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A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).

A covenant or deed of covenant was an agreement entered into by one of the parties to a deed to another. A covenant for production of title deeds was an agreement to produce deeds not being handed over to a purchaser, while a covenant to surrender was an agreement to surrender copyhold land.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Robert Tressell: born 18 Apr 1870, Dublin; son of Mary Noonan and Samuel Croker; emigrated to South Africa, 1890; married Elizabeth Hartel, Cape Town, South Africa, 1891; daughter Kathleen, born 1892; his wife died c 1895, and he and his daughter moved to Johannesbug, where he worked as a signwriter, and was also involved in pro-Irish groups; moved to Hastings, Sussex, 1901, where he worked as a house painter and interior decorator; he wrote The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists, a novel about the destitute and poor of 'Mugsborough', in his spare time.

After completing the manuscript, in about 1910, he gave it to his daughter, Kathleen, and left Hastings for Liverpool, possibly in an attempt to emigrate to Canada. Tressell died of tuberculosis in Liverpool on 3 February 1911, aged 40.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp’s Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp’s Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp’s Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

The Independent Force was established by the Royal Air Force on 6 June 1918 to conduct a strategic bombing campaign against Germany, concentrating on strategic industries, communications and the morale of the civilian population. The Independent Force was formed out of the Royal Flying Corp's Forty-First Wing which commenced operations in October 1917. This initiative was partly in response to German airship and aeroplane raids on England but it also built upon earlier, small scale attempts at strategic bombing by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps. As its name implied, it operated independently from the land battle and struck at targets in central Germany including Cologne, Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Bonn, and Mannheim. It was also intended to operate independently of the control of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, although this was later changed.

The Independent Force was commanded, reluctantly at first, by Major-General Hugh Trenchard who was gradually converted to the idea of strategic bombing by the operations of the Independent Force. The squadrons were based on airfields in the Nancy region, well to the south of the British sector of the Front Line. Although the effort appears miniscule compared to later bombing campaigns, four day and five night bomber squadrons dropped just 550 tons of bombs during 239 raids between 6 June and 10 November 1918, the effect on the German war effort was remarkable. The main targets were railways, blast furnaces, chemical factories that produced poison gas, other factories, and barracks to which had to be added airfields in an effort to reduce attrition from enemy fighter aircraft.

The effect on morale was out of all proportion to the size of the bomber force or the material damage caused and the air raids resulted in the movement of German air defence units away from the Front Line. Trenchard ordered statistics and records to be kept to demonstrate the work of the Independent Force and the role of strategic bombing in modern war.

Frederic Herbert Trench was born in Avoncore, County Cork, Ireland, and educated at Hailebury College and at Keble College, Oxford, where he studied modern history. After graduating he was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford during 1889-1891 before spending 11 years working for the Board of Education. Trench became known as a poet in the early 1900s. Between 1909 and 1911 he was also artistic director of the Haymarket Theatre, London. From 1911 he lived mainly in Settignano, Italy, where the life and land inspired many of his later poems.

Morris W Travers was a demonstrator at University College London from 1894 (Assistant Professor from 1898). He assisted Professor Sir William Ramsay in experiments on argon, and collaborated with him in work on krypton, neon and xenon. In 1904 Travers was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol. From 1907 to 1914 he was Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 1927 he became Honorary Professor, Fellow and Nash Lecturer in Chemistry at Bristol. He became President of the Faraday Society in 1936, and in 1937 he retired from Bristol University. His Life of Sir William Ramsay was published in London in 1956.

Benjamin Travers was born in Cheapside, London, in 1783. He was educated at the grammar school in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, and then privately. He was a pupil of Astley Cooper from 1800-1806. During this time he gave occasional demonstrations and set up a weekly clinical society. He took his diploma and became MRCS in 1806. He was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at Guy's Hospital, and was appointed surgeon to the East India Company's warehouses and brigade in 1809. He was elected surgeon to St Thomas' Hospital in 1815, as well as the London Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye (now Moorfields Eye Hospital), where he succeeded Astley Cooper, and remained until 1816. He resigned his joint lectureship with Astley Cooper in 1819. He began to lecture again in 1834, with Frederick Tyrell at St Thomas' Hospital. He was appointed surgeon to Queen Victoria in 1837 and to Prince Albert in 1840. He was elected FRCS in 1813; Member of Council, 1839-1858; Examiner in surgery, 1841-1858; Chairman of the Board of Midwifery Examiners, 1855; Vice-President, 1845, 1846, 1854 and 1855; President, 1847 and 1856; and he was Huntarian Orator in 1838. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. He was elected president of the Hunterian Society in 1827, as well as President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. He died in 1858.

The Travelling Surgical Society was founded in 1924 by twelve members keen to promote links with surgeons abroad to exchange ideas. Membership was set at 20. Annual visits lasting about a week were made, mostly abroad, but also to cities in Britain. A visit to Norway was planned for September 1939, but was cancelled due to the outbreak of war. Visits were not resumed again until 1949.

The Travellers' Club, 106 Pall Mall, London, was originally the concept of Viscount Castlereagh who spoke of establishing a club where men could meet socially with fellow travellers, visiting foreigners of distinction and diplomats. It has never been a political club like for example, the Carlton Club.

The club was founded by committee on 12 May 1819 and organisers included the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Earl of Aberdeen, Earl Beauchamp, Viscount Palmerston, Lord Auckland and Sir Archibald Macdonald and others. On 19 July the committee made the head of Ulysses the device of the club and on 18 August notices appeared in the major newspapers of the day to advertise its opening.

The original Travellers' Club was located at 12 Waterloo Place before moving to 49 Pall Mall in 1822. In 1829, Charles Barry was selected to design a new clubhouse at 106 Pall Mall. It was one of Barry's most acclaimed designs and was heavily influenced by his visits to Italy. The design is in the palace style of the Florentine republic and helped to establish Barry as the leading architect of the Renaissance Revival movement . The club moved into its new premises in 1832 and Barry became a member of the club himself in 1834.

In 1820, the first foreign travellers were invited to visit the club. Invitations were sent to Count Maurice Lewenhaupt, Count Rostopchin, Prince Liechtenstein, Prince Villa Franca, and Baron von Werden among others. One of the most famous regular visitors was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord, ambassador to the United Kingdom from France (1830-1834) and a handrail remains that was fixed to the staircase specifically to assist him.

Membership is restricted by election and to candidates who can demonstrate that they either resided or travelled abroad. It has counted among its members Prince George of Cambridge, the Duke of Wellington, 8th Duke of Devonshire, George Canning, Lord John Russell, 3rd Earl Grey, 2nd Earl Granville, Lord Raglan, Arthur Balfour, Stanley Baldwin, Sir Francis Beaufort, Robert FitzRoy, Colonel the Honourable George Anson, Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, and Sir Wilfred Thesiger among many others.

The focus of the club is travel and the majority of the library's publications are devoted to voyages and travel abroad. The club also provides a domestic setting for members and guests to socialise, dine, drink and smoke. The club also has 18 bedrooms for member and guest accommodation.

The Travellers' Aid Society was initiated in 1885 by the Young Women's Christian Association to aid female passengers arriving at ports and railway stations, where they were met by accredited station workers who reported to the Travellers Aid Society Committee. The committee included representatives from the Girls' Friendly Society, Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants, National Vigilance Association, and the Reformatory and Refuge Union as well as individual members. Its framework consisted of a General and an Executive Committee that would persist until dissolution. Local branches were established in Southampton (1891), Edinburgh (1895), Bristol (1895), Liverpool (1898), Hull (1903), and Birmingham (1909). However, over time, early supporters dropped out and were not replaced so that administrative as well as financial problems resulted. In 1939, the Travellers' Aid Society entered into an arrangement with the National Vigilance Association wherein the Association administered the Society from their offices as a separate body. In subsequent years, the work was maintained largely by National Vigilance Association funds. Station work continued in co-operation with the Young Women's Christian Association until 1952 when a financial crisis overcame the National Vigilance Association itself and it was decided to terminate the Travellers' Aid Society work in May of that year.

During World War Two, Traunstein, Bavaria, was the site of a subcamp of Dachau concentration camp. In 1946 it became a displaced persons camp housing Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe. In 1997 the City archive of Traunstein put on an exhibition about the camp entitled Ein Leben aufs Neu. Juedische Displaced Persons auf deutschem Boden, 1945-1948.

Colin Graham Trapnell was born in 1907, he was educated at Sedbergh School and later read Classics at Trinity College, Oxford. However, his real interest lay in science as he had been a keen botanist since his school days. While at Oxford, he joined Max Nicholson in founding the Oxford University Exploration Club in 1927 and in organising its first expedition to Greenland in 1928. His Greenland work was published in 1928. Trapnell then applied for a post as Ecologist at the Colonial Office and in 1931 obtained his first posting as Government Ecologist to Rhodesia, now Zambia. His task was to reconnoitre and map soils, vegetation types as well as indigenous agriculture of the whole territory, a task that would take him 10 years. The task was generally carried out on foot, as there were in those days few tracks suitable for motor vehicles. Trapnell and his colleagues would depart for six months at a time, using native bearers carrying essentials such as medical supplies and food.

For many of the native tribes they encountered, this was to be their first sighting of white men. The surveys, the first of their kind to cover a whole African country, were published after the Second World War and have recently been republished (2004) as they are still the basic source of essential natural resource data for the country The Soils, Vegetation and Traditional Agriculture of Zambia is in two volumes with accompanying maps.

In 1948, Trapnell organised experiments across Zambia on behalf of the Colonial Office to assess land for possible groundnut production, and significantly the Overseas Food Corporation decided not to start a ground nut scheme in Northern Rhodesia. The schemes which failed in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) lacked the kind of survey undertaken by Trapnell in Rhodesia. His work in Rhodesia was considered by the Colonial Office to be the foundation for a wide range of projects, especially on African agriculture. In the 1950s, he was asked to train ecologists for work in Africa, ranging from large scale vegetation and soil surveys to investigations into Tsetse and desert locust infestation.

In 1960, with J E Griffiths, he completed a study on the rainfall altitude ratio in relation to the natural vegetation zones of south west Kenya. Meanwhile, the Kenya Department of Agriculture asked him to prepare an overall vegetation map covering 40,000 square miles of southwest Kenya. This major undertaking was not completed until several years after his retirement.

Upon his retirement, Trapnell joined a small group of people engaged in founding the Somerset Trust for Nature Conservation, now the Somerset Wildlife Trust. He organised land use surveys for conservation purposes of the Mendip Hills and the Somerset Peat Moors, and was responsible for the Trust’s acquisition of its first nature reserves at Catcott and West Ham. For 13 years he was Chairman of the Leigh Woods committee management for the National Trust and was also responsible for negotiating the lease of the woods to the Nature Conservancy Council to form the Avon Gorge National Nature Reserve. At the same time, from his home in Bristol, he was engaged in the completion of the interpretation of air photographs for the vegetation and climate maps of South West Kenya, the sheets of which were published successively by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys between 1966 and 1986.

In 1994, he started the Trapnell Fund for Environmental Field Research in Africa at Oxford University, to support research into African environment. The fund established a fellowship at the Environment Change Institute, and Trapnell was the first Fellow appointed in Sep 1991. In the last three years of his life, although aged over 90, he collaborated with Paul Smith at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew to produce a three volume ecological survey of Zambia. He was appointed OBE in 1957. He died on 9 Feb 2004, aged 96.

The Transport Salaried Staff Association was founded in 1897 and is a trade union for workers in the transport and travel industries, including railways, the London Underground, shipping, ports, haulage and buses.

Source of information: http://www.tssa.org.uk/sommaire.php3

The translator states that the translation was made and corrected from the English editions in London.

Mr Can Tran is in his late seventies and is originally from Shunde, China. Tran moved to Saigon, Vietnam when he was in his late teens and where he lived until 1978. In 1980 Tran arrived in London with his family. Mr Tran has always been closely involved with the local community and is still a management member for a London based community centre.

The Tramways M.E.T. Omnibus Company was founded in 1912 as a subsidiary of the Metropolitan Electric Tramways Company Limited, who were joint stockholders with the British Electric Traction Company. The aim of the company was to provide competition with buses which were taking trade away from trams. The company began operating in partnership with the London General Omnibus Company as early as October 1912, and by 1931 their operations had been almost entirely taken over by that company. In 1933 the remainder of the Tramways M.E.T. Omnibus Company was taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board.

See BMJ 1971 iii p.119.

Born, 1880; archæologist; physician at the Queen Victoria Hospital; doctor to the Duke of Connaught; pioneer of winter sports in the French Alps; died 1960.

Publications: Le col Alpin franchi par Hannibal (1958)

The Trading with the Enemy Joint Committee was set up as a result of the Trading with the Enemy Act, 1939. Its object was to advise Government through the Trading with the Enemy Branch (administered jointly by the Treasury and Board of Trade) about the application of the Act as far as the insurance business was concerned. In particular, it made recommendations in relation to the issue of licences, balancing what would be conferring a benefit on the enemy against what would inflict damage on British insurance. The committee was representative of the fire, accident and marine insurance business and included members of insurance companies representing the Fire Offices' Committee, Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign), Consequential Loss Committee, Accident Offices Association, Accident Offices Association (Overseas), non-tariff companies, Institute of London Underwriters and Lloyd's of London.

Luca Tozzi obtained his MD at Naples in 1661, and was Professor of Medicine and Mathematics. He was later appointed Physician to the Kingdom of Naples, and in 1695 succeeded Malpighi as Papal Physician. He was a follower of the chemiatric theories of Van Helmont and Sylvius.

The Fowey shipbroking firm of Toyne Carter and Co was founded in 1896 when J P Carter (1872-1957), of Coppack, Carter and Co, Connah's Quay, joined in partnership with C L Toyne (c 1870-1921), who had become established in business in the port some time earlier. Before long the firm became one of the principal shipbrokers and agents in Fowey, a position which resulted from the partners' involvement with the china clay shippers in and around nearby St Austell. The export of china clay in the early days was handled through the liner ports, local merchants selling in small amounts which would then be held until there was sufficient to make up a coaster cargo. It would then be shipped in casks to Liverpool for outward shipment. Toyne Carter and Co ran an office in Liverpool for several years for this reason, but subsequently arrangements were made to charter ships to carry china clay directly from Fowey. The first shipment in what became known as the 'Clay Line' left Fowey harbour for the United States in 1904. With the growth in the demand for china clay, more and larger ships were arriving to load for destinations all over the world; some, like those of the Holland Steamship Company and the Glynn Line, on a regular basis, and with these the company forged particularly strong links.

The company owned ships on several occasions, both steam and sail, most notably the three-masted schooner A B Sherman. A war prize, she was acquired by the firm in 1918 in poor condition, restored at great expense and returned to service in 1921, when the post-war boom had passed its peak. With freight rates down and cargoes difficult to find, the A B Sherman traded under the company's flag for only a short period. The consequence of this episode, which came close to bankrupting the company, was its change into a limited liability company in 1921. It remained one until 1968, reverting back into a partnership then. In 1977 Toyne Carter & Co was acquired by English Clays Lovering Pochin and Co Ltd, St Austell.

In 1873 Reverend Samuel Barnett and his wife Henrietta requested to be placed in a deprived parish so that they could participate in poor relief. The foundation of Toynbee Hall in 1884 was their solution to the poverty they witnessed. The Hall was a student's residence combined with a community centre. The Hall was open to young academics who were able to rent out rooms, on the condition that they contribute to the community work. The Hall was named after Arnold Toynbee, a social philosopher and economist and friend of the Barnetts, who had died the previous year aged 31, of meningitis caused by overwork.

Although the idea that those studying poverty and unemployment should live among the poorer classes was not new, Toynbee Hall was innovatory because the students lived together like a college. This 'University Settlement' was the first of its kind in the world and the model for many others both in Great Britain and abroad. Clement Atlee and William Beveridge were among several influential residents.

The Hall carried out varied work, offering legal advice, campaigning for the rights of immigrants, hosting lectures and providing adult education.

Toynbee Hall is still active, situated on Commercial Street, E1 and providing support for the local community.

See http://www.toynbeehall.org.uk/default.asp for more information (accessed August 2010).

Arnold Toynbee was born in London, 1889; educated locally before studying at Pembroke College and Balliol College, Oxford. Toybnee took his degree in 1878 and began working as a tutor at Balliol soon after; became bursar of the college in 1881 and was about to be appointed a fellow when he died of meningitis in 1883, aged 30. Besides his academic work, Toynbee gave public lectures to working class audiences in industrial towns and was much concerned with social issues. Today he is remembered as a leading Liberal thinker and for establishing the term 'Industrial Revolution' in academic discourse.

The firm of Toye and Bromley, yarn, hemp and fibre merchants of 132 Fenchurch Street, has its origin in a business established by Samuel Toye.

Toye first appears in trade directories in 1864 as a bass broom maker with premises in Worship Street (1864-74) and 15 Mile End Road (1874-79).

In 1874, Samuel Toye is also listed as an importer of coir yarn and other fibres, hemp, jute and fibre merchant, with premises at 132 Fenchurch Street. He appears to have entered into partnership with Frank Charles Bromley, a fibre merchant, and from 1877 this part of the business was carried on under the name of Toye and Bromley. C B Smith and T K Cleghorn, a hemp merchant, whose names are mentioned in the ledger, may also have had an interest in the firm.

The broom business at Mile End Road continued under the name of Samuel Toye until 1880, when it was absorbed by Toye and Bromley. The firm retained the premises, but brush manufacture appears to have been abandoned.

Toye and Bromley were based at 132 Fenchurch Street, and 15 Mile End Road from 1880 (1877-83), 116 Fenchurch Street and 15 Mile End Road (1884-90), and 15 Mile End Road, (1891-95).

The firm of Toye and Bromley disappears from trade directories after 1895 but seems to have been succeeded by Samuel Toye and Company, importers of coir yarn, cordage and brush fibres, hemp, jute, fibre bristle and coir yarn, merchants, bass and fibre dressers of 15 Mile End Road. By the following year this firm are described simply as bristle merchants.

Samuel Toye and Company had premises at 15 Mile End Road (1896), 3 Mitre Street, Aldgate (1897-1901), 18 Heneage Lane, Bevis Marks (1902-56), and 27A Victorian Grove, London N16 (1957-73). The firm does not appear in directories after 1973.

John David Towse, of Fishmongers' Hall, was an attorney-at-law and (1809-39) clerk to the Fishmongers' Company and also to the Cooks' Company. He was born in 1760, the son of John Towse, deputy clerk to the Fishmongers' Company.

William Hippisley, attorney, was clerk to the Fishmongers' Company 1758-1766. John Towse was deputy clerk to the Fishmongers' Company and previously law clerk to Hippisley.

No information available.

Born, 1733; educated: Eton College, 1748; Clare College, Cambridge, 1750-1753. MP for Whitchurch, 1754; clerk to the household of the Prince of Wales, 1756; Clerk of the Board of Green Cloth, 1760; Paymaster-General of the Forces, 1767-1768; left office and was to remain in opposition for the next fourteen years, 1768; opposition candidate for Speaker, 1770; Secretary at War, 1782; Home Office, 1782-1783; Home Secretary, 1783; left office 1789; created Viscount Sydney, 1789; Chief Justiceship in Eyre, south of the Trent, 1789-; Deputy Lieutenant of Kent, 1793-; died, 1800.

William Townsend was born in Wandsworth and educated at Simon Langton School in Canterbury. From 1926 to 1930 he attended the Slade School of Fine Art. He lived in Canterbury and later Bridge from 1925 to 1946. From 1946 to 1949 he taught part-time at the Camberwell School of Art and then joined the staff of the Slade School in 1949. He was Professor of Fine Art at University College London from 1968 to 1973. He visited Canada many times during his life on art tours. In 1970 he was editor and part author of Canadian Painting Today, published in London and New York. He held many exhibitions in London and Canada and had work included in many galleries.

St Clair Denham (1853-) was born into an Anglo-Irish family in 1853 and later married Walter Mallaby Townsend (brother to the arts and crafts architect, Charles Harrison Townsend who was responsible for the Whitechapel Art Gallery, the Harrison Museum and the Bishopsgate Library). Walter Townsend was employed by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company but was a frustrated actor and playwright and took to drink. After losing his job with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, he, his wife and their second daughter returned to England and ran a marble mine in Stanhope Northumbria. Any further biographical history becomes quite difficult to find; though at some time St Clair took up an interest in the political issues of the day it is apparent that she was anti-socialist and opposed the militant suffragettes. St Clair acted as local President of the Women's Unionist Association Stanhope branch.

Townmead Road School, Fulham, opened in 1900, moved to permanent buildings in 1905 and closed in 1937.

Subsidiary or associated companies of Horselydown Property Investment Company Limited:

Town and City Properties Limited: In association with Horselydown Property Investment Co. Ltd. set up Arndale-Horselydown Ltd; Basingstoke Town Properties Ltd; Couratown Property Developments Ltd; Old Brewery Development Co. Ltd. and Whepstead Properties Ltd. 1961-1967

Arndale-Horselydown Ltd: Set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Ltd. and Arndale Developments Ltd. (by Jan 1967 The Arndale Property Trust Ltd; by July 1968 member of the Town and City Properties Group) to develop site of former King's Head, 145-146 and Royal Standard, High Street, Egham. Incorporated Feb 1967

Basingstoke Town Properties Limited: Set up by Horselydown Property Investment Co. Ltd. and Town and City Properties Ltd. in [? 1966]

Couratown Property Developments Limited: Set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company and Town and City Properties Ltd. in 1962 to develop the sites of the White Hart, Bromley; Reindeer, Slough; Golden Eagle, Slough; Saracens Head, Ashford; Castle, Tonbridge; and Red Lion, Maidenhead. Incorporated 1962.

Old Brewery Property Development Company Limited: Set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Ltd. and Town and City Properties Ltd. to re-develop site of Nicholson's Brewery, High Street, Maidenhead, in [1961].

Whepstead Properties Limited: Set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Ltd. and Town and City Properties Ltd. in 1967 to develop site of The Maiden's Head and 122/122A High Street, Maidenhead. Incorporated 1967.

Tower Ward School was founded by voluntary subscription in 1707 for girls and in 1709 for boys. In 1808 the school bought a house in Great Tower Street; 9 Black Raven Court was purchased in 1846 for use as a school house. In 1874 the school was united with the Billingsgate Ward School and both properties were subsequently sold.

The united school merged with the combined Bridge, Candlewick and Dowgate Wards School in 1891 and this school combined with St Botolph Parochial School in 1905 to form the Sir John Cass Junior School.

The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.

Tower Ward is situated with Aldgate Ward at the eastern most side of the City. The ward contained three City parish churches: All Hallows Barking, St Olave Hart Street and St Dunstan in the East.

The Tower Hill Improvement Fund was set up in 1934 to improve the area around Tower Hill. A major influence in the foundation of the Fund was Rev P B ("Tubby") Clayton who, together with Dr B R Leftwich published Pageant of Tower Hill which advocated the removal of certain unsightly buildings from the area. The first president of the Fund was Viscount Wakefield of Hythe. The inaugural meeting of the Fund was held in December 1933 and an office was opened at 29/30 Trinity Square in January 1934. In 1937 the Fund was refounded as a charitable trust and was renamed the Tower Hill Improvement Trust.

The Trust demolished various buildings to make way for gardens and open public spaces. It also established a beach at Tower Hill (opened July 1934; closed 1971). The Trust is now known as the Tower Hill Trust.

A militia force was raised from the civilian population of a county, in order to supplement the regular army in cases of emergency. In 1554 a muster of men from the hamlets near the Tower of London was ordered, including Bethnal Green, Poplar and Stepney, then separate, rural villages. By 1605 East London had become an official military unit with the name Tower Hamlets, and the right to muster the militia was held by the Lieutenant of the Tower.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

A History of the County of Middlesex notes that "in 1853 Henry Merceron leased out no. 21 Victoria Park Square as a store for the Queen's Own Light Infantry Regiment of the Tower Hamlets militia. The site stretched to Globe Street and by the 1860s included a barracks".

From: 'Bethnal Green: Building and Social Conditions from 1837 to 1875', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 120-126.

The Authority was established in 1981 following the abolition of the City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching) for records 1974 - 1981 q.v. On the reorganisation of the National Health Service in April 1991 the District became the purchasing authority for health services for the population of Tower Hamlets with provider services contracted principally with The Royal London Hospital and its Associated Community Services N.H.S. Trust (for records 1991 - 1994 q.v. RLHLT) In March 1993 Tower Hamlets District Health Authority merged with the City and Hackney District Health Authority and the Newham District Health Authority to form the East London and the City Health Authority.

Community Health Councils were established in 1974 to represent the interests of the general public in their local health services. They have three areas of activity: monitoring of services by visits, consultation on Health Authority planning proposals and pursuing complaints by individuals.

Early Commissioners of Sewers were solely concerned with land drainage and the prevention of flooding, not with the removal of sewage in the modern sense. In 1531 an Act of Sewers was passed which set out in great detail the duties and powers of Commissioners and governed their work until the 19th century. Gradually a permanent pattern emerged in the London area of seven commissions, five north and two south of the Thames, with, after the Great Fire, a separate commission for the City of London. The London commissioners had more extensive powers than those in other parts of the country; they had control over all watercourses and ditches within two miles of the City of London as well as newly constructed drains and sewers. After 1800 the London commissioners also obtained powers to control the formation of new sewers and house drains.

Although as early as May 1598 a commission of sewers was issued "for her Mats. Mills called Chrashe Milles in the parishes of St. Botulphes without Algate London and St Marge Matfellon alias Whitechapple in the Countie of Middx" (The National Archives: Ind. 4208 Crown Office Docquet Book) no continuing commission for the Tower Hamlets area (as distinct from the Poplar area) seems to have been established until 1686 (The National Archives: Ind. 4215 Crown Office Docquet Book). The jurisdiction of the Commission covered parts of East London including Spitalfields, Mile End, Shadwell, Smithfield, Whitechapel, Wapping, Limehouse, Stepney, Poplar, Blackwall, Tower Hill, Bethnal Green, Bow, Bromley, Stratford, Hackney, Ratcliff and Clapton.

Tower Bridge Magistrates Court:
Under the 1792 Act a public office was opened in Union Hall, Union Street, Southwark, serving a district covering a large part of South London including Lambeth and Southwark. In 1845 the district was split and shared between two new courts, the Lambeth Police Court and Southwark Police Court. The latter was recorded as being in Blackman Street, Borough in 1845, and at 298 Borough High Street in 1892. The court moved in 1905 to Tooley Street and changed its name to Tower Bridge Police Court.

History of magistrates courts:
An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establish fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.

Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.

In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.

Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.

The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.

In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.

The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.

Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.

Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.

The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.

Tower was born in 1860 and went on to be educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with an MA in 1887. He entered the Diplomatic Service and became the Attaché for Constantinople before becoming Second Secretary to Madrid, Copenhagen, Berlin and Washington between 1892-1896. In 1897 he received the Jubilee Medal. He was the Secretary to the Legation for Peking, 1900 before adopting the position of Envoy Extraordinary to Siam, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, Mexico and Argentina during the rest of his career. He was awarded the Coronation Medal in 1902 and again in 1911. He died in 1939.