at the London Hospital Medical School and published two books there - Student's guide to medical diagnosis (1869) and Outlines of medical treatment (1879). He retired from hospital work in 1896 and died in 1902. (Source - Lives of the Fellows of the RCP (Munk's Roll) Vol 4 p182).

Robert Ferguson was born in India on 15 November 1799, the son of Robert Ferguson of the Indian Civil Service, originally from Glen Islay, Perthshire, and grand-nephew of the historian Adam Ferguson. Ferguson's early education was at a school in Croydon. He then began to study medicine as a pupil of his relative George Ricketts Nuttall, a practitioner in Soho, whilst attending lectures at the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy. He studied for a time in Heidelberg, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of German literature, before entering the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. During his time at Edinburgh he became friends with the novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott, and Scott's son-in-law John Gibson Lockhart, novelist and biographer. Ferguson graduated MD in 1823.

In 1824 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and began to practice midwifery in London. He became great friends with the eminent physician Robert Gooch, and obtained his patronage, succeeding to a large portion of Gooch's practice. Ferguson's first publication was a letter to Sir Henry Halford, president of the Royal College of Physicians, in 1825, proposing a combination of the old inoculation of smallpox with vaccination. After travelling abroad for a time as a medical attendant to various high societal families, he took the post of resident medical officer at the Marylebone Infirmary.

In 1827 he was active in founding the London Medical Gazette, an opportunity for conservative opinion in medical politics and academic views in medical science to be expressed. He was also a frequent contributor to the Quarterly Review. Most of his articles were on medicine, although one or two were of a philosophico-religious kind. Ferguson had a number of close literary friends, the novelists and poets William Wordsworth, Washington Irving, and Sir Henry Taylor. Ferguson anonymously authored a `History of Insects' for Murray's Family Library(1829-47).

With the support of Gooch he continued to specialise in obstetric practice, was appointed physician to the Westminster Lying-in Hospital, and became professor of obstetrics at King's College, when the medical department was opened in 1831. Ferguson became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1837. In 1840 he was appointed physician-accoucheur to Queen Victoria, during which appointment he attended the births of all her children. In 1844 and 1845 he was censor at the College, and between 1857 and 1859 a member of the council.

From 1857 he gradually withdrew from his extensive obstetric practice and became a general medical practitioner. He resigned his appointment as physician-accoucheur to the Queen, and was made her physician extraordinary. His success as a general practitioner was remarkable considering he had not served as physician to one of the large general hospitals. Indeed so successful did he become that it has been said that, at the time, `no physician was so well known' (Medical Times, 1865, p.14). Among his patients were distinguished leaders in politics and literature, such as Sir Walter Scott, with whom he had maintained friendships throughout his career.

He was twice married, first in 1830 to a lady of the noble French family of Labalmondiere, and then in 1846 to Mary Macleod, with whom he had five children. Ferguson died at his country cottage at Winkfield, Berkshire, on 25 June 1865, at the age of 65.

Publications:
Essay on the Most Important Diseases of Women. Part 1, Puerperal Fever; On the Method of Induction and its Results in Medical Science (London, 1839)
On Some of the Most Important Diseases of Women; Prefatory Essay by Robert Ferguson, Robert Gooch; Robert Ferguson (London, 1859)

Sir David Ferrier was born on 13 January 1843 at Woodside, near Aberdeen, the son of David Ferrier, businessman. He was educated at the local grammar school before entering Aberdeen University in 1859. He graduated MA in 1863 with first class honours in classics and philosophy, and then spent the next six months in Europe. Whilst abroad he spent some time studying psychology at Heidelberg. In 1865 he went to Edinburgh University to study medicine, graduating MB in 1868.

From 1868-70 Ferrier was assistant to a general practitioner, William Edmund Image, in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. During this time Ferrier prepared his MD thesis on corpora quadrigemina, for which he was awarded a gold medal. In 1870 he moved to London and was lecturer on physiology at the Middlesex Hospital for a short time. The following year he was appointed demonstrator of physiology at King's College Hospital, and in 1872 succeeded to the chair of forensic medicine.

In 1873 Ferrier began his research into electrical excitation of the brain. He proved through his experiments the existence of the localization of the cerebral functions, a fact hitherto disputed. Indeed he was the first to map the cerebral cortex, from what had been an unknown area. Ferrier demonstrated that the combined areas of excitable points on the brain's surface were more extensive, and that more movements throughout the body could be elicited, in an ape than in animals less like human beings. He further inferred, through his research on monkeys, that conditions of disease in the brain could be effectively dealt with surgically, to a far greater extent than had been done previously.

Ferrier undoubtedly made a great contribution to modern cerebral surgery, enabling relief for patients suffering from certain forms of brain tumour and brain injury, although his animal experiments brought him opposition from anti-vivisectionists. His Croonian Lectures to the Royal Society in 1874 and 1875 were on the subject of his early research, as was his treatise, The Functions of the Brain (1876; 2nd ed. 1886), which was translated into several languages.

In 1874 he was elected assistant physician both at King's College Hospital and at the West London Hospital. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1876. In the following year he also became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1878 delivered the College's Goulstonian Lectures on the subject of localization of cerebral disease. Ferrier was an active member of the Neurological Society, and was one of the founders and editors of the journal Brain when it started in 1878. In 1881 he became physician in charge of outpatients at King's College Hospital. At this time he was also on the staff at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic.

Ferrier was a member of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association from 1888-89. In 1889 the post of Professor of Neuropathology was created for him at King's College London. The following year he was made full physician at King's College Hospital. Also in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, and in 1891 the Cameron Prize of Edinburgh University. In 1894 he was president of the Neurological Society, having been a member of the council of the society for a number of years. At the Royal College of Physicians he delivered the Harveian Oration in 1902, and acted as senior censor in 1907. In 1908 he was appointed emeritus professor at King's College London.

Ferrier was knighted in 1911. In 1913 he was president of the Medical Society of London. He was awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Cambridge and Birmingham.

Ferrier had married Constance Waterlow in 1874, and they had a son and a daughter. Ferrier died in London on 19 March 1928 at his home in Kensington. An eponymous lecture was posthumously endowed at the Royal Society in 1929, and at the Royal Society of Medicine a Ferrier memorial library was founded and endowed.

Publications
Historical Notes on Poisoning (London, 1872)
The Localisation of Cerebral Disease (Goulstonian Lectures, 1878) (London, 1878)
The Functions of the Brain (London, 1876; 2nd ed. 1886)
Principles of Forensic Medicine, William Augustus and David Ferrier (London, 6th ed. 1888)
Cerebral Localisation (London, 1890)
The Heart and Nervous System (Harveian Oration, 1902) (London, 1902)
On Tabes Dorsalis (Lumleian Lectures, 1906) (London, 1906)

The Bedell at the Royal College of Physicians was (and still is) the custodian of College property.

Born, 1773. British politician, nephew of Charles James Fox. He was a member of the Whig opposition party from 1797 and served as Lord Privy Seal in the coalition ministry of 1806-1807. An opponent of the Act of Union with Ireland (1801), he continually advocated its repeal, at the same time working for Catholic Emancipation. Although a loyal and active member he was never personally powerful in the Whig party. When the Whigs returned to power, he served as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1830-1834, 1835-1840). Lord Holland is, perhaps, best known for his influence on literature, politics, and letters through the hospitality that Holland House in London provided for the brilliant and distinguished people of his day. Holland died in 1840, his son, the 4th baron, edited Holland's Foreign Reminiscences (1850) and Memoirs of the Whig Party (1852).

Archibald Edward Garrod was born on 25 November 1857 in London, the fourth and youngest son of Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, physician to King's College Hospital, London. Garrod was educated at Marlborough and Christ Church, Oxford, where he studied natural science and obtained a first class honours degree in 1880. He received his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, where he qualified MRCS in 1884. Garrod spent the winter of 1884-85 in Vienna in post-graduate study at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus, renowned for its excellent teaching. In 1885 he obtained his BM, MA, Oxford, and MRCP, London.

Upon returning from Vienna he became a house physician at St Bartholomew's. He also worked as physician to the Marylebone General Dispensary, and assistant physician to the West London Hospital. He became casualty physician at St Bartholomew's in 1889 and then assistant physician in 1903. He was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1891. Garrod was in charge of the Children's Department at St Bartholomew's, with Dr Herbert Morley Fletcher, from 1904-10, and lectured on chemical pathology. He eventually became full physician there in 1912. Garrod also joined the visiting staff of Great Ormond Street Hospital, as elected assistant physician in 1892, becoming full physician there in 1899, and the Alexandra Hospital for Children with Hip Disease.

Garrod authored and contributed to a number of publications throughout his professional career. Whilst his earlier works were mainly of a clinical character, his later ones were of a biochemical nature. In 1886 he wrote An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886) and in 1890, based on his work at the West London Hospital, A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890). In later years he drew a further distinction by classifying osteoarthritis separately (his father had previously differentiated rheumatoid arthritis from gout) in an article he contributed to Sir Thomas Clifford Albutt's System of Medicine (1907).

Garrod was one of those, alongside Sir William Osler, physician and medical educator, who was instrumental in forming the Association of the Physicians of Great Britain. Its purpose was to facilitate the publishing of a new type of medical journal, to record fundamental research that perhaps had no immediate clinical application. In 1907 then he joined the editorial board of the Quarterly Journal of Medicine, remaining on the board for twenty years, and contributing to the journal throughout his life. He also made contributions to the Journal of Pathology and the Proceedings of the Royal Society. He was co-editor of the first edition of Diseases of Children (1913), with F.E. Batten and Hugh Thursfield.

Garrod is best known however for his original work on chemical pathology, reported in scientific journals and in his lectures. Indeed the Croonian Lectures, entitled Inborn Errors of Metabolism', were delivered to the Royal College of Physicians in 1908, and a revised edition was subsequently published in 1909. This was arguably his most important work (Hart, 1949, p.164). Garrod wasa born investigator' (Munk's Roll, Vol. IV, p.348), and had begun his work on this subject up to ten years before the publication, carrying out extensive, original laboratory research. He had begun by researching urinary chemistry, which led to his investigating alkaptonuria, whereby passed urine turns black on standing. Garrod's break through was considering the possibility that the condition was caused by a metabolic error, and his research thus developed to investigating metabolism behind urinary abnormalities, and so the now established idea of the gene-enzyme-reaction sequence. He pointed to the idea of metabolic variation, what he called 'chemical individuality', and that essentially the information for producing specific enzymes in humans is inherited.

During the First World War Garrod left St Bartholomew's to serve on the staff of the 1st London General Hospital at Camberwell, and then, in 1915, he was promoted to the rank of temporary colonel in the Army Medical Service. He was sent to Malta where he was consulting physician to the Mediterranean forces until 1919. For his services during the war he was appointed CMG in 1916, and KCMG in 1918.

He returned to St Bartholomew's in 1919 where he was chosen to be the first director of the new Medical Unit. However before he had been in position for a year he was nominated Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, succeeding Osler, where he remained for seven years. He was active in university affairs, being appointed a Statutory Commissioner for the University in 1922, and was a member of the Hebdomadal Council, the 21 members of which formed the governing body of the University. He was also appointed consulting physician at the Radcliffe Infirmary. Between 1923-28 Garrod was also a member of the Medical Research Council.

Garrod was honoured with many distinctions throughout his career. In 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, of which he became Vice-President, 1926-28. He gave many eponymous lectures including the Lettsonian Lecture, given to the Medical Society of London in 1912, the Linacre Lecture at Cambridge in 1923, and in 1924 he addressed the Royal College of Physicians again, when he gave the Harveian Oration. At the Charing Cross Hospital he gave the Huxley Lecture on `Diathesis' in 1927, which was published in a fuller form as The Inborn Factors in Disease (1931). In 1931 he was elected honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh. Abroad he was made honorary member of the American Association of Physicians, and of the Artzlicher Verein, Munich. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Aberdeen, Dublin, Glasgow, Malta, and Padua. In 1935, at the age of 78, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

Garrod married Laura Elisabeth Smith, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Bartholomew's, in 1886. They had three sons and one daughter; all three sons died young, all in the course of the First World War, two in action and the other of influenzal pneumonia. After resigning his chair at Oxford, in 1927, he and his wife lived at Melton, Suffolk until 1930, and then in Cambridge, with his daughter, where he died after a short illness, on 28 March 1936.

Publications:
The Nebulae: A Fragment of Astronomical History (Oxford, 1882)
An Introduction to the Use of the Laryngoscope (1886)
A Treatise on Rheumatism and Rheumatoid Arthritis (1890)
A Handbook of Medical Pathology, for the Use of Students in the Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (1894), with Sir W.P. Herringham & W.J. Gow
A Treatise on Cholelithiasis, Bernhard Naunyn, translated by Garrod (London, 1896)
Clinical Diagnosis, Rudolf Von Jaksch, edited by Garrod (London, 5th ed., 1905)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (1909)
Diseases of Children (1913), with F.E. Batten & Hugh Thursfield
The Inborn Factors of Disease (1931)
Papers for the Journal of Pathology and the Proceedings of the Royal Society

Publications by others about Garrod:
The Garrods, Caspar Rutz (Zurich, 1970)
Archibald Garrod and the Individuality of Man, Alexander Gordon Bearn (Oxford, 1993)
The Role of Nature and Nurture in Common Diseases: Garrod's Legacy, Sir David John Weatherall (London, 1992)

Samuel Jones Gee was born on 13 September 1839 in London, son of William Gee, a businessman. He was educated at Enfield for two years from 1847, and at home, under the tutelage of his father, before being sent to University College School in London, 1852-54. He then studied medicine at University College London, graduating MB in 1861, and MD in 1865.

Gee was appointed as a house surgeon both at University College Hospital and Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1865. He became assistant physician at the latter in 1866. In 1868 he received the same appointment at St Bartholomew's Hospital, due to the influence of Sir Thomas Smith, surgeon at St Bartholomew's, to whom he had become known at Great Ormond Street. Ten years later he was elected physician there, and then in 1904 consulting physician. In the medical school at St Bartholomew's he was a demonstrator of morbid anatomy, 1870-74, lecturer on pathological anatomy, 1872-78, and lecturer on medicine, 1878-93. He also became physician at Great Ormond Street, 1875-94, where he became a leading authority on childhood diseases and was the first to identify coeliac disease.

Gee wrote many papers on medical subjects, nearly all of which have permanent value' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92). His early papers, on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, appeared in Sir John Russell Reynolds' System of Medicine (Volumes I and II, 1866; 1868). 46 other papers appeared in the Saint Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. In 1870 his work, Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (1870) was published, and was recognised asa minor classic in its day' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, 1955, p.183). Of almost equal recognition was the collection of his Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (1902), by Dr T.J. Horder, formerly his house physician. The aphorisms represented well the form of Gee's teaching at the bedside. In his writings it was his description of the child's head in hydrocephalus as distinct from the enlarged skull of rickets, and his observations on enlarged spleen in children, which `may most justly be considered as scientific discoveries' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92).

He was elected Resident Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1866. This was despite his reluctance to join any clubs; indeed his voice was seldom heard at the medical societies of the day. In 1879 however he became a member of the scientific committee appointed to investigate 'membranous croup' and diphtheria. He was deeply knowledgeable about the history of medicine and so became the Society's librarian from 1887-99. Gee was also prominent in the affairs of the Royal College of Physicians, he was elected Fellow in 1870. In 1871 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures, in 1892 the Bradshaw Lecture, and the Lumleian Lectures in 1899. He was a Censor of the College, 1893-94, and was Senior Censor in 1897.

Gee built up a large practice in London, first at 54 Harley Street, and then at 31 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and was consulted in all branches of medicine. He was appointed physician to George, Prince of Wales, in 1901. It is said that his observation was acute and systematic' and that the treatment he prescribed wasalways judicious' (ibid). He also continued to work as consulting physician at St Bartholomew's, from his appointment in 1904, until his death.

Gee married Sarah Cooper in 1875. They had two daughters, one of his daughters died in 1893, and his wife died in 1904. Gee died suddenly of a heart attack at Keswick, whilst on holiday with his surviving daughter, on 3 August 1911. His body was returned to London, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in the Columbarium at Kensal Green.

Publications:
Papers on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, System of Medicine, Sir John Russell Reynolds (vol. I & II, 1866; 1868)
Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (London, 1870) On the Coeliac Affection',Rheumatic Fever without Arthritis', in St Bartholomew's Hospital Report, vol. 24, 1888, pp.17-20, pp.21-23 (in total, 46 papers appeared in the journal)
`Sects in Medicine' (tract) (London, 1889)
Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (London, 1902)

Born, 1733; educated: Eton College, 1748; Clare College, Cambridge, 1750-1753. MP for Whitchurch, 1754; clerk to the household of the Prince of Wales, 1756; Clerk of the Board of Green Cloth, 1760; Paymaster-General of the Forces, 1767-1768; left office and was to remain in opposition for the next fourteen years, 1768; opposition candidate for Speaker, 1770; Secretary at War, 1782; Home Office, 1782-1783; Home Secretary, 1783; left office 1789; created Viscount Sydney, 1789; Chief Justiceship in Eyre, south of the Trent, 1789-; Deputy Lieutenant of Kent, 1793-; died, 1800.

The Gloucestershire Medical Society was founded by Edward Jenner and his colleagues in 1788.

Widdows Golding, surgeon, fl 1788.

Born, [1670]; began his education at the nonconformist academy of Samuel Cradock BD at Wickhambrook, Suffolk; went to London, where he lodged with Edward Hulse MD of Aldermanbury; attended the University of Utrecht in 1692, presumably to study medicine; decided on a career in the church and entered St Edmund Hall, Oxford; 1697; domestic chaplain to Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, who presented him with the living of Heythorpe rectory, Oxfordshire; Archdeacon of Oxford, 1704; accompanied Shrewsbury to Ireland, following Shrewsbury 's appointment as Lord Lieutenant, 1713; beneficiary of the Hanoverian succession; Bishop of Kilmore, 1715; Archbishop of Cashel, 1727; died, 1729.

John Gorman, physican and surgeon, trained at the University of Edinburgh, became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1817 and qualified as Doctor of Medicine from Aberdeen University in 1822.

Born, 1814; educated at a private school at Edmonton and at Rugby School, 1828-1832; Trinity College, Oxford, 1832; studied at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford; visited Paris to gain knowledge of the hospital practice there, 1836-1837; physician to the Radcliffe, 1839; DM, 1840; member of the Theological Society; in the 1840s turned he studied Arabic and Greek medical writers and published a Greek and Latin edition of The Physiology of Theophilus (1842) and an English translation from the Arabic of Rhazes, entitled Treatise on the Small Pox and Measles (1847); became interested in sanitary matters, 1849; moved to Hastings, 1851; founded the Hastings Cottage Improvement Society in 1857 and remained its secretary until 1891; founded the London Labourers' Dwelling Society, secretary, 1862-1876; founded the Albert House Institution for Domestic Servants at St Leonards, Sussex; helped to found the local Mendicity Society for wayfarers; studied the writings of Sir Thomas Browne; editorial staff of the British Medical Journal;died, 1894.

George Gregory was born on 16 August 1790 at Canterbury, the son of William Gregory, clergyman and preacher of Canterbury Cathedral, and grandson of John Gregory, professor of medicine at Edinburgh University. He received his early education at King's School, Canterbury. His father died in 1803 and he went to live in Edinburgh with his uncle the physician James Gregory, author of the Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae (1780-82).

Gregory studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1806-9. He continued his studies in London at St George's Hospital and the Windmill Street School of Anatomy. At Windmill Street he was under the tutelage of the anatomist Matthew Baillie, a friend of Gregory's father from their early lives at Baliol College, Oxford. Gregory returned to Edinburgh and graduated MD in 1811.

He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1812, and the following year was sent as assistant surgeon to the forces in the Mediterranean engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. He served in Sicily and in Italy, at the capture of Genoa. At the end of war in 1815 he retired on half pay and returned to England. In 1816 he was elected a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and began practice in London. He gave lectures at the Windmill Street School, and then at St Thomas's Hospital.

Gregory made many contributions to the medical journals, the Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine, Sir John Forbes, John Conolly, and Alexander Tweedie (eds.) (1833-35), and Alexander Tweedie's (ed.) Library of Medicine (1840-42). His own major publication was Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic (1820, 6th ed. 1846). He was made physician to the Smallpox and Vaccination Hospital in 1824, and subsequently wrote numerous articles on smallpox and vaccination. He was also physician at the General Dispensary. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1839, and was a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1843 he published his Lectures on Eruptive Fevers.

He died at Camden Square, London, of heart disease on 25 January 1853, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery.

Publications:
Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic (London, 1820, 6th ed. 1846)
Lectures on Eruptive Fevers, delivered at St Thomas's Hospital in January 1843 (London, 1843)

James Gregory was born in January 1753 in Aberdeen, the son of John Gregory, professor of medicine at Edinburgh University. He was educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and studied for a short time at Christ Church, Oxford. During the winter of 1773-74 he studied at St George's Hospital, London. His father died suddenly in the winter of 1773 whilst he was still a medical student, and he completed his father's course of lectures at Edinburgh University. He did this with such success that his father's chair, the professorship of practice of medicine, was left open to Gregory. He graduated MD in 1774 and spent the following two years studying medicine abroad.

In 1776, at the age of 23, he was appointed professor at Edinburgh University. The following year he began giving clinical lectures at the Royal Infirmary. In 1780-82 he published his Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae, which established his position in medicine. Although there was little original work in his Conspectus, it was valuable for what he wrote on therapeutics. In 1790 he succeeded to the chair of the practice of medicine at the university. From this point he was chief of the Edinburgh Medical School. Gregory attained a high reputation and had the leading consulting practice in Scotland, until his death. He was a friend of the poet Robert Burns.

He was widely popular as a teacher, particularly for his command of language, his excellent recollection of cases, his outspokenness, energy and humour. He was very practical in his approach, and advocated temperance, bodily exertion without fatigue, and mental occupation without anxiety, although he `by no means followed his own prescription' (DNB, 1890, p.100).

Gregory was a keen controversialist, and was keen-witted and sarcastic, but wasted his great powers on temporary and irritating controversies' (ibid). His controversy with the physician James Hamilton led to him severely beating Hamilton with a stick, for which he was fined £100 and costs for defamation. He then attacked, in hisMemorial to the Managers' of 1800, the practice of allowing all surgeons in Edinburgh to officiate at the Royal Infirmary in turn.

Gregory spoke out vehemently in opposition to the Edinburgh College of Physicians' recommendation to relax its regulations against the dispensing of medicines by members. The College charged him with violating his oath not to divulge its proceedings and having made false statements. He was found guilty by the College in September 1803, and was suspended from the rights and privileges of the fellowship in May 1809.

Gregory died on 2 April 1823, and was buried in Canongate churchyard, Edinburgh. Five sons and two daughters, by his second wife a Miss McLeod, survived him.

Publications:
De Morbis Coeli Mutatione Medendis (Edinburgh, 1774)
Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae (Edinburgh, 1780-82)
Philosophical and Literary Essays (2 vols; Edinburgh, 1792)
Additional Memorial to the Managers of the Royal Infirmary (Edinburgh, 1803)
First Lines on the Practice of Physic, William Cullen, edited by James Gregory (Edinburgh, 1812)
Letter from Dr James Gregory in Defence of his Essay on the Difference of the Relation between Motive and Action and that of Cause and Effect in Physics, with replies by A. Crombie, Alexander Crombie and James Gregory (London, 1819)

Publications by others about Gregory:
Answer for the Junior Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh to the Memorial of Dr James Gregory, John Bell (Edinburgh, 1800)
Narrative of the Conduct of Dr James Gregory towards the RCPE, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1809)
Letters on Professional Character and Manners: On the Education of a Surgeon, and the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician: Addressed to James Gregory, MD, John Bell (Edinburgh, 1812)

Baptised, 1648; educated University of Leiden, 1667-1669 and Utrecht, 1669-1670; moved to Amsterdam, where he joined the Collegium Medicum and entered into a joint practice; Physician to the Dutch garrison at Grave, 1674;
Moved to London, 1675; licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP), London, 1683; engaged in lengthy court procedures against the RCP over charges of malpractice, 1697-1700; died, 1715 or 1716.

Leonard George Guthrie was born in Kensington, London, on the 7 February 1858, second son of Thomas Anstey Guthrie. He was educated at King's College School, before entering Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied classics. He graduated MA in 1880. He then chose to study medicine, and completed his clinical studies at St Bartholomew's Hospital, qualifying in 1886. He took the diplomas of both the Royal College of Surgeons and the Society of Apothecaries.

Guthrie obtained house appointments at the Paddington Green Children's Hospital and the Great Northern Central Hospital. Children's diseases became one of his chief interests, along with nervous disorders. His work as a paediatrician was greatly respected and it was noted that he was `adept in gaining the confidence of his young patients' (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.421). He joined the staff of the Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System in 1888, whilst the hospital was still situated at Regent's Park. He was also appointed assistant physician to the North-West London Hospital. He graduated MD from Oxford in 1893. In 1900 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He was subsequently made full physician at the Paddington Green Children's Hospital and the Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System, Maida Vale, having stayed with the hospital after its move from Regent's Park in 1903.

Guthrie's major publication was Functional Nervous Disorders of Childhood (1907), which became a minor classic. He was FitzPatrick Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians in 1907-08, and chose to lecture on 'Contributions to the Study of the Precocity in Children' and the 'History of Neurology'. He was greatly interested in the history of medicine; indeed Guthrie, according to a colleague, was a man who `loved young people and old things' (BMJ, 1919, p.29).

Guthrie contributed chapters to Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt's A System of Medicine (1896-99; 1905-11), and to the Diseases of Children (1913), edited by Archibald Edward Garrod, Frederick Eustace Batten and James Hugh Thursfield. He was made secretary of the Royal College of Physicians committee for the revision of the Nomenclature of Diseases (5th ed. 1917). He also served as president of the Harveian Society, and of the Section for the Study of Diseases in Children of the Royal Society of Medicine.

During the First World War, 1914-18, he served on the staff of Lord Knutsford's Hospitals for Neurasthenic Officers. He was also selected to examine medical men under the Ministry of National Service. Guthrie was senior physician to both the Paddington Green Children's Hospital and the Maida Vale Hospital at the time of his death. He had also recently been appointed examiner in medicine to Oxford University, and member of the Council of the Royal College of Physicians.

He died on 24 December 1918, after an accident on one of London's tube railways, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

Publications:
Interstitial Nephritis in Childhood (London, 1897)
Functional Nervous Disorders in Childhood (London, 1907)
Contributions to the Study of Precocity in Children, and the History of Neurology (London, 1921)
The Nomenclature of Diseases, Leonard George Guthrie (ed.) (London, 1917, 5th ed.)

Cecil John Hackett was born in Norwood, South Australia, on 25 April 1905, the son of Richard Hackett, horticulturalist. He was educated in Adelaide, first at Queen's School and then at St Peter's School, before going on to read medicine at Adelaide University. As a student he went on several expeditions to central Australia. One such trip included a visit to Ayers Rock, then little known. Hackett gained his MB BS from Adelaide in 1927 and came to England to study at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where he obtained his diploma in 1930. In 1931 he became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.

Hackett took up a post at the Lester Research Institute in Shanghai, which he had to relinquish shortly afterwards when he developed tuberculosis. He returned to Adelaide to convalesce. In 1933, once fully recovered, he took part in an expedition to the Musgrove and Mann Ranges, in the northern part of the Great Victoria Desert. Here he studied the lives of the Pitjantjatjara, a community of nomadic hunter-gatherers, who sustained Hackett's party during their exploration. Hackett studied their way of life and their fight against disease. Upon his return he undertook research into physical anthropology at Adelaide University. In 1934 he obtained his MD and took up a post in the physiology department of the university. It was during this time that he wrote his first work on yaws, Boomerang Leg and Yaws in Australian Aborigines (1936). Soon afterwards Hackett returned to England and took up a position in Cambridge University's anatomy department.

In 1937 Hackett obtained a senior research fellowship from the Medical Research Council. This enabled him to undertake two extended visits to Lango in northern Uganda, where he studied the clinical effects of yaws, which he photographed extensively. The Second World War interrupted his research work, and in 1940 he joined the Royal Air Force (RAF). He became engaged in controlling malaria among Allied detachments in various parts of the tropics, including Sierra Leone, Egypt, and Burma. During the War he managed to continue his research, taking clinical photographs of yaws and other tropical conditions he came across. By the end of the War, in 1945, he had reached the rank of wing commander.

He returned to London and became the director of the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science, which had been closed during the War. The museum, which had thus far encompassed the world of medicine and hygiene and been directed at undergraduates, was transformed by Hackett into a postgraduate teaching museum of tropical medicine. In 1951 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he obtained his PhD from London University, after presenting his written up results of his researches in Lango. His published thesis was entitled Bone Lesions of Yaws in Uganda (1951). At this time he began to lecture at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

In 1954 Hackett left his academic career and joined the World Health Organisation (WHO). He became involved in a worldwide yaws eradication programme, based on the mass administration of penicillin. The campaigns were highly successful and yaws was practically wiped out. There is `little doubt that Hackett played a significant role in its achievement' (Munk's Roll, 2000, p.182).

Hackett retired from the WHO in 1965. With yaws now medical history he embarked on an investigation of the condition in its anthropological and historical context. He examined the lesions of dated human remains in an attempt to determine the historical spread of disease. He became particularly interested in its relation to syphilis, classifying bone changes after death from syphilis. His findings have since been used in the debate about the origins of syphilis in Europe and the endemic syphilis of the Near East.

Hackett married Beattie in 1939 and they had two sons. He died of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89.

Publications:
Boomerang Leg and Yaws in Australian Aborigines (London, 1936)
Bone Lesions of Yaws in Uganda (London, 1951)
Discussions Actuelles sur l'Origine de la Syphilis ([Paris], 1970)
Diagnostic Criteria of Syphilis, Yaws, and Treponarid (Treponematoses) and of Some Other Diseases in Dry Bones for Use in Osteo-Archaeology (Berlin, 1976)

Reginald Hale-White (1895-1967), general practitioner in London and Principal Medical Officer to the Alliance Assurance Company and the Imperial Life Assurance Company of Canada: Chairman of the Fellowship for Freedom in Medicine from 1955 to 1967.

The Fellowship was founded by Lord Horder in 1948 as a right-wing pressure group to support the interests of private practitioners in medicine and to oppose further extension of state intervention following the establishmernt of the National Health Service.

Sir Henry Halford was born Henry Vaughan in Leicester on 2 October 1766, the second son of James Vaughan, a successful physician in Leicester. Halford's father devoted his entire income to the education of his seven sons. Halford was educated at Rugby from 1774 before he entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1781, where he graduated BA and MA in 1788. He spent some months in Edinburgh and practiced for a short time with his father in Leicester, before graduating MB in 1790 and MD in 1791. In 1792, after a few months practice at the fashionable resort of Scarborough, he settled in Mayfair in London. He had borrowed £1,000 on his own security on the advice of Sir George Baker, President of the Royal College of Physicians and recognised head of the medical profession in England.

He was elected physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1793. In the same year, before he was 27 years old, he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George III. In 1794 he was made Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and served in the office of censor in 1795, 1801, and 1815. In 1800 he delivered the Harveian Oration at the College. In the same year, as a result of his practice having become so large, he relinquished his hospital appointment. In 1802 he moved to Curzon Street, where he remained throughout his life. By 1805 his income exceeded £7,000 a year. His patients included the statesmen Charles James Fox, William Pitt and George Canning, and several members of the Royal Family including the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, and three of the King's sons, the Dukes of York, Kent and Cumberland.

Halford inherited a large estate on the death of Lady Denbigh, widow of his mother's cousin, Sir Charles Halford. Consequently he changed his name by Act of Parliament from Vaughan to Halford in 1809. In the same year George III created him baronet. Halford attended the King during his illness, and the Prince Regent made him physician in ordinary to the King in 1812. In 1813 he attended, with the Prince Regent, the opening of the coffin of Charles I, undertaken to identify the former King's remains. On the ascension of George IV he was again made physician in ordinary, and subsequently performed the same duty to William IV and Queen Victoria.

It has been said that he was an eminent physician with good perception and sound judgment, wielding the resources of his art with a confidence, precision, and success, which was unapproached by any of his contemporaries' (Munk's Roll, 1878, p.430). However it is recognised that his knowledge of pathology and accuracy of diagnosis were inferior to Matthew Baillie's, his eminent colleague, and it is said that he disliked innovation. Many of his contemporaries criticised him for behaving as a courtier outside of his role as royal physician. James Wardrop, who had been appointed surgeon to the King in 1828, referred to him as 'the eel-backed baronet'. Ultimately thoughfor many years after Dr Matthew Baillie's death he was indisputably at the head of London practice' (DNB, 1890, p.39).

From 1820 Halford served as president of the Royal College of Physicians, to which office he was unanimously re-elected every year for 24 years until his death. During his presidency one of the most significant changes in the College's history occurred, the ending of the restriction of the Fellowship to Oxbridge graduates alone. He also inaugurated a series of monthly evening meetings, the audiences of which came from all walks of life. Halford was largely instrumental in securing the removal of the College from Warwick Lane to Pall Mall East in 1825, and officially opened the new premises. To mark the occasion the King conferred on him the Star of a Knight Commander of the Guelphic Order (KCH). William IV subsequently promoted him to a Grand Cross of Hanover (GCH).

In 1831 Halford published Essays and Orations Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, which included papers on 'Tic Douloureux', 'The Treatment of Gout', and 'The Climacteric Disease'. However he made neither significant nor extensive contributions to medical literature. In 1835 he again delivered the Harveian Oration at the College. Due to his office as president of the Royal College of Physicians he became a trustee of the British Museum and president of the National Vaccine Establishment. He had been a keen advocate of vaccination since its introduction by Edward Jenner in 1798. He also became a fellow of the Royal Antiquarian Societies and a trustee of Rugby School.

Halford spent much time in his latter years composing Latin poetry. He continued in practice to within a few months of his death. He had married Elizabeth Barbara St John, daughter of Lord St John of Bletsoe, in 1795. His wife died in 1833, whilst their son and daughter both survived Halford.

Halford died at his home on 9 March 1844, at the age of 77. He was buried in the parish church of Wistow, Leicestershire, where a monument was erected in his memory.

Publications:
An Account of What Appeared on Opening the Coffin of King Charles I, in the vault of King Henry Eighth in St George's Chapel at Windsor (London, 1813)
Oratio in Collegii Regalis Medicorum Londinensis, aedibus novis, habita die dedicationis, Junii XXV, MDCCCXXV (London, 1825)
Essays and Orations Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians; to which is added an Account of the Opening of the Tomb of Charles I (London, 1831; 1842)
On the Education and Conduct of a Physician (London, 1834)
On the Deaths of some Eminent Persons of Modern Times (London, 1835)
On the Effects of Cold (London, 1837)
Nugae Metricae (Latin & English) (London, 1842)

Publications by others about Halford:
The Life of Sir Henry Halford, Bart, William Munk (London, 1895)

James Hall was a medical student at Guy's Hospital in [1811].

Baldwin Hamey was born in London on 24 April 1600, the eldest son of Baldwin Hamey, the Flemish physician. He received his early education at one of the public city schools. He entered the University of Leyden as a student of philosophy in May 1617, and then went to Oxford in 1621 and studied humanities in the public library. In the winter of 1622-23 he was apprenticed to his father in London, whereupon his real medical education began. Hamey returned to Holland in the summer of 1625 and graduated MD at Leyden on 12 August 1626. His thesis, De Angina, was to be his only published work.

He returned to London and continued his apprenticeship, gaining some necessary clinical experience. He then traveled in Europe, visiting the universities of Paris, Montpelier, and Padua, before returning to Southwark to marry Anna de Pettin of Rotterdam in May 1627. Later that year they moved from his parents' house in Sydon Lane, to a house in St Clement's Lane, and Hamey began to practice under the patronage of Simeon Foxe, physician and President of the Royal College of Physicians. At this time he enjoyed many hours of leisure. He began to record the biographies of his friends and contemporaries. Hamey was incorporated MD at Oxford, 4 February 1629/30, and then admitted a Candidate of the Royal College of Physicians of London in June 1630. He became a Fellow of the College in January 1633/4.

He was generous with his wealth throughout his life, and was `a liberal benefactor to many poor but deserving scholars' (Munk's Roll, 1878, p.211). In 1634 he financed the education of one such man, John Sigismund Clewer. Hamey performed many unpaid roles within the Royal College of Physicians, and was unfailing in his attendance at College events. He was a censor on several occasions between 1640 and 1654, and registrar in 1646, and 1650-54. In 1647 he delivered the anatomical Goulstonian Lectures at the College.

During the Interregnum, 1649-60, Hamey, a royalist and faithful member of the Church of England, considered leaving London, but an attack of inflammation of the lungs prevented him. Whilst convalescing he agreed to consult a puritan soldier who, much satisfied with the service, handed Hamey a bag of gold as payment. Hamey politely refused the generous gesture, whereupon the soldier took a handful of gold coins from the bag and placed them in the physician's pocket. On Hamey's producing the coins to his surprised wife he learnt that during his illness, to avoid troubling him, she had paid that exact sum, 36 pieces of gold, to a state exaction executed by another puritan soldier. Hamey perceived the providential incident as an omen against his leaving the capital. So he remained in London, where his burgeoning practice grew to include a number of parliamentarians.

Hamey became wealthy and his generosity continued unabated. In 1651 the Royal College of Physicians' building at Amen Corner, which stood in grounds belonging to St Paul's cathedral, was in a vulnerable position. Hamey, `with a generosity which does him immortal honour', bought the property and made it over in perpetuity to the College (ibid, p.212). Remaining a faithful royalist despite his apparent neutrality, Hamey also purchased a diamond ring of Charles I bearing the royal arms, for £500, which he presented to Charles II at the Restoration in 1660. During the Interregnum Hamey had sent Charles II a number of gifts. In recognition of his services the king offered him a knighthood and the position of physician in ordinary to himself, honours which an ageing Hamey respectfully declined.

Hamey was treasurer at the Royal College of Physicians in 1664-66. He retired from his practice in 1665, the year before the Great Fire of London, after having remained in London to fight the Plague. He went to live in Chelsea. After the fire he donated a large sum of money to the rebuilding of the College, and wainscoted the dining room with carved Spanish oak (which is still preserved in the Censor's Room of the present building). In 1672 he gave the College an estate near Great Ongar in Essex. The rents arising from the lands were to pay annual sums to the physicians of St Bartholomew's Hospital, provided that the hospital accepted the nominees of the College. He also donated £100 towards the repair of St Paul's Cathedral, and contributed to the upkeep of All Hallows, Barking, where his parents were buried, of his own parish church, St Clement's, Eastcheap, and to the restoration of St Luke's, Chelsea.

Hamey died in Chelsea on 14 May 1676, aged 76. He was buried in the parish church with a simple black marble slab. A gilt inscription, with his arms, was laid years later. Hamey and his wife, who had died in 1660, had had no children. A major benefactor of his inheritance was the Royal College of Physicians, to whom he confirmed forever the bequest of his estate in Essex. His friend, Adam Littleton, lexicographer, printed his essay On the Oath of Hippocrates (1688).

Publications:
De Angina (1626)
On the Oath of Hippocrates, Adam Littleton (ed) (1688)

Publications by others about Hamey:
The Stranger's Son, John Keevil (London, 1953)

William Hamilton was born at Strabane, Co Tyrone in 1758. He was eduated at Glasgow and Edinburgh from where he graduated MD 24 June 1779. He became LRCP 30 September 1786 and was elected Physician to the London Hospital 5 December 1787. He died 5 May 1807. [Source - Munk's Roll vol II p366].

Unknown

William Harvey was born on 1 April 1578 in Folkestone, Kent, the son of Thomas Harvey, a Kentish yeoman, and his second wife Joane. He was the second child and eldest son of a family of ten children. In 1588 he went to King's Grammar School, Canterbury, and then in 1593 to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated BA in 1597 and decided to pursue a career in medicine. In 1598 he traveled through France and Germany to Padua, to study at the most renowned medical school of the time. He studied under Fabricus of Aquapendente, Professor of Anatomy, as well as Thomas Minadous, Professor of Medicine, and Julius Casserius, Professor of Surgery. He graduated on 25 April 1602, before returning to England and graduating MD from Cambridge in the same year.

Harvey moved to London and took a house in the parish of St Martin-extra-Ludgate. In 1604 he married Elizabeth Browne, daughter of Dr Lancelot Browne, former physician to Queen Elizabeth I. On 5 October 1604 he was admitted a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians, and was elected Fellow on 5 June 1607. In February 1608-9 he applied for reversion of the office of physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital, whereupon he produced a recommendation from the King and testimonials from Dr Atkins, President of the Royal College of Physicians, and several senior doctors of the College. He was elected to the reversion, a position equivalent to assistant physician, and worked under Dr Wilkinson. Upon the latter's death in the summer of 1609 Harvey was elected full physician.

From 1609 onwards Harvey's time was divided between his hospital duties, his private practice, his anatomical and physiological research, and his numerous duties at the Royal College of Physicians. He became Censor at the College in 1613, and in 1615 was elected Lumleian Lecturer, a role he fulfilled every other year for the next thirty years. He gave his first set of anatomical lectures at the College on 16-18 April 1616. Originally it was believed that Harvey publicly revealed his concept of the circulation of the blood during these earliest demonstrations, although he did not publish his beliefs until 1928. However it is now accepted that

`complete realization of this doctrine was only arrived at by stages during the first twelve years covered by the lectures' (Keynes, 1978, p.106).

In 1618 Harvey was made physician extraordinary to James I. Five years later he received a promise that he would be made physician in ordinary to the King on the next vacancy, although this did not take place until Charles I had been on the throne for some time. In 1620 Harvey was appointed by the Royal College of Physicians to watch the proceedings of the surgeons who were moving Parliament in their own interest, and was sent to Cambridge where the university declined to join the College. Harvey was Censor again for the College in 1625 and 1629, was named Elect in 1627, and was Treasurer in 1628 and 1629.

In 1628 Harvey published at Frankfurt his discovery of the circulation of the blood, in a book entitled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sangiunis in Animalibus. Throughout the seventeen chapters `the whole subject is made clear from the beginning and incontestably demonstrated' (DNB, 1891, p.96). Harvey's success in his research has been attributed to the fact that

`his originality stemmed not from the amassing of observations per se but from his remarkable gift for perceiving and pursuing the theoretical implications of his observations' (DSB, 1972, p.152).

In his book he described the movement of the blood around the body, and covered the motions of the arteries and of the ventricles and auricles of the heart, and the use of these movements. He explained that blood is carried out of the heart by arteries and comes back to it via veins, performing a complete circulation. He finally demonstrated that the right ventricle is thinner than the left, as it only has to send the blood to the lungs, whilst the left ventricle has to pump it over the whole body. The book immediately attracted attention and discussion. Whilst a few opposed his theory, such as Caspar Hofmann of Nuremburg, his momentous discovery, `the greatest of the discoveries of physiology' (ibid, p97), was certainly accepted throughout the medical world before his death.

In 1630 he requested leave of absence from St Barts, and resigned from his position of Treasurer at the Royal College of Physicians, to travel with the Duke of Lenox on the King's command to France, Spain and Italy, between 1630 and 1632. It was probably on his return to England that he was sworn in as physician in ordinary to the King. In May 1633 he journeyed to Scotland with Charles I for Charles' coronation as King of Scotland, 18 June 1633. In October of that year St Barts appointed a full physician to allow Harvey more liberty to fulfill his many duties. Harvey then drew up sixteen regulations for the hospital, essentially stating that absolutely incurable cases should not be admitted, and that the surgeon, apothecary, and matron were to discharge all services decently and in person.

Once back in England Harvey was in full attendance on Charles I. He remained heavily involved with the Royal College of Physicians however, regularly attending the comitia, examining applicants for Candidate, and drawing up rules for the library. In July 1634 he made a speech to the apothecaries persuading them to conform to the College orders.

In April 1636 he again left England, this time for Germany and Italy, as part of an embassy sent to Emperor Ferdinand of Germany. Harvey was in attendance on his friend the ambassador Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. During this diplomatic mission he was able to visit a number of medical colleges, and lectured to students and professors on his theory of blood circulation. Whilst in Germany he visited his critic Hofmann, in Nuremburg, in an attempt to convince him of his theory on the circulation of the blood, but failed.

On returning to England, at the end of 1636, Harvey remained in London until the outbreak of Civil War. From 1639 he was the King's chief physician, and in 1642 he left London with the King. Shortly afterwards his apartment in Whitehall Palace had been ransacked and most of his papers destroyed by the Parliamentarian soldiers. Harvey was present at the Battle of Edgehill, and was in charge of the Prince of Wales and Duke of York during the fighting, although it is said that he `cared little for politics' (ibid, p.98). He subsequently went to Oxford with the King and was incorporated MD on 7 December 1642. In 1643 he resigned from St Barts. He continued his anatomical work, making dissections at Oxford. In 1645 he was made royal mandate warden of Merton College, Oxford.

In 1646, after the surrender of Oxford, Harvey left the university and his appointment as warden and returned to London to live with one of his brothers, all of who were wealthy merchants. His wife had died the previous year in London, unable to leave the capital to join her husband in Oxford. He was now 68 years old and withdrew from practice and from the royal cause. Three years later he published Exercitatio Anatomica de Circulatione Sanguinis, ad Joannem Riolanem filium Parisiensem (1649), a discussion of the arguments against his doctrines set out in Riolanus's book Encheiridium Anatomicum (1648). His last publication, Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, quibis accedunt quaedam de Partu, de Membranis ac Tumoribus Uteri et de Conceptione, based on his study of embryology, appeared in 1651.

From this period until his death it is said that `the chief object which occupied the mind of Harvey was the welfare and improvement of the College of Physicians' (Munk's Roll, 1878, p.133). In July 1651 Harvey built a library for the College. Although he wished to remain anonymous the source of this generous donation soon became known, and in December 1652 the College decided to erect a statue of Harvey. The library was completed in February 1653-4 and handed over to the College with the title deeds and his whole interest in the building. In 1654 he was elected president, but declined the honour on the grounds of his age. He did however serve on the Council, in 1655 and 1656. In 1656 he also resigned his Lumleian lectureship, but before leaving he donated to the College, in perpetuity, his estate at Burmarsh, Kent, and left an endowment to pay for a librarian and the delivery of an annual oration.

Harvey had suffered from gout for sometime but the attacks became more severe towards the end of his life. He died of a stroke on 3 June 1657 at the age of 79. His body was placed in the family vault at Hempstead, Essex, the fellows of the Royal College of Physicians forming part of the procession from London to Essex. His body remained there until 18 October, St Luke's Day, 1883 when it was moved to a sarcophagus, provided by the College, in the Harvey chapel erected in Hempstead Church. In his will Harvey left his books and papers to the College, a benefaction to Christ's Hospital, and many bequests to his relations. The College posthumously published a collected edition of his works in 1766, whilst a complete translation into English, by the Sydenham Society, appeared in 1847. In his honour the Harveian Oration is delivered every year on St Luke's Day.

Publications:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sangiunis in Animalibus (1628; Translated with Introduction & Notes by G. Whitteridge, Oxford, 1976)
Exercitatio Anatomica de Circulatione Sanguinis, ad Joannem Riolanem filium Parisiensem (1649)
Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, quibis accedunt quaedam de Partu, de Membranis ac Tumoribus Uteri et de Conceptione (1651)
Harvey's post mortem examination of Thomas Parr, the old man of 152, in De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis, Treatise of John Betts (London, 1669)
Eleven Letters of William Harvey to Lord Feilding, June 9 - November 15 1636 posthumously published (privately printed, London 1912)
De Motu Locali Animalium, posthumously published, edited, translated, and introduced by Gweneth Whitteridge (Cambridge, 1959)

Publications by others about Harvey:
Guilielmi Harveii Opera Omnia a Collegio Medicorum, Akenside (ed.), with prefixed biography by Dr Thomas Lawrence (London, 1776)
The Works of William Harvey: Translated from the Latin with a Life of the Author by R. Willis, Robert Willis (Sydenham Society, 1847)
William Harvey: A History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood, Robert Willis (London, 1878)
A Brief Account of the Circumstances Leading to and Attending the Reintombment of the Remains of Dr William Harvey in the Church of Hempstead in Essex, October 1883, William Munk (privately printed, London 1883)
The Life of William Harvey and his Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood, Rowland Hills (London, 1893)
William Harvey (Masters of Medicine), Sir D'Arcy Power (London, 1897)
William Harvey 1578-1657, Raymond Benedict Hervey Wyatt (London, 1924)
A Bibliography of the Writings of William Harvey, MD, Discoverer of the Blood, 1628-1928, Sir G.L. Keynes (Cambridge, 1928)
William Harvey, Thomas Archibald Malloch (New York, 1929)
William Harvey: His Life and Times: his Discoveries: his Methods, Louis Chauvois (London, 1957)
William Harvey, Norman Wymer (Oxford, 1958)
William Harvey, Englishman, 1578-1657, Kenneth James Franklin (London, 1961)
William Harvey, the Man, the Physician and the Scientist, Kenneth David Keele (London, 1965)
William Harvey: Trailblazer of Scientific Medicine, Rebecca B. Marcus (London, 1965)
William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood, Gweneth Whitteridge (London, 1971)
William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood (Pioneers of Science and Discovery), Eric Neil (London, 1975)
New Light on William Harvey, Walter Pagel (Basel, 1976)
The Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the Birth of William Harvey - Scientific and Social Programme, 9-13th July 1978, Royal College of Physicians of London (London, 1978)
The Life of William Harvey, Geoffrey Keynes (Oxford, 1978)
William Harvey and His Age: The Professional and Social Context of the Discovery of the Circulation, Jerome J. Bylebyl (Baltimore, c.1979)
The Diary of William Harvey: The Imaginary Journal of the Physician who Revolutionised Medicine, Jean Hamburger, translated by Barbara Wright (New Jersey, 1992)
William Harvey's Natural Philosophy, Roger Kenneth French (Cambridge, 1994)