The Conservative Party: Conservative instead of the traditional term, Tory, was first used in Britain by George Canning (1770-1827) in 1824. The term became more popular after it was used by Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) in his Tamworth Manifesto in 1834. In the Tamworth Manifesto Peel attempted to combine the idea of moderate reform with a strong belief in traditional institutions. After Peel became Prime Minister in 1834, his followers tended to describe themselves as Conservatives rather than Tories.
The Stapletons were an old landed family in Carlton, North Yorkshire. Their seat was Carlton Hall. Thomas Stapleton's son Miles claimed the title of Baron Beaumont in 1840.
Sir Dingle Foot (1905-1978) was educated at Bembridge School, Isle of Wight, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was President of the Union, 1928. From 1931 to 1945 he was Liberal MP for Dundee, 1931-45. In 1930 Dingle Foot was called to the bar (Gray's Inn), 1930. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Economic Warfare, 1940, and a member of the British delegation to San Francisco Conference, 1945. Dingle Foot left the Liberal party and joined the Labour party in 1956. He was Labour MP for Ipswich, 1957-1970. He became Solicitor-General and was knighted, 1964. His publications include: "British Political Crises" (1976) and "Despotism in disguise" (1937).
George Hammond (1763-1853) was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow in 1787. He was secretary to David Hartley the younger at Paris, who was conducting peace negotiations with France and America. Hammond was charge d'affaires at Vienna 1788-1790. In August 1791 Hammond became the first British minister accredited to the United States. He left America in 1795 he returned to London to become foreign under-secretary. Hammond became intimate with his chief at the foreign office Lord Grenville (1759-1834) and the Tory politician George Canning (1770-1827). Hammond was joint editor of the "Anti-Jacobin". This journal was founded by George Canning in 1797. The intentions of the journal was to combat the radical political ideas which had emerged as a result of the French Revolution. It appeared weekly from 20th November 1797 to 7th July 1798.
Resisters Inside The Army or RITA was an American semi-underground group, based in Heidelberg, Germany. It campaigned amongst US GIs against the army, racism and the war in Vietnam.
George Soloveytchik, 1902-1982, was born in St Petersburg, the son of the Managing Director of the Siberian Bank of Commerce. He was educated at St Catharine's School, and The Reformation School, Petrograd, Russia. He also studied at Queen's College, Oxford, Paris University and Berlin University. Soloveytchik escaped from Soviet Russia to England in 1918, and began to write and lecture while still at Oxford. He became a frequent free lance contributor to leading British and overseas newspapers and periodicals chiefly on international affairs, history and biography. He was Editor of the 'Economic Review' 1926-1927, and Foreign Editor of the 'Financial Times' 1938-1939. Soloveytchik was also Director of Publicity at the International Colonial Exhibition at Paris in 1931. From 1941 to 1945 he was Special adviser to the exiled Belgian Government in London, and official lecturer to HM Forces, 1940-1945. Soloveytchik delivered addresses to the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and at Princeton, Yale, etc., in 1944. He went on numerous lecture tours in USA, Canada and Europe from 1946 onwards. He also went on a special mission to Scandinavian countries on behalf of UNESCO, 1947. Soloveytchik was Visiting Lecturer at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva Univ., 1948-1956, also at School of Economics, St Gallen. His publications include: 'The financier: the life of Ivar Kreuger, (1933); 'Peace or chaos?' (1943); 'Potemkin: a picture of Catherine's Russia' (1938); 'Russia in perspective' (1945); 'Switzerland in perspective' (1954).
Alan Crosland Graham (1896-1964) began his career in the army serving in France and Russia between 1916 and 1920. After leaving the army his political career began as secretary to the Earl of Balfour, 1925-1929 and Viscount Hailsham, 1932-1935. During this time he contested the parliamentary constituencies parliamentary contests of Stirling, Denbigh and Darwen. He was finally elected as Conservative MP for Wirral in 1935. He remained MP for Wirral until 1945. During his time in Parliament he displayed an interest and involvement in anti-Nazi and anti-Communist groups in Europe. This is reflected in his chairmanship of the Anglo-Polish Parliamentary Committee and the files among his papers relate to Austria, Poland, France and the Never Again Committee. His publications include: "Does Poland matter to Britain? [An indictment of political isolationism, a cry for justice and for Christianity in action]".
The British Association for Labour Legislation was a small group of people who were attached to the London School of Economics. The association dealt with issues such as the health and welfare of workers, education and the implementation of a National Health Service.
The Joint Board consisted of three representatives and the secretaries from the Parliamentary Committee of the Trade Union Congress, the General Federation of Trade Unions and the Labour Party. The Joint Board met to:
- consider and report as whether new societies connected with trades already covered by existing organisations should be encouraged or otherwise.
- consider and agree upon joint political or other action when such is deemed to be advantageous or necessary.
3.use its influence to bring about a settlement in cases of trade disputes, provided it had the concurrence of the Executive of the union or unions affected.
Formerly the National Committee for the Promotion of the Break Up of the Poor Law. Arthur Balfour (1848-1930), Prime Minister 1902-1905, set up a Royal Commission under Lord George Hamilton (1845-1927) to look into the Poor Law of 1832. The Act was considered to be too severe, it was no longer universally applied and was open to abuse. The Local Government Act of 1929 established a revised approach to the conditions of the poor.
Edward Pease 1857-1945 was the sixth of fifteen children, was born at Henbury Hill, near Bristol on 23rd December, 1857. Edward was the grandson of Edward Pease (1767-1858) the railway entrepreneur. His parents were devout Quakers. Pease moved to London in 1874 where he found work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's textile firm. Later he became a partner in a brokerage company. The business was very successful, but Pease, who was gradually developing socialists ideas, became increasingly uncomfortable about his speculative dealings on the Stock Exchange. In the early 1880s Pease became friends with Frank Podmore (1856-1910), who invited him to join the Society for Physical Research. The following year, the two men, joined a socialist debating group established by Edith Nesbit and Hubert Bland. In January, 1884, the group became known as the Fabian Society. Podmore's home, 14 Dean's Yard, Westminster, became the official headquarters of the organisation. The success of "Fabian Essays in Socialism" (1889) convinced the Fabian Society that they needed a full-time employee. In 1890 Pease was appointed as Secretary of the Society. In 1894 Henry Hutchinson, a wealthy solicitor from Derby, left the Fabian Society £10,000. Hutchinson left instructions that the money should be used for "propaganda and socialism". Hutchinson selected Pease, Sidney Webb (1859-1947) and Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) as trustees of the fund, and together they decided the money should be used to develop a new university in London. The London School of Economics (LSE) was founded in 1895. Pease was also a member of the Independent Labour Party. On 27th February 1900, Pease represented the Fabian Society at the meeting of socialist and trade union groups at the Memorial Hall in Farringdon Street, London. The Conference established a Labour Representation Committee (LRC). Pease was elected to the executive of the Labour Representation Committee (named the Labour Party after 1906) and held the post for the next fourteen years. Pease established the East Surrey Labour Party and served on local council.
Charlotte Wilson (1854-1944)was born in Kemerton, Overbury, Tewkesbury. Her father was surgeon to the Shrewsbury Union and to the Worcester Friendly Institution. She was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge. Sometime between 1880-1883 she married Arthur Wilson, a stockbroker who became editor of "The Investors Review". In 1884 she met Edward Pease, who introduced her to the Fabian Society. Wilson was elected a member of the society on 17th October 1884 and on 7th November read a paper to the society on anarchism. When the executive was established on 19th December she was made one of its members. Wilson left the Fabian Society in 1915 on the grounds of ill health. She was honorary secretary to the Prisoner of War Fund, Oxford and Bucks Regiment 1918-1919, and died at Irvington-on-Hudson, New York in 1944.
Margaret Harkness (1854-c1921) was a relative of the social reformer Beatrice Potter, and was born at Upton-upon-Severn in 1854. Her father was an Anglican priest. In 1877 she went to London to train at Westminster Hospital. In January 1878 she began as an apprentice dispenser, but around 1881 decided to try to earn a living as a journalist and author. Her first known publication was an article entitled "Women as Civil Servants" in the liberal monthly journal "Nineteenth Century". At the same time she began writing books and novels. During the early 1880s she became interested in the social problems of London's East End. In January 1888 Harkness joined the group around Henry Hyde Champion (1859-1928), editor of the Social Democratic Federation's journal "Justice", for which she published several of her articles. She left the group in 1889. In 1906 she went to India, where she stayed for several years working as a writer and probably a journalist. Harkness appears to have died some time after 1921.
Amber Blanco White, nee Reeves (b 1887) was the eldest daughter of William Pember Reeves (1857-1932), High Commissioner of New Zealand, and Maud Pember Reeves (1865-1953), a member of the Fabian Society's executive and founder of the Fabian Womens Group. She was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge, gaining a double first in moral sciences. She was involved in the suffrage movement and the Fabian Society.
No information available at present.
Born 1902; educated Wycliffe College and London University (Diploma in Journalism); Editor, the Clarion, 1929-32; Associate Editor, New Clarion, 1932; contested Peterborough (Labour), 1935; Governor, National Froebel Foundation, 1938-40; worked for the BBC, 1940-1945; served on Fabian Society Executive, 1940; Labour MP for Enfield, 1945-1950, and Enfield East, 1950-1959; Chairman, Transport Group, Parliamentary Labour Party, 1945-1950; Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State, Foreign Office, 1946-1950; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1950-1951; Member, British delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations, 1947-1950; Deputy Leader, British delegation to the United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information, 1948; Leader, British delegation at the Economic Community for Europe talks in Geneva, 1950; UK Representative, Foreign Ministers' Deputies Four Power Talks in Paris, 1951; Member, Select Committee on Nationalised Industries, 1952-1959; Joint Chairman, Parliamentary Roads Study Group, 1957-1959; Chairman, 1957-1980, and Vice-President, 1980-[1991], British Yugoslav Society; Member, 1958-1965, and Vice-President, 1966-1982, Executive Committee, European Atlantic Group; Managing Editor, Traffic Engineering and Control, 1960-76; Managing Editor, Antique Finder, 1962-72; Vice-Chairman, 1969-1971, President, 1977-1980, Honorary Secretary, 1971-1976 and Member of Council, 1968-1980, British Parking Association; died 1991.
Publications: American Labour: the story of the American trade union movement (George Allen & Unwin; Fabian Society, London, 1943); Britain's Transport Crisis: a socialist's view (Arthur Barker, [London, 1960]); British Transport: a study in industrial organisation and control (Fabian Publications, [London,] 1945); editor of Finance. How money is managed (Odhams Press, London, [1935]); How much Compensation? A problem of transfer from private to public enterprise (Victor Gollancz; New Fabian Research Bureau, London, 1937); "National" Capitalism: the government's record as protector of private monopoly (Victor Gollancz, London, 1939); National Enterprise: the development of the public corporation (Victor Gollancz, London, 1946); Nationalization of Transport (Labour Party, London, [1947]); Problems of Public Ownership (Labour Party, London, [1952]); The State and the Railways (Victor Gollancz; Fabian Society, London, 1940); editor of Traffic Engineering Practice (E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1963); Transport in Greater London (London School of Economics and Political Science: [London,] 1962); editor of Roads and their Traffic (Blackie & Son, London & Glasgow, 1960).
Born 1889: educated at Glasgow University; Member, Public Works Loan Board, 1936-1946; Member, Railway Assessment Authority, 1938-1946; Labour MP for North Battersea, 1940-1946; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, 1940-1945; Chairman, Finance Committee, London County Council, 1940-1946; Member, Anglo-Scottish Railway Assessment Authority, 1941-1946; Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, 1945-1946; temporary Chairman, House of Commons and Chairman of Standing Committees, 1945-1946; Governor and Commander in Chief, Malta, 1946-1949; KCMG 1947; Vice-Chairman, Corby Development Corporation, 1950-1962; Deputy Speaker, House of Lords, 1962-[1980]; LLD, Royal University of Malta; Partner in Douglas & Company, Solicitors; died 1980.
Publications: Agriculture and Land Value Taxation (United Committee for the Taxation of Land Values, London, 1930); Land-Value Rating. Theory and practice (L. & V. Woolf, London, 1936); Rating and Taxation in the Housing Scene (J. M. Dent & Sons, London & Letchworth, 1942); Social Science Manual. Guide to the study of Henry George's 'Progress and Poverty' (Henry George Foundation of Great Britain, London, 1937); abridged George Henry's 'Protection or Free Trade' (Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1929).
Sir Ronald Edwards was Assistant Lecturer, then Lecturer, in Business Administration with special reference to Accounting at the London School of Economics (LSE), 1935-1940. During World War Two, he worked in the Ministry of Aircraft Production. In 1946 he returned to LSE as Sir Ernest Cassel Reader in Commerce, becoming a Professor in 1949. He was Deputy Chairman (1957-1961), then Chairman (1962-1968) of the Electricity Council; Chairman (1968-1975), then President (1975-1976) of Beecham Group Ltd; Director, ICI Ltd, 1969-1976; Director, Hill Samuel Group, 1974-1976; and, Chairman of British Leyland Ltd, 1975-1976. He was a member of several other bodies too, including the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1949-1954; the University Grants Committee, 1955-1964; the National Economic Development Council, 1964-1968; and, the British Airways Board, 1971-1976. He chaired the Government committee of inquiry into the civil air transport industry, 1967-1969. He was a Governor of LSE, 1968-1976.
The Executive Intelligence Review is an American weekly news magazine founded by Lyndon H LaRouche Jr in 1974. Lyndon LaRouche (b 1922) is an American economist and management consultant, and has sought the office of President of the USA on six occasions between 1976 and 2000. He was convicted and sentenced by the US Government on conspiracy charges, 1988-1994.
In early 1980 an Appeal for European Nuclear Disarmament was drafted by E P Thompson and revised by Ken Coates (of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation), Mary Kaldor, Robin Cook and others. The document was released at a press conference in the House of Commons in April 1980. Its major aim was to mobilise public opinion to campaign for a non-aligned and nuclear free Europe 'from Poland to Portugal'. Structurally, END's main body was its Coordinating Committee. It also had a number of 'lateral committees', including on higher education, churches, trades unions and parliamentarians. Among its many publications were its bi-monthly END journal, books, newsletters and pamphlets. To emphasise its commitment to a Europe-wide campaign, END developed links with Eastern European peace groups and activists. END activists visited their counterparts in Eastern Europe; issued statements in support of their activities; publicised government attempts to suppress them; published pamphlets on what was happening in Eastern Europe; and, supported the struggle for political freedom in Eastern Europe. END was a member of the Liaison Committee - an organisation of 50 pressure groups from across Europe which arranged END Conventions. Following a 'consultation' in Rome in November 1981 the conventions occurred annually: in Brussels in 1982, West Berlin (1983), Perugia (1984), Amsterdam (1985), Paris (1986), Coventry (1987), Lund (1988), Vittoria (1989), Helsinki/Tallinn (1990) and Moscow (1991). Apart from the opportunity for networking, the Conventions included public meetings, round-table discussions, debates, films, cultural events and workshops. In 1990, leading members of END (and other organisations) formed European Dialogue, a pressure group promoting peace, democracy, social justice and environmental responsibility.
The Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 by Edward Pease and his friends, who wanted to found a "Fellowship of the New Life". The name 'Fabian Society' was derived from that of Quintus Fabius Cunctator, whose policy of holding his forces in reserve until the optimum moment for attack was considered worthy of emulation. The society's aim was "to help on the reconstruction of society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities". This was to be achieved by holding meetings to read papers, hear reports on current political matters and discuss social problems; by delegating members to attend other meetings held to discuss social subjects, to attempt to disseminate their own views at such meetings and to report back to the society on the outcome; and by collecting articles concerning social movements and needs from contemporary literature as a source of factual information. The Society's early members included George Bernard Shaw, Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Emmeline Pankhurst and H G Wells.
Soon after its foundation the society established the Fabian News in order to keep members informed of what was going on in the society. This was later followed by the Fabian Quarterly and the Fabian Journal. A publishing firm called Palm and Pine was established in 1938. This was originally independent of the society, but became Fabian Publications Ltd in 1942. It published Society literature until it was dissolved fourteen years later. The society also spread its message by organising public lectures, conferences and various schools.
The Fabian Society is the oldest socialist organisation in Britain, but does not itself issue policy statements or put forward candidates for election to local or national government. Therefore, the society became affiliated to the Labour Party, although it also collaborated with the Independent Labour Party on specific projects. From 1949 onwards, it became customary for the Fabian Society to hold a tea meeting at the Labour Party Conference, at which guests were addressed by a leading Fabian politician.
There have been a number of special interest groups within the society, and these produced their own research and publications. When women's suffrage was a burning issue, a separate Women's Group was established. Similarly, the Fabian Nursery was set up in response to a perceived need to encourage the younger members of the society.
The society has also absorbed a number of organisations that were established independently of it. The New Fabian Research Bureau was set up by G.D.H. Cole with the support of Arthur Henderson as a separate organisation. It developed its own methods of research and propaganda and became much more effective than the original society. After eight years the Fabian Society and the New Fabian Research Bureau amalgamated. However the Fabian Society took on many of the ideas and methods of the New Fabian Research Bureau and these continue to influence it.
The Fabian Colonial Bureau also functioned as a separate organisation from the Fabian Society. The Fabian Society made it an annual grant which was later augmented by the TUC and the Labour Party. The bureau acted as a clearing house for information on colonial affairs and became a pressure group acting for colonial peoples. The bureau was renamed the Commonwealth Bureau in 1958. In 1963 it was amalgamated with the International Bureau and a few years later absorbed back into the main society.
The Fabian International Bureau was set up along the same lines as the Colonial Bureau. The aim of the bureau was the exchange of views on socialist subjects and the future of Europe after the war. After 1945 the main interest of the Bureau was the part that Britain should play in Europe, Anglo-American and Anglo-Soviet relations. During the 1960's they widened their scope to include defence, international agreements, the Common Market, aid to developing countries and the Labour Parties foreign policy.
The Home Research Committee was set up in 1943 to co-ordinate the committees and sub-committees working on social, economic and political issues in Britain. The committee produced reports, pamphlets and submitted evidence to Royal Commissions. They also distributed detailed questionnaires to members on these issues.
The Fabian Society continues to influence political thought in the UK. In the 1990s the society was a major influence in the modernisation of the Labour Party. Its report on the constitution of the Party was instrumental in the introduction of 'one member one vote' and made the original recommendation for the replacement of Clause IV. Since the 1997 general election there have been around 200 Fabian MPs in the Commons, amongst whom number nearly the entire Cabinet, including Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Robin Cook, Jack Straw, David Blunkett and Clare Short.
For a more extensive history of the Fabian Society, see Pugh and Mackesy's catalogue of the papers.
The 'Tactical Voting 87' group was a left of centre group set up to try and prevent the Rt Hon Margaret Hilda Thatcher gaining another term of office by persuading the public to vote for the candidate most likely to defeat the Conservative candidate in their constituency. TV 87 was wound up following the 1987 general election. Some of its members then formed 'Common Voice', which widened the scope of the campaign to include both tactical voting and a complete reform of the electoral system. Fishman was a member of both groups.
Born 1925; educated Prague English Grammar School, St Albans County School, and Balliol Coll., Oxford University; Private, Czechoslovakian Armoured Brigade, BLA, 1944-45; on staff of London School of Economics, 1949-84, where he received a PhD in Social Anthropology, 1961, and became Professor of Philosophy, 1962-84; Visiting Fellow at Harvard, 1952-53; Co-editor of European Journal of Sociology, 1966-84, and Government and Opposition, 1980; Visiting Fellow, University of California, Berkeley, 1968; FBA, 1974; Visiting Fellow, Centre de Recherches et d'Études sur les Sociétés Méditerranéens, Aix-en-Provence, 1978-79; Member of the Council, Social Science Research Council (later Economic and Social Research Council), 1980-86 (Chairman, International Activities Committee, 1982-84); Member of Council, British Academy, 1981-84; Visiting Scholar, Institute of Advanced Studies, Tel Aviv University, 1982; William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology, Cambridge University, 1984-93; Professorial Fellow, 1984-1992, and Supernumerary Fellow, 1992-1995, King's College, Cambridge University; Honorary Fellow, LSE, 1986; Guest of Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moscow, 1988-89; Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1988; President, Royal Anthropological Institute, 1991-94; First President, Society for Moroccan Studies, 1990-[1995]; Tanner Lecturer, Harvard University, 1990; Member, American Philosophical Society, 1992; FRSA, 1992; Member, Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea, Salzburg, 1993; Resident Professor, and Director, Centre for Study of Nationalism, Central European University, Prague, 1993-[1995]; Visiting Lecturer, Center for European Studies, Harvard University, 1994; Erasmus Visiting Professor, Warsaw University, 1995; Member of Senate, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 1994-[1995]; Member, Editorial or Advisory Boards for the British Journal of Sociology, the American Journal of Sociology, Inquiry, Middle Eastern Studies, Journal of Peasant Studies, Society and Theory, Government and Opposition, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Third World Review, Nations and Nationalism, Anthropology and Archaeology of Eurasia, Sociological Papers, Moderniyzzazio e Sviluppo; died 1995.
Publications: Cause and meaning in the social sciences (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1973); Contemporary thought and politics (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1973); Legitimation of belief (Cambridge University Press, 1974); Options of belief (South Place Ethical Society, London, 1975); Saints of the Atlas (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969); The devil in modern philosophy (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1974); Thought and change (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1964); Words and things: a critical account of linguistic philosophy and a study in ideology (Victor Gollancz, London, 1959); editor of Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa (Duckworth, London, 1973); editor of Populism: its meanings and national characteristics (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969); editor of The nature of human society (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1962); Language and solitude: Wittgenstein, Malinowski and the Hapsburg dilemma (Cambridge University Press, 1998); Nationalism (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1997); Encounters with nationalism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994); Anthropology and politics: revolutions in the sacred grove (Blackwell, Oxford, 1995); Liberalism in modern times: essays in honour of José Merquior (Central European University Press, Budapest and London, 1996); Conditions of liberty: civil society and its rivals (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1994); The psychoanalytic movement: the cunning of unreason (Granada, London, 1985); Postmodernism, reason and religion (Routledge, New York and London,, 1992); Reason and culture: the historic role of rationality and rationalism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1992); The concept of kinship, and other essays on anthropological method and explanation (Blackwell, Oxford, 1987); Nations and nationalism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1983); Culture, identity and politics (Cambridge University Press, 1987); Relativism and the social sciences (Cambridge University Press, 1979); Spectacles and predicaments: essays in social theory (Cambridge University Press, 1979); Muslim society (Cambridge University Press, 1981); Transition to modernity: essays on power, wealth and belief (Cambridge University Press, 1992); State and society in Soviet thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988); Plough, sword and book: the structure of human history (Collins Harvill, 1988); editor of Islamic dilemmas: reformers, nationalists and industrialisation (Mouton, Berlin, 1985); editor of Soviet and Western anthropology (Duckworth, London, 1980); editor of Patrons and clients in Mediterranean societies (Duckworth, London, 1977).
Requests for donations of election ephemera were sent out by the BLPES to candidates of all parties throughout the United Kingdom during the 1997 general election campaign, and major deposits were received. Material was also collected by BLPES staff and students.
Frederic Harrison, 1831-1923, was educated at Kings College, London and Wadham College, Oxford, where he was a Fellow and Tutor from 1854 to 1856. He was called to the Bar in 1858 and held the post of Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law to the Inns of Court, 1877-1889. He was also a member of the Royal Commission on Trades Unions, 1867-1869, Secretary to the Royal Commission for Digesting the Law, 1869-1870, Vice-President of the Royal Historical Society and the London Library, and an alderman of the London County Council, 1889-1893. However, Frederic Harrison is perhaps best known as the president of the English Positivist Committee, a post that he held from 1880 to 1905.
Dianne Hayter was General Secretary of the Fabian Society for many years and Chair of the Fabian Society 1992-1993.
The Hall-Carpenter Archives were instituted as a registered charity in 1982.
The history of the Albany Trust is inextricably linked with that of the Homosexual Law Reform Society or HLRS. The HLRS was founded in June 1958 following the recommendation of the Wolfenden Report that homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence. Its first Chairman was Kenneth Walker (succeeded by Cecil Hewitt Rolph in 1964), and its first Secretary the Revd Andrew Hallidie Smith. The work of the HLRS was undertaken by a small working group liasing with an honorary committee. The first public meeting was held on 12 May 1960 at Caxton Hall, and culminated with a vote in favour of reform, resulting in a letter to the Home Office. This was closely followed by a parliamentary debate in June 1960. The Society was reconstituted in 1970 as the Sexual Law Reform Society in order to campaign for further legal changes, particularly relating to the age of consent.
The Albany Trust was founded as a registered charity in May 1958 as a complimentary organisation to the HLRS with a remit 'to promote psychological health in men by collecting data and conducting research: to publish the results thereof by writing, films, lectures and other media: to take suitable steps based thereon for the public benefit to improve the social and general conditions necessary for such healthy psychological development'. The founding Trustees were Anthony Edward Dyson, Jacquetta Hawkes, Kenneth Walker, Andrew Hallidie Smith, and Ambrose Appelbe. The Albany Trust developed into a pioneering counselling and investigating organisation for gay men, lesbians and sexual minorities. It published a journal Man and Society from 1961-1973, and a newsletter entitled Spectrum from 1963-1970, as well as a series of pamphlets. It also provided speakers for numerous organisations and established a network of counsellors. Antony Grey became the Acting Secretary of both HLRS and the Albany Trust in 1962. The funds raised and donated for the work of the Albany Trust allowed it to finance office space and staff. These same facilities were then available for the campaigning work of the Homosexual Law Reform Society (HLRS). Following the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, which decriminalised adult homosexual relationships, the Albany Trust became primarily an educational and counselling organisation. Due to an increasing volume of casework, a social caseworker was appointed in 1967, and the Trust was increasingly involved in the training of youth workers and the development of sex education. From 1976 to 1979 a full-time youth officer was employed. A field officer appointed from 1975 to 1980 investigated the Trust's links with social workers and counsellors throughout the country. The Albany Trust remains active today.
The Albany Society Ltd was founded in 1968 as a charitable limited company to deal with the commercial side of the Trust's operations. In 1988 it simplified its name to the Albany Society.
The Coleherne Patrons Committee was formed in 1978 to improve relations between the patrons of the Coleherne Pub, Earls Court, and the local residents, police and local authority.
Trained and worked as a nurse; served as a missionary with the China Inland Mission from 1902; undertook medical, educational, and evangelistic work. Publications: The Clock Man's Mother, and other stories (London, 1930); The Tin Traveller (London, 1931). Her name is often found spelt Tippett.
The Cusichaca Trust (1977-2018) was established by Ann Kendall, as a non-profit organisation whose initial aim was to excavate and analyse Peruvian Inca materials. When the Trust's full-scale programme of fieldwork began in 1978 it did so as the Cusichaca Archaeological Project.
The first phase of work, as carried out by the Cusichaca Archaeological Project (CAP) under the auspices of the Cusichaca Trust, took place between 1978 and 1987. The CAP worked in various sites in and around the valley of the Cusichaca River, including Huillca Raccay [sometimes referred to as Huillca Racay], Patallacta, Pulpituyoc, Olleriayoc Trancapata, Quishuarpata, Huayna Quente and the Huillca Raccay Tableland. The work involved excavation, processing finds, archaeological reconnaissance, and analysis. There was an abundance of finds relating to pottery and ceramics, which led to a number of articles and publications.
Archaeological excavation at the Inca site of Huillca Raccay and at other sites around and above the junction of the Cusichaca and Urubamba rivers, revealed a sequence of distinct occupations from c.700 BC to the time of the Spanish conquest in the 1530s. Excavation work indicated that before the appearance of the Inca the area was already well cultivated and populated, and that they extensively remodelled the landscape, constructing formidable systems of agricultural terraces, extending earlier irrigation canals and building new ones. Local populations were relocated to exploit the land more intensively, and one of the area's main functions would almost certainly have been to provide Machu Picchu, 25 kms down the Urubamba river, with maize and other crops.
As a part of the initial archaeological survey, the CAP discovered that most of the ancient irrigation canals in the Cusichaca area, were in relatively good condition. They included the 4 km- long Quishuarpata canal that had once watered extensive pre-Inca and Inca terraced lands. The CAP proposed that they and the local community should collaborate to restore the canal and return neglected agricultural land to productive use. This led to an arrangement with the Peruvian National Institute of Culture (INC), who allowed the CAP to undertake the rehabilitation of the canal. Work began in 1981 and, within two seasons, restoration work on the canal had extended back to its original intake off the Huallancay River. By then the local beneficiaries had taken over and ran the implementation of the project. In October 1983, the canal became operational in its entirety. Newly irrigated, the terraced uplands produced many varieties of Andean cultivars including potatoes, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), quinoa, and varieties of kiwicha, which complemented local maize in a crop rotation. Rehabilitating the remains of the past to help improve the economic conditions of poor farmers in the present made the work of the Cusichaca Trust an innovative and significant example of 'applied archaeology', demonstrating a valuable, practical relationship between archaeology and rural development.
The second major phase of CAP work took place in the Patacancha Valley, between 1987 and 1997. In 1987, communities from along the valley approached the CAP for assistance, having been impressed by the rehabilitation work achieved at Cusichaca. The Patacancha work received funding from a number of aid agencies in the United Kingdom and Europe, reflecting the increased focus on rural development. The main achievement was the rehabilitation of the 6 km-long Pumamarca canal, an original pre-Inca structure extended during the Inca period, along with the restoration of agricultural terracing in the surrounding valley. Around this canal and terrace restoration centrepiece, other components of a wider rural development project were designed, which addressed the many other needs of farming communities in the valley. For a long time, pressure on the land, without adequate management, had created a vicious circle of damage to the environment. Overworked soils were thin and eroded, while native tree and forest cover had largely gone, to be replaced by extensive stands of eucalyptus. CAP agronomists and field workers ran courses for local farmers in soil conservation and embarked on an extensive reforestation programme with native species of trees. Health was another concern in the region. In particular, local people were used to taking water from streams running close to their villages. These were often contaminated and infections were commonplace, prompting the trust to support low-cost potable water schemes, piping water from springs and high altitude streams. Encouragement was also given to the introduction of kitchen gardens to grow vegetable crops not previously cultivated such as cabbage, lettuce, carrots, and onions. The gardens were irrigated by the newly-piped water systems. Extended family greenhouses were also installed to augment the high-altitude diet and provide extra opportunities for the marketing of produce. When the CAP work ended in 1997, local staff formed their own independent NGO, which acquired funding for further work in the area. There was a significant archaeological component to the work in the Patacancha valley, especially at the pre-Inca and Inca sites at Pumamarca and around the impressive promontory site of Hatun Aya Orqo. CAP work in the valley culminated in the establishment of a cultural centre and museum in Ollantaytambo, designed to act as a local resource, training centre, and store of indigenous knowledge.
The third major phase of work carried out under the auspices of the Cusichaca Trust, between 1997 and 2013, focused on the remote Apurimac and Ayacucho areas to the north-west of Cuzco, some of the poorest parts of Peru and badly affected by the activities of the 'Shining Path' in the 1980s and early 90s . Many of the strategies developed in the Patacancha valley were adopted here too, and, after a period of research and feasibility studies, a series of integrated projects was put together with local communities. These focussed on health and nutrition, conservation of the environment, agricultural extension and the establishment of a series of skills centres, including carpentry and blacksmith's workshops and horticultural centres. Increasing agricultural production required major works to restore pre-Hispanic irrigation canals and terrace systems. This work was bolstered by awareness-raising programmes for local communities, as well as local and national government, and a series of seminars, courses, and major conferences were designed to promote traditional Andean technology more widely. The programmes included a National Seminar, organized by the Cusichaca Trust and other agencies in Lima in 2006, where it was agreed that a coordinated national plan to rehabilitate irrigated terrace systems would make a significant contribution to rural development and to water conservation in the Peruvian highlands. In June 2014, the second International Terraces Conference was held in Cuzco, the first having taken place in China in 2012.
In 2003, the Asociación Andina Cusichaca was founded, as a successor body to the Cusichaca Trust. The AAC became an independent Peruvian NGO, its purpose being to act as an advisor to the Peruvian government agency Agro Rural in its involvement in a programme of terrace rehabilitation funded by the Inter-American Development Bank. The Cusichaca Trust was active for some 40 years. The Trust's legacy includes the quality and extent of its archaeological work, which has contributed significantly to the understanding of the pre-Inca and Inca periods in the Inca heartlands. As important is the Trust's collaboration with local communities and active demonstration of "applied archaeology". The work undertaken to cultivate the land and to utilise the environment as effectively as possible was highly unusual for an archaeological project. The Inca were extremely effective at managing their terrain to feed and nourish their population in a pre-industrial society, and the Cusichaca Trust found a way to make ancient knowledge and practices relevant in the 20th and 21st centuries.
The Cusichaca Trust was notable for its large scale and the multiplicity of its projects and activities. The Cusichaca and the Patacancha became magnets for archaeologists, ethnographers, social historians, geographers, environmentalists and rural development workers. Many CAP staff and volunteers went on to specialise in their fields, using the data and experience gained during work in Cusichaca and the Patacancha in academic papers and dissertations.
El Cusichaca Trust (1977-2018) fue establecido por Ann Kendall, como una organización sin fines de lucro cuyo objetivo inicial era excavar y analizar materiales incas peruanos. Cuando el programa de trabajo de campo a gran escala del Trust comenzó en 1978, lo hizo como el Proyecto Arqueológico de Cusichaca.
La primera fase del trabajo, realizada por el Proyecto Arqueológico de Cusichaca (PAC) bajo los auspicios del Cusichaca Trust, tuvo lugar entre 1978 y 1987. El PAC trabajó en varios sitios dentro y alrededor del valle del río Cusichaca, incluidas las zonasde Huillca Raccay [a veces llamado Huillca Racay], Patallacta, Pulpituyoc, Olleriayoc Trancapata, Quishuarpata, Huayna Quente y la meseta Huillca Raccay. El trabajo incluyó excavación, procesamiento de hallazgos, reconocimiento arqueológico y análisis. Hubo una gran cantidad de hallazgos relacionados con la cerámica, lo que condujo a una serie de artículos y publicaciones.
La excavación arqueológica en el sitio inca de Huillca Raccay y en otros sitios alrededor y por encima de la unión de los ríos Cusichaca y Urubamba, reveló una secuencia de ocupaciones distintas desde el año 700 a. C. hasta la época de la conquista española en la década de 1530. El trabajo de excavación indicó que antes de la aparición del Inca el área ya estaba bien cultivada y poblada, y que remodelaron ampliamente el paisaje, construyeron sistemas formidables de terrazas agrícolas, extendieron canales de riego anteriores y construyeron otros nuevos. Las poblaciones locales fueron reubicadas para explotar la tierra de manera más intensiva, y una de las principales funciones del área habría sido proporcionar a Machu Picchu, a 25 kilómetros río abajo del río Urubamba, maíz y otros cultivos.
Como parte del estudio arqueológico inicial, el PAC descubrió que la mayoría de los antiguos canales de riego en el área de Cusichaca, estaban relativamente en buenas condiciones. Incluían el canal Quishuarpata de 4 km de largo que una vez había regado extensas tierras en terrazas pre-incas e incas. El PAC propuso que ellos y la comunidad local colaborasen para restaurar el canal y devolver las tierras agrícolas abandonadas a un uso productivo. Esto llevó a un acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú (INC), que permitió que el PAC emprendiera la rehabilitación del canal. El trabajo comenzó en 1981 y, en dos temporadas, los trabajos de restauración en el canal se habían extendido a su toma original del río Huallancay. Para entonces, los beneficiarios locales se habían hecho cargo y llevaron a cabo la implementación del proyecto. En octubre de 1983, el canal comenzó a funcionar en su totalidad. Recién regadas, las tierras altas en terrazas produjeron muchas variedades de cultivos andinos, incluyendo papas, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), quinua y variedades de kiwicha, que complementaron el maíz local a través de rotación de cultivos. La rehabilitación de los restos del pasado para ayudar a mejorar las condiciones económicas de los agricultores pobres en el presente hizo que el trabajo del Cusichaca Trust sea un ejemplo innovador y significativo de "arqueología aplicada", demostrando una relación práctica y valiosa entre la arqueología y el desarrollo rural.
La segunda fase principal del trabajo delPAC tuvo lugar en el valle de Patacancha, entre 1987 y 1997. En 1987, las comunidades de todo el valle se acercaron al PAC en busca de ayuda, impresionados por el trabajo de rehabilitación realizado en Cusichaca. El trabajo de Patacancha recibió fondos de varias agencias de ayuda en el Reino Unido y Europa, lo que refleja el mayor enfoque en el desarrollo rural de la zona. El logro principal fue la rehabilitación del canal de Pumamarca de 6 km de largo, una estructura original preincaica extendida durante el período inca, junto con la restauración de las terrazas agrícolas en el valle circundante. Alrededor de esta pieza central de restauración de canales y terrazas, se diseñaron otros componentes de un proyecto de desarrollo rural más amplio, que atendió las muchas otras necesidades de las comunidades agrícolas en el valle. Durante mucho tiempo, la presión sobre la tierra, sin una gestión adecuada, había creado un círculo vicioso de daños al medio ambiente. Los suelos excesivamente trabajados eran delgados y erosionados, mientras que la cobertura de árboles y bosques nativos había desaparecido en gran medida, para ser reemplazados por extensos rodales de eucaliptos. Los agrónomos y los trabajadores de campo de PAC impartieron cursos para agricultores locales sobre conservación del suelo y se embarcaron en un extenso programa de reforestación con especies nativas de árboles. La salud era otra preocupación en la región. En particular, la gente local estaba acostumbrada a tomar agua de los arroyos que corren cerca de sus aldeas. Estos a menudo estaban contaminados y las infecciones eran comunes, lo que provocó la necesidad de apoyar sistemas de agua potable de bajo costo, tuberías de agua de manantiales y arroyos de gran altitud. También se alentó la introducción de huertos familiares para introducir cultivos de hortalizas no cultivados previamente, como repollo, lechuga, zanahorias y cebollas. Los jardines fueron regados por los sistemas de agua recién conectados. También se instalaron invernaderos familiares para mejorar la dieta a gran altitud y generar oportunidades adicionales para la comercialización de productos. Cuando el trabajo de PAC terminó en 1997, el personal local formó su propia ONG independiente, que adquirió fondos para seguir trabajando en el área.
Hubo un componente arqueológico significativo en el trabajo en el valle de Patacancha, especialmente en los sitios preincaicos e incas en Pumamarca y alrededor del impresionante promontorio de Hatun Aya Orqo. El trabajo deL PAC en el valle culminó con el establecimiento de un centro cultural y museo en Ollantaytambo, diseñado para actuar como un recurso local, centro de capacitación y lugar depositario del conocimiento indígena.
La tercera fase principal de trabajo realizada bajo los auspicios del Cusichaca Trust, entre 1997 y 2013, se centró en las áreas remotas de Apurímac y Ayacucho al noroeste de Cuzco, algunas de las partes más pobres del Perú y gravemente afectadas por las actividades de 'Sendero Luminoso' en la década de 1980 y principios de los 90. Aquí también se adoptaron muchas de las estrategias desarrolladas en el valle de Patacancha y, después de un período de investigación y estudio de viabilidad, se reunió una serie de proyectos integrados con las comunidades locales. Estos se centraron en la salud y la nutrición, la conservación del medio ambiente, la extensión agrícola y el establecimiento de una serie de centros de formación y capacitación, incluidos talleres de carpintería y herrería y centros hortícolas. El aumento de la producción agrícola requirió grandes obras para restaurar los canales de riego prehispánicos y los sistemas de terrazas. Este trabajo se vio reforzado por programas de sensibilización para las comunidades locales, así como por el gobierno local y nacional, y se diseñó una serie de seminarios, cursos y conferencias para promover más ampliamente la tecnología tradicional andina. Los programas incluyeron un Seminario Nacional, organizado por el Cusichaca Trust y otras agencias en Lima en 2006, donde se acordó que un plan nacional coordinado para rehabilitar los sistemas de terrazas irrigadas contribuiría significativamente al desarrollo rural y a la conservación del agua en las tierras altas peruanas. En junio de 2014, se celebró la segunda Conferencia Internacional de Terrazas en Cuzco, la primera tuvo lugar en China en 2012.
En 2003, se fundó la Asociación Andina Cusichaca (AAC), como organismo sucesor del Cusichaca Trust. La AAC se convirtió en una ONG peruana independiente, con el propósito de actuar como asesor de la agencia gubernamental peruana Agro Rural en su participación en un programa de rehabilitación de terrazas financiado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
El Cusichaca Trust estuvo activo durante unos 40 años. El legado del Trust da cuenta de la calidad y el alcance de su trabajo arqueológico, que ha contribuido significativamente a la comprensión de los períodos preincaico e inca en el corazón de las regiones dominadas por los incas. De especial importancia fue fue la colaboración de Trust con las comunidades locales y la demostración activa de "arqueología aplicada". El trabajo realizado para cultivar la tierra y utilizar el medio ambiente de la manera más efectiva posible fue muy algo poco usual en un proyecto arqueológico. Los incas fueron extremadamente efectivos en la gestión de su terreno para alimentar y nutrir a su población en una sociedad preindustrial, y el Cusichaca Trust encontró una manera de hacer que los conocimientos y prácticas ancestrales fueran de nuevo relevantes en los siglos XX y XXI.
El Trust Cusichaca se destacó por la gran escala y la multiplicidad de sus proyectos y actividades. Los proyectos Cusichaca y Patacancha se convirtieron en imanes para arqueólogos, etnógrafos, historiadores sociales, geógrafos, medioambientalistas y trabajadores de desarrollo rural. Muchos empleados y voluntarios de PAC se especializaron en sus campos, utilizando los datos y la experiencia adquiridos durante el trabajo en Cusichaca y Patacancha en diversos trabajos académicos y disertaciones.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Andrew Lang was born in Selkirk, Scotland in 1844, and educated at the Edinburgh Academy, the Universities of St Andrews and Glasgow, and Balliol College, Oxford. From 1875 he lived chiefly in London working as a professional journalist, critic and independent scholar. He was a prolific writer and became eminent in several fields, including prehistory, early religion, mythology and folkore, and Scottish history; he was also a novelist and poet.
Publications include 'Coloured' Fairy Books (1889-1910), 12 volumes of fairy tales intended for children.
Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire in 1782, and educated at Dartmouth College. He became a lawyer and was elected to the House of Representatives (1812-1817) before rising to national prominence after arguing several cases before the Supreme Court. He was first elected to the Senate in 1827. Webster's attempts to become US President were unsuccessful, but he served twice as Secretary of State, under Presidents Harrison and Tyler (1841-1843) and President Fillmore (1850-1852); the second term ended with his death from injuries sustained after falling from his horse in 1852.
Arthur Christopher Benson was born in Berkshire in 1862; educated at Eton College and at King's College, Cambridge, from which he graduated with a first in 1884. He taught at Eton for 18 years before becoming a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he lived from 1904 until his death in 1925; he became master of Magdalene in 1915. Benson's father, Edward White Benson, became Archbishop of Canterbury, and several of his sibling were known as writers and scholars. Arthur Christopher Benson is perhaps best remembered today as the author of the words to 'Land of Hope and Glory'.
Barry Eric Odell Pain was born in 1864 in Cambridge and educated at Sedbergh School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. After graduating he spent several years as an army coach before moving to London to pursue writing. He was a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction, but is most often remembered today for his 'Eliza' series, a humorous portrait of working class, suburban life. The painter Rudolf Lehmann was his father-in-law and the composer Liza Lehmann his sister-in-law.
Arnold Toynbee was born in London, 1889; educated locally before studying at Pembroke College and Balliol College, Oxford. Toybnee took his degree in 1878 and began working as a tutor at Balliol soon after; became bursar of the college in 1881 and was about to be appointed a fellow when he died of meningitis in 1883, aged 30. Besides his academic work, Toynbee gave public lectures to working class audiences in industrial towns and was much concerned with social issues. Today he is remembered as a leading Liberal thinker and for establishing the term 'Industrial Revolution' in academic discourse.
Augustus Sauerbeck was an authority on the British wool trade and became well known in statistical circles after devising the Sauerbeck Index Number. He became a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1886 and was a regular contributor to the Society's journal; the Society awarded him a Guy Medal in silver in 1894 and made him an honorary fellow in 1920; he died in 1929.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Details of the creator were unknown at the time of the compilation of this finding aid.
Alfred Hugh Fisher was born in London in 1867 and educated at the City of London School and University College London. He spent nine years working in business before giving up work to study art in London and Paris and subsequently became known as and engraver, etcher and illustrator. In July 1907 the Colonial Office Visual Instruction Committee chose him to illustrate lecture materials about the British Empire that they were producing for schoolchildren and he spent much of the following two years travelling through the Empire, taking photographs for the project; these photographs have been preserved by the Royal Commonwealth Society. Fisher died in 1945.
Archibald Hamilton was born in London in 1751, of Irish parents and educated at Westminster School and Queens' College and later Jesus College, Cambridge. As a young man he took his mother's maiden name, Rowan, as an additional surname under the provisions of his maternal grandfather's will. In the 1770s and early 1780s Hamilton Rowan travelled widely in Europe and visited North America before settling in Ireland with his young family. He became involved in radical politics and was known for his support of the manufacturing classes and concern for the condition of the Dublin poor. His activities with the Dublin United Irishmen led to his spending some time in prison in the early 1794, but he escaped first to France and later to Delaware and then Hamburg. A pardon permitted him to return to England in 1803 and to Ireland in 1806. Hamilton Rowan lived more quietly during his last three decades but continued to support liberal principles and increased freedom for Roman Catholics. Rowan died in 1834.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de Lamartine was born in Mâcon, France in 1790. He worked for the French embassy in Italy (1825-1828) before being elected a député (MP) in 1833. As a politician during the Second Republic, Lamartine was instrumental in achieving the abolition of slavery and the death penalty in France. He served briefly as Foreign Minister in 1848, but retired from public life the same year after an unsuccessful campaign for the presidency. Lamartine is also renowned as one of the earliest romantic poets writing in French. He was a member of the Académie française for 40 years, from 1829 until his death in 1869.
Aldous Leonard Huxley was born at Godalming, Surrey, in 1894; educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. His very poor eyesight prevented him from becoming a doctor and he initially became a teacher before turning to professional writing. Huxley emigrated to the United States in 1937, and worked as a Hollywood screenwriter for several years. In later life he was better known for essays, critical work and lecturing. Many of Huxley's relations became prominent in various fields, including the zoologist Julian Sorell Huxley (his brother), the novelist Mrs Humphrey Ward (his maternal aunt), the poet Matthew Arnold (his maternal great uncle) and the scientist Thomas Henry Huxley (his paternal grandfather). Huxley died in 1963.
Publications include Brave new World 1930.
Sir Joseph Banks was educated at Harrow, Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. He was a naturalist on the ship Endeavor under Captain Cook, and on other voyages of discovery. He became a fellow of the Royal Society and served as President from 1778-1820. He also became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1766. He was awarded a baronetcy in 1781.
William, sixth Lord Paget, was born on 10 February 1637, the eldest son of William, fifth Lord Paget. On 25 November 1678 he took up his seat in the House of Lords. In 1681 he signed a petition against the Parliament being held at Oxford. On the landing of the Prince of Orange, he was one of the Peers who petitioned the King to call a 'free parliament'. He subsequently voted for the vacancy of the throne and for settling the Crown on William and Mary, the Prince and Princess of Orange. On their accession, he was constituted the Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in March 1688-1689.
In September 1690 he was appointed Ambassador at Vienna. He held this post until February 1693, when he was appointed as Ambassador-Extraordinary to Turkey. In this role he participated in the negotiations for a treaty of peace between the Imperialists, Poles and Turks, resulting in the Treaty of Carlowitz on 26 January 1699. Shortly afterwards he was instrumental in the peace between Muscovy, the State of Venice and the Turks. The Sultan and Grand Vizier of Turkey wrote to William III in March 1699, asking that Paget would not be recalled home, as Paget himself desired. Paget consented to stay, finally quitting the Turkish Court at Adrianople in May 1702. Between July and November 1702, Paget stayed in Vienna to settle the dispute that had arisen between the Emperor and the Grand Seignior concerning the limits of their respective territories in the Province of Bosnia. In December 1702, he attended the Court of Bavaria to offer England's mediation in adjusting the differences between the Prince and the Emperor. He arrived back in London in April 1703. On 24 June 1703, he was re-appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Staffordshire. Paget died on 26 February 1713.
George Gordon Hake was born in 1847. He spent thirteen years from 1891 working in southern Africa, initially with the British South Africa Company and later with the Tanganyika Telegraph Service during 1889 and 1903 in the Mashonaland area. He died in 1903 and was buried at Port Herald.
George Gordon Hake was closely connected to the Rossetti family in their later years, acting as a 'minder' to Dante Gabriel Rossetti during one of their family holidays. Christina Rossetti was also godmother to his daughter Ursula.
Frederick William Parsons was born on February 9 1908. After studying Classics at Marlborough College, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a first class honours degree in Classical Moderations. He entered the Colonial Administrative Service in the early 1930's and spent 13 years in the northern provinces of Nigeria. In 1946, Parsons was appointed as Lecturer in Hausa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, assisting the Reverend George Percival Bargery in the provision of language training for colonial officials. He was appointed Reader in Hausa in 1965, a position he held until he retired in 1975. He is universally recognised as the pivotal figure in Hausa linguistic studies during the post-Second World War period. He died in 1993.
Parsons is probably best known for his influential publications on the Hausa verbal system: Afrika und Ubersee 44(1): 1-36, 1960; Afrika und Ubersee 55(1/2): 44-96; Afrika und Ubersee 55(3): 188-208, 1971/2; Journal of African Language, 1(2): 253-72, 1962, and also on the operation of grammatical gender: African Languages Studies, 1960/61/63, 1: 117-36, 2: 100-24, 4: 166-207. His earlier (1959) translation into Hausa of the Northern Nigerian Penal Code is also widely recognised as an outstanding piece of scholarship.
Publications on Parson's work include Writings on Hausa Grammar: the Collected Papers of F. W. Parsons (Graham Furniss & Ann Arbor, ed., University Microfilms, 1981), and Studies in Hausa Language and Linguistics (Graham Furniss & Philip J. Jaggar ed., Kegan Paul International, London, 1988).
Patrick Devereux Coates was born in 1916. Following his education at Trinity College, Cambridge he entered the Consular Service, having decided to learn Chinese and work for the Chinese Service. Between 1937 and 1941 Coates was posted to Peking, Canton and Kunming. He was then attached to the Chinese 22nd Division in Burma, and to Chinese forces in India from 1941 to 1944.
From 1944 to 1946 Coates was Acting Chinese Secretary to the British Embassy in China. He then returned to Britain and worked first for the Foreign Office in London, and then for the Civil Service in various ministries until his retirement in 1972. In October 1973 Coates obtained a two-year grant from the Nuffield Foundation to work on the research for The China Consuls: British Consular Officers 1843-1943 (published by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1988). During this time he was an honorary Visiting Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, from 1973 to 1976. He carried out his research at the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Public Record Office. From 1978 to 1987 Coates also acted as part time editor of Chinese language records for the British Academy at the Public Record Office. He married Mary Eleanor Campbell in 1946. He died at Lewes on 28 October 1990.
Mary Elizabeth (Diane) Noakes (née Bixby) was born on 30 December 1911 in Mile End, East London. She had a number of secretarial jobs, including working for the Toynbee Hall Settlement. In 1941 she volunteered into the Women's Royal Air Force, where she carried out welfare, educational and administrative duties, and attained the position of Sergeant. After the War she trained as a teacher at Borthwick Teacher Training College, London, and worked from 1947-1949 at Peckham Secondary School for Girls teaching commercial subjects.
In 1951, Diane Noakes was invited by the Ugandan African Farmers' Union to help resolve disputes. She was already Secretary of the Working Party of the Congress of Peoples Against Imperialism (later amalgamated with other organisations to become the Movement for Colonial Freedom), and went to Uganda in this capacity. She reached agreement over cotton ginning and established the Abalini Co-operative for farmers; she established a school and clinic, and a weaving factory was also set up for women. Although the Abalini Cooperative folded, the Abesigwa Coffee Co. Ltd. was established. In 1965 Diane Noakes was appointed to the paid position of Executive Secretary of the Central Council of the Indian Associations in Uganda. She was also involved with the establishment of the Uganda Children's Welfare Society.
Following her return from Uganda in 1958, she gained employment at the Kellogg International Corporation in London, and advanced to the position of Assistant Metallurgist. Socially, she was a member of the Labour Party and Political Education Officer for Thornton Ward, and was involved with the running of the Kellogg Corporation photography club. She retired in 1971 and bought a house near Shap, in the Lake District, where amongst other things she campaigned for 'Cumbrians for Peace'. Diane Noakes died on 21 November 1983, following a period of illness.
Robert Hart (Chinese name He De) was born in Milltown, Co Armagh, on 20 February 1835. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, Wesley College, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, where he received a BA in 1853. The following year he entered the consular service, working in Hong Kong, Ningo and Canton before resigning in 1859 to join the Chinese Maritime Customs. After working as Deputy Commissioner in Canton and Commissioner in Shanghai he was appointed as the first Inspector General in 1863. He held this post for nearly fifty years until his death and his commitment to the service led him to refuse the post of British Minister to China in 1885. As well as his work in the Customs he was used by the Quing government to further their aims in dealing with foreign powers. He became supreme advisor to Zongli Yamen (the Chinese office dealing with foreign affairs). On behalf of the Quing government he arranged the Lisbon Protocol in 1885 after negotiations with the Portugese over Macao. He negotiated with the Indian government over Sikkim and with the British over navigation of the Yangtze River. His efforts led to his receiving honours from a number of countries including Italy, Portugal, Norway, and Holland, and a number of Chinese honours. He gained an honorary doctorate in 1882. He was also asked to help with efforts towards 'modernisation' such as the establishment of the Chinese postal system and the establishment of Tong Wen Guan (Institute of Education).
In 1866 he married Hestor Jane Bredon and they had three children including a son, Bruce, who took over from J D Campbell in the London office in 1907. He also had three children from an earlier liaison with a Chinese woman. These children he supported as his 'wards'. Hestor's brother, Robert, was also a member of the Chinese Maritime Customs and became Acting Inspector General when Hart returned to England from 1908 until 1910. In 1901 he wrote These from the Land of Sinim. He died on 20 September 1911.
James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.
Anthony John Arkell was born on 29 July 1898. Educated at Bradfield College and Queen's College, Oxford he was a member of the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War and received a military cross in 1918. In 1920 he joined the Sudan Political Service serving from 1921-1924 as Assistant District Commissioner for Darfur Province and then becoming acting Resident at Dar Masalit (1925-1926). He followed this with a period as District Commissioner for Kosti (White Nile Province) from 1926-1929 and then for Sennar (Blue Nile Province) from 1929-1932. In 1928 he married Dorothy Davidson (d. 1945) and was also awarded an MBE. He received the Order of the Nile (Fourth Class) in 1931. He was Deputy Governor for Darfur from 1932-1937. Arkell worked for the Sudanese Government as Commissioner for Archaeology and Anthropology from 1938-1948 as well as being the Chief Transport Officer 1940-1944 and Editor of Sudan Notes and Records, 1945-1948.
From 1948-1953, Arkell was a lecturer in Egyptology at University College, London whilst remaining Archaeological Adviser to the Sudanese Government. In 1950 he married his second wife, Joan Burnell. He was appointed Reader in Egyptian Archaeology in 1953 and held this post as well as that of Curator of the Flinders Petrie Collection of Egyptian Antiquities at University College, London until his retirement in 1963. Following his retirement Arkell entered the Church, becoming Vicar of Cuddington with Dinton from 1963 until 1971. He died on 26 Feb 1980.
Arkell's publications include Early Khartoum (1949); The Old Stone Age in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1949); Shaheinab (1953); History of Sudan from Early Times to 1821 (1955; 2nd. ed. 1961); Wanyanga (1964); and The Prehistory of the Nile Valley (1975).