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Elspeth Burn, was the youngest daughter of William Beveridge's wife, Janet Mair. She was responsible for the upkeep of the Master's Lodgings at University College, Oxford. Elspeth Burn was also part of a small 'technical committee' formed by Beveridge in 1943 to investigate full employment funded by a group of progressive businessmen.

Sir William Henry Beveridge was Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1925-1926. For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

The price and wages material was collected by Beveridge and his research assistants for a proposed four volume history which was never completed. The first volume was printed in 1939, following which work was halted by World War Two. A grant from the Nuffield Foundation in 1954 allowed research work to resume, though nothing was published, perhaps due to Beveridge's death in 1963. For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

The Ministry of Reconstruction was set up in July 1917, and covered a wide range of economic, social and political issues, from administrative reform and improvement of industrial relations, to the position of women in society and the prevention of post-war unemployment. It was split into several committees, including the Reconstruction Committee and the Civil War Workers Committe. For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

The British Hospitals Contributory Schemes Association was formed in 1930 in the aftermath of the report of the Cave Committee of 1921. The aim of the committee was to rationalise the various health contributory schemes established to fund voluntary hospitals, prior to the introduction of the National Health Service, in different regions at the end of the nineteenth century. The BHCSA was essentially an instrument for dealing with the territorial spheres of the operation of the schemes, and gave guidelines and advice on contributions and benefits. The association continued to act as the national organising body for the regional schemes until it was disbanded with the inception of the National Health Service in 1948.

The National League for Hospital Friends (now the National Association of Leagues of Hospital Friends) was founded in 1949. The association represents voluntary workers supporting patients and their carers in hospitals and in the community, and provides services such as group insurance and deposit schemes, grants, fund-raising, advice, goods, information and publications, and opportunities for national and regional networking.

The British International Studies Association is a charitable trust which was founded in 1975 at a meeting of the British Coordinating Committee on International Studies 'to promote the study of International Studies and related subjects through teaching, research and facilitating contact between scholars'. It is the world's leading such organisation outside the USA, with a membership of around 750, and aims to represent all of those professionally engaged in International Studies in Britain. It produces a journal entitled the Review of International Studies, and organises conferences, meetings, research and study groups.

BOAPAH was a pilot project conducted by the British Library of Political and Economic Science in 1979-1980, and financed by a Social Science Research Council grant. The aim of the project was to collect a systematic oral archive of interviews with key figures from politics, the civil service and the armed forces. Interviewees were selected predominantly from former Permanent Secretaries or former Cabinet Ministers, and were asked questions relating to the whole period of their official life, concentrating on the post-war years. Day to day administration and interviewing was carried out by Andrew Seldon. A detailed methodology is available in the bound catalogue.

Dr Anne M Bohm obtained a PhD at Berlin University in 1935. She was Assistant to the Dean of Postgraduate Studies, London School of Economics, 1941-1950; Dean and Registrar of the Graduate School, 1950-1977; and, External Relations Consultant, 1978-1985. An Anne Bohm Fund for postgraduate students was launched in summer 2000.

Charles Booth was born in Liverpool on the 30th of March 1840, the son of Charles Booth and Emily Fletcher. Charles attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool.
In 1862, Charles joined his eldest brother Alfred establishing the firm was Alfred Booth and Company which specialised in shipping skins and leather, they set up offices in both Liverpool and New York.
Booth campaigned unsuccessfully for the Liberal parliamentary candidate in the election of 1865. In 1866, he joined Joseph Chamberlain's Birmingham Education League.
On 29 April 1871 Booth married Mary Macaulay, daughter of Charles Zachary Macaulay and Mary Potter, and niece of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay. In the early days of their marriage Booth was facing mental exhaustion from years of overwork. In 1875, they settled in London. Mary was an invaluable advisor in the business and an active contributor to Booth's survey into London life and labour.
In 1884 Charles Booth assisted in the allocation of the Lord Mayor of London's Relief Fund, by analysing census returns. He later served on the official committee in charge of the 1891 census and make a number of recommendations for its improvement. The first meeting to organise the inquiry into poverty in London was held on 17 April 1886: the work would last until 1903, resulting in the publication of three editions of the survey, the final edition of Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902-1903) running to seventeen volumes. The work would absorb both Charles and Mary Booth and employ a team of social investigators including, at various times, Beatrice Webb, Arthur Baxter, Clara Collett, David Schloss, George Duckworth, Hubert Llewllyn Smith, Jesse Argyle, and Ernest Aves. There were three areas of investigation undertaken in the survey: poverty, industry and religious influences. The poverty series gathered information from School Board visitors about levels of poverty and types of occupation amongst families in the locality. The industry series investigated trades in London. Trades of interviewees include conventional trades such as tailors and wood workers and more unusual trades such as organ grinders and chorus girls. Statistics, graphs and charts were compiled form the considerable mass of data gathered by questionnaire, from employers of all types and industry. The religious survey includes reports of visits to churches and interviews with Church of England and Non-conformist ministers. The investigation also incorporates a description of the social and moral influences on Londoner's lives.
In 1893 Booth served on the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor. In 1904 he was made a Privy Councillor, and in 1907 served with Beatrice Webb on the Royal Commission on the Poor Law. In 1908, many years after he first began writing and speaking about the need for state pensions to alleviate poverty amongst the elderly, the Liberal government passed the Old Age Pensions Act in 1908. Although Booth had argued for a universal old age pension rather than the means tested system which the act introduced, he was recognised by many as one of the progenitors of the pension. He was also made a fellow of the Royal Society and awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of Cambridge, Liverpool and Oxford.
Early in 1912 Booth handed over the chairmanship of Alfred Booth and Company to his nephew, but in 1915 returned to work under wartime exigencies despite growing evidence of heart disease. On 23 November 1916 he died following a stroke, at his country home of Gracedieu in Thringstone, Leicestershire.

Arthur George Bottomley, 1907-1995, was educated at Gamuel Road Council School and took extension classes at Toynbee Hall. He entered politics in 1929 as a councillor in the Borough of Walthamstow, holding the office of mayor 1945-1946. He was the Labour Party MP for Chatham Division of Rochester 1945-1950, for Rochester and Chatham, 1950-1959, for Middlesborough East, 1962-1974, and for Teeside, Middlesborough 1974-1983. His Parliamentary career focused on trade and the Commonwealth. His positions included Parliamentary Under-Secretary for State for the Dominions, 1947-1951; Secretary for Overseas Trade, Board of Trade, 1947-1951; Chairman of the Commonwealth Relations and Colonies Group of the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1963; Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 1964 - 1966; and Minister for Overseas Development, 1966 - 1967. He also participated in many government missions and delegations overseas during the course of his career. He was created a life peer in 1984.

Born 1920; educated London School of Economics (BSc, MSc); served British Army, 1943-1947, as part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment); Staff Capt, General Headquarters, India, 1945-1946; Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, University of Paris, 1951-1952; Reader in Sociology, London School of Economics, 1952-1964; Editor, Current Sociology, 1953-1962; English Editor, European Journal of Sociology, 1960-1973; Professor of Sociology and Head of the Department of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1965-1967; Professor of Sociology, University of Sussex, 1968-1985; Emeritus Professor, 1985-1992; Executive Secretary, 1953-1959, Vice-President, 1970-1974, and President, 1974-1978, International Sociological Association; President, British Sociological Association, 1969-1971; retired, 1985; British Language Editor, Socialism in the Future; died 1992.
Publications: translator of German Sociology (William Heinemann, London, 1957); Classes in modern society (Ampersand, London, 1955); Critics of society: radical thought in North America (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1967); Élites and society (Watts and Co, London, 1964); Sociology: a guide to problems and literature (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1962); Sociology as social criticism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1975); translator and editor of Marx's Early writings (Watts and Co, London, 1963); editor Selected writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1963); Citizenship and social class (Pluto Press, London, 1992); A history of sociological analysis (Heinemann Educational, London, 1979); Marxist Sociology (Macmillan, London, 1975); editor Readings in Marxist Sociology (Clarendon, Oxford, 1983); translator and editor Austro-Marxism (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978); Theories of modern capitalism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1985); editor Max Weber and Karl Marx (Allen and Unwin, London, 1982); editor Karl Marx (Blackwood, Oxford, 1979); The Frankfurt School (Horwood, Chichester, 1984); editor Crisis and contention in sociology (Sage, London, 1975); editor Sociology, the state of the art (Sage, London, 1982); Sociology and socialism (Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1984); translator The philosophy of money (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Finance capital: a study of the latest phase of capitalist development (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Modern interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1981); editor A dictionary of Marxist thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1983); Between marginalism and Marxism (St Martins, New York, 1992); Political sociology (Pluto, London, 1993); editor The Blackwell dictionary of twentieth century social thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); Economic Sociology of J A Schumpter (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1992); The socialist economy; theory and practice (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990); editor The capitalist class; an international study (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989); editor Interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988).

Born 1930; educated Southend High School, University College of the South West, and London School of Economics; Research Fellow, Institute of Historical Research, 1955-1956; Research Fellow, Reading University, 1956; Lecturer, London School of Economics, 1957-1969; Fulbright Fellow and Senior Research Fellow, British Association for American Studies, 1961-1962; Visiting Lecturer, University of California, USA, 1966-1967; Reader in International History, University of London, 1969-1976; Scaife Distinguished Visiting Lecturer, Kenyon College, 1971; Professor of International History, LSE, 1976-1993; Kratter Professor, Stanford University, USA, 1979; Visiting Professor, University of Mississippi, USA, 1981; Griffin Lecturer, Stanford University, 1983; James Pinckney Harrison Professor, College of William and Mary, 1984-1985; Distinguished Visiting Professor in Humanities, University of Colorado, USA, 1988; J Richardson Dilworth Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA, 1989; Nuffield Foundation Social Sciences Research Fellow, 1991; Chairman, Board of Studies in History, University of London, 1983-1984; member of Council, List and Index Society, 1986-1993; Member of British National Committee, International Congress of Historical Sciences, 1987-1988; Member of the Archives and Manuscripts Committee, University of Southampton, 1988-1993; Member of the Senate, University of London, 1987-1991; Member of the Council, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 1987-1992; Governor of Wilson's Grammar School, Camberwell, 1964-1974; Governor of Wilson's School, Sutton, 1972-1984; Governor, LSE, 1986-1990; died 1993.
Publications: Britain and the balance of power in North America, 1815-1908 (Longmans, London, 1967); The foreign policy of Victorian England (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1970); editor Studies in International History (Longmans, London, 1967); editor The Horner papers: selections from the letters and miscellaneous writings of Francis Horner, MP, 1795-1817 (Edinburgh University Press, 1994); editor The blackmailing of the Chancellor: some intimate and hitherto unpublished letters from Harriet Wilson to her friend Henry Brougham, Lord Chancellor of England (Lemon Tree Press, London, 1975); editor The letters of the third Viscount Palmerston to Laurence and Elizabeth Sullivan, 1804-1863 (Royal Historical Society, London, 1979); Palmerston; the early years (Allen Lane, London, 1982).

Born 1876: educated Winchester and Oxford University; joined civil service, 1898, as part of the Inland Revenue Department; sent on mission to Germany, 1908, to inquire into local taxation methods; Assistant Secretary, Board of Inland Revenue, 1910-1911; sent to investigate German system of health insurance, 1910; Personal Assistant to the Rt Hon David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1910-1911, during the creation of the National Insurance Act; appointed Secretary, National Health Insurance Joint Committee, 1911-1912; Commissioner for Special Purpose of Income Tax, 1913; CB, 1937; died 1938.

London merchant bank.

Sir Henry (Harry) Ernest Brittain, 1873-1974, was educated at Repton and Worcester College, Oxford, where he obtained at BA and an MA in law. He was called to the Bar in 1897 but only practiced for a week before retiring from law in favour of business and journalism. He worked on the staff of both the Standard and the Evening Standard, was secretary to Sir C Arthur Pearson, owner of the Evening Standard, and also worked with him in the formation of the Tariff Reform League and the creation of the tariff community. Sir Harry became Director of numerous daily and weekly newspapers and other business concerns. He was president of the British International Association of Journalists 1920-1922, Patron of the Society of Women Writers and Journalists from 1925, and was the originator and organiser of the first Imperial Press Conference, 1932.
He was always keen to build links with America. During World War One, when he was the British representative on the American Citizens Emergency Committee, 1914, serving on special mission throughout the USA, 1915, on the staff of General Lloyd as captain of the London Volunteer Regiment, 1916, as Director of Intelligence National Service Department, and as the founder and Chairman of the American officers club in London, 1917-1919. After the war he was the originator and honourary life member of the Association of American Correspondents in London, 1919 and the president of the Anglo-American delegation to Holland for the celebration of the Pilgrim Fathers tercentenary, 1920. He was a member of the Anglo-American Brains Trust, 1942-1944 and was awarded the Silver Medal of Merit and Diploma by the Poor Richard Club of Philadelphia for his lifelong services to Anglo-American fellowship and understanding in 1958.
Sir Harry Brittain was also a Conservative MP for Acton 1918-1929. As an MP he was a members of the executive of the Empire Parliamentary Association, 1919-1929 and a member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, from 1929. He was also committed to the protection of British birds, and steered the Brittain Act for the protection of British birds through Parliament in 1925. Amongst his other honours, he was created KBE for public services in 1918, and CMG in 1924.

Born in 1840; educated at Littlemore Village School, Oxfordshire; worked in a blacksmith's shop, then as a stonemason until 1872; Secretary, Labour Representative League, 1875; Secretary, Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress, 1875-1890; MP for Stoke-on-Trent, 1880-1885, Bordesley, 1885-1886, Nottingham, 1886-1892, and Leicester, 1894-1906; Under-Secretary of State, Home Department, 1886; served on Royal Commissions, including Reformatory and Industrial Schools, Housing of the Working Classes, and the Condition of the Aged Poor; offered and refused Inspectorship of Factories and Workshops, 1882, and the Inspectorship of Canal Boats, 1884; JP and Alderman, County of Norfolk; Poor Law Guardian, Erpingham Union; member of Cromer Urban District Council; Chairman, Lifeboat Committee; founder of Tooting Common Club; founder of the Golf Links, Cromer and Sheringham, Norfolk; died 1911.
Publications: Henry Broadhurst, M.P: the story of his life from a stonemason's bench to the Treasury bench told by himself (Hutchinson & Co., London, 1901); Handy book on household enfranchisement (1885).

The British Sociological Association was founded in 1951, following several meetings held in London, on the initiative of a number of university Professors, including A M Carr-Saunders, D V Glass, V G Childe, Raymond Firth and M Fortes. The Association was aimed at 'promoting interest in sociology, and advancing its study and application in this country, and at encouraging contact and co-operation between workers in all relevant fields of inquiry', bringing together those who were interested in the sociological aspect of their own field of study. The membership of the Association continues to be drawn from a wide range of interest groups, including research, teaching, postgraduates, undergraduates, and practitioners in many professional fields. The BSA promotes the exchange of ideas and information both through it's publications, most notably the journal 'Sociology', and through study groups, Summer Schools and the Postgraduate Forum (a network for postgraduate students). It actively promotes professional standards, advising individuals and institutions, and producing guidelines. It also contributes to policy development in related areas of research and training.

Born 1902; educated Holloway County School and Christ's College, Cambridge University; Lecturer in Economic History, University of Liverpool, 1925, and Cambridge University, 1927; worked at the Ministry of Supply (Iron and Steel Control), 1939; Member of the US-UK Metallurgical Mission, New York and Washington, 1943; Leader Writer and Industrial Correspondent, The Times, 1946-1962; Member of the Advisory Committee on Census of Production, 1955-1965; Member of the Executive Committee, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 1957-1969; Director of the Economic Development Office set up by Associated Electrical Industries, English Electric, GEC and Parsons, 1962-1965; Member of the Economic Committee, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1963-1965; Lecturer, Bombay University, 1971; Specialist Advisor, House of Commons Select Committee on Energy, 1980-1988; died 1988.
Publications: Chemicals under free trade: European and global options (Atlantic Trade Study, London, 1971); Realities of free trade: two industry studies (Allen and Unwin, 1972); The economic history of steelmaking, 1867-1939 (University Press, Cambridge, 1940); The political economy of nuclear energy: an economic study of contrasting organisations in the UK and USA (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1967); The Steel Industry, 1939-1959: a study in competition and planning (University Press, Cambridge, 1961); editor The structure of British industry (University Press, Cambridge, 1958); Nuclear power and the energy crisis: politics and the atomic industry (Macmillan, London, 1978).

The Review Committee (or 'Younger Committee') of the Greater London Citizen's Advice Bureau Service Limited was appointed in June 1973 to examine the role of Citizen's Advice Bureaux in London. It was also charged with making suggestions regarding the functions, organisation and finances of Citizen's Advice Bureaux in the Greater London boroughs. The Committee was chaired by Sir Kenneth Younger and conducted research amongst all the CABs in London, as well as looking at local authority advice and information services. The Committee reported its findings to the Greater London Citizen's Advice Bureau in 1975.

Born 1902; educated Harrow County School and the London School of Economics; Assistant Inspector of Taxes, 1923-1926; entered Colonial Office, 1926; Secretary, West Indian Sugar Commission, 1929; Secretary, UK Sugar Industry Inquiry Committee, 1934; Financial Secretary, Hong Kong, 1937; Assistant Secretary, Colonial Office, 1944; CMG, 1945; Deputy Under-Secretary for State, Colonial Office, 1947-1948; KCMG, 1947; 3rd Secretary of the Treasury, 1948; Head of the UK Treasury and Supply Delegation, Washington, 1949-1951; Chief of the World Bank Mission to Ceylon, 1951; Vice-Chancellor, University of Malaya, 1952-1956; Chairman, British Caribbean Federation Fiscal Commission, 1955; Director, London School of Economics, 1957-1967; Chairman, Grassland Utilisation Committee, 1957-1958; Member, 1960-1967, and Deputy Chairman, 1964-1967, Independent Television Authority; Chairman, International Institute of Educational Planning, 1963-1970; Governor, Reserve Bank of Rhodesia, 1965-1967; Coordinator, Indonesian Sugar Study, 1971-1972; Chairman of the Governing Body and Member of the Board, University College at Buckingham, 1973-1983; died 1991. Publications: British Universities: purpose and prospects (Bodley Head, London, 1969); Prices for primary producers (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1963); The history of the foundation of the London School of Economics and Political Science (G Bell and Sons, London, 1963); University independence: the main questions (Rex Collings, London, 1971); The price of stability: a study of price fluctuations in primary products with alternative proposals for stablisation (Institute of economic Affairs, London, 1983).

No further information available at present

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is a non party-political British organisation advocating the abolition of nuclear weapons worldwide. It was formed in 1958 by the philosopher Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, and the Rev Canon (Lewis) John Collins and grew out of the demonstration held outside the government's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, Berkshire, at Easter 1956. Following a rapid growth of membership in its first years of existence, nuclear issues were overtaken by popular protest concerning the Vietnam War. CND survived, but as a much smaller movement. In 1960, the Committee of 100 was set up to organise Non-Violent Direct Action (NVDA) actions, such as mass sit-ins and blockades.
The decision, taken in 1979, to deploy American Cruise and Pershing missiles in Great Britain and other European countries led to a growth in CND membership and activities, such as protest marches and the harassment of Cruise convoys. Since the end of the Cold War, the emphasis of CND activities has changed to include lobbying of MPs and at international conferences, the tracking and publicising of road and rail shipments of nuclear materials, and the work of talking to people and groups, though there are still regular protests and direct actions at nuclear installations around the country. CND is part of Abolition 2000, a global network, founded in 1995 and with organised support in 76 countries, to press for the elimination of nuclear weapons.

Edwin Cannan, 1861-1935, was born in Funchal, Madeira, and educated at Clifton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Due to an illness which necessitated a long voyage he did not take an honours degree but took political economy as one of his subjects in the pass school. On the strength of his early writings he was invited to lecture on economics at the London School of Economics when it was founded in 1895. He became the effective head of the economics department although he was not created Professor of Political Economy by the University of London until 1907. He also held the position of Dean of the Faculty of Economics in the University of London from 1900 to 1904. He retired in 1926 and spent his time preparing his book A Review of Economic Theory (1929) which embodied the substance of his 60 lecture course on the principles of economics. Cannan was also interested in the practicality of economics. For many years he reviewed current government publications for the Economic Review and he served a term of office on the Oxford City Council. His large knowledge of local government history is shown in his publication History of Local Rates in England. He was also president of Section F of the British Association in 1902 and 1931 and president of the Royal Economic Society 1932 - 1934. The publications for which he is best known are his definitive version of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1904) and his edition of Smith's Glasgow lectures in jurisprudence (1896).

Papers associated with Carlton's work for the Labour Party. Carlton undertook various roles including Labour Party Local Government Officer.

Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders, 1886-1966, was born in Reigate and educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a first in zoology in 1908. He was awarded the Naples Table, a scholarship in Biology, and returned to Oxford for a year as a demonstrator. He left Oxford for London in 1910 and, after studying biometrics under Karl Pearson, decided that he did not want a career as a natural scientist and therefore read for the Bar. He became the secretary of the Eugenics Education Society and lived at Toynbee Hall, in the East End of London, where he was a sub-warden from 1910 to 1914. He also took an interest in local politics, becoming a member of Stepney Borough Council. When war broke out in 1914, he attempted to join the London-Scottish Regiment, but the standard of his spoken French was such that he got a commission in the Royal Army Service Corps and was posted to a ration depot at Suez, where he stayed for the duration of the war. After World War One, he returned to Oxford to work in the Zoology department, taking a particular interest in the issue of population. He served on the Royal Commission on Population, 1944-1949. The success of his publication The Population Problem led to his appointment to the Charles Booth Chair of Social Science at the University of Liverpool in 1923. Here he established a reputation for the teaching of social sciences, and furthered the role of social science as a University discipline. In 1937, he was invited to succeed Sir William Beveridge as Director of the London School of Economics, a post that he held until his retirement in 1955. Carr-Saunders was also involved in the Colonial Office's plans to found universities in British colonial territories and the Sudan, chairing a number of committees and commissions between 1947 and 1962. He was knighted in 1946, and created FBA in 1946 and KBE in 1957. He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Glasgow, Columbia, Natal, Dublin, Liverpool, Cambridge, Malaya, Grenoble and London, and was made honorary fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, the University College of East Africa, and LSE.

No information available at present.

The Centre for Policy Studies was established by Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph in 1974 as an independent centre-right think tank with a remit to develop and publish public policy proposals and arrange seminars and lectures on topical policy issues, with a view to influencing policy world-wide. It became a limited company on 20 June 1974 with Sir Keith Joseph, Margaret Thatcher and Nigel Vinson as directors, employing paid staff and advisors and based at 8 Wilfred Street, London. According to its mission statement, the core principles upon which the Centre bases its policy proposals include the value of free markets, the importance of individual choice and responsibility, and the concepts of duty, family, respect for the law, national independence, individualism, and liberty. The Centre has concerned itself particularly with such issues as the National Health Service, the privatisation of industry, the economy, and defence. Amongst the policies it claims to have helped to initiate are privatisation, trade union reform, council house sales, pensions deregulation, education reform, free trade, health service reform, and the restructuring of the tax system in favour of 'traditional' families. CPS advisors also produce speeches and articles for politicians and maintain close, though informal, links with the government, politicians, policy makers, civil servants and the press, in Britain and abroad.

The Centre for Reform is a public policy think tank concerned with the values of the Liberal Democrats, also accessible to any person interested in debating social, economic and political reform.

The Centre serves two primary functions: one, to provide an arena for Liberal Democrats to participate in discussion outside the constraints of the formal policy - making structures; two, to introduce ideas from outside the party into Liberal Democrat debates and discussions. The Centre for Reform was created at the Southport Federal Conference in March 1998 and announced its first programme of activities in June 1998. Its structure consists of a full-time Directer, supported by part-time administrative and research support.

The Commission on the Future of the Voluntary Sector was initiated [in 1994] by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations with the objective of identifying the distinctive nature of voluntary organisations and determining the range of work which they might be expected to achieve, and thus allowing the Commission to influence public policy. A Commission of 12 individuals with experience in the voluntary sector was appointed, with Jane Kershaw as the secretary. It collected written and oral evidence and also arranged local meetings and visits. Meeting the challenge of change: voluntary action into the 21st century was published in Jul 1996.

Hugh Chevins, 1898-1975, grew up in Retford, Nottinghamshire. He worked on a number of papers before joining the Daily Telegraph in 1934, where he remained until his retirement in 1960, working as news editor for a short time, and later as industrial and labour correspondent. He was one of a group of industrial and labour correspondents who raised the profile of industrial journalism during the 1930s, and a founder member of the Labour and Industrial Correspondents' Group.

At a conference in Zurich in 1912, the International Association of Labour Legislation requested that the national sections of the organisation should draw up reports on the subject of child labour in their respective countries, for presentation to an international Commission specially appointed to discuss the problem. The British section of the IALL appointed a sub-committee to draw up a report on child labour in the United Kingdom, consisting of Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Constance Smith, Mary Phillips, Sophy Sanger, and Frederick Keeling, who acted as Chairman of the sub-committee and drafted the report.
This collection contains the material from which the report was drafted. It was gathered by the committee members specially for the report, and consists of correspondence, memoranda, transcriptions of personal interviews, newspaper cuttings, and questionnaires circulated by the committee to local authorities responsible for the administration of the Employment of Children Act (1903). It also contains various official documents, including a collection of all bye-laws regarding street trading and/or child labour made by UK local authorities. The scope of the Report was limited to the examination of the regulation of child labour in relation to the Employment of Children Act (1903), in occupations which were not covered by the Factory and Mines Acts, and its aim was to suggest practical ways of dealing with the problem, rather than studying its effects. Consideration was also given to the definition of 'juvenile' labour, and to the administration of the law as it stood at the time, with particular reference to the inadequacies of the Education Act as a means of restricting the employment of children.
In the years immediately preceding the drafting of the Report, there had been several unsuccessful attempts by campaigners to amend the Employment of Children Act (1903), along the lines recommended by a Departmental Committee on street trading set up by the Government in 1909. Organised opposition from the Press helped to block the first private member's Bill to amend the Act, introduced into the House of Lords in 1911 by Lord Shaftesbury, and the following year, another Bill proposed by Beck and Denman was similarly unsuccessful. In 1913, the Government itself introduced a watered-down version of Beck and Denman's Bill, but again, the difficulty of securing its passage led to its abandonment. The report of the IALL's sub-committee on child labour was one of many investigations into the subject by local authorities, private societies and individuals, but it is distinguished by the amount of fresh information gathered by committee members, particularly the statistics on the condition of wage-earning children in occupations which had been hitherto ignored by other studies. The report was published in 1914, with the hope that it would be 'a means of bringing to the notice both of Parliament and of local authorities the urgent necessity of raising the standard of protection' of working children.

Born 1914; educated Benenden School, Cranbrook, and Somerville College, Oxford University; Journalist, 1937-39; temporary Civil Servant, 1939-45; Journalist, Daily News, 1945-47; temporary Principal and Secretary, Colonial Social Science Research Council and Colonial Economic Research Committee, Colonial Office, 1948-57; Director, University of Oxford Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1957-61; Senior Research Fellow, University of London Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1961-64; Principal, Bedford College, University of London, 1964-71, and Fellow, 1974; Member, Royal Commission on Medical Education, 1965-68; Trustee, British Museum, 1970-75; Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, 1971-79, and Honorary Fellow, 1979; Member of the Governing Body, School of Oriental and Asian Studies, University of London, 1975-80; retired 1979.
Publications: editor of volume 2 of History of East Africa (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963-76).

Robert Samuel Theodore Chorley, 1895 - 1978, was born in Kendal and educated at Kendal School and Queens College, Oxford. During World War I, he served in the Foreign Office and Ministry of Labour. Although he was called to the Bar in 1920 he spent most of his early life teaching law. He was a tutor at the Law Society's School of Law 1920 - 1924 and Lecturer in Commercial Law 1924 - 1930, the Sir Ernest Cassel Professor of Commercial and Industrial Law at the London School of Economics 1930 - 1946, Dean of the Faculty of Laws at the University of London 1939 - 1942, and was made an honorary fellow of the London School of Economics in 1970. He was involved with the Association of University Teachers from 1938 to 1965. After the war he contested Northwich Division for Labour in the 1945 General Election. He became interested in penal reform and was a vice president of the Howard League for Penal Reform in 1948, president of the National Council for the Abolition of the Death Penalty 1945 - 1948, chairman of the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, 1950 - 1956 and president 1956 - 1976. His other main interest was the countryside, serving as vice-chairman of the National Trust, honorary secretary of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England 1935 - 1967, vice-president and president of the Fell Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District, and a member of the Friends of the Lake District.

Born 1860; educated at the Stationers' School, London; entered the civil service, 1878, in the legal department of the Local Government Board; established a correspondence society for manuscript exchange called the MS Club, [1881]; member of the Progressive Association, 1882; founder member of the Fabian Society, 1884; joined the London branch of the Fellowship of the New Life, an intellectual discussion and study group dedicated to developing models of alternative societies, 1884-1889; member of the Ethical Society, 1886; emigrated to the USA, 1889; Lecturer at Thomas Davidson's School of the Cultural Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut; Lecturer, Brooklyn Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1890-1892; Head of English, Brooklyn Manual Training High School, 1893-1897; Principal of the Second Grade, New York Society's Ethical Culture School, 1897; Lecturer at the Pratt Institute and New York University, New York; Associate Leader, Society for Ethical Culture of New York, [1897-1910]; married his second wife, Anna Sheldon, the widow of Walter Sheldon, the founder of the St Louis Ethical Society; Leader of the St Louis Ethical Society, 1911-1932; President, Drama League of America, 1915-1920; retired 1932; President of the American Ethical Union, 1934-1939; died 1960. Publications: editor of Dryden's Palamon and Arcite; or the Knight's Tale from Chaucer (New York, 1908); On the religious frontier: from an outpost of ethical religion (Macmillan Co, New York, 1931); The teaching of English in the elementary and secondary school (Macmillan Co, new York, 1902); introduction to Select writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1888); editor of Essays of Montaigne (1893).

The Commission on Citizenship was set up in 1988 by the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Rt Hon Bernard Weatherill, in order to consider how to 'encourage, develop and recognise Active Citizenship within a wide range of groups in the community, both local and national, including school students, adults, those in full employment, as well as volunteers'. The Chair was Maurice Stonefrost, and the Secretary Frances Morell. The Commission's report was published as Encouraging citizenship (HMSO, 1990).

Walter McLennan Citrine, 1887-1983, left school at 12 to work in a flour mill. He soon became an electrician holding a variety of jobs. He joined the Electrical Trades Union in 1911, becoming Mersey District Secretary, 1914-1920, and General Secretary of the Electrical Trades Union, 1920-1923. He was Assistant Secretary of the TUC, 1924-1925, and General Secretary, 1926-1946. From 1928 to 1945 he was President of the International Federation of Trade Unions. He was also a Director of the Daily Herald Ltd, 1929-1946. During World War Two, Citrine was a member of the National Production Advisory Council, 1942-1946 and 1949-1957, and a trustee of the Imperial Relations Trust, 1937-1949,and the Nuffield Trust for the Forces, 1939-1946. He was also a member of the Cinematograph Films Council, 1938-1948, and served on the Executive Committee of the Red Cross and St John War Organisation, 1939-1946. He was chairman of the Production Committee on Regional Boards (Munitions)in 1942. After the war, he returned to the electrical industry, becoming President of the British Electrical Development Association, 1948-1952, Chairman of the Central Electricity Authority, 1947-1957, and President of the Electrical Research Association, 1950-1952 and 1956-1957. He was also a member (and President in 1955) of the Directing Committee, Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d'Energie Electrique. He was a part time member of the Electricity Council, 1958-1962, and a part time member of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, 1958-1962.

Born 1896 in Savanna-la-Mar, Westmoreland, Jamaica, the daughter of Hugh Clarke, Custos of the parish; educated at Abbey School, Malvern, UK, and University College, London (1921-1923); obtained a Diploma of Anthropology at the London School of Economics, 1926-1931, studying under Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski; undertook anthropological work and studies in Africa, 1932-1933; returned to Jamaica, where she joined the local civil service in 1936; appointed Secretary of the Board of Supervision, 1936-1948; prepared information on social conditions in Jamaica for the West India Royal Commission of Enquiry, 1938; Assistant Secretary, Secretariat, 1948-1951; Director, Jamaica Welfare Ltd; retired from the civil service, 1951; appointed first female member of the Jamaican Legislative Council, 1958; put forward a motion in the Legislative Council to amend the Law for the Registration of Births to make the registration of the father's name compulsory, 1958; participated in a United States Information Service (USIS) sponsored tour of the USA, 1962; Fellow of the Royal African Institute; Member, and Chairman, Child Welfare Association; Vice-Chairman, Central Managing Committee, 4-H Clubs (for the prevention of tuberculosis); Member, Anti-Tuberculosis League; Honorary Secretary, King George V Tuberculosis Hospital; Member, Committee on Illegitimacy and Concubinage; Member, Central Council of Voluntary Services; Member, Jamaica Youth Organisation Committee; Member, Jamaica Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; died 1979.
Publications: My mother who fathered me: a study of the family in three selected communities in Jamaica (Allen and Unwin, London, 1957).

Clayton, Morris & Co., law scriveners, merchant bankers and estate agents, of the City of London was originally established in 1636 by Robert Abbot, and was taken over on his death in 1658 by his nephew and apprentice, Robert Clayton, and another of his apprentices, John Morris. From its foundation in 1638 until the premises were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, the firm was based at the sign of the Flying Horse in the parish of St Michael's, Cornhill. It then moved to premises in Austin Friars, whilst purpose built premises were constructed in Old Jewry, to which the bank relocated in 1672. At this point, the name and symbol of the Flying Horse ceased to be used. No contract was ever registered for the Clayton - Morris corporation, and the company was known variously as Robert Clayton and Partner, John Morris and Partner, and Morris and Clayton and Company.

Robert Abbott, c 1610 - 1653, was born in Gretton, Northamptonshire, but went to London during the 1620s, becoming apprenticed to Francis Webb, scrivener. He completed his apprenticeship and became a member of the Scriveners Company in 1635, establishing his own shop, the Flying Horse, in the parish of St Michael, Cornhill. As a result of his Royalist sympathies, he was forced to move to Bow in 1646, but his business flourished nonetheless. Despite a codicil to Abbott's will specifying that his banking operations should be dissolved after his death, his apprentices, Robert Clayton and John Morris, continued to run the business.

Sir Robert Clayton (alias Cleton), 1629 - 1707, was born in Northamptonshire and moved to London, where he was apprenticed to his uncle. It was in London that he made the acquaintance of a fellow apprentice, John Morris, with whom he went on to establish the company Clayton and Morris Co. Clayton went on to become a member of the Scriveners and Drapers Co, an alderman of Cheap Ward in the City of London, 1670 - 1683, a sheriff in 1671, Lord Mayor of London, 1679 - 1680, an MP for the City of London, 1678 - 1681, colonel of the Orange Regiment of militia at various times between 1680 and 1702, President of the Honourable Artillery Company, 1690 - 1703, Commissioner of the Customs, 1689 - 1697, an Assistant to the Royal African Company, 1672 - 1681, and governor of the Bank of England 1702 - 1707. He was knighted in 1671. He was also a supporter of the Whigs and the Exclusionists, and a benefactor of St Thomas' Hospital and Christ's Hospital. Sir Robert outlived his children and his heir was his nephew, Sir William Clayton. Sir William's son, Sir Kenrick Clayton, was also involved in the company.

John Morris (alias Hall or Hales) was born in Abingdon. His father died in 1633, leaving three sons as paupers, of which John was the eldest. He was elected to a Bennett's scholarship at Abingdon School in 1941, but was apprenticed in London in 1642, having been driven out of Abingdon by the Civil War. On John Morris' death in 1682, Robert Clayton inherited considerable wealth from him.

For further information see Sir Robert Clayton and the Origins of English Deposit Banking, 1658 - 1685 by F T Melton (Cambridge, 1986).

No information available at present.
Publications: editor of Anatomy of decline: the political journalism of Peter Jenkins (Cassell, London, 1995); David Astor and the Observer (Deutsch, London, 1991); editor of My dear Max: the letters of Brendan Bracken to Lord Beaverbrook, 1925-1958 (Historians' Press, London, 1990); Twilight of truth: Chamberlain, appeasement, and the manipulation of the press (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1989).

No information available at present.

Bell Brothers, South Brancepeth Colliery and Clarence Iron Works: Bell Brothers was formed in 1884 by Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell to operate an iron works. Clarence Works was added in 1854. Later the company gained control of ironstone and coal mines. In 1899 Bell Brothers became a public company and Droman Long a steel company took a 50% interest. In 1902 the two companies merged although a complete amalgamation did not take place until 1923.

Jones Lloyd and Company was a banking firm based in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear.

No further information available.

William Beveridge, 1879-1963: William Beveridge was educated at Charterhouse and Balliol College, Oxford. He was sub-warden of Toynbee Hall 1903-1905, and leader-writer on "social problems" for the "Morning Post" 1906-1908. From 1905 to 1908 Beveridge was a member of the Central (Unemployed) Body for London, and was also the first Chairman of the Employment Exchanges Committee. He was a member of the Board of Trade 1908-1916 and Director of Labour Exchanges 1909-1916. During World War I he was Assistant General Secretary of the Ministry of Munitions (1915 - 1916) and Second Secretary in the Ministry of Food (1916-1918). In 1919 Beveridge became Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Food. In the same year he was knighted. He then retired from the civil service and was appointed director of the London School of Economics (1919-1937). He then moved on to be Master of University College, Oxford (1937-1944). During World War II he was Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Labour (1940) and was Chairman of the Social Service Inquiry (1941-1942) he produced "Social Insurance and Allied Services", a report prepared for government which proposed a social system "from the cradle to the grave" for British citizens. This report became known as the "Beveridge Report" and became the blueprint for the welfare-state legislation of 1944-1948. Beveridge was Liberal MP for Berwick on Tweed 1944-1945, and was made 1st Baron Beveridge of Tuggal in 1946.
His publications include: Unemployment: A problem of industry (1909); Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century (1939); Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942) (Beveridge Report); Full Employment in a Free Society (1944); The Economics of Full Employment (1944); Report on the Methods of Social Advance (1948); Voluntary Action (1948); A Defence of Free Learning (1959).

Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, built the first steam locomotive for a railway, in 1804. The Manchester to Liverpool railway of 1830 was the first to convey passengers and goods entirely by mechanical traction. By 1852 nearly all the main lines of the modern railway system in England were authorised or completed.

When Parliament gave permission for the Great Western Railway in 1835, Bristol merchants began to argue for an extension of the proposed line to Exeter. Permission was granted in 1836 and Isambard Brunel (1806-1859) was appointed engineer. The line was completed in 1844. Over the next nine years branches were opened to Clevedon, Tiverton and Yeovil. Other branches followed in the 1860s (Chard, Portishead, Wells, Barnstaple and Minehead). The Bristol & Exeter Railway was considered to be a reasonable financial success and between 1844 and 1874 the annual dividend was 4.5 per cent.

Sir John Parnell (1744-1801), Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer, was a student of Lincoln's Inn 1766, and a bencher at King's Inns, Dublin, 1786. From 1761 to 1768 he was MP for Bangor in the Irish Parliament, and for Inistioge 1776-1783. He became Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer in 1785. He opposed the liberal policy of the English government, and in consequence of his opposition to the Union was removed from his post in 1799. In 1801 he entered the first parliament of the United Kingdom as MP for Queen's County.

Beatrice Webb, 1858-1943, was born Martha Beatrice Potter at Standish House near Gloucester, she was the eighth daughter of the railway and industrial magnate Richard Potter (1817-1892). Beatrice was educated privately and became a business associate of her father after her mother's death in 1882. She became interested in reform and began to do social work in London. In January 1885 Beatrice became a rent collector and manager for Katharine Buildings in the East End of London. She worked alongside Ella Pycroft, a physician's daughter from Devon. Pycroft had arrived in London in 1883 and spent 5 years working at Katharine Buildings. The property was owned by the East End Dwelling Company and situated in Aldgate. The tenants were casual labourers, dock-workers, porters, hawkers and coster-mongers. Beatrice's task was to collect rents and choose the tenants, replacing them if she felt it to be necessary.

Beatrice investigated working-class conditions as part of the survey 'Life and Labour of the People in London' (1891-1903), directed by her cousin Charles Booth (1840-1916). In 1892 she married Sidney Webb (1859-1947), later Baron Passfield, a member of the socialist Fabian Society. Sidney and Beatrice Webb served on many royal commissions and wrote widely on economic problems. In 1895 they founded the London School of Economics and Political Science. After a tour of the United States and the Dominions in 1898, they embarked on their massive ten-volume work, 'English Local Government' (1906-1929). Beatrice Webb also served on the Poor Law Commission (1906-1909) and was joint author of its minority report. During World War I Beatrice Webb was a member of the War Cabinet committee on women in industry (1918-1919) and served on the Lord Chancellor's advisory committee for women justices (1919-1920), being a justice of the peace herself from 1919 to 1927.

Sidney Webb became an MP in 1922 and held ministerial office in both the early Labour governments. In 1932, after he had left office, the Webbs visited the Soviet Union. They recorded their views in 'Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation' (1935). The Webbs retired to their home in Hampshire in 1928. Beatrice Webb produced two volumes of autobiography: 'My Apprenticeship' (1926) and 'Our Partnership' (1948), which was published after her death. Her publications include: 'The co-operative movement in Great Britain' (1891); 'The history of trade unionism' (1894) (co-author with Sidney Webb); 'The case for the Factory Acts' (1901); 'English Local Government' (1906) (co-author with Sidney Webb); 'The charter of the poor' (1909); 'The break-up of the Poor Law: being part one of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission' (1909); 'The coming of a unified county medical service and how it will affect the voluntary hospital' (1910); 'Complete national provision for sickness: how to amend the insurance acts' (1912); 'The abolition of the Poor Law' (1918); 'Wages of men and women-should they be equal?' (1919); 'A constitution for the socialist commonwealth of Great Britain' (1920); 'Decay of capitalist civilisation' (1923) Co-author with Sidney Webb; 'My apprenticeship' (1926); 'Soviet Communism: a new civilisation' (1935); 'Our partnership' (1948).

In October 1883 Edith Nesbit (1858-1924) and Hubert Bland (1855-1914) decided to form a socialist debating group with their Quaker friend Edward Pease (1857-1955). They were also joined by Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) and Frank Podmore (1856-1910). In January 1884 they decided to call themselves the Fabian Society. Hubert Bland chaired the first meeting and was elected treasurer. By March 1884 the group had twenty members. However, over the next couple of years the group increased in size and included socialists such as Annie Besant (1847-1933), Sidney Webb (1859-1947), Beatrice Webb (1858-1943), George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Clement Attlee (1883-1967), Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937), Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), H G Wells (1866-1946) and Rupert Brooke (1887-1915). By 1886 the Fabians had sixty-seven members and an income of £35 19s. The official headquarters of the organisation was 14 Dean's Yard, Westminster. The Fabian Society journal, "Today", was edited by Edith Nesbit and Hubert Bland. The Fabians believed that capitalism had created an unjust and inefficient society. They agreed that the ultimate aim of the group should be to reconstruct "society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities". The Fabians adopted the tactic of trying to convince people by "rational factual socialist argument", rather than the "emotional rhetoric and street brawls" of the Social Democratic Federation, Britain's first socialist political party. On 27th Febuary 1900, representatives from the Fabian Society and all the other socialist groups in Britain met at the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London. This conference established the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), which in 1906 changed its name to the Labour Party. At its outset the LRC had one member of the Fabian Society among its members.