Sophie Cahn was a German Jewish refugee. Her father, Emanuel Cahn, died in Theresienstadt concentration camp, 1942. His children emigrated to Canada, USA, UK, and Israel.
Born in 1938, Maureen Caine received her Bachelors degree in 1959 and her Doctorate in 1969. She was Professor of Sociology at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. At present she is a Reader in the Sociology of Law and Crime at the School of Law, Birmingham University. Publications: With Kalaman Kulesar (ed) Disputes and the Law (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest for the European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences, 1983); (ed) Mark and Engels on law (Academic Press, London, 1979); with Christine Harrington (ed) Lawyers in a postmodern world: translation and transgression (Open University Press, Buckingham, 1994); Growing up good: policing the behaviour of girls in Europe (Sage, London, 1989); Society and the policeman's role (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1973); Conflict and its solution: an examination of an urban and rural police division (1969).
Peter du Cane, cloth merchant and businessman, purchased Braxted Park (near Witham in Essex) in 1751. The family estates were inherited by his son Peter in 1803; Peter's son Peter in 1823 and Peter's cousin Captain Charles du Cane, RN, in 1889. The family sold the estate in 1919.
See http://www.braxtedpark.co.uk/history.cfm for more information [accessed Aug 2011].
Born 1902; educated Harrow County School and the London School of Economics; Assistant Inspector of Taxes, 1923-1926; entered Colonial Office, 1926; Secretary, West Indian Sugar Commission, 1929; Secretary, UK Sugar Industry Inquiry Committee, 1934; Financial Secretary, Hong Kong, 1937; Assistant Secretary, Colonial Office, 1944; CMG, 1945; Deputy Under-Secretary for State, Colonial Office, 1947-1948; KCMG, 1947; 3rd Secretary of the Treasury, 1948; Head of the UK Treasury and Supply Delegation, Washington, 1949-1951; Chief of the World Bank Mission to Ceylon, 1951; Vice-Chancellor, University of Malaya, 1952-1956; Chairman, British Caribbean Federation Fiscal Commission, 1955; Director, London School of Economics, 1957-1967; Chairman, Grassland Utilisation Committee, 1957-1958; Member, 1960-1967, and Deputy Chairman, 1964-1967, Independent Television Authority; Chairman, International Institute of Educational Planning, 1963-1970; Governor, Reserve Bank of Rhodesia, 1965-1967; Coordinator, Indonesian Sugar Study, 1971-1972; Chairman of the Governing Body and Member of the Board, University College at Buckingham, 1973-1983; died 1991. Publications: British Universities: purpose and prospects (Bodley Head, London, 1969); Prices for primary producers (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1963); The history of the foundation of the London School of Economics and Political Science (G Bell and Sons, London, 1963); University independence: the main questions (Rex Collings, London, 1971); The price of stability: a study of price fluctuations in primary products with alternative proposals for stablisation (Institute of economic Affairs, London, 1983).
Thomas Henry Hall Caine was born in Cheshire and educated in Liverpool before being apprenticed to an architect. In his late teens he taught on the Isle of Man for a year, and on returning to Liverpool began to work as a journalist as well as an architectural draughtsman. He began corresponding with Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1879 and through him was introduced to London literary society. His first novel was published in 1885 and he became very popular as an author: The Christian (1897) was the first British novel to sell more than one million copies. His Christian faith and radical political opinions were strong influences on his work. In 1895 Caine returned to the Isle of Man, where he and his family took up permanent residence; he served as a member of the House of Keys for several years. He was knighted in 1918 (disliking his first name, he preferred to be called Sir Hall rather than Sir Thomas) and became a Companion of Honour in 1922. His Life of Christ, for which he had hoped to be remembered, was published posthumously in 1937.
Thomas Cairns was born in Sunderland in 1854. In 1876, while employed a as a clerk with the Newcastle firm of Davidson and Charlton he was offered a partnership by Captain B B Starks who had just commenced business as a shipbroker and merchant. The new firm was styled Starks and Cairns. On the retirement of Captain Starks in 1883 Cairns formed a new partnership with his brother-in-law, William Joseph Noble, and Lindsay Young as Cairns, Young and Noble. Their first ship, the CAIRNGOWAN 1, was launched in June 1883.
In 1891 the Cairnglen Steamship Company was formed as the owner of the first vessel of that name. The formation of further single ship companies followed. In 1892 the Cairn Line of Steam ships was founded with Cairns, Young and Noble as the management company and these single ship companies were gradually merged with the Cairn Line, along with the Gaelic Steamship Company Limited, another associated company. By 1911 this process was complete.
With the retirement of Lindsay Young in 1903 the management company had become known as Cairn, Noble and Company. Thomas Cairns died in 1908. In that same year the company purchased the Thomson line of Dundee, a cargo concern specialising in services to Canada. Thomson entered the passenger trade in 1909 with two vessels, the CAIRNRONA and the TORTONA on the Newcastle-London-Canada route. A licence was acquired from the Italian Government for the conveyance of emigrants from Italy to Canada. In March 1911 as the third vessel intended for service, the GERONA, was nearing completion the goodwill of the passenger services and all there vessels were sold to the Cunard Steamship Company.
The company suffered heavy losses during the 1914-18 war- eight vessels were lost to enemy action. William Black Noble, son of William Joseph Noble, died on service in France.
In the post war period, William Joseph Noble and Russell Cairns, son of the founder continued as directors of Cairns, Noble and Company and the Cairn Line. Noble was created a baronet in recognition of his services to shipping. He retired in 1928 when Furness Withy and Company acquired the management company. The Cairn Line retained its separate identity and services.
The fleet numbered five at the outbreak of war in 1939. Of these vessels, only two the CAIRNESK III and the CAIRNVALONA, remained in 1945. Additions to this number in the following years were the CAIRNAVON IV, the CAIRNGOWAN IV and the CAIRNDHU IV.
In February 1967 agreement was a reached with Furness Withy and Company for the purchase of ordinary stock units of the Cairn Line not already beneficially owned by them. These amounted to approximately 85% of the total. The company thus became a wholly owned subsidiary of Furness Withy and Company.
Caldwell, grandson of Sir Benjamin Caldwell (q.v.), entered the Navy in 1828 as a volunteer on board the Dartmouth and became a midshipman in the Prince Regent in 1830. He served for the next five years on the coast of South America in the Clio, Spartiate and Hornet and then in the Pembroke and Vanguard on the Mediterranean Station. After this he spent three years in the brigs Pantaloon and Rapid, tenders to the Royal George yacht. Caldwell was promoted to lieutenant in 1841 and for two years attended courses in the Excellent on gunnery and at the Royal Naval College on steam. He then served in the Inconstant on the Mediterranean Station from 1843 until 1846, when he joined the Excellent and Prince Regent, home waters. From the latter ship he was promoted to commander in 1847. In 1848 he joined the Powerful on the Mediterranean Station and returned to the Prince Regent in 1851. He was promoted to captain in 1853 and after studying steam at Woolwich dockyard, became Flag Captain to Rear-Admiral Hon. R.S. Dundas (1802-1861), Commander-in-Chief Baltic, in the Duke of Wellington, and remained in her until 1857. Caldwell joined the Mersey in 1859 for three years, serving in the Channel and on the North American and West Indies Station. After a short period in the Royal Adelaide at Devonport, he joined, in 1864, the Asia, guardship of the steam reserve at Portsmouth. Finally Caldwell was aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria from 1866 until his death.
Caldwell entered the Navy in 1754 and was made a lieutenant in 1760. After service in the Channel during the Seven Years War, he became a commander in 1762 and a post captain in 1765. He then commanded the Rose in North America, 1768 to 1771, and the Emerald, 1775 to 1779, on that station and on convoy duties. He was appointed in 1780 to the Hannibal and convoyed the East India Company ships home. In April 1781 he was transferred to the Agamemnon in the Channel; she then sailed with Admiral Rodney (1719-1792) to the West Indies and was present at the battle of the Saints, 1782. The Agamemnon remained on the West Indies and North American Stations until 1783. Caldwell commanded the Alcide in 1787 and the Berwick during the mobilization of 1790. In 1793 he was promoted to rear-admiral and served in the Cumberland under Admiral Howe (q.v.). He transferred his flag in 1794 to the Impregnable and took part in the battle of First of June. In July of the same year he became a vice-admiral and was sent to the Leeward Islands in the Majestic under Admiral Jervis (q.v.); shortly after this Jervis returned home and Caldwell acted as Commander-in-Chief. His active career ended in 1795 and he was promoted to admiral in 1799.
The Caledonian Insurance Company was established in Edinburgh in 1805. Its initial business was fire insurance. It also dealt in life assurance from 1833. It opened offices in London in 1840 at 27 Moorgate. This office moved to 39 Lothbury in 1863, then to 82 King William Street in 1882, to 51 Coleman Street in 1926 and finally to 5 Lothbury in 1927. Business was established in the United States of America and Australia from the 1890s. It amalgamated with Edinburgh Fire, Scottish Fire and Scottish Metropolitan Fire in the late 19th century and became a subsidiary of Guardian Assurance Company (CLC/B/107-01) in 1957.
Born, 1770; a naturalist, whose journeys included New South Wales; died, 1829. See The devil's wilderness: George Caley's journey to Mount Barks 1804, ed Alan E J Andrews (Blubber Head Press, Hobart, Australia, 1984); Reflections on the colony of New South Wales, ed J E B Currey (Angus & Robertson, London, 1967).
Born in Kensington, 1779; student of the Royal Academy, and began to paint portraits under John Hoppner, successfully exhibiting a portrait of Miss Roberts at the Royal Academy, 1799; his preference at this time was for landscapes, and after 1804 exhibited only these for a number of years; elected an associate member of the Royal Academy, 1806; elected a full member of the Royal Academy, 1810; married Maria Graham, a well-known author of the day, and visited Europe (including Italy for the first time), 1827-1828; knighted, 1837, and began to compose figure paintings as well as landscapes; appointed Conservator of the Royal Pictures, 1844; died 1844 and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery, London.
The barony of Calthorpe originated in Sir Henry Gough, who married Barbara, daughter and heir of Reynolds Calthorpe of Elvetham. Henry Gough took the surname Calthorpe in 1796 when he was created Baron Calthorpe. He was succeeded by his sons Charles Gough-Calthorpe, 2nd Baron Calthorpe (1786-1807), George Gough-Calthorpe, 3rd Baron Calthorpe (1787-1851) and Frederick Gough-Calthorpe, 4th Baron Calthorpe (1790-1868).
Frederick was succeeded by 3 of his sons: Frederick Henry William Gough-Calthorpe, 5th Baron Calthorpe (1826-1893), Augustus Cholmondeley Gough-Calthorpe, 6th Baron Calthorpe (1829-1910) and Sir Somerset John Gough-Calthorpe, 7th Baron Calthorpe (1831-1912). Sir Somerset was followed by his son Somerset Frederick Gough-Calthorpe, 8th Baron Calthorpe (1862-1940). The title became extinct in 1997 on the death of the 10th Baron.
Born in 1908; educated at Harrow School and Magdalene College, Cambridge; 2nd Lt, Royal Scots Greys, 1929; Lt, 1932; Adjutant, 1936-1939; served in Palestine 1936-1939; Capt, 1938; Staff Capt, 49 West Riding Div, York, 1939; served in Norway, 1940, and the Middle East, 1941-1942; Officer Commanding, Military Operations Section No 5, War Office, 1943-1944; Deputy Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1944-1947; Maj, 1946; honorary Brig, 1947; retired, 1947; died in 1985.
The Calvert family had branches in Yorkshire, Kent and London (Fleet Street and Newington). Members of the family were barristers and churchmen.
Born in Pickering, Yorkshire, England, 1813; a printer, bookbinder, and bookseller; while ill, a mystical experience drew him to missionary work, 1831; completed his studies at the Wesleyan Theological Institution, Hoxton, 1837; married Mary Fowler (1814-1882) and, with his wife and his friend John Hunt, sailed to Fiji for the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, 1838; worked at Rewa and Lakeba; returned to England to oversee publication of the Fijian Bible, 1856; returned to Fiji, 1857; returned to England, 1866; served as a missionary in South Africa, 1872-1880; minister at City Road, London, 1881; Croydon, 1882; went to Fiji for the mission jubilee, 1885; toured Australia and America on behalf of the mission; retired to England; minister at Finsbury Park, 1887; continued to revise the Fijian Bible; died at Hastings, 1892. Publications: Copy of a Letter addressed to the Rev Dr Hannah ... on the death of the Rev John Hunt [1849]; 'Mission History', in Thomas Williams, Wesleyan Missionary: Fiji and the Fijians, vol 2, ed George Stringer Rowe (1858); edited: John Hunt's Entire Sanctification (1853); John Hunt's translation of the New Testament into Fijian, Ai Vola ni Veiyalayalati Vou ni noda turaga kei na nodai vakabula ko Jisu Kraisiti (1853); David Hazlewood's A Feejeean and English dictionary (2nd edition [1872]).
Born 1913; educated at Bradfield College, RMA Sandhurst and St John's College Cambridge; commissioned Royal Engineers, 1933; served with 14th Army, India and Burma, 1941-1945; commanded a column of the 77th Brigade on 1st Chindit Expedition, 1943; awarded DSO, 1943; acting Brig 1944; commanded 77th Brigade on 2nd Chindit Expedition, 1944; awarded Bar to DSO, 1944; commanded Special Air Service (SAS) Brigade, NW Europe, 1944-45; commanded Malayan Scouts (SAS Regiment), 1950-1951; court martialled and dismissed the Service, 1951. Writer and lecturer on guerrilla warfare and military history, 1952-1998; died 1998. Publications: Prisoners of Hope: The Campaign of the77th Infantry Brigade in Burma, 1944 (Jonathan Cape, London, 1952); Slim as a General (Pan Books, London, 1973).
Born 1885; educated privately, Royal Holloway College, 1904, and University of London, graduating in 1907; Fellowship to Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania, USA, 1908-1909; Assistant Mistress in History, Cheltenham Ladies College, Gloucestershire, 1909-1912; Assistant Lecturer, 1912-1919, and Staff Lecturer, 1919-1921, in History, Royal Holloway College, University of London; Pfeiffer Research Fellow, 1921-1926, and Lecturer in History, 1926-1929, Girton College, Cambridge University; Lecturer in History, Cambridge University, 1930-1948; Director of Studies in History and Law, and Vice-Mistress, Cambridge University, 1944-1948; elected to the British Academy, 1945; Zemurray Radcliffe Professor of History, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA, 1948-1954; President, International Commission for the History of Assemblies of Estates, 1949-1960; CBE, 1947; retired 1954; Vice-President Selden Society, 1962-1965; Vice President, 1958, and Honorary Vice-President, 1963-1968, Royal Historical Society; Fellow of the Medieval Academy of Arts and Sciences; Honorary Fellow, Somerville College, Oxford University, 1964; active member of the Cambridge Labour Party and Trades Council; died 1968.
Publications: A guide for novel readers (Y.W.C.A., London, 1920); Album Helen Maud Cam (Publications universitaires de Louvain, Louvain, 1960); England before Elizabeth (Hutchinson's University Library, London, 1950); Historical novels (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1961); Law as it looks to a historian: Founders' Memorial Lecture, Girton College, 18 February, 1956 (W Heffer and Sons, Cambridge, 1956); Law-finders and law-makers in medieval England: collected studies in legal and constitutional history (Merlin Press, London, 1962); Liberties and communities in Medieval England: collected studies in local administration and topography (University Press, Cambridge, 1944); Local government in Francia and England: a comparison of the local administration and jurisdiction of the Carolingian Empire with that of the West Saxon Kingdom (University of London Press, London, 1912); Studies in the Hundred Rolls: some aspects of thirteenth century administration (Oxford, 1921); The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls: an outline of local government in Medieval England (Methuen and Co, London, 1930); The legislators of Medieval England (Geoffrey Cumberlege, London, [1946]); What of the Middle Ages is still alive in England today? (Athlone Press, London, [1961]); Zachary Nugent Brooke, 1883-1946 (Geoffrey Cumberlege, London, [1949]); Bibliography of English constitutional history (G. Bell and Sons, London, 1929); editor Crown, community and parliament in the later Middle Ages: studies in English constitutional history (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1951); editor Studies in manorial history (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1938); introduction to Selected historical essays of F. W. Maitland (University Press, Cambridge, 1957).
Camberwell became a Poor Law Parish on 28 October 1835, overseen by an elected Board of Guardians. In 1878 the Camberwell Board of Guardians constructed a new workhouse on Gordon Road. It was intended to house 743 able bodied inmates. Males chopped wood or broke stones; while females were employed in laundry work.
In 1930 the Gordon Road Workhouse was taken over by the London County Council and became the Camberwell Reception Centre for homeless men. The building has now been converted to flats.
Camberwell School of Arts and Crafts was opened on 10 January 1898 in premises adjoining the South London Art Gallery. It was established by the Technical Education Board of the London County Council in a building provided by the Vestry of Camberwell, and aimed 'to give the best artistic and technical education to all classes in the district', 'supplement knowledge gained by craftsmen in workshops' and 'help the craftsman become the designer of his own work'. The philanthropist John Passmore Edwards gave a substantial sum of money for the erection of the building in memory of Lord Leighton. The school and gallery were the fruition of a movement for the foundation of an artistic centre in Camberwell, supported by Edward Burne-Jones, Lord Leighton, Walter Crane and G F Watts. The school enrolled 198 students, mostly part-time, for the first session. The school offered evening technical classes in architecture, cabinet design, embroidery, wood carving, wood block and stencil cutting; trade classes in masonry and stone carving, plasterwork, house painting and decorating and an evening art school giving classes in elementary drawing and design, life classes and modelling. A day art and technical school was also held from 10 to 4, offering life classes, preliminary drawing, painting and design, modelling, wood carving and embroidery. The demand for places in the school grew continuously and an extension was opened in 1904 enabling further courses to be added including brickwork, plumbing and typography. A further major extension was completed in 1913 providing rooms and studios for a wide range of courses, including sculpture, pottery, drawing and painting and a new library.
Between its foundation and the Second World War the school provided a wide range of courses, mainly for those employed in the building and printing trades and in the manufacture of pottery and furniture. By 1913 courses offered by the school were divided into four, mainly vocational areas, comprising printing and book production, construction and decoration of buildings, embroidery and dressmaking and jewellery, silversmithing and enamelling. All the trade courses were taught with the co-operation of the relevant trade organisations, and afternoon and evening courses for apprentices were established by the 1920s. After 1913 there was a gradual movement away from the trade courses (with the exception of printing and typographical design) to an increasing emphasis on the fine arts and design, with the establishment of the Fine Art Department in the inter-war years. A number of building trade subjects were dropped from the curriculum between 1913 and 1930, and under Stanley Thorogood, Principal from 1920 to 1938, the study of drawing and painting, commercial art and crafts such as pottery, dressmaking and embroidery was extended.
A Junior Art School (later known as the Secondary Art School) was established in 1920, providing preliminary training courses for students from the ages of 14 to 16 before moving to full-time senior courses. As well as teaching trade, technical and art subjects students were given instruction in English, science and physical training. It was closed in 1958 when the policy of separating secondary and further education was established.
During the Second World War the Junior Art School was evacuated to Chipstead and later to Northampton along with other students from the school. Printing continued at Camberwell throughout the war. The number of full-time students (apart from the Secondary Art School) increased from about 40 before the war to nearly 400 by 1948. After the war the school concentrated on providing courses on fewer subjects, with the main fields of study being painting, sculpture, illustration, graphic design, printed and woven textile design, pottery, printing and bookbinding. A new sculpture building was opened in 1953, providing new workshops for modelling in clay, bronze casting, plaster casting, stone and wood carving. By 1963 the work of the school was organised into three departments, Painting and Sculpture, Design and Crafts and Printing and Bookbinding. A course in foundation studies was begun in 1962, and in 1963 the former courses for the National Diploma in Design were superseded by those for the Diploma in Art and Design. These were approved in 1974 as leading to the BA honours degrees of the CNAA, with main studies in painting, sculpture, graphic design, printed and woven textiles and ceramics. Courses in paper conservation were started in 1970.
By 1968 the School was organised into eight departments, Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Design, Ceramics and Metalwork, Textiles, Foundation Studies, Art History and Printing. Between 1966 and 1971 additional accommodation was opened in Meeting House Lane and Lyndhurst Grove, and a purpose-built sculpture annexe was completed in 1969. A new building on an adjoining site was opened in 1973, providing a further 42 studio workshops and classrooms, new assembly and lecture halls, library and common rooms. In 1976 the former premises of Wilson School was taken over by the school, allowing a number of smaller annexes to be relinquished. Degree courses in silversmithing and metalwork were introduced in 1976. The vocational courses in printing and typographical design were discontinued in 1981 and the department closed, and in 1983 the textiles degree course was closed. In 1982 a new Department of Art History and Conservation was established, offering Higher Diploma and BA honours degree courses.
In January 1986 the school became a constituent college of the London Institute, formed by the Inner London Education Authority associating its art schools and specialist colleges of printing, fashion and distributive trades into a collegiate structure. In 1989 Camberwell was renamed Camberwell College of Arts, and the courses were organised into two schools, one of Applied and Graphic Arts and the other of Art History and Conservation. In 1993 the London Institute was granted the right to award degrees in its own name, and in 1998 the college launched a new framework for its BA courses, offering students the opportunity to focus on a specialist discipline supplemented by chosen elective subjects.
Teachers at Camberwell have included William Coldstream, Rodney Burn, Lawrence Gowing, John Minton, W T Monnington, Victor Pasmore, Claude Rogers, William Townsend, Nigel Walters, Edward Ardizzone, Martin Bloch, Norah Braden, Helmut Ruhemann, Gilbert Spencer, Karel Vogel, Berthold Wolpe, John Buckland Wright and Dennis Young.
The Camberwell Council on Alcoholism (CCA) promoted preventive and diagnostic work in the study of alcoholism as a disease and in the treatment of alcoholics. Founded in 1963, it was the first of the community councils on alcoholism to be established in the UK. It was active in an area of south London where a very visible vagrant alcoholic problem met a growing interest among the doctors of the Maudsley Hospital in the problems of alcoholism as a disease: in particular Dr Griffith Edwards of the Maudsley was very active in setting up this local council. Recent theoretical developments concerning the problem (mainly from the USA) met the 1960s trend towards the development of community-based organisations to deal with social problems, committed to a self-help approach and involved in direct action, education of the public and campaigning. During this early period of the CCA's history the economic climate was favourable, with public money being available to fund projects such as these.
The CCA became involved in the problems created by alcohol over a wide field from the very obvious problem of the vagrant alcoholic to the unsuspectedly large problem of female alcoholism. The pattern of the CCA's activity was to set up groups to deal with a particular problem (e.g. provision of hostel accommodation for homeless alcoholics, setting an Alcohol Education Centre) and then withdraw as these groups became self-supporting ventures. It also liaised with other organisations doing related work. The CCA became inactive in the early 1980s.
Camberwell House Asylum was founded in 1846 by John Hayball Paul (1816-1899), who was also medical superintendent, 1846-1899. Paul entered into partnership with F.G. Aubin and Alfred Richards as Aubin and Co., this firm being the official owner of the asylum at one period. During the span of these case books the asylum admitted mainly pauper patients. It closed in 1955.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
Camberwell became a Poor Law Parish on 28 October 1835, overseen by an elected Board of Guardians and comprising just one parish, that of Saint Giles. The workhouse buildings on Havil Street had been constructed in 1818. In 1873 they were extended with a new infirmary. This later became Saint Giles Hospital.
In 1878 the Board of Guardians constructed a new workhouse on Gordon Road. It was intended to house 743 able bodied inmates. Males chopped wood or broke stones; while females were employed in laundry work. In 1892 construction of another workhouse began, this one situated in Constance Road, East Dulwich, near the Saint Saviour's Poor Law Union Lunatic Asylum.
Camberwell also managed 'scattered' children's homes in Peckham. Scattered home housed children in smaller, family-home style houses rather than in large institutions.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
Prince Alexander of Teck was born in 1874. The third son of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck (a granddaughter of George III and first cousin of Queen Victoria). Alexander's elder sister, Mary, was later Queen consort to George V. Prince Alexander was educated at Eton College and Sandhurst, before serving in the army in India and South Africa. He married Princess Alice of Albany (Queen Victoria's granddaughter) in 1904. The British Royal Family decided to discard German-sounding names during the First World War, so in July 1917, the Tecks adopted the surname Cambridge; Prince Alexander was created Earl of Athlone shortly afterwards. Athlone served as Governor-General of South Africa between 1923 and 1931 and of Canada between 1940 and 1946. He was also Chancellor of the University of London from 1932 until 1955. Both his sons predeceased him and the peerage became extinct when he died.
The Cambridge and Bethnal Green Boys' Club started in 1924 as the Jewish Boys Club. It was founded by a group of Cambridge University graduates with the aim of helping underprivileged youngsters. The group was initially led by Joe and Harry Wolfe, Justin Richardson and Stuart Esinger. In 1938 the club became inter denominational and in 1955 changed its name to the New Cambridge Boy's Club, it continued to run until 1989. The club organised various athletic and cultural activities for the boys including football, swimming, dramatics and camping. Max Lea was a member and manager of the Club for 48 years, as well as serving as Club Registrar and Club Treasurer. He continues to be the Secretary and Treasurer of the Cambridge Reunion Committee and was awarded an MBE in 2000 for his services to youth work and amateur football.
The Cambridge Association for the Advancement of State Education (CAASE) was formed in November 1960 by a group of parents dissatisfied with the provision of space and equipment in a local Cambridge primary school. The Association quickly developed into a county-wide discussion group. It described itself as a 'non-party, non-sectarian association of people, mostly parents' which 'aimed at making the public and government more alive and sensitive to the needs of our schools'. Its stated objects were: to collect and disseminate information about national and local educational policy and to provide a forum for discussion of this; to work for the improvement and expansion of state educational facilities; to further communication between the local education authority, parents and others interested in education; and to look at alternatives to the eleven-plus examination. Its membership was open to anyone normally resident or working in Cambridgeshire and parents of children in Cambridgeshire schools. CAASE's activities comprised running study groups and working parties, holding public meetings and lectures, lobbying the local education committee, county councillors, and participating in local and school government.
CAASE was keen to encourage similar groups in other counties. The organisation was initially brought to national public notice by an article in The Observer in June 1961. The Cambridge Association provided enquirers with information on their work and advised on the formation of local associations. CAASE was also instrumental in the development of a national federation of local associations. In January 1962, after offers of assistance from the Advisory Centre for Education, representatives of 9 local associations met to discuss plans for a national organisation. The Joint Committee for the Advancement of State Education was formed at this meeting as a preliminary step to the creation of a federal body.
The first Joint Committee meeting in February 1962 discussed issues of the publicity, financing and policy of the national organisation. After further meetings the Joint Committee was dissolved on 30 September 1962 and the Confederation for the Advancement of State Education (CASE) was formed. Its stated aims were to facilitate the exchange of information amongst the local associations, to encourage and assist the formation and functioning of associations, to publicise opinions held by a substantial majority of member associations on important educational issues, and to organise concerted action. CASE was set up solely to serve the local associations.
CASE quickly became an active organisation. By January 1963 there were 55 local associations in existence or in the process of being formed, with a total membership of approximately 3000. In 1963 CASE supported the NUT's Campaign for Education and commenced its first fact-finding project, on 'Teacher Supply'. In the same year CASE representatives met with Sir Edward Boyle, Minister for Education, to discuss school building work. This meeting was followed by the agreement of a press statement and a press conference. The Chairman's letter for 1965 describes meetings with Mr Crosland, Secretary of State for Education, and with the NUT, a BBC broadcast, and a conference and AGM to be held in Bristol. The Confederation was later renamed the Campaign for the Advancement of State Education.
The Camden Brewery was established in 1849 by Garrett, Whitaker and Grimwood, located on Hawley Crescent, Camden, London. It was incorporated in 1889 as the Camden Brewery Company Limited. The company went into receivership in 1912 and registered as a new company in 1913. It went into voluntary liquidation in 1926.
The Camden Brewery was established in 1849 by Garrett, Whitaker and Grimwood, located on Hawley Crescent, Camden, London. It was incorporated in 1889 as the Camden Brewery Company Limited. The company went into receivership in 1912 and registered as a new company in 1913. It went into voluntary liquidation in 1926.
The Camden Society was founded on 15 Mar 1838, at the home of John Bowyer Nichols, parliamentary printer, and proprietor of Gentleman's Magazine, during a meeting presided over by Thomas Amyot, secretary of the Slave Compensation Commission and Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries. Others present at this first meeting included John Bruce, John Payne Collier, Rev Joseph Hunter, historian and PRO staff member; Sir Frederick Madden, Keeper of Manuscripts at the British Museum, Thomas Stapleton, genealogist, Thomas Wright, editor of early texts.
The meeting resolved to found a society for the publication of early historical and literary remains, to be called the Camden Society. (Not to be confused with the Cambridge Camden Society founded in 1839, and from 1846 known as the Ecclesiological Society). The Society was to be governed by a President and a Council of twelve members and including a Treasurer and Secretary. Membership of the Society was by annual subscription of £1, and an annual meeting was to be held on the 2 May - the birthday of William Camden (1551-1623, historian and antiquary). It was proposed to publish unedited manuscripts as well as republish selected scarce printed books. Copies of the publications were to be sent to every member and surplus stock to be offered publicly. The Society also determined that distinct works be published separately, allowing the individual to bind them in their own chosen arrangement.
At the first meeting of the new Society on 22 March 1839, a Council was elected, with Lord Francis Egerton as President, John Bruce as Treasurer and Thomas Wright as Secretary. Membersip increased rapidly, and in less than a month the Council determined to print 500 copies of and edition of Bruce's Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV in England, and Payne Collier's edition of Bishop Bale's Kynge Johan. By July of the same year, the membership list was close to 500. This same year it was proposed that Queen Victoria should be asked to be Patron. Prince Albert joined the Society in 1843 and remained a member till his death in 1861.
The first general meeting, 2 May 1839, raised the membership limit to 1000, which was in increased to 1250 by Mar 1840. Candidates even had to wait until death or resignation caused vacancies. However, this pressure seems to have slackened by about 1845, and by 1851, only 750 copies of editions were being printed, and membership afterward dropped to between 300-400.
The rules of the Society agreed in 1839, also enlarged the scope of the Society so as to permit the printing of translations, and provided for the appointment of a director who could act as vice-president.
The business of the Council consisted mainly of membership approval, selection of works for publication and copyright. In Jun 1838 decided to send copies to the five great libraries, and Mar 1839 decision that all publication should be entered at Stationers' hall. Another issue the council faces was the responsibility of the Society for the opinions of its editors, and in May 1839, the ruled that the Council must see proofs of each work issued, especially the prefaces.
A number of libraries were admitted as members of the Society and obtained a set of publications, the first being the London Library in 1842, followed by the Chetham Library, Manchester, in 1850, the Marylebone Public Library in 1854, and the Westminster Public Library in 1857.
The society played a part in the agitation, 1848-1869, to secure access for literary inquirers to early wills in courts and district registries, and opposed the imposition of fees for literary searches among wills. In 1865, it successfully advocated the use of photography for making facsimile copies of wills.
The Camden Society's outstanding contribution is Albert Way's edition of Promptorium parvulorum one of the earliest works projected by the Society but only completed in 1865. Other publications were undertaken jointly with the Early English Text Society (founded 1864). The Camden Society was facing financial difficulties by the early 1880s, exacerbated by a failed project to compile a general index to the first 100 volumes that it had printed. The Society by then had only 183 paying members. By 1892, the membership had risen slightly to 237 subscribers, but by 1994 was £95 in arrears from subscribers which could not be recovered.
In 1896 it was suggested that the Society amalgamate with the Royal Historical Society, and that united membership of the two societies would be large enough to support the annual publication of two Camden volumes and one of the RHS proceedings. A joint committee of the two societies appointed to consider this proposal reported favourably in 11 Mar 1896. In December of the same year, the Society formally adopted, and practical arrangements made at the final Council meeting on 28 Apr 1897.
Alice Cameron spent a large part of her childhood in Egypt before returning to England to be educated at Blackheath High School. She then studied at Somerville College, Oxford from 1910, graduating in Classics in 1914. She went on to be trained as a volunteer nurse at St Bartholomew's Hospital, serving in Reading and then France until illness forced her to return home in the winter of 1916. She subsequently began organising the Federation of Women Workers trades union in Woolwich Arsenal until the end of the war. After the Armistice, she began work with the Young Men's Christian Association and was sent to France to undertake educational work with the troops remaining there. In 1920-21, she spent a year as a lecturer in philosophy at the University of Bangor then spent a term doing the same at Somerville. It was then for Oxford's Extra-Mural Delegacy that she began to teach the tutorial classes of the Workers' Educational Association in Lincoln that she would continue for the next fifteen years. There, she introduced a policy of giving the products of the practical classes, such as carpentry, to individuals and organisations that were in need of them. From this developed the independent People's Service Club, the first scheme for the voluntary service of the unemployed in the country, which continued this work in the town. Cameron described this in the book, 'Civilisation and the Unemployed' in 1934. She would later be asked to sit on the Unemployment Committee of the NCS and the Archbishop of York's Committee on Unemployment. At the end of the 1930s, when unemployment was falling in Lincoln, Cameron left for London where she became active during the Blitz. She also continued her work with the YMCA's educational service. After the War, she worked for the Allied Control Commission in Germany from 1945 to 1949, first, as an adviser on the women's work and then on the question of education. When she returned, she became one of the resident tutors in the centre established to allow German visits to become familiar with the United Kingdom in the post-war period. She subsequently became a lecturer for London University's Extra-Mural Department.
Born in Glasgow, 17 July 1878, son of Sir Hector Clare Cameron; Educated at Clifton College; University of Glasgow; St John's College, Cambridge (Foundation Scholar in Science); Guy's Hospital (University Scholar); Berlin. MA, Hon. LLD (Glasgow), MA, MD (Cambridge). FRCP (Lond.).
Worked as Demonstrator of Physiology at Guy's Hospital Medical School, and Dean of the Medical and Dental School, 1912-1914, Guy's Hospital, London; Consulting Physician to Department for Diseases of Children, Guy's Hospital; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine. Former Lumleian Lecturer RCP (Lond.), 1925; Past President British Paediatric Association and the Sections for Diseases of Children. Royal Society of Medicine and BMA. Died 1 April 1958.
Publications: The Nervous Child, (5th Edn, 1948); Joseph Lister, The Friend of Man, 1949; Sir Joseph Banks, KB, PRS, 1953; The History of Mr Guy's Hospital 1726-1948, 1954; books and papers upon medical subjects.
James Cameron was born on 6 January 1800 at Little Dunkeld in Perthshire. In May 1826 he sailed to Madagascar with the London Missionary Society. Once in Madagascar he helped to set up cotton machinery at Amparibe, in getting the printing press into action, and in other public work. The continuation of the mission from 1829 to 1835 was largely due to the desire of the government to retain the services of Mr. Cameron and other artisans. He taught the Malagasy how to make soap, a circumstance that had an important influence in prolonging missionary work in Madagascar. In consequence of the edict against Christianity, he left the capital in June 1835, and proceeded to Cape Town with his wife. There he established himself in business and became Surveyor to the Corporation of Cape Town. In 1853 he was appointed by the Chamber of Commerce in Mauritius to negotiate with the Malagasy Government for the renewal of trade. In 1863 he returned to Madagascar to superintend the erection of the Memorial Churches. Arriving at Antananarivo, he aided in the erection of the Memorial Church at Ambatonakanga, and built the Children's Church at Faravohitra, and up to the time of his death was engaged in building work both for the mission and for the Government. He died on 3 October 1875.
Born at Echuca, Victoria, Australia, 1899; educated at Kyneton High School; joined Melbourne University, Queen's College, where he read medicine, 1916; appointed Tutor in Physiology, Histology and Pathology at Queen's College, 1923; invited by C H Kellaway to succeed F M Burnet as his first assistant and Deputy Director, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 1925; went to Europe, 1927; worked first under Ludwig Aschoff at the Pathological Institute at the University in Freiburg im Breslau, Germany, and later under A E Boycott at University College Hospital Medical School (UCHMS), London; at UCHMS, Graham Scholar in Pathology, 1928-1930; Beit Fellow, 1930-1933; spent a year as a pathologist at Queen Mary's Hospital, Stratford, London, 1933-1934; Reader in Pathology at UCHMS, 1934-1937; Assistant Editor of the Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1935-1955; Professor of Morbid Anatomy at UCHMS, 1937-1964; seconded to the Chemical Defence Experimental Station, Porton Down, Wiltshire, 1939-1945; at UCHMS, Director of the Graham Department of Pathology, 1946-1964; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1946; member of the Agricultural Research Council, 1947-1956; member of Council, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, from 1948; a member of the Medical Research Council, 1952-1956; knighted, 1957; Secretary of Advisory Council, Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research, 1959-1964; received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, 1960; Foundation President of the College of Pathologists, 1962; Cameron's research topics included the pathology of liver disease and of oedema of the lung, and he approved of bringing biochemical concepts into pathology; retired, 1964; Honorary Consulting Pathologist to University College Hospital, London, and Emeritus Professor of Morbid Anatomy, University of London, 1964; Honorary Fellow, University College London, 1965; died, 1966. See also C L Oakley's memoir in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol xiv (1968), pp 83-117. Publications include: Pathology of the Cell (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London, 1952); with W G Spector, The Chemistry of the Injured Cell (Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1961); with Hou Pao-Chang, Biliary Cirrhosis (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London, 1962); various papers in Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.
Verney Lovett Cameron was born in 1844. A naval Lieutenant, Cameron was selected by the Royal Geographical Society to lead an expedition to find David Livingstone in 1872; Livingstone had died when Cameron reached central Africa; Cameron then crossed tropical Africa from east to west, the first European to do so; awarded the CB by Queen Victoria and the Gold Medal of the RGS. Cameron was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1876-1894 and died in 1894.
Emile Cammaerts was born in Brussels in 1876 (he was baptised Emile Pieter at the age of 34). He received education at the University of Brussels and later at the revolutionary Université Nouvelle where he was a student of geography.
Cammaerts held the post of Professor of Belgian Studies and Institutions in the University of London, 1931-47, and became Professor Emeritus after his retirement from the university in 1947. He also received an honorary LL.D. from the University of Glasgow and a CBE. He was a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
During his life, Emile Cammaerts was a cartographer, geographer, journalist, poet, playwright, historian, art critic and devoted Anglican. He was Belgian by nationality, and deeply immersed in Belgian politics and culture, but after his marriage he spent his life in England, at Radlett, Hertfordshire, from where he commuted to his office in London. He was naturally concerned with Anglo-Belgian relations and with the Anglo-Belgian Union.
Camp Bird Limited was incorporated 8 September 1900. Its principal business was the Camp Bird mine, a gold mine in the Mount Sneffels mining district, County Ouray, Colorado, with a stake of £49,900 in the Camp Bird Mining Co, Denver, Colorado, acquired in June 1902. The company acquired substantial holdings in various Mexican enterprises, in particular the Santa Gertrudis gold and silver mines (1910). Revenue from the Camp Bird mine was decreasing by the 1940s, but in the meantime, the company's mining interests had expanded into Nicaragua, Canada, Australia, Nigeria, South Africa and Rhodesia. By 1952 66% of the company's total investments were in South Africa and Rhodesia.
In the late 1950s, an industrial and trading group in the electrical industry was built up and concentrated into the subsidiary Hartley Baird Limited. The parent company had become purely a holding company by 1958, but in 1960 Camp Bird Limited ceased to be a finance company and was restored as a mining house, with interests in Colorado, Canada, and elsewhere, the parent company becoming an investment company. A winding-up order was made on 7 October 1963.
Camp Bird's first registered office was at 3 Princes Street. It moved to 43 Threadneedle Street in 1902, to 1 London Wall Buildings in 1919, to 49 Moorgate in 1929, and to 39 Dover Street (Camp Bird House) in 1957.
Camp Bird Limited was incorporated 8 September 1900. Its principal business was the Camp Bird mine, a gold mine in the Mount Sneffels mining district, County Ouray, Colorado, with a stake of £49,900 in the Camp Bird Mining Company, Denver, Colorado, acquired in June 1902. The company acquired substantial holdings in various Mexican enterprises, in particular the Santa Gertrudis gold and silver mines (1910). Revenue from the Camp Bird mine was decreasing by the 1940s, but in the meantime, the company's mining interests had expanded into Nicaragua, Canada, Australia, Nigeria, South Africa and Rhodesia. By 1952 66% of the company's total investments were in South Africa and Rhodesia.
In the late 1950s, an industrial and trading group in the electrical industry was built up and concentrated into the subsidiary Hartley Baird Limited. The parent company had become purely a holding company by 1958, but in 1960 Camp Bird Limited ceased to be a finance company and was restored as a mining house, with interests in Colorado, Canada, and elsewhere, the parent company becoming an investment company. A winding-up order was made on 7 October 1963.
Camp Bird's first registered office was at 3 Princes Street. It moved to 43 Threadneedle Street in 1902, to 1 London Wall Buildings in 1919, to 49 Moorgate in 1929, and to 39 Dover Street (Camp Bird House) in 1957.
No further information at present.
The Campaign Against Pornography (CAP) (1987-1997) was established in 1987 as a response to Dr Clare Short MP's bill to ban erotica such as 'Page 3' in national newspapers. Its aims were 1) to promote equal opportunities for women and oppose discrimination, 2) to preserve and protect the health and safety of women and children through working towards the elimination of violent crimes against them, 3) to undertake research into the links between pornography and violence against women and children and their position in society and to publish the results of such research, 4) to gather information related to the production, publication, distribution and consumption of pornography and its effects on women and children's lives and their position in society, 5) to provide facilities for the relief of women and children affected by pornography, 6) to raise funds and receive contributions, 7) to co-operate and collaborate with any voluntary organisation and statutory authorities having similar objects and to exchange information and advice with such bodies. The group was incorporated in Apr 1989 and undertook a series of educational programmes that included training events, school workshops and seminars. It also set up a helpline and assisted with a research project with the University of Bradford's Violence Abuse and Gender Relations research unit on pornography. A number of unions and local union branches affiliated to CAP, include NUS, UNISON, CPSA and GMB. CAP focused on a number of specialised campaigns in addition to its general aims. Two main campaigns were 'Off the Shelf' (1989-c 1995), which protested the sale of 'soft porn' in retail stores, and Red Hot Dutch (c 1993) which helped prevent the launch of a hardcore porn satellite channel in 1993. Other campaign activities included petitions and picketing protests. One notable local event was the Jack the Ripper Exhibition at London Dungeon. CAP also undertook a letter writing campaign in 1995, by which time it had a number of local groups affiliated to it throughout the country. However, it ended its activities in the late 1990s through the effects of a financial crisis.
The Campaign for Homosexual Equality has its origins in the North-Western Committee of the Homosexual Law Reform Committee (NWHLRC), which was founded in Manchester by Alan Horsfall to support the campaign for the decriminalisation of homosexuality. The first meeting was held on 4 June 1964, but the formal launch took place with a semi-public meeting on 7 Oct of the same year. NWHLRC was renamed the Committee for Homosexual Equality in 1969, and became the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE) in 1971. Throughout the 1970s, CHE was the main British homophile organisation, growing from 100 members in 1969 to 2, 800 members and 60 local groups by 1972. Its activities included canvassing for further law reforms, providing educational material for use in schools, and attempting to influence the provision of medical, psychiatric and social services.
The central body of the organisation was the Executive Committee, whose General Secretary maintained contact with local groups, individuals and other organisations. Local groups and members had input into CHE policy through the National Council, which met quarterly at different venues through the country, and was composed of CHE members elected by the whole membership. Annual conferences were also held. The CHE local groups were active throughout England and Wales, retaining a high level of autonomy and often producing regular newsletters giving details of social and campaigning activities. Following reorganisation in 1982, the short-lived Gay Community Organisation took control of these local groups. From 1969-1971, CHE produced a newsletter, which became the CHE Bulletin (1971-1974) and eventually the CHE Broadsheet (1975-1976). A newspaper known as Out was produced from 1976-1977. CHE set up a magazine working party in 1971, which produced the magazine Lunch from 1971-1974. It also created the counselling group Friend, which later became independent.
The Southwark/Lambeth branch of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE) was formed in August 1976. The branch was partly intended as a campaign group but also a social group. The group dissolved in 1980, and its members either joined the national CHE or the Lewisham branch.
This archive was donated to London Metropolitan Archives by Jeff Doorn, former convenor of the Southwark and Lambeth branch. Jeff Doorn joined the Campaign for Homosexual Equality in 1976 and became a founder member of the Southwark Lambeth Area Gay Society (SLAGS) which developed into the Southwark/Lambeth CHE. He produced many of the newsletters and was a member of the committee until the branch was dissolved.
Formed c 1972, in abeyance 1998. No further information available at present.
Lovett-Campbell born 1899; Medical Officer on the West African Medical Staff; died, 1985.
Early in his adult life Campbell was appointed by Parliament to be Captain of His Majesty's Foot Guards. In 1658 he was imprisoned for not swearing to a renunciation of the Stuarts. After a further sentence was rescinded in 1662 he was restored his grandfather's title of Earl of Argyll and to his estate. In 1664 he gained a place on the Scottish Privy Council, although he was not too concerned with public affairs, turning his attention instead to raising the fallen estate of the family. He faced more controversy and sentencing after disagreements concerning civil servants and clergy having to declare firm adherence to the Protestant religion. Escaping prison Campbell went on to spend some considerable time in Holland. On hearing of the death of Charles he returned to Scotland to attempt an uprising. He was captured and executed on old sentences of false oaths and treason, being beheaded on 30th June 1685.
No further information at present.
James Duncan Campbell was born in Edinburgh in 1833. Educated at Cheltenham College and the universities of Paris and Heidelberg, he worked for the Post Office and the Treasury before 1862. In that year he joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and became non-resident secretary in London in 1874. He was sent to Paris in 1884 by Robert Hart to negotiate on behalf of the Quing government a cease-fire agreement in the Sino-French War. He married Ellen Mary Lewis in 1870. He died on 3 December 1907.
Sir Robert Hart (1835-1911) was Inspector General of the Imperial Maritime Customs (later Chinese Maritime Customs) from 1863.
John Campbell was 4th Earl of Loudoun, a British nobleman and military leader, born in 1705. He was the great grandson of Sir John Campbell, who was created 1st Earl of Loudoun in 1637. He apparently paid a great deal of attention to detail, a characteristic that made him often late to many battles. Lord Loudoun was not a very successful military leader and many of his regiments were lost in battles. He was sent to North America, where he is said to have ignored the advice of the local colonials like George Washington, who anticipated the onslaught of French and Indians, and did nothing to strengthen the remaining western forts. He was generally considered incompetent, arrogant and tyrannical. He died in 1782.
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1766; attended the Royal High School; apprenticed to a goldsmith; helped to found the Religious Tract Society of Scotland, 1793; founded the Missionary Magazine in Edinburgh, 1796; promoted Sunday schools and preached widely; among the founders of societies for 'fallen women' in Edinburgh and Glasgow; interested in the condition of slaves; following the Haldane revival, became a Congregational minister; founded an independent chapel, 'Kingsland', and a school in London; minister at Kingsland from 1802; helped to found the Bible Society; director of the London Missionary Society (LMS); appointed to the first deputation to inspect LMS settlements, in southern Africa; sailed to Cape Town, 1812; the first person to visit the missions inside and outside the colony, travelling extensively and visiting Bethelsdorp, Graaff Reinet, Griqua Town and Lattakoo, and communicating with tribes in other localities, 1812-1814; helped John Anderson to establish a permanent Christian presence among the Griqua people; returned to England with his report and maps of the colony and its hinterland, 1814; with the Rev John Philip, sailed to South Africa on a deputation to regulate the LMS mission, 1818; arrived at Cape Town, 1819; the deputation visited Paarl, Tulbagh, Caldon Institution (Zuurbraak), Pacaltsdorp, Bethelsdorp, and Theopolis, but a war prevented them from travelling further; returned to Cape Town; made long journeys across the colonial frontier, travelling to Griqua Town, New Lattakoo (Kuruman), Old Lattakoo, Meribohwhey, Mashow, Kurreechane, and towns west of Kuruman, 1820; returned to England and resumed his pastorship of Kingsland, 1821; a prolific writer on African missions and a pioneer author of children's books; for many years editor of the religious publication The Youth's Magazine; died, 1840. For further information see Robert Philip, The Life, Times, and Missionary Enterprises of the Rev John Campbell (1841). Publications include: Travels in South Africa (1815); Travels in South Africa: Second Journey (1822).
John Menzies Campbell was born in Paisley, in 1887. He studied dentistry at St Mungo's College and the Glasgow Dental School. He then became a pupil of J G Angus, LDS. Following his graduation as LDS in 1911, he went to Toronto where he graduated DDS in 1912. He became a dental practitioner in Glasgow, where he practised for 42 years. He developed a great interest in dental history, collecting a unique collection of books, artefacts, pictures and advertisements. He bequeathed his collection of books and historic dental advertisements to the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1964, while he donated the pictures and artefacts to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He died in 1974.