Pasteur's research on fermentation and rabies led to his discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, the 'germ theory of disease'. He invented pasteurisation and his work became a key influence on developments in bacteriology and microbiology as well as in gerenal medical practise; The Pasteur Institute was founded in 1887 by Louis Pasteur; Louis Pasteur's grandfather was Jean Henri Pasteur, and his aunt Jeannette Pasteur, were both of Vuillafans, near Besançon. A cousin, Maximien Buchon, was of Salins;
Magnan family correspondence includes letters Marie and Louise Pasteur, Jules Raulin, Eugène Magnan, and Mathilde Magnan (afterwards Fournery); Jules Raulin (1836-1896), was Pasteur's first assistant, afterwards Sous-Directeur of Pasteur's Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique at the Ecole Normale and Professor of Chemistry at Lyons. 1862-1884 and n.d; Louis Pasteur's assistant Fernand Boutroux, was the brother of Jeanne Pasteur; Henry Debray (1827-1888) and Eugène Viala were also assistants to Pasteur; Jules Vercel was a school friend of Pasteur's from Arbois.
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The compiler was lecturer on chemistry at Bedford College from 1881 to 1888, and was elected FRS in 1890: he was later Director of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.
Sir D'Arcy Power was surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital and a distinguished medical historian.
The author qualified at Leeds University in 1924, and was pathologist at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford. His signature is found inside the upper cover of the 1935 volume.
William Saunders was physician to Guy's Hospital 1770-1802, and his lectures were very popular [see the Dictionary of National Biography].
Heinrich von Laufenberg was born, 1391; priest in Freiburg (Breisgau), and later dean of the cathedral; entered the cloister of the Knights of St. John, 1445; died, 1460.
The author is mainly distinguished for his association with the Wiener medicinisches Doctoren- Collegium, of which he became the head. He was later raised to the nobility and became K.K. Ober- Sanitätsrath and K.K. Medicinalrath. His chief publication was the Arzneimittellehre ... des Kindlicher Alters (Vienna, 1857).
G. Sisco was the first Professor of Clinical Surgery and Forensic Medicine at Rome University, and was appointed in 1788 by Pope Pius VI: he had held the Chair of Anatomy from 1781.
Unknown
Sir Thomas Grainger Stewart was MD Edinburgh in 1858, and appointed Professor of the Practice of Physic at the University in 1876; he was knighted in 1894 [see the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography].
Dr Albert Wilson [1854-1928] was Medical Superintendent of the Essex County Asylum at Walthamstow, and in 1908 published 'Education, Personality and Crime' and 'Unfinished Man' in 1910.
G. W. Issac qualified at Edinburgh in 1882, and had a large practice in Bloomsbury, London [cf. B.M.J. 1931, ii, p. 681.].
Unknown
André Thoüin (1747-1824), head of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, also elected a Member of the Academie des Sciences in 1795; André's 3 younger brothers: Jacques Thoüin (1751-1836); Gabriel Thoüin (d 1829); Jean Thoüin (d 1827); Their nephew Oscar Leclerc [Thoüin] (1798-1845). Oscar was the son of their sister Louise Thoüin (b.c.1764) and the writer and Revolutionary activist Jean-Baptiste Leclerc (1756-1826).
All were linked with the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and the worlds of botany and agriculture in some capacity and the papers reflect this as their main concern; for more details on the various individuals see Le jardin des plantes á la croisée des chemins avec Andre Thoüin, 1747-1824, edited by Yvonne Letouzey (Paris, 1989).
Luca Tozzi obtained his MD at Naples in 1661, and was Professor of Medicine and Mathematics. He was later appointed Physician to the Kingdom of Naples, and in 1695 succeeded Malpighi as Papal Physician. He was a follower of the chemiatric theories of Van Helmont and Sylvius.
Gabriel François Venel was an eminent physician and chemist. He obtained his MD at Montpellier in 1742, took up the study of chemistry, and in 1757 was appointed professor of materia medica and chemistry at his old university, a post which he held until his death in 1775.
The Board of Deputies of British Jews is the main representative body of British Jews. Founded in 1760 it has since become a widely recognised forum for the views of the different sectors of the UK Jewish community.
The Aliens Committee was formed by the Board in 1905 (the year the first Aliens Restrictions Act was passed) to ensure that Jewish immigrants received considerate treatment and to provide help with naturalisation problems.
Rosel and Selli Goldstein were sisters and German speaking Jews, originally from Dresden. Before the outbreak of World War Two, they moved to Gorlice, Poland.
Unknown
This collection of correspondence consists mostly of letters written by a school teacher, Hellmut Lange from Chemnitz, Saxony, to an English woman, Miss Jessie Nicholson in South London between 1933 and August 1939.
The League of Old Judeans had been brought together by Louis Sarna, who organised the annual wreath laying at the Cenotaph, which continued until 1928. In that year he was instrumental in founding the Jewish Ex-Servicemens Legion which eleven years later was to become AJEX - The Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women. AJEX had its beginnings at a Meeting in London in 1928. One of a series of Meetings held throughout Britain to protest at Arab anti-Jewish riots in Palestine. Louis Sarna was Honorary Secretary until his retirement in 1952.
The Waffen-SS was the combat arm of the Schutzstaffel or SS. In contrast to the Wehrmacht, Germany's regular army, the Waffen-SS was an elite combat unit composed of volunteer troops with particularly strong personal commitments to Nazi ideology.
The Bavarian Political Police was created by Reichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler in 1933. It was independent from the authority of the police headquarters in Munich, allowing the Nazi party to control the police.
The Geheime Staatspolizei or Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany, under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
Unknown
Karl Schreiner and his wife Katharina, from Trier, were resisters of the Nazi regime. Karl was a lawyer, he was forced to retire from his post Sep 1935 for being 'politically unreliable' and Katharina was imprisoned in 1942 for 4 months for making inflammatory remarks against the state.
Hans von Dohnanyi was a Jewish 'Mischling', a term used during the Third Reich for a person deemed to have partial Jewish ancestry. He was born in Vienna, Jan 1902 and was a lawyer from 1929-1938. He worked in the Reichsjustizministerium, 1938 and as Reichsgerichtsrat at the Reichsgericht, Leipzig, 1939-1943. Whilst he was head of the political section of the Abwehr des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht he was implicated in the resistance movement and on 5 Apr 1943 was arrested, and is reported to have died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp on 8 Apr 1945.
Max Landenberger and his wife Frieda owned a house at Burgschmietstrasse 12, Nürnberg, which was mortgaged for RM 40,000. In Nov1938 Max was arrested and sent to Dachau. Frieda was forced to go to the 'Brown House', the Nazi Headquarters, where she was made to sign a contract for the sale of their house to Gauleiter Hölz for the sum of RM 4,000. This they achieved by making her do physical exercises for several hours to break her will to resist. Her husband also signed the contract after his release from Dachau. The 'purchase price' of RM 4,000 was never paid.
Otto Bendix was born in Wilmersdorf, Berlin, 1878, of Jewish heritage. He married a non-Jew and was deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp on one of the 'old people's transports' on 3 October 1942, where he died on 8 January 1943.
The Regent's Park School was founded by Dr Bruno Schindler and his wife, Alma in 1933, mainly for Jewish refugee children from Germany. It was the aim of the Schindlers to make the children as independent as possible as they knew that a number of them would probably never see their parents again. There was a strong emphasis on Judaism and Dr Schindler made it a rule that every Friday evening he would give a talk about the history of the Jews and Judaism. There were also many discussion groups on a variety of subjects led by the matron of the school. The aim of the school was thus to encourage independent thinking, an ability to act independently and a feeling that, despite adversity, it was possible for all to achieve the kind of life and standard of living from which most of the children had come. The fact that the school produced an exceptionally large number of men and women in the professions is testimony to this.
The Hay internment camp was located outside of the town of Hay in the Riverina district of southern New South Wales. It was constructed in 1940. The first arrivals were 2036 Jewish internees from Nazi Germany and Austria - mostly professionals who had simply fled for their lives - along with 451 German and Italian POWs. They were transported from England on-board the HMT Dunera, and they became known as 'the Dunera Boys,' which was applied, in particular to the Jewish refugees.
The refugees (and POWs) were transported to Hay via train and then placed in the camps behind barbed wire. They remained active, holding physical education courses and concerts, teaching the children and printing their own money.
The Bing family was a German Jewish family from Berlin some of whose members died in the Holocaust and others managed to escape to Great Britain.
Klara Rosenzweig was born in 1890 in Altleiningen, Rheinland Pfalz, and was deported to France from Mannheim in October 1940. She was imprisoned at Gurs in the Basses Pyrenées from 22 October 1940 to 20 Jan 1942. She was then transferred to de Noé in the Haute Garonne until 3 August 1942. From there she was moved to Recebedon and thence to Drancy. Her name appears on the transport list of 'Convoy' No. 18 which left Drancy on 12 August 1942 and arrived at Auschwitz on 14 August 1942. It is assumed that she died very shortly after her arrival. The letter of 16 March 1941 carries a postscript signed by Bert Franck. The transport list of 12 August 1942 includes the name Bertha Franck, born 4 August 1875, Hunfeld, Germany.
Kurt Sabatsky was District Syndicus of the Centralverein Deutscher Staatsbürger Jüdischen Glaubens, who later worked for the Wiener Library.
Werner Rüdenberg, export merchant and sinologist was born in Hanover, November 1881. He married Anni née Pincus. He spent 16 years in Shanghai spread over a 30 year period. He compiled a Chinese/ German dictionary, first published in 1924, with a second edition in 1936. He arrived in Great Britain in 1938 and taught for a few months at the School of Oriental Studies, whilst working on an English/ Chinese dictionary (Shanghai dialect). He received a grant for this work. In 1940 he was interned in a camp on the Isle of Man. He later taught German at Westfield College and continued his merchant activities with China.
[Lotte] was a resident of Prague; interned at Theresienstadt concentration camp, Nov 1941-Aug 1945; returned to Prague, 1945; emigrated to Canada, 1947.
Olga Benario was born into a family of Jewish intellectuals in Munich in 1911. At the age of 16 she was already a member of the Communist party. In 1926 she, along with others, stormed the Berlin-Moabit district gaol in order to free some comrades, later going into hiding. In 1928 she went to Moscow and in 1934 she accompanied the Brazilian revolutionary, Luiz Carlos Prestes (whom she later married), to Brazil where she took part in the resistance to the regime of President Vargas. However, such was the affinity between Hitler and Vargas that once captured, she was deported back to Nazi Germany where she was interned in the concentration camp Lichtenburg. She was gassed in the concentration camp at Bernburg an der Saale in 1943 at the age of 34.
This collection of copies of papers deals with the project of a group called the Langham Committee, whose object was to put to work several hundred German, Austrian and Czech Jewish refugees on the renovation of a dilapidated manor house and grounds, Tythrop House, Leicestershire.
Paul Dickopf was born in 1910 in Müschenbach in Oberwesterwaldkreis. After studying law and administration he joined the criminal police and later the security service. From September 1942 he went into hiding in Belgium (the circumstances of which are unknown) and later fled to Switzerland where he lived as a refugee until the end of the war. In 1947 he returned to Germany and joined the Federal German Police where he progressed to become head of the Bundeskriminalamt, Wiesbaden, and from 1968 was president of Interpol. Dickopf died in Bonn in 1973.
The Zentralvereinigung österreichische Emigranten was a non-political organisation with no party or religious affiliations, the objective of which was to help all Austrians in exile after the outbreak of war. It was based in Paris and the advisory council comprised Alfred Polgar, Frederike Zweig and Berthe Zückerkandl. Its principal activities were to provide assistance for immigrant internees; to assist their wives and children, many of whom ended up in homes; and to procure residency permits.
Paul Hollander was born in Cologne in 1908. After leaving school he decided to work abroad to improve his language skills. He spent time in London, Rotterdam and France where in 1938 he stumbled into a career in journalism.
At the outbreak of war he volunteered for the French forces but as a German he was immediately interned. His only alternative was to volunteer for the French Foreign Legion where he served for a little under a year as engagé volontaire pour la durée de la guerre. After which time he spent the next two and a half years in various camps including Kenadsa. In the Spring of 1943 he managed to bluff his way out of the camp and arrived in Algiers where he joined the British Alien Company.
Hampstead Garden Suburb Care Committee for Refugee Children has a connection with the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany (British Inter-Aid Committee). Nothing is known about the origin or background of the Hampstead Garden Suburb Care Committee for Refugee Children. The Inter-Aid Committee was founded in March 1936 by agreement between the Central British Fund, Save the Children Fund and the Society of Friends with the special object of looking after Christian Children of Jewish extraction. The Inter-Aid Committee sought out children whose anti-Nazi parents had been arrested or were in danger of incarceration. This committee re-formed under the title of the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany in 1939.
Siegfried Kessler was born in Brno, Czechoslovakia, in 1879; he was married with two sons who all accompanied him to England in 1939; and when he left Czechoslovakia he was a retired senior civil servant.
He was a member of the Jewish Social Democratic Workers' Party Poale Zion for 30 years. He was also vice president of the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde (Jewish cultural community), Brno for which organisation he managed the provision of assistance to prospective Jewish emigrants in the late 1930s. It was in this capacity that he was arrested by the Gestapo on the day that the Nazis marched into Czechoslovakia. After release and continual harassment he eventually managed to secure visas for himself and his family and arrived in England in June 1939.
Whilst in England he maintained contact with the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde, Brno and applied himself to assisting with the expatriation of Czech Jews. He was involved with such organisations as the Czech Refugee Trust Fund, the Jewish Agency Group, the Self Aid Association and the Jewish Agency for Palestine.
The bulk of the material in this collection was collected on the initiative of the Wiener Library in 1939. Former rabbis of synagogues in Germany who had managed to escape to Great Britain were asked to supply information on the fate of their synagogues. 985/1 consists of these responses, most of which are dated November or December 1939. In addition, there is a list of respondents. The project's results comprised a set of statistics on the fate of Germany's synagogues.
Club 1943, in Hampstead, was founded as a weekly rendezvous for refugees from Nazi oppression. Its membership was first confined to writers and scientists, but later opened up to all those interested in literature, politics and other intellectual subjects. Lectures were in German or English and were usually attended by between 40 and 75 people. They covered political theory, literature, music, art, science, history, medicine, psychology, ethics and religion. The first president was H J Rehfisch, one of the co-founders of the club with Karl Wolff, Monty Jacobs and others.