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Eliza Butler, or Elsie as she was more generally known, was born in Bardsea, Lancashire, into an old Irish family. She learnt German initially from her Norwegian governess and was then sent at the age of 11 to a private school in Hannover. From there at the age of 15 she went on to a college in Paris for British, American and French girls. At 18 she moved on to a reform college in household management in the Harz region of Germany at Reifenstein. At the age of 21 she entered Newnham College, Cambridge.

Having decided to concentrate her studies on German, she travelled to Bonn in 1913 but her adverse impressions and experiences there almost quenched her resolve. During her brief stay she became deeply interested in Hebbel and his works. On the outbreak of war the following year she returned to England. She devoted herself to various tasks including teaching in girls' schools.

Already bilingual in German/English, she began to learn Russian and was put in charge of a party of four nurses bound for the Russian front. Travelling through Norway, Sweden, Finland and Bessarabia she reached Odessa and Reni. She worked in a field hospital which followed the Russian advance until they were a few miles from the Serbian frontline in Macedonia. Her experiences during this time left deep and lasting impressions on her and her attitude to Germany and its people.

She caught malaria and was invalided back to England in 1918. Here she faced a dilemma, to abandon or to continue her German studies in the light of her feelings for Germany. She received sound guidance from Professor J.G. Robertson, who recommended that she study Heine, whose feelings for Germany mirrored her own to a considerable extent. Her nomination for the Newnham College Jubilee Fellowship gave her the opportunity to travel and study without financial worries for the next three years. She returned to Germany to visit Leipzig (1923) and Berlin (1924). Her doctoral thesis on the Saint-Simonians in Germany was published in 1926.

She returned to Germany yet again in 1927 (Berlin) to pursue a deepening interest in Prince Pückler-Muskau. Her studies and findings confirmed one of the abiding themes of her subsequent research - the occult. Her first publication after this visit, The Tempestuous Prince earned her enemies and harsh criticism. This reaction caused her a crisis of confidence in her way forward.

In response she created the 'Sherry Club' which was composed of a handful of kindred spirits. From this stemmed another book, on Sheridan (1931). Again the critics were hostile, and again their reaction caused her to doubt her ability. She escaped to India in the company of a friend and her experiences of Hindu society at this time were as beneficial as they were profound. They culminated eventually in her book on The Tyranny of Greece over Germany (1935), which again provoked an outraged response particularly in Germany where translation was banned.

In spite of all this she was invited to take the Henry Simon Chair of German Language and Literature in the University of Manchester in 1936. By way of some kind of preparation for this she returned to Germany but was utterly appalled by what she saw of the excesses of the National Socialist regime. A few years later she wrote her book on Rilke (1941) with these feelings still running strongly.

In 1945 she became the Schröder Professor of German at Cambridge and the following year gave her inaugural lecture on 'The Direct Method in German Poetry'. Her research was still concerned with magic and the occult, particularly the figure of Faust in folklore and literature. Between 1948 and 1952 she published three volumes on this theme in connection with her studies of Goethe. Her scholarship was impeccable although her stance was against 'received wisdom' and out of kilter yet again with prevailing thought. Her work was not even mentioned at the Goethe celebrations of 1949.

She gave vent to her feelings in an unpublished sketch which has since been lost, 'The Goethe Bicentenary or Chaos is come again'. If her unconventional views made her unpopular with her peers, her students loved and respected her.

She returned to Germany three times after the World War Two, at the instigation of the British Foreign Office, to give a series of lectures. In 1951 she retired but remained research-active until her death. Her last major undertaking was a book on Napoleon and the poets for which she translated many examples of European poetry into English. She was awarded honorary degrees by London and Oxford Universities. Apart from her scholarly works, Elsie Butler wrote several novels and an autobiography, Paper Boats (1959).

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) married Louisa Jane Butler (d.1897) in 1853. Louisa's father was George Butler (1774-1853), dean of Peterborough and previously headmaster of Harrow School. Her mother was Sarah Maria Gray from Wembley Park, Middlesex. Louisa had many brothers and sisters, one of whom was Arthur Butler. She and Galton had no children.

Born in Winchester in 1815; when Butler was four years old, the family moved to London in search of employment and in later years, he learned the family trade of boot and shoemaking; ran a shop in Ben Jonson Road, Stepney (formerly Rhodeswell Road); married, lived in Baker Street, Stepney, and had nine children, of which two boys and three girls reached adulthood; around 1850, Butler found religion and became an active member of the Open Air Mission, working together with City missionaries to offer material and spiritual support to the disadvantaged in the East End; died in March 1884 while living in Stepney Green and was buried in Tower Hamlets Cemetery as a non conformist in unconsecrated ground and in a public, unmarked grave.

No information available at present.

Publications: As Jennie Melville - A different kind of summer (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1967); A new kind of killer, an old kind of death (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1970); Burning is a substitute for loving (Michael Joseph, London, 1963); Come home and be killed (Michael Joseph, London, 1962); Ironwood (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1972); Murderers' houses (Michael Joseph, London, 1964); Nell alone (Michael Joseph, London, 1966); Nun's Castle (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1974); Raven's Forge (Macmillan, London, 1975); The summer assassin (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1971); There lies your love (Michael Joseph, London, 1965); The hunter in the shadows (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1969); Dragon's eye (Macmillan, London, 1977); Axwater (Macmillian, London, 1978); Murder has a pretty face (Macmillan, London, 1981); The painted castle (Macmillan, London, 1982); The hand of glass (Macmillan, London, 1983); Listen to the children (Macmillan, London, 1986); Death in the garden (Macmillan, London, 1987); Windsor red (Macmillan, London, 1988); A cure for dying (Macmillan, London, 1989); Witching murder (Macmillan, London, 1990); Footsteps in the blood (Macmillan, London, 1990); Dead set (Macmillan, London, 1992); Whoever has the heart (Macmillan, London, 1993); Baby drop (Macmillan, London, 1994); The morbid kitchen (Macmillan, London, 1995); The woman who was not there (Macmillan, London, 1996); Revengeful death (Macmillan, London, 1997).

Josephine Elizabeth Butler [née Grey] (1828-1906) was born on 13 Apr 1828 (7th of 10 children of John Grey and Hannah née Annett). In 1835 the Grey family moved to Dilston near Corbridge, Northumberland after her father's appointment in 1833 as agent for the Greenwich Estates in the north. On 8 Jan 1852 Josephine married George Butler at Corbridge, Northumberland. He had been a tutor at Durham University, and then a Public Examiner at Oxford University. In 1857 they moved to Cheltenham following husband's appointment as Vice-Principal of Cheltenham College. In 1866 they moved to Liverpool following husband's appointment as Head of Liverpool College. Josephine took up plight of girls in the Brownlow Hill workhouse and established a Home of Rest for girls in need. In 1868 Josephine became President of North England Council for Promoting Higher Education of Women, and in the following year she was Secretary of Ladies' National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts (extended by legislation in 1866 and 1869). In 1875 she established the International Abolitionist Federation in Liverpool. In 1883 the Contagious Diseases Acts were suspended. In 1885 the age of consent was raised to 16 which Josephine fought for. The Contagious Diseases Acts were repealed in 1886. From 1888 until Oct 1896, Josephine edited 'Dawn' a quarterly journal. From 1882-1890 Josephine lived in Winchester where Rev George Butler was appointed canon. In 1890 George Butler died. Josephine moved to London and continued campaigning against state regulation abroad. In 1894 she moved to her son's home in Galewood within Ewart Park near Milfield. In 1898-1900 Josephine edited and wrote 'Storm Bell'. In 1906 Josephine moved to Wooler where she died on 30 Dec and was buried at Kirknewton.

William Butler was a member of the Workers' Education Association (WEA) from 1916 and an associate member of the Ethical Movement, London branch. He collected the material in this collection between 1915 and 1920.

Samuel Butler made his will in 1821 (he died in 1837) leaving money to be divided between 12 City of London and East End parishes, including St Botolph Aldgate, to pay for apprenticeships for boys and girls. The endowment (consisting of 3 Cannon Street and sums in consols) was later altered to pay for scholarships as well.

Henry Butterworth senior was a timber merchant in Coventry. Henry Butterworth junior is well known as the founder of a publishing firm at 7 Fleet Street in 1818, later known as Butterworth and Company (Publishers). Shortly after 1836 he moved to Upper Tooting in Surrey. The business was taken over on his death by his second son, Joshua Whitehead Butterworth. In 1895 the firm was sold to Shaw and Sons.

A publishing company was set up in 1960 called Butterworth and Company (Australia). Earlier records of Butterworths operations in Australia can be found under Butterworth and Company (Overseas).

The company was set up to trade in Canada as a limited liability company in 1912. Until the 1950s it concentrated on selling English legal textbooks rather than publishing Canadian law books. In 1927 Stanley Shaw Bond changed the name of Butterworth and Company (Canada) to Butterworth and Company (Publishers) and therefore the Canadian company took over Bond's personal business.

For some years Butterworth and Company (Publishers) continued to operate in Canada and kept separate accounts relating to the Canadian business. In 1931 a company was incorporated in Ontario to take over the Canadian operation.

Butterworth and Company (India) Limited was set up in 1910 and traded until 1946. As well as publishing many textbooks dealing specifically with Indian law, the firm also published some medical textbooks.

Publisher Butterworth and Company (New Zealand) was established in 1960. For earlier records of Butterworths' activities in New Zealand, see under Butterworth and Company (Overseas).

Butterworth and Company (Publishers) of 7 Fleet street 1818-99, 12 Bell Yard 1899-1912, 4-6 Bell Yard 1912-53, 88 Kingsway 1955-94, Borough Green, Kent 1973-95, and Halbury House, 35 Chancery Lane 1994-.

The business was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth who sold both his own publications and many other law books. On the death of Joshua Whitehead Butterworth (Henry's son) in 1895, the firm was bought by Shaw and Sons, law printers and publishers. The new business was known as Butterworth and Co and owned by Charles Bond, soon succeeded by his son Stanley Shaw Bond. The company has been known colloquially (in the twentieth century at least) as Butterworths.

Limited companies were set up from 1910 onwards to trade in the empire and dominions but the principal UK firm was not set up as a limited company until 1927 when Stanley Shaw Bond changed the name of Butterworth and Co. (Canada) to Butterworth & Company (Publishers) and increased the authorised capital to +250,000. Butterworths remained a group of separate companies with Bond as the sole shareholder of each company until his death in 1943. The company structure was then rationalised with the smaller companies becoming subsidiaries of Butterworth and Company (Publishers). In 1947 Butterworths became a public company and in 1967 it was bought by IPC.

Butterworth and Company (Publishers) of 7 Fleet street 1818-99, 12 Bell Yard 1899-1912, 4-6 Bell Yard 1912-53, 88 Kingsway 1955-94, Borough Green, Kent 1973-95, and Halbury House, 35 Chancery Lane 1994-.

The business was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth who sold both his own publications and many other law books. The firm was first known as Henry Butterworth, law bookseller and publisher; but from the 1850s was variously known as Messrs Butterworth, Messrs Butterworth and Co and Messrs Butterworth and Son though it appears in London directories from 1853 as Henry Butterworth and Co. On the death of Joshua Whitehead Butterworth (Henry's son) in 1895, the firm was bought by Shaw and Sons, law printers and publishers. The new business was known as Butterworth and Co and owned by Charles Bond, soon succeeded by his son Stanley Shaw Bond. The company has been known colloquially (in the twentieth century at least) as Butterworths.

Limited companies were set up from 1910 onwards to trade in the empire and dominions but the principal UK firm was not set up as a limited company until 1927 when Stanley Shaw Bond changed the name of Butterworth and Co. (Canada) to Butterworth and Company (Publishers) and increased the authorised capital to £250,000. Butterworths remained a group of separate companies with Bond as the sole shareholder of each company until his death in 1943. The company structure was then rationalised with the smaller companies becoming subsidiaries of Butterworth & Company (Publishers). In 1947 Butterworths became a public company and in 1967 it was bought by IPC.

Butterworth and Company (Publishers) of 7 Fleet street 1818-99, 12 Bell Yard 1899-1912, 4-6 Bell Yard 1912-53, 88 Kingsway 1955-94, Borough Green, Kent 1973-95, and Halbury House, 35 Chancery Lane 1994-.

The business was founded in 1818 by Henry Butterworth who sold both his own publications and many other law books. The firm was first known as Henry Butterworth, law bookseller and publisher; but from the 1850s was variously known as Messrs Butterworth, Messrs Butterworth and Co. and Messrs Butterworth and Son though it appears in London directories from 1853 as Henry Butterworth and Co. On the death of Joshua Whitehead Butterworth (Henry's son) in 1895, the firm was bought by Shaw and Sons, law printers and publishers. The new business was known as Butterworth and Co and owned by Charles Bond, soon succeeded by his son Stanley Shaw Bond. The company has been known colloquially (in the twentieth century at least) as Butterworths.

Limited companies were set up from 1910 onwards to trade in the empire and dominions but the principal UK firm was not set up as a limited company until 1927 when Stanley Shaw Bond changed the name of Butterworth and Company (Canada) to Butterworth and Company (Publishers) and increased the authorised capital to +250,000. Butterworths remained a group of separate companies with Bond as the sole shareholder of each company until his death in 1943. The company structure was then rationalised with the smaller companies becoming subsidiaries of Butterworth and Company (Publishers). In 1947 Butterworths became a public company and in 1967 it was bought by IPC.

Butterworth and Company (Africa) was formed in 1934 as a limited liability company to trade in Africa. The company published many books, both in English and Afrikaans which covered not only South African law but also subjects as diverse as biology and religion. In 1963 the company's East African business was transferred to London and the name changed to Butterworth and Company (South Africa). In 1970 the South African business was transferred to a company registered in South Africa, Butterworth and Company (South Africa) (Pty).

Between 1945 and 1975, Butterworths' books were sold in the United States by other publishers. In 1959, the Chairman and Joint Managing Directors submitted a memorandum to the Board of Butterworths recommending that they establish their own selling and publishing organisation in the US. The following year, Butterworth, Inc. was incorporated, with an office in Washington DC. By 1964, the company was experiencing substantial losses. In 1967 the office of Butterworth, Inc. was amalgamated with Butterworth's office in Toronto. Toronto took over the publishing activities of the former Washington office. The distribution of London books was handled by the Toronto office and by agents in the US.

In 1947 two companies were formed: Butterworths Scientific Publications and Research and Development Limited. The first was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Butterworth and Company (Publishers) and was to publish on commission for the second company, the shares in which were held equally by Butterworths and Hambros Bank. Research and Development would receive the profits, if any.

This company was first known as Fuel Publications and was presumably the vehicle for publishing the journal Fuel. The name was changed in 1950/1 to Butterworths Technical Books.

No historical information can be found for this document.

David Roden Buxton travelled to the Soviet Union as a student in 1928 to engage in a study of medieval architecture. He also made observations on the living conditions and way of life of the Soviet people. He visited Central and North West Russia, the Volga Region and parts of the Ukraine. He returned in 1932 for a similar visit to Northern Russia. He published accounts of both these journeys. In later life Buxton wrote a number of other works on architecture and on Ethiopia where he lived 1942-1949.

Dudley Wilmot Buxton, born in 1855, was educated at University College London and University College Hospital, qualifying MB and BS in 1882 and MD in 1883. He held residents posts at UCH, and worked with Sydney Ringer, Professor of Medicine at University College. At this time, their work concerned the action of certain drugs on the heart. However, from 1885 Buxton confined his work to anaesthetics. In 1901 the British Medical Association appointed him Honorary Secretary of the Special Chloroform Committee, which presented its final report in 1910. During his career he worked in anaesthetics at the National Hospital, Queen Square; the Hospital for Women, Soho Square; the King George V Hospital (during the First World War) and latterly at UCH and The Royal Dental Hospital. He retired in 1919.

Buxton's influence was considerable: he believed that every doctor entering practice should have a competent knowledge of anaesthetics, a subject that had not been taught until the end of the nineteeth century. He married Louisa Clarke in 1884 and they had three sons. Buxton died on 28 June 1931.

Patrick Alfred Buxton, born London, 1892, educated at home until the age of ten and was influenced by his father's family tradition (an old Quaker custom) of spare time nature study, less so by his mother's family's insistence on classical languages - she was a Jex-Blake, sister of the Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge, and of the Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.

At Trinity College, Cambridge, Walter Fletcher encouraged Buxton's studies in the Natural Sciences Tripos. During the Great War he qualified in medicine at St George's, and then spent his time in the Royal Army Medical Corps collecting insects in Mesopotamia and Persia. During the 1920s he gradually equipped himself for his future role as an eminent medical entomologist, working in Cambridge, London and abroad. From 1923-1925 he led an expedition to Samoa, New Hebrides and the Western Pacific Islands.

In 1925 Buxton succeeded Col A Alcock as Director of the Department of Entomology in the new London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and became the Professor of Entomology in London University in 1933. With V B Wigglesworth he built up the study and teaching of insect physiology and medical entomology in the School. His studies of lice (The louse, 1939,1947) involved students, friends and family members as incubators and have become legendary. According to Wigglesworth his crowning achievement was The natural history of tsetse-flies, 1954.

Buxton did invaluable work on insecticides leading to the control of typhus in the war in Italy and elsewhere. Buxton wrote papers on many other zoological subjects and has several species of birds to his credit. He was elected a member of the Medical Research Council, President of the Royal Entomological Society and of the Linnean Society. In addition, he was a member of many other learned bodies. At the time of his death in 1955, he had had the longest service of any member of the active staff of the School.

Born in 1891; educated at St Peter's College, Radley and University College Hospital; served with BEF in France, 1914-1915, and Salonika Expeditionary Force, 1915-1918; appointed to staff of King's College Hospital, 1922; served in BEF, 1940; Brig, 1941; Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Middle East Force, 1941-1942 and later Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon to the Army; retired, 1952; died in 1981.

Charles Roden Buxton 1875-1942: Roden Buxton was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was private secretary to his father Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton (1837-1915) when he was Governor of South Australia, 1897-1898. In 1902 he was called to the Bar, Inner Temple. From 1902 to 1919 Roden Buxton was Principal of Morley College (for working men and women). He was the first President of the South London Branch of the Workers' Educational Association. Roden Buxton was also the Editor of the Albany Review (formerly Independent Review) 1906-1908. He contested East Hertfordshire, 1906, Mid Devon, 1908 and December 1910, Accrington, 1918, 1923 and 1924. He was Liberal MP for Mid or Ashburton Division, Devon, January to December 1910, and Labour MP for Accrington, November 1922 to December 1923, and for Elland Division of West Riding, Yorkshire 1929 to 1931. Roden Buxton was Honourable Secretary to Land Enquiry Committee 1912 to 1914, Treasurer of the Independent Labour Party 1924 to 1927, and Parliamentary Adviser to the Labour Party, 1926. During World War One (1914-1915) he went on a political mission with his brother Lord Noel Buxton (1869-1948) in an attempt to secure the neutrality of Bulgaria. In the course of this a Turkish assassin made an attempt on their lives (October 1914), shooting Roden Buxton through the lung. His publications include:Towards a Lasting Settlement (1915) (joint author); Shouted Down (1916); Peace this Winter (1916); The Secret Agreements (1918); The World after the War (1920) (joint author); In a German Miner's Home (1920) (joint author); In a Russian Village (1922); Essays on English Literature (1929); The Race Problem in Africa (1931); The Alternative to War (1936).

Thomas Buzzard was educated at King's College Hospital and joined the British Army staff in the Crimea immediately after qualifying M.D. in 1855. On his return he made his career as a neurologist. In 1873 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; a brief biography, accordingly, is to be found in William Munk's The roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London ("Munk's Roll").

Margaret Elizabeth Byham (1865-c 1913) was born in Jul 1865, the daughter of George Byham (principal of the British War Office) and Mary Elizabeth Woods. She was a member of both the Women's Social and Political Union and the Church League for Women's Suffrage. Before leaving her hometown of Ealing in 1907, she was the Honorary Secretary of the local branch of the Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants. She was the Honorary Treasurer of the Women's March from Edinburgh to London in 1912, one of the six who completed the journey in its entirety and accompanied Florence de Fonblanque to the door of 10 Downing Street to present the petition for women's suffrage. She subsequently became the Honorary Treasurer of the 'Qui Vive' Corps that was founded after the march had been completed and which contained members of all suffrage societies.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Wrotham Park, Barnet, was constructed by Admiral John Byng in 1754. The Admiral was executed in 1757 for negligence after his failure to save Minorca from the French, and the house and estates were passed to his brother. The Byng family still own the house.

Served in various RAF fighter and bomber squadrons, 1930-1935; Ferry Pilot, RAF Stations Henlow and Cardington, 1935-1939.

William Henry Jones-Byrom, son of Captain Jenkin Jones, took the name of Byrom under terms of inheritance which stipulated that his wife's name should be added to his own. He entered the Navy in 1844 in the COLLINGWOOD, which was stationed at Portsmouth, became a lieutenant in 1850 and was in the Baltic and Black Sea during the Crimean War. In 1857 he sailed to China in a fleet of fifteen gunboats under Captain Sherard Osborn (1822-1875), sent to reinforce the China Squadron. The LEO, commanded by Jones, accompanied the FURIOUS in 1858, when Lord Elgin was escorted up the Yangtse river to Hankow. In 1859 Jones was promoted to commander. The LEO was lost in the attack on the Taku forts and the consequent courts martial ended in honourable acquittal for Jones. On his return home the early symptoms of tuberculosis were beginning to appear and he only served at sea again for one year, 1861 to 1862.

George Gordon Noel Byron was born in London on 22 January 1788. At the age of ten, he inherited his great uncle William's barony to become the 6th Baron of Rochdale. Byron was educated at Harrow School 1801-1805 and Trinity College Cambridge, 1805-1808; where he received a Master of Arts degree. Whilst at Cambridge, Byron had several poetry books and other works printed and published. On leaving Cambridge, he settled in Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, the ancestral home of the Byrons. He took his seat in the House of Lords on the 13 March 1809 and later that year he began a tour of the Mediterranean and the Near East (1809-1811).

In 1812 Byron published Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Canto I and II and made his maiden speech at the House of Lords. In April 1816 he left England for the continent and spent nearly seven years travelling and writing in Italy. While in Italy he wrote Don Juan, which was published in several parts between 1818-1822. Byron sailed for Greece in July 1823, to help that country in its war for independence. In April 1824 Byron fell ill and died in Missolonghi, Greece.

George Gordon Noel Byron was born in London on 22 January 1788. At the age of ten, he inherited his great uncle William's barony to become the 6th Baron of Rochdale. Byron was educated at Harrow School 1801-1805 and Trinity College Cambridge, 1805-1808; where he received a Master of Arts degree. Whilst at Cambridge, Byron had several poetry books and other works printed and published. On leaving Cambridge, he settled in Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, the ancestral home of the Byrons. He took his seat in the House of Lords on the 13 March 1809 and later that year he began a tour of the Mediterranean and the Near East (1809-1811). In 1812 Byron published Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Canto I and II and made his maiden speech at the House of Lords. In April 1816 he left England for the continent and spent nearly seven years travelling and writing in Italy. While in Italy he wrote Don Juan, which was published in several parts between 1818-1822. Byron sailed for Greece in July 1823, to help that country in its war for independence. In April 1824 Byron fell ill and died in Missolonghi, Greece.

Bryon Gulliver and Sons Limited were an off-licence and wine merchants. They were a subsidiary of William Perry Wine Merchants Limited which was purchased by the Victoria Wine Company Limited (see LMA/4434/P).

C & A Ltd, clothing retailers and manufacturers, was founded by Clemens and August Brenninkmeyer in Sneek, Holland, in 1841. Their descendants continued to serve with the firm in Great Britain. The first British store opened on 376/384 Oxford Street and Bird Street in 1922 (this store was completely destroyed by a German bomb in November 1940). The company aimed to produce a wide range of quality, affordable clothing, backed by large scale newspaper and magazine advertising and attractive window and in-store displays. The firm rapidly expanded during the 1920s and 1930s; stores opened in Liverpool in 1924, Birmingham in 1926, Manchester in 1928, and Leeds and Glasgow in 1929. The first C & A factory commenced production at Wilson Street, London, in 1928, but demand quickly outstripped production, and a larger factory was opened at Goswell Road in 1930. The first suburban store was opened in Peckham, South London, in 1930; new stores in Kensington, Sheffield and Newcastle opened in 1932, and in Edinburgh and Southampton in 1936. In March 1939, a third C & A store opened on Oxford Street; this was a huge flagship store named 'Hereford House', located near Marble Arch. Following World War Two, new designs in women's fashion combined with increasing consumer spending power allowed further expansion of the company in the British market. Three new shops opened during 1946-1947, seven between 1952-1959, rising to twenty between 1960-1969, and twelve in the period 1970-1972.

During the 1990s trading difficulties grew, as competition from other clothing retailers intensified on the high street, with the company attempting to attract consumers who were disinclined to spend as freely as in the 1980s. In June 2000, the company announced that it would cease trading in the UK. Most of the 109 British stores closed in January 2001, with the last British stores at Bradford and Hounslow closing in May 2001. The C & A group, based in Brussells, continues to operate some 500 stores in eleven other European countries.

In 1086 South Mimms was held by Geoffrey de Mandeville as a berewick of the manor of Edmonton, and in the time of King Edward it had belonged to Ansgar the staller. The overlordship of South Mimms manor followed the descent of Enfield. The manor seems to have been subinfeudated in 1140-4, when Geoffrey de Mandeville, earl of Essex (d. 1144), granted half of it to Hugh of Eu. By 1210-12 the whole manor was in the hands of Ernulf de Mandeville, probably a descendant of Geoffrey's eldest son, Ernulf, who held it of the honor of Mandeville for one knight's fee. Ernulf seems to have been deprived of his holding, for in 1216 the manor was granted by King John to Henry the Teuton. Ernulf's son, another Ernulf, had regained possession by 1235-6 and from him it apparently passed to his brother Hugh. It was later in the possession of the Lewknor family, who seem to have been connected with the Mandevilles, for in 1268 Sir Roger Lewknor held a Suffolk manor of Hugh de Mandeville. Sir Roger was succeeded in 1295 by his son Thomas, whose heir Thomas secured a grant of free warren in South Mimms in 1313. The first recorded lease of the manor was by Thomas's son, Roger, to John de Byllyngdon in 1394 for 20 years. The manor remained in the Lewknor family until 1483, when Sir Thomas Lewknor was attainted and his lands granted to Robert Scrope. In 1484 Lewknor was pardoned and his lands were restored in 1485.

It is uncertain when the manor was transferred from the Lewknor family to the Windsors. In 1503 the manor court was held in the name of Edmund Dudley, and other feoffees, to the use of Dudley's brother-in-law Andrew Windsor, later Lord Windsor (d. 1543). In 1519, however, Roger Lewknor, who was said to be seised in fee of the manor, leased it to Sir Andrew and George Windsor, during the life of Sir Thomas West and others. In 1525 Sir Edward Neville, who was Sir Andrew's son-in-law and said to be the sole surviving trustee, released the manor to Roger Corbett and Henry Draper. In 1530 South Mimms was conveyed by Draper to Sir Edward Neville, William Windsor, and others. In 1542 it was claimed by Anne Knyvett, a daughter of Roger Lewknor, and her husband John Vaughan, from whom it was eventually conveyed in 1567 to Edward, Lord Windsor (d. 1575). The manor descended in the Windsor family until 1606 when Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, and other executors of Henry, Lord Windsor (d. 1605), sold it to Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury (d. 1612). The manorial estate has remained largely intact in the hands of the Cecil family.

From: 'South Mimms: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 282-285 (available online).

C Leary and Company Limited was established in 1841 as timber agents selling on behalf of overseas shippers to importers in the UK and Europe. In 1962 Leary's Boxboard Agencies purchased C Leary and Company Limited, and was in turn purchased by Harrisons and Crosfield Securities Limited (CLC/B/112-075).

The Steam Brewery on Hythe Street, Dartford, Kent, was leased from William Miskin from 1868 and later bought from him, as the Oak Brewery. The company was incorporated as C N Kidd and Son Limited in February 1920. It was acquired by Courage and Company Limited in September 1937; and went into liquidation in October 1951.

Fragments of medieval and early modern manuscripts on parchment can commonly be found inside the binding of printed works. This method of recycling was a common practice between the medieval period and the 17th century, when manuscripts superseded by printed editions were sold to printers and bookbinders. Medieval manuscripts are often visually appealing and parchment was robust but expensive, so folios from manuscripts were recycled for use as decorative covers and endpapers or to reinforce the binding of new printed works.

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When World War Two began for Britain on 3 Sep 1939, Prime Minister Rt Hon (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain appointed an eight member strong War Cabinet. It consisted of the Prime Minister, who was the Chairman; the Chancellor of the Exchequer; the Foreign Secretary; the three service Secretaries; the Lord Privy Seal; the Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence; and the Minister without Portfolio. This number increased when select non-War Cabinet Ministers were invited to attend meetings and when the Chiefs of Staff and the Permanent Under Secretary to the Treasury attended, bringing the Cabinet numbers to fifteen members. The War Cabinet met daily during the first year of the war and, as the war progressed, often met more than once a day to deal with a range of issues from military planning to food rationing. The Cabinet Minutes from Sep 1939 to May 1940 were devoted almost exclusively to the situation on the Western Front, which remained decidedly unchanged throughout the period. From May 1940, Rt Hon Winston (Leonard Spencer) Churchill, who had been appointed First Lord of the Admiralty at the outbreak of war, criticised the Chamberlain government's handling of the war and urged a more offensive British approach to the Western Front. In addition, the Allied campaign in Norway ended in disaster. Consequently, and following a debate in the House of Commons, at which 200 members voiced a non- confidence against Chamberlain, Churchill became Prime Minister and Chairman of the War Cabinet. Following the defeat of France in Jun 1940, the United Kingdom faced a severe defensive crisis and thus the War Cabinet was enlarged. Rt Hon Clement Richard Attlee; Rt Hon Arthur Greenwood; Rt Hon Robert Anthony Eden; and Rt Hon Sir John Anderson immediately entered, as would eventually Rt Hon Ernest Bevin, as Minister of Labour and National Service; Rt Hon William Maxwell Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, as Minister of Aircraft Production; Rt Hon Sir Kingsley Wood, the Chancellor of the Exchequer; Capt Rt Hon Oliver Lyttelton, Minister of State in the Far East; Rt Hon Sir (Richard) Stafford Cripps as Lord Privy Seal; Rt Hon Herbert Stanley Morrison as Secretary of State for Home Affairs and Minister of Home Security; and Rt Hon Frederick James Marquis, 1st Baron Woolton of Liverpool, as Minister of Reconstruction. At the end of 1940, the War Cabinet was preoccupied with the planning a unified British strategy for the waging of war, with Gen Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, often acting as a refrain to Churchill's more unconventional ideas about strategy. By mid-1941, concentration turned from the defence of Britain to intervention in Balkans, the war in North Africa, plans for providing armed forces to Europe to draw German forces from the Soviet Union, and the prospect of bringing the United States into the war. In 1942, the British persuaded US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to authorise a combined invasion of North Africa. In 1943, the War Cabinet remained pre-occupied with strategic affairs, but began to think increasingly about the post-war reconstruction of Britain and general social security measures for the British population. With a firm schedule for the Allied invasion of France firmly in place in 1943, the War Cabinet turned its attention to the post-war settlement of Europe, an Allied occupation strategy for Germany and Austria, and the post-war rehabilitation of Britain. As the war drew to a close, there began to appear increasing signs of strain between the two major parties in the British Coalition Government, which ultimately affected the War Cabinet's ability to operate effectively. On 23 May 1945, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister. On 30 May 1945, the first meeting of the new British Cabinet took place, marking the end of the War Cabinet and the return to peace-time civil procedures.

Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.

In 1928 the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference recommended that the overseas cable and wireless resources of the British Empire be merged into one system. Cable and Wireless Limited was formed in 1929 to acquire all the ordinary shares of the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group and Marconi Wireless, Telegraph and Signal Company Limited. The name changed to Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited in 1934. When Cable and Wireless was nationalised in 1946, one third of the issued capital of Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited was owned by Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited, which had from its beginnings been associated with the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited was then converted into an investment trust, renamed Cable Trust Limited in 1971 and merged with Globe in 1977.

Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.

In 1928 the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference recommended that the overseas cable and wireless resources of the British Empire be merged into one system. Cable and Wireless Limited was formed in 1929 to acquire all the ordinary shares of the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group and Marconi Wireless, Telegraph and Signal Company Limited. The name changed to Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited in 1934. When Cable and Wireless was nationalised in 1946, one third of the issued capital of Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited was owned by Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited, which had from its beginnings been associated with the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited was then converted into an investment trust, renamed Cable Trust Limited in 1971 and merged with Globe in 1977.

Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.

In 1928 the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference recommended that the overseas cable and wireless resources of the British Empire be merged into one system. As a result Cable and Wireless Limited (known from 1934 as Cable and Wireless (Holding) Limited) was formed in 1929 to acquire the shares of both the Eastern Group and the Marconi company, and Imperial and International Communications Ltd (known from 1934 as Cable and Wireless Limited) was formed also in 1929 to acquire the communications assets of both the Eastern Group and the Marconi company.

In 1935 Globe Telegraph and Trust Co Ltd acquired Cables Investment Trust Limited as a subsidiary. Since 1948 Globe and its associates have been concerned chiefly with general investment business, and in 1969 Globe was renamed as Globe Investment Trust Limited. Cables Investment Trust Ltd was renamed in 1975 as Electra Investment Trust Limited.

Sir Stanford Cade qualified as a surgeon in 1917 and went on to hold a series of appointments at Westminster Hospital, London, becoming a full surgeon in 1937. In addition, he held posts at Mount Vernon Hospital and the Radium Institute. From an early interest in morbid anatomy and the surgical aspects of the treatment of cancer, Cade developed an interest in the treatment of malignant disease with radium and X rays. He is now best known for this pioneering work on radium, radiotherapy and the treatment of all types of cancer. He produced numerous articles and publications on cancer and surgical subjects, including Radium Treatment of Cancer (1929) and Malignant Disease and its Treatment by Radium, which was published in four volumes between 1948 and 1952. During the Second World War, Cade served in the Royal Air Force. He continued his association with the armed forces in the post-war period, serving as a civilian consultant surgeon to the RAF until 1965, and also as honorary civilian consultant in radiotherapy to the Army. He retired from his post at Westminster Hospital in 1960, but remained consulting surgeon until his death in 1973.

Born 1905; educated at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University, RAF College, Cranwell, Lincolnshire and Ecole Supérieur d'Électricité, Paris, France; commissioned into the RAF, 1926; served with 4 Sqn, RAF Farnborough, 1927-1929; service with 208 Sqn, Heliopolis, Egypt, 1929-1931; attended Ecole Supérieur d'Électricité, Paris, France, 1932-1933; Flight Lt, 1933; served with 2 Sqn, RAF Manston, Kent, 1933-1934; Aide de Camp to Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson, Ambassador to Egypt and High Commissioner for the Sudan, 1934-1936; service with 45 Sqn, Helwan, Egypt, 1936; Senior Technical Officer, RAF Signals School, Cranwell, Lincolnshire, 1936-1937; Sqn Ldr, 1937; student at RAF Staff College, 1 (Bomber) Group, Andover, Hampshire, 1937-1938; Operations Branch, Air Ministry, 1938-1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; employed on the 'Beetle Scheme', the establishment of a nationwide combined services communications network, 1940; Wg Cdr Operations, 80 Wing, RAF Countermeasures Unit, Radlett, Hertfordshire, 1940-1941; Deputy Director of Intelligence 4, Intelligence Department, London, 1941-1943; involved in the development of the intelligence listening station at Chicksands, Bedfordshire, 1941-1943; Chief Signals Officer, Middle East, Cairo, Egypt, 1943; Director of Telecommunications and of Signals, Air Ministry, 1944-1946; awarded CBE, 1944; RAF Turnhouse, Lothian, 1946-1947; retired, 1947; Managing Director, International Aeradio, 1947-1958; Director, Carron Company, 1958-1971; Director, Royal Bank of Scotland, 1963-1969; Deputy Lieutenant, Linlithgowshire, 1963-1972; Chairman, Edinburgh Airport Consultative Committee, 1972-1982; Vice Lieutenant for West Lothian, 1972-1988; Member of Queen's Body Guard for Scotland (Royal Company of Archers); died 1996.

Born 1917, member of the 'Hopkinson Mission', (Military part of No.3 Military and Air Mission, British Expeditionary Force, May-Jun 1940); killed in North Africa, 1941.

According to a letter heading in the first minute book, the firm was established in 1908. Trade directories show Caffin and Company having an office in Craven Street, just off the Strand, from 1912, at which date the firm was described as 'Railway Contractors'. The firm was incorporated in 1921.

Cahill and Young Limited was a defunct Irish company which was acquired by H Barber and Son Limited in circa 1954 and used to purchase a Galway fishery.

Sophie Cahn was a German Jewish refugee whose father and mother, died at Minsk, Belarus and Theresienstadt, respectively, having failed to escape the Nazis.