Born, 1772; son of a Jew born in Holland, who settled in England early in life and became a successful member of the stock exchange; educated in England and Holland; employed in his father's business at the age of fourteen; after his marriage, set up in business for himself and was highly successful; influenced by Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and became interested in economics; author of a number of influential pamphlets and a leading authority on economic questions; a close friend of both Malthus and John Stuart Mill; a radical, he served as MP for Portarlington, Ireland; died, 1823.
Born in Marton, Cleveland, 1728; became an apprentice to shipowners in Whitby; became master of his own ship, HMS Northumberland, 1759; the following winter, while laid up in Halifax, studied mathematics and attained a sound knowledge of astronomical navigation; went on to become an eminent circumnavigator and made many geographical discoveries, including establishing knowledge of the Southern Pacific; kept a crew at sea without serious losses from sickness and death, which was unusual at that time; killed by natives of Hawaii, 1779.
From c1750 Masters of HM Ships were required by the Admiralty to keep Remark Books of details of coasts and ports they visited. James Cook followed this practice when serving in HMS Pembroke and HMS Northumberland on the North American Station from 1758 to 1762.
Flaxman was born in York on 6 July 1755. He was a sickly child, but showed a great aptitude for drawing. He spent his early life in London and attended the Academy Schools. He became known as a sculptor and draughtsman, with interests in art, architecture, engineering, construction, naval architecture and surveying. In 1787 he fulfilled a cherished ambition of travelling to Rome where he stayed until 1794, when he returned to London, a famous artist. In 1810 he was appointed Professor of Sculpture in the Academy. He died in 1826.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux: born in 1090, probably at Fontaine-les-Dijon, near Dijon, Burgundy; monk and mystic; founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux; among the most influential churchmen of his time; died at Clairvaux, Champagne, 1153; canonized, 1174.
Written in southern Germany for the use of Dominican nuns.
Christian Gottlob Heyne: born, 1729; German humanist, of the University of Göttingen; died, 1812.
Unknown.
Guido Delle Colonne: born, possibly in Sicily, c1215; jurist, poet, and author of several Latin chronicles and histories, whose version of the Troy legend was important in bringing the story to Italians and, through various translations, into other literatures; a poet of the Sicilian school, a group of early Italian vernacular poets; died, possibly in Sicily, c1290.
Landnámabók (also called Landnáma), the Book of the Settlement: a unique Icelandic genealogical record, probably originally compiled in the early 12th century by Ari Thorgilsson the Learned, although it exists in several later versions. It lists the names of 400 original settlers of Iceland, their Norwegian origins, their descendants, and describes their landholdings with great topographical accuracy. Occasionally, anecdotes of marriages or feuds, or character sketches, are interspersed with the lists of names. The Landnámabók served as the source for many Icelandic sagas.
Author of various works on Iceland, Icelandic language and literature, Britain, and English literature, 1923-1976.
Eggert Ólafsson: born to a farming family at Snaefellsnes, Iceland, 1726; took his bachelor's degree at the University of Copenhagen; interested in natural history and carried out a scientific and cultural survey of Iceland, 1752-1757; poet, antiquarian and advocate of Icelandic language and culture; died at sea in Breida Bay, off the northwest coast of Iceland, 1768. Publication: Reise igiennem Island (2 volumes, 1772) (Travels in Iceland).
'Edda' comprises a body of ancient Icelandic literature contained in two books, the Prose (or Younger) Edda and the Poetic (or Elder) Edda, and constitutes the fullest source for modern knowledge of Germanic mythology. The Prose Edda was written by the Icelandic chieftain, poet,and historian Snorri Sturluson, probably in 1222-1223, and is a textbook intended to instruct young poets in the metres of the early Icelandic skalds (court poets) and to provide the Christian age with an understanding of the mythological subjects referred to in early poetry. The Poetic Edda is a manuscript of the later 13th century, but containing older materials (hence the 'Elder' Edda), and contains mythological and heroic poems of unknown authorship, usually dramatic dialogues in a terse and archaic style, composed from the 9th to the 11th century.
Saint Bonaventure (San Bonaventura): born, c1217; original name Giovanni Di Fidanza (John of Fidanza); entered the University of Paris, 1235; received the master of arts degree, 1243; joined the Franciscan order; studied theology in the Franciscan school at Paris, 1243-1248; named Bonaventure, 1244; leading theologian, minister general of the Franciscan order, and cardinal bishop of Albano; author of several works on the spiritual life; recodified the constitution of his order, 1260; died, 1274.
Written in Italy, perhaps in Venice. The congregation of the canons regular of St George in Alga, Venice, to which the manuscript apparently relates, received its concession from Boniface IX in 1404, and confirmation from Gregory XII in 1407.
Antonio Milledonne: born, 1522; secretary of the Council of Ten in Venice; the Republic's observer at the Council of Trent (1545-1563), whose account of the Council was never published (although a French translation appeared in Paris in 1870); died, 1588.
Rabanus Maurus: born at Mainz, Franconia, in 776 or 784; also called Hrabanus Magnentius; sent to Tours, France, to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin, 802; Abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Fulda, 803; developed it into a leading European centre of learning, its manuscripts and works of art making it among the richest literary conservatories in western Europe; Archbishop of Mainz; theologian, scholar and poet, whose work so contributed to the development of German language and literature that he received the title Praeceptor Germaniae ('Teacher of Germany'); died at Winkel, 856.
The author's name is given in a note at the foot of the title page. Possibly written in London.
Born in London, 1778; entered his uncles' firm, Mocatta & Goldsmid, bullion brokers to the Bank of England and to the East India Company; a member of the Stock Exchange, where until 1828 only twelve Jewish brokers were admitted; as a financier, rose to eminence and ultimately amassed a large fortune; his most extensive financial operations were connected with Portugal, Brazil, and Turkey; devoted much effort to Jewish emancipation and in working for unsectarian education and social reforms; closely allied with Utilitarian and radical opinion; prominent in the foundation of University College London, then called the University of London, and with John Smith and Benjamin Shaw acquired the desired site in Gower Street, 1825; member of its first Council, 1826; assisted in the establishment of the University College or North London Hospital, 1834; served as its treasurer, 1839-1857; with Elizabeth Fry and Peter Bedford worked for the reform of the penal code and the improvement of prisons; associated with Robert Owen and was interested in Owen's New Lanark; instrumental in the introduction of the Jewish Disabilities Bill by (Sir) Robert Grant, 1830; the bill was thrown out in the House of Commons on its second reading, but was passed by large majorities on its reintroduction in the reformed parliament, 1833; for many subsequent years the bill was rejected in the House of Lords, but Goldsmid's early exertions stimulated the interest of many prominent liberal members of both houses and a few conservatives; Goldsmid's public services and labours for the Disabilities Bill brought him into contact with liberal statesmen, including Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, who expressed a wish that Goldsmid be given a baronetcy; created a baronet by the outgoing ministry of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, the first baronetcy to be conferred on a Jew, 1841; for his services in settling a monetary dispute between Portugal and Brazil, created by the Portuguese government Baron da Palmeira, 1846; died, 1859. See also Memoir of Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid (Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co, London, 1879, revised edition, 1882), including information on the subject's father, Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid.
Written by the grandson of the author of the commentary.
The manuscript is Italian.
Born in Motihari, Bengal, India, 25 June 1903; educated at Eton, 1917-1921; served in Burma in the Indian Imperial Police, 1922-1928; lived for several years in poverty, as a dish-washer in Paris, France, and as a tramp in England, 1928-1931; school teacher at the Hawthorns, Middlesex, 1932-1933; part-time assistant in a Hampstead bookshop, London, 1934-1935; wrote books and novels, 1933-1949; married Eileen Maud O'Shaughnessy (died 1945), 1936; reviewer of novels for the New English Weekly, until 1940; visited areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, 1936; wounded in Spain fighting for the Republicans, 1937; member of the Home Guard during World War Two; worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation Eastern Service, 1940-1943; Literary Editor of Tribune, 1943-1945; war correspondent for the Observer, 1945; regular contributor to the Manchester Evening News, 1943-1946; suffered from tuberculosis, often in hospital, 1947-1950; married Sonia Mary Brownell, 1949; died, 21 January 1950. Publications: Down and out in Paris and London (Victor Gollancz, London, 1933); Burmese days (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1934); The road to Wigan pier (Victor Gollancz, London, 1937); Homage to Catalonia (Secker & Warburg, London, 1938); Coming up for air (Victor Gollancz, London, 1939); The lion and the unicorn (Secker & Warburg, London, 1941); Animal farm (Secker & Warburg, London, 1945); Critical essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1946); The English people (Collins, London, 1947); Nineteen eighty-four (Secker & Warburg, London, 1949); Shooting an elephant, and other essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1950).
John Parkes was a partner in the Warwick firm of Parkes, Brookhouse and Crompton, worsted manufacturers. Joseph Parkes (b 1796) was his youngest son. In 1817 he was articled to the London solicitors Amory and Coles of Throgmorton Street. From 1822 to 1823 he was a solicitor in Birmingham. In 1824 he married Elizabeth Rayner, eldest daugher of Joseph Priestley. He was a member of the Birmingham Political Union in 1832. In 1833 he became Secretary of the Commission on Municipal Corporations, and moved to Westminster. He was later a solictor to the Charity Commission Chancery Suits. He was a taxing-master in Chancery in 1847. Parkes supervised the publication of Thomas Gisborne's Essays on agriculture in 1854. He also collected material on Francis Place, and on Sir Philip Francis and the authorship of the Junius letters. This memoir was completed by Herman Merivale, and published in 1867 as Memoir of Sir Philip Francis KCB with correspondence and journals. Joseph Parkes died in 1865. Josiah Parkes (b 1793) was the third son of John Parkes. In 1823 he became an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers. In 1825 he went to work in Puteaux-sur-Seine, returning to England in 1830. He became engaged in the draining and attempted steam cultivation of Chat Moss. There he first evolved the principles of the deep drainage system. In 1844 a Birmingham manufacturer produced, at Parkes' instigation, the first set of drain-cutting tools. In 1846 Sir Robert Peel advanced £4 million to be used on drainage on the Parkesian principle. Josiah Parkes died in 1871.
Born in London, 27 March 1857; educated at University College School and King's College Cambridge; Third Wrangler in Mathematics Tripos, 1879; studied medieval and sixteenth-century German literature, Berlin and Heidelberg Universities, 1879-1880; read law, called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1881; delivered lectures on mathematics, philosophy and German literature at societies and clubs devoted to adult education; deputised for the Professor of Mathematics, King's College London, 1881, and for the Professor of Mathematics at University College London, 1883; formed the Men and Women's Club, with some others, to discuss equality between the sexes; appointed to Goldsmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University College London, 1884; appointed Professor of Geometry, Gresham College, 1891; collaborated with Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, in biometry and evolutionary theory, 1891-1906; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1896; founded journal Biometrika with Weldon and Francis Galton founder of the School of Eugenics at University College London, 1901; appointed first Galton Professor of Eugenics, University College London, 1911; formed Department of Applied Statistics incorporating the Biometric Laboratory and Galton Laboratory, University College London; founded journal Annals of Eugenics, 1925; retired, 1933, died at Coldharbour, Surrey, 27 April 1936. Publications: A first study of the inheritance of vision and of the relative influence of heredity and environment on sight (London, 1909); A preliminary study of extreme alcoholism in adults with A Barrington (London, 1910); editor of The common sense of the exact sciences (Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1885); On the correlation of fertility with social value: a cooperative study with others (1913); editor of Tables of the incomplete G-function: computed by the staff of the Department of Applied Statistics, University College (London, 1922); Study of the data provided by a baby-clinic in a large manufacturing town (Cambridge, 1922); editor of Tracts for computers (London, 1919); editor of Tables for statisticians and biometricians (London, 1914); A mathematical theory of random migration (1906); A monograph on albinism in man with E Nettleship and C H Usher (1911); Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, an appreciation (London, 1923); Darwinism, medical progress and eugenics The Cavendish lecture, 1912, an address to the medical profession (1912); Enthusiasm of the market place and of the study (1885); Eugenics and public health An address to public health officers (1912); Francis Galton, 1822-1922, a centenary appreciation (London, 1922); Home conditions and eyesight: some recent misinterpretations of the problem of nurture and nature; Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution (1904); Matter and soul (1886); Mendelism and the problem of mental defect (1914); National life from the stand-point of science An address delivered at Newcastle (A & C Black, London, 1901); Nature and nurture, the problem of the future A presidential address (1910); On a practical theory of elliptical and pseudo-elliptical arches, with special reference to the ideal masonry arch with W D Reynolds and W F Stanton (1909); On the construction of tables and on interpolation (London, 1920); On the handicapping of the first-born (1914); On the relationship of health to the psychial and physical characters in school children (Cambridge, 1923); On the skull and portraits of George Buchanan (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London, 1926); Reaction! A criticism of Mr Balfour's attack on rationalism (1895); Side lights on the evolution of man (London, 1921); Social problems, their treatment, past, present, and future A lecture (1912); Studies in national deterioration (1907); Supplement to the memoir (by Ethel M Elderton) entitled: The influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring A reply to the Cambridge economists (1910); editor of Tables of the incomplete beta-function (The Proprietors of Biometrika, London, 1934); The academic aspect of the science of eugenics A lecture delivered to undergraduates (1911); The chances of death and other studies in evolution (E Arnold, London, 1897); The ethic of freethought: a selection of essays and lectures (T Fisher Unwin, London, 1888); The fight against tuberculosis and the death-rate from phthisis (1911); The grammar of science (1892); The groundwork of eugenics (1909); The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1914); The moral basis of socialism (W Reeves, London, 1887); The new university for London: a guide to its history and a criticism of its defects (T F Unwin, London, 1892); The positive creed of freethought: with some remarks on the relation of freethought to socialism (W Reeves, London, 1888); The problem of practical eugenics (1909); The right of the unborn child (Cambridge University Press, London, 1927); The science of man: its needs and its prospects (London, 1920); The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots (1928); editor of The treasury of human inheritance (Dulau & Co, London, 1909); Tuberculosis, heredity and environment (1912); A study of the long bones of the English skeleton (London, 1919); On the sesamoids of the knee-joint (Cambridge, 1922); A second study of the influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring (1910); editor of A second study of the statistics of pulmonary tuberculosis: marital infection (London, 1908); editor of A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials from Galilei to the present time (University Press, Cambridge, 1886-1893); The Trinity: a nineteenth century passion-play (E Johnson, Cambridge, 1882); A statistical study of oral temperatures in school children, with special reference to parental, environmental, and class differences with M H Williams and Julia Bell (1914); On the torsion resulting from flexure in prisms with cross-sections of uni-axial symmetry only with A W Young, M A Ethel and M Elderton (1918).
The River Plate Trust Loan and Agency Company Ltd (founded in 1881), which administered various companies in South America, was succeeded in 1961 by the River Plate and Mercantile Trust Ltd (later the River and Mercantile Trust PLC).
Philologist. Little more is known about Ross.
George Routledge set up in business as a retail bookseller with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant, and in 1836 published his first (unsuccessful) book, The Beauties of Gilsand (a guidebook), moving to no 36 Soho Square in 1843. W H Warne was taken into partnership and the Railway Library of cheap reprints of works of fiction begun in 1848. Frederick Warne, W H Warne's brother, was taken into partnership and the firm of George Routledge and Co was founded in 1851, removing to no 2 Farringdon Street in 1852, when the firm published Uncle Tom's Cabin. Founded on the success of cheap editions of works of fiction, the firm rapidly expanded into the reprint market, catering for the growing literate population of the Victorian age. Routledge and Co opened a New York branch in 1854. Robert Warne Routledge, George Routledge's son, entered the partnership in 1858 and the firm was restyled Routledge, Warne & Routledge. W H Warne died in 1859. In 1862 Every Boy's Magazine, edited by Edmund Routledge (George Routledge's son), was started. The firm entered a contract with Lord Tennyson in 1863. Frederick Warne left the firm, Edmund Routledge became a partner, and the firm was renamed George Routledge and Sons, removing to no 7 The Broadway, Ludgate, in 1865. Routledge and Sons' publications included Kate Greenaway's Under the Window (1878), her first Almanack (1883), and Morley's Universal Library (1883). George Routledge died in 1888. Routledge and Sons was reconstructed under Arthur E Franklin of Keyser & Co banking house, in collaboration with William Sonnenschein and Laurie Magnus, in 1902. The firm of J C Nimmo Ltd, founded in 1879 by John C Nimmo (d 1899) and publisher of fine scholarly editions, was taken over by Routledge & Sons in 1903. Cecil A Franklin, son of Arthur Franklin, entered Routledge & Sons in 1906.
The firm of H S King & Co was formed in 1868 and Henry S King introduced the International Scientific Series in 1871. His business was purchased by Charles Kegan Paul (King's literary adviser since 1874) in 1877, when Alfred Trench joined as a partner. Kegan Paul, Trench and Co, formed in 1878, continued to publish the list begun by King, who died in 1879. Kegan Paul published R L Stevenson's An Inland Voyage (1878), signed up George Meredith in 1879, and published Sir James Knowles' 19th Century Review the same year, its other publications including Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1880), Last Journals of General Gordon (1885), and The Silence of Dean Maitland by Maxwell Gray (Miss Tuttiett).
Nicholas Trübner started his business in 1851, its publications including Bibliographical Guide to American Literature (1855), the Record (started in 1865), Samuel Butler's Erewhon (1872), the Oriental Series (started in 1872), Catalogue of Dictionaries and Grammars of the Principal Languages of the World (1872), and Sir Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia (1879). Trübner died in 1884 and in 1889 Messrs Trübner & Co and also George Redway joined Kegan Paul, Trench & Co, amalgamated and converted by Horatio Bottomley into Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co Ltd, although Alfred Trench fell ill and resigned that same year. The firm removed to Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road, in 1891. In 1895 Kegan Paul's profits fell and its directors resigned, whereupon Arthur Waugh took over management of the firm. Charles Kegan Paul retired in 1899 and died in 1902.
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co were incorporated with Routledge and Sons to form Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, with Cecil Franklin and Sir William Crookes among the directors, in 1912.
Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy: born in Budapest, Hungary, 1820; educated for the rabbinical profession; PhD in mathematics and philosophy, University of Jena (Germany), 1845; on the failure of the 1848 revolution, fled Hungary and settled in England, 1850; rabbi of the Manchester Old Hebrew Congregation (later the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester) from 1851; rabbi of the Manchester Congregation of British Jews, c1856-1860; married Georgiana Eleanor Herbert (1831-1901), who converted to Judaism and was baptised Sarah, 1863; moved to Cambridge, 1863; Teacher in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1866; first Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1876; had issue Alfred Solomon (b 1863), Theresa Antonia (1864-1865), Eleanor, Henrietta Georgiana (1869-1939), and Sydney Herbert (1876-1964); died in Cambridge, 1890; buried in Ipswich. Publications include: Der Bund Gottes mit Israel! Gottesdienstlicher Vortrag über Jes 59, 21 zur ersten Confirmationsfeier ... im Tempel der Israeliten zu Eperies gehalten (Leipzig, 1845); Die zweite Rabbinerversammlung zu Frankfurt a.M. Eine vollstandige Beleuchtung der Tendenz ... so wie insonders des Geistes, der bei und in derselben vorwaltend war. Zweite Auflage. Hefte 1, 2 (Leipzig, 1845-1846); The Feelings of the Israelite on beholding his Sovereign. An address delivered to the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester, etc (Manchester, 1851); Harmony and Dis-harmony between Judaism and Christianity. Two sermons preached ... at the Manchester Synagogue of British Jews, etc (Manchester, [1859]); with William A Wright, appendix containing a catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan MSS in E H Palmer, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, Bell & Daldy, London, 1870); Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts preserved in the University Library, Cambridge ... Volume I. Containing, Section I. The Holy Scriptures. Section II. Commentaries on the Bible (Cambridge, 1876); An Exposition of Isaiah lii 13, 14, 15, and liii., etc (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, 1882); studies on Rabbinic literature in the Encylopaedia Britannica; contributions to the Journal of Philology and other periodicals. See also Raphael Loewe, 'Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy', Jewish Historical Society of England Transactions Sessions 1962-1967, xxi (1968), pp 148-189, which includes a bibliography. Raphael Loewe: appointed temporary Lecturer in the Hebrew Department, University College London, 1961; Honorary Research Assistant, 1962; Lecturer, 1966; Senior Lecturer, 1969; Reader, 1970; Professor, 1981; retired, 1984. Publications include: Judaism, Privilege and Perspective (Parkes Library, Royston, 1962); The position of women in Judaism (SPCK, London, published in conjunction with the Hillel Foundation, 1966); edited Studies in Rationalism, Judaism & Universalism. In memory of Leon Roth (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Humanities Press, New York, 1966); with Siegfried Stein, edited Studies in Jewish religious and intellectual history presented to Alexander Altmann on the occasion of his seventieth birthday (Institute of Jewish Studies, London, University of Alabama Press, 1979); The Spanish supplement to Nieto's 'Esh Dath (1981); Yahadut ve-shirah - metihut 'o yetsiyrah (Kenes, London, 1984); Jewish evidence for the history of the crossbow (Picard, Paris, 1985); Louis Loewe: aide and confidant (Oxford University Press, London, 1985); Lashon 'ivrit u-medabreyhah: 'eved we-rabo (London, 1987); The Rylands Haggadah (Abrams, New York, 1988); In memoriam Richard David Barnett (Jewish Historical Society of London, London, 1988); A mediaeval Latin-German magical text in Hebrew characters (Halban, London, 1988); Ibn Gabirol (Halban, London, 1989); Cambridge Jewry: the first hundred years (Harvey Miller publishers, London, 1989); translated Yosef Kaplan's From Christianity to Judaism: the story of Isaac Orobio de Castro (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989); Jewish exegesis (SCM, London, 1990); The contribution of German-Jewish scholars to Jewish studies in the United Kingdom (1991); Israel's sovereign statehood and theological plumb-lines (E Mellen, Lewiston, 1991); Midrashic alchemy: exegesis, ethics, aesthetics in Judaism (KTAV Publishing House, Hoboken, NJ, 1992; offprint from "Open thou mine eyes": essays on Aggahdah and Judaica presented to Rabbi William G Braude); with Jeremy Schonfield, edited The Barcelona Haggadah (London, 1992); with Edward Fitzgerald, Khayyamidis Rubayat sive Quaternionum ... (London, 1993); Hebrew linguistics (Longman, London and New York, 1994); with others, Bevis Marks records Part VI, The burial register (1733-1918) of the Novo (New) cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London (with some later entries) (1997); Herbert of Bosham's Commentary on Jerome's Hebrew Psalter [undated?].
Born, 1915; read Modern Languages at University College London, 1934-1937, 1938-1939; foreign correspondent for the BBC from 1942; served in Vienna and later Berlin from the mid-1940s until the early 1950s; stationed in Cairo during the Suez Crisis (1956); served in Cape Town in the late 1950s; served in Rome from the 1960s until his retirement in the 1970s; chief Mediterranean correspondent; OBE, 1969; died, 1979. Publication: A desk in Rome (Collins, London, 1974).
Born, 1901; daughter of Oliver Strachey and his first wife Ruby Mayer, and niece of the critic and biographer Lytton Strachey; a writer, but published few books during her lifetime; wrote sketches and stories for New Writing, the New Statesman and the New Yorker; married firstly Stephen Tomlin (d 1937) and secondly the artist (Sir) Lawrence Gowing (Slade Professor of Fine Art at University College London, 1975-1985; d 1991), 1952; divorced, 1967; died, 1979. Publications: Cheerful weather for the wedding (1932); The man on the pier (1951).
In order to try and counter the activities of the British Union of Fascists and other bodies in the 1930s, in 1936 the Board of Deputies of British Jews, representing the Anglo-Jewish community, created a Co-ordinating Committee (for defence measures), which became the Defence Committee, concerning itself with social, political and economic matters in which anti-Semitism played a part. As well as addressing defamatory statements, its work included investigating periodic complaints about economic discrimination. In 1938 an ad hoc committee, known as the Trades Advisory Council, was set up to advise the Defence Committee on trade practices and related matters. It met infrequently until the outbreak of war in 1939. In 1940 it was reconstituted and a Secretariat appointed. It continued as an ad hoc committee, but in 1941 adopted a constitution as a democratic organisation based on a membership encompassing Jewish traders, industrialists and professional men. This Trades Advisory Council of British Jewry, generally known as the Trades Advisory Council (TAC), continued under the auspices of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The TAC aimed to strengthen goodwill in industry and commerce and to maintain standards of commercial integrity, and dealt with all questions involving Jews in trade and industry, concerning itself especially with removing the causes of friction between Jewish and non-Jewish manufacturers, merchants and traders, and also with relations between employer and employees, labour conditions and opportunities, refugees, discrimination against Jews by employers, insurance companies or trade organisations, and irregularities and complaints involving Jews and non-Jews, including misrepresentation in trade advertisements and defamatory statements in newspapers. It collected and disseminated information, studied legislation and administrative measures affecting its concerns, liaised with other trade organisations, and arbitrated in commercial disputes where one or both parties were Jews. The TAC comprised a Secretariat; a National Administrative Council and Area Councils; Sections for various trades; and Committees including Statistical, Financial, Membership, Disciplinary, and Refugee Traders. It had premises initially at 148 Leadenhall Street, London, and later its head office was at 280 Euston Road, London NW1. From 1940 its General Secretary was the Labour politician Maurice Orbach.
The Reverend John Matthews (MA 1673) was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1689 until his resignation in 1728. He died on 26 May 1729, aged 79. The Reverend Henry Jones (senior), of Monmouth, went to school in Usk, and attained his LLB in 1718. He married John Matthews's niece, Matthea Matthews, at Tewkesbury on 1 May 1718. He was rector of Woolstone, Gloucestershire, 1720-1729, and vicar of Tewkesbury, 1728-1729 (having apparently acted as curate for some time previously). Jones died on 3 March 1729, aged 38.The Reverend Penry Jones was brother of Henry Jones (senior). He was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1729 until his death in 1754.The Reverend Henry Jones (junior) was the son of Henry Jones (senior). He went to Balliol College Oxford in 1739, aged 18, and attained his BA in 1743. He was vicar of Tewkesbury from 1754 (and previously seems to have been curate to his uncle there) until his death on 3 November 1769, aged 47.
Philip Williams read history at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating in 1940; he was a member of the Labour Party at 16 and a member of the Oxford anti-Fascist movement in the 1930s; active in the Campaign for Democratic Socialism and a 'confirmed Gaskellite'; Labour economist and industrial relations expert at Nuffield College, Oxford; published a biography of Hugh Gaitskell in 1979; died, 1984.
Publications: Hugh Gaitskell: A Political Biography (1979, second edition 1982)
Lucien Wolf was born on 20 January 1857 in London. He was educated at private schools, the Athenee Royale in Brussels, and in Paris. He worked as a sub-editor and leader-writer for Jewish World, 1874-1893, and was later Editor there, 1906-1908. He also worked as an assistant editor for Public Leader, 1877-1878; foreign editor for the Daily Graphic, 1890-1909; and was London correspondent for Le Journal, Paris, 1894-1898. He was President of the Jewish History Society of England eight times. In 1919 he represented the Anglo-Jewish community at the Paris Peace Conference. He was Secretary of the Jewish Joint Foreign Committee from 1917. He was founder of and delegate to the Advisory Committee of the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations. Wolf's many publications are mainly concerned with Jews and Judaism. Wolf died on 23 August 1930.
J M Alston (born c.1900) was Consultant Pathologist to the Archway Group Hospitals and Senior Lecturer in Bacteriology at Edinburgh University.
Sir Arthur William Garrard Bagshawe was born at St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, in 1871, the second son of the Rev. Alfred Drake Bagshawe. He was educated at Marlborough, where his interest in Natural History was already apparent, and then at Caius College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first class in Part I of the Natural Science Tripos in 1892. He then went to St George's Hospital, where he graduated MB, BCh in 1895. He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) and a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP).
Bagshawe held a house appointment at the Royal Northern Hospital until 1898 when he joined the Colonial Medical Service, and was posted to Uganda. In 1900 he became a medical officer of the Uganda Protectorate. He was a member of the Lango Expedition in 1901 and of the Anglo-German Boundary Commission, defining the borders of Tanganyika, Tanzania, 1902-4. As a consequence he became familiar with the medical problems of East Africa. Trypanosomiasis was epidemic in Uganda at the time, indeed little was known about the tsetse fly and the treatment of sleeping sickness. Bagshawe `quickly became one of the most distinguished workers on trypanosomiasis' (BMJ, 1950, i, p.847). In 1906-7 he was employed on a sleeping sickness investigation in Uganda, and was the first to discover the pupae of Glossina palpalis in their natural breeding ground. During his service he was able to indulge his interest in the local flora and fauna, and made extensive collections of specimens of rare plants, which he subsequently gave to the British Museum (to the section which later became the Natural History Museum).
An international conference to consider the problem of trypanosomiasis was held in London during 1907-8, at the behest of the British Government. It was recommended that a central international bureau be established to extract up-to-date information on sleeping sickness, and disseminate it to researchers and investigators in the field. Whilst an international bureau did not materialise, a British Bureau, the Trypanosomiasis Bureau (or the Sleeping Sickness Bureau), was established. In 1908 Bagshawe became its first Director. In the same year Bagshawe took the Cambridge Diploma in Public Health (DPH).
Between 1908 and 1912 Bagshawe produced four valuable volumes containing articles which treated special aspects of trypanosomoiasis in detail, as well as abstracts of the current literature, an exhaustive bibliography, and maps showing the known distribution of sleeping sickness and tsetse flies in Africa. These articles also appeared in the Bureau's monthly Sleeping Sickness Bulletins. It has been said that `the care he gave to their preparation set up new standards in medical abstracting' (The Lancet, 1950, i, p.694).
In 1912 the Trypanosomiasis Bureau became the Tropical Diseases Bureau, the work on sleeping sickness having been so successful that the idea was extended to other diseases. During this time Bagshawe also held the office of Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1917-21, and was its Treasurer, 1925-35, having been an original Fellow of the Society. In 1920 he was awarded the Mary Kingsley Medal of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. A further change to the Bureau occurred in 1926, when it became the Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases, the new name providing a much better reflection of its functions. Bagshawe was also the Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin and the Bulletin of Hygiene.
Bagshawe was for a time a member of the expert committee of the Health Committee of the League of Nations, dealing with tuberculosis and sleeping sickness in equatorial Africa. He was knighted in 1933, having received in 1915 the CMG (Companion (of the Order) of St Michael and St George).
Retirement from his position as Director of the Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases, and from his editorial work, came in 1935. From 1935-37 he was President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Of his contribution to the medical profession, it has been said that Bagshawe was `one of the real founders of scientific tropical medicine' (BMJ, p.848).
He had married Alice Mary Thornber in 1910, and they had had two sons. His wife died in 1944. Bagshawe died on 24 March 1950 in Cardiff, at the age of 78, after having joined one of his sons on his farm in South Wales the previous year.
Publications:
Sleeping Sickness Bulletins (monthly publications of Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases)
Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin & Bulletin of Hygiene
William Hunter Baillie was born on 14 September 1797 in London, the son of Matthew Baillie, the morbid anatomist, and his wife Sophia, the daughter of Dr Thomas Denman, physician. His great-uncles were the celebrated anatomists William and John Hunter. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1815, becoming BA in 1819 and MA in 1823.
William Hunter Baillie was called to the Bar, but never practiced as a barrister. Instead he lived as a gentleman of leisure and Squire of the Manor of Duntisbourne Abbots, Gloucestershire.
He grew close to his aunt, Joanna Baillie, the poet and dramatist, after his father died in 1823, moving in the same literary circles. He was interested in the family history of the Hunter-Baillies, and spent a considerable amount of time and expense gathering together the family's papers, from correspondence to ancient title deeds and other legal instruments, in order to establish the pedigree of the family. William Hunter Baillie also encouraged his aunt, Joanna Baillie, to write her memoirs.
William Hunter Baillie married Henrietta Duff, daughter of the Revd. Dr Duff of St Andrews, in 1835. They had eight children, five of whom, three sons and two daughters, died before he did, the other son surviving for just three months after William Hunter Baillie's death. Henrietta died on 3 February 1857. William Hunter Baillie died on 24 December 1894, at the age of 97.
John O'Brien Milner Barry was born 26 February 1815 in Cork, the second son of John Milner Barry of Cork, the first doctor to introduce vaccination into an Irish town (Cork in 1800) and founder of the Cork Fever Hospital. Barry studied medicine in Paris between 1833 and 1836. He graduated MD from Edinburgh a year later; the subject of his thesis was Endocarditis. In 1838 became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
He set up practice first in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, 1839-42, and then in Totnes, Devon, where he practiced 1844-51. In 1852 he settled permanently in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, where he served as physician to the Infirmary and Dispensary. It has been said that he was
'a safe and an excellent practitioner, having a thorough knowledge of his profession, and his advice was often sought by his professional neighbours and the medical men in the surrounding districts' (BMJ, 1 Oct. 1881).
He became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1859. During his career Barry made various contributions to medical journals, on the subjects of Cystine, Leucocythemia, Diphtheritis, and Ovarian diseases. In 1876 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
He continued practicing in Tunbridge Wells until his death. Barry married twice. He died suddenly of heart disease on 15 September 1881, aged 66, and left behind a widow.
Richard Bright was born on 28 September 1789, the third son of Richard Bright, a Bristol merchant and banker. He attended a school in Bristol, run by a Unitarian minister, and subsequently went to Exeter. In 1808 he left for Edinburgh to study first in the faculty of arts, and from 1809 in the medical faculty. He graduated MD in 1813. In 1810 he interrupted his medical education to join Sir George Mackenzie's scientific expedition to Iceland, where he contributed to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of the island. He then spent two years in London, studying at the medical school of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals. He returned to London in 1814, after graduating, and became a pupil at the Carey Street Dispensary, under Thomas Bateman. Here he gained wide experience in skin disorders, which was Bateman's specialty, and general medicine.
Bright visited Holland and Belgium before traveling to Germany in 1814, and then Austria and Hungary during the winter of 1814-15. During his trip he met many physicians and observed the medical practice in the hospitals of Horn, Hufeland, Berlin and Vienna. On his way home from Hungary he stopped at Brussels, about a fortnight after the Battle of Waterloo, visiting the military hospitals and seeing many of the wounded. He became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1816, and a Fellow in 1832. In 1817 he was elected assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, where during a severe epidemic he contracted fever and narrowly escaped with his life. Bright returned to the continent in the autumn of 1818, visiting Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and France. During this trip he visited many hospitals and post mortem rooms. He returned in the summer of 1819 to continue work at the Fever Hospital.
In 1820 he became assistant physician to Guy's Hospital and then, in 1824, full physician. He took an active part in teaching, in both the wards and the lecture room. In 1822 he lectured at Guy's on botany and materia medica, and in 1824, on the theory and practice of physic. Despite the lack of interest shown by Bright's seniors in morbid anatomy, Bright worked undeterred in the post mortem room before his rounds of the wards. It was said that over the years Bright worked at Guy's, he spent at least six hours a day carrying out his research, `constantly and with untiring patience, whenever he could do so, to the ultimate test of the morbid appearances after deaths' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.157).
Bright is best known for his description of dropsy - oedema associated with kidney disease - in which the urine can be coagulated by heat owing to the presence of albumin. Observation of albumin in the urine had already been made, but it was Bright who made the connection between the presence of albumin and glomerulonephritis, and thus made the synthesis of the symptoms. Before this it was thought that the liver and the spleen were responsible for dropsy. The condition subsequently became widely known, from the 1840s, as Morbus Brightii, `Bright's disease', establishing his reputation at home and abroad.
He described the disease in the first volume of his illustrated Reports on Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (1827), in which the clinical picture during life is correlated with the pathology of the internal organs of the several parts of the body. A second part to this work was published in 1831 and is entirely concerned with the nervous system, with the illustrations appearing in a separate volume. Upon all the various subjects covered by Bright in this work, he showed `the most sagacious observation, untiring industry, and wonderful powers of investigating truth, the end and aim of all his work' (ibid).
Bright's writings were numerous and important. Although best known for his work on diseases of the viscera, especially the kidney, Bright also made numerous observations on neurological conditions, both in the above-mentioned publication, and in papers he contributed to the Guy's Hospital Reports. He also wrote articles on pancreatic diabetes, acute yellow atrophy of the liver, acute otitis and pathological lesions in typhoid fever. He was a frequent contributor to the Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. Bright collaborated with Thomas Addison, his colleague at Guy's, in a textbook of medicine for students, entitled Textbook: Elements of the Practice of Medicine (1839).
Bright's professional success was steady. He was Goulstonian lecturer in 1833, Lumleian lecturer in 1837, Censor of the College in 1836 and 1839, and member of the Council, 1838 and 1843. In 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, he was appointed physician extraordinary to the queen. As his reputation rose he took the leading position as consulting physician in London. Amongst his patients were Lord Macaulay, historian and Whig MP, John Snow, anaesthetist, famous for his theory that cholera was communicated through a contaminated water supply, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, who was suffering from nephritis. Bright was `probably consulted in a larger number of difficult cases than any of his contemporaries' (DNB, vol. VI, p.336). He held the post of full physician to Guy's Hospital until 1843 when he retired to devote his time to full practice, remaining active in his profession right up to his death in 1858. In 1838 he was honoured with the Monthyon medal of the Institute of France, awarded in recognition of his work on the kidney. At home he was honoured with a Doctorate of Civil Law by Oxford University in 1853.
Bright was a widely accomplished man. He was a good linguist, knowledgeable about more than one science, an amateur artist of some credibility, indeed his ability to draw accurately enabled him to produce fine diagrams of pathological anatomy, and well cultivated, due to his experience of travel and his wide social circle. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. His great skills were his acute observation and aptitude for synthesis, over his ability to theorise or to put forward his views.
Bright was married twice, first to Martha Babington in 1822. Martha died in 1823, shortly after giving birth to their only son, who died in early manhood. His second marriage was to Elizabeth Follett, sister to Sir William Webb Follett, attorney general. Bright had five surviving children, two daughters and three sons. He died at his house in Savile Row on 16 December 1858, at the age of 69, after an illness lasting just four days, associated with a longstanding disease of the heart. He was buried at Kensal Green, and an inscribed monument was erected in the Church of St James, Piccadilly.
Publications:
Travels from Vienna through Lower Hungary, with some remarks on the State of Vienna during the Congress in the year 1814 (Edinburgh, 1818)
Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View to Illustrate the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy (2 volumes, London, 1827; 1831)
Address at the Commencement of a Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1832)
Elements of the Practice of Medicine, Volume I Richard Bright and Thomas Addison (London, 1836)
Papers on Physconia by Bright, in Clinical Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours and Intumescence (London, 1860)
Publications by others about Bright:
Dr Richard Bright, 1789-1858, Pamela Bright (London, 1983)
Physician Extraordinary: Dr Richard Bright (1789-1858) Robert Manoah, R. Johnson (ed.) (Montpelier, Vermont, 1986)
Richard Bright, 1789-1858: Physician in an Age of Revolution and Reform D. Berry and C. Mackenzie (London, 1992)
John Mitchell Bruce was born on 19 October 1846 at Keig near Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, and then went to the University of Aberdeen, where he was awarded his MA in 1866. He subsequently chose to study medicine and joined the Middlesex Hospital in London, where he gained several distinctions including the gold medal in forensic medicine. He graduated MB in 1870. To complete his training, Mitchell Bruce then undertook postgraduate study in pathology in Vienna and at the Brown Institution, under the tutelage of Sir John Burdon-Sanderson and Professor Emanuel Klein. In 1872 he graduated MD and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
Mitchell Bruce worked briefly as resident at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary before obtaining the post of lecturer on physiology at Charing Cross Hospital, in 1871. In 1873 he was elected assistant physician at the hospital, and then full physician in 1882. He had been elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1878. He also served as physician for the East London Children's Hospital, the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, and the King Edward VII Sanatorium, Midhurst.
He relinquished his lectureship in physiology at the Charing Cross Hospital in 1877, and taught materia medica until 1890, and then medicine until 1901. It has been said that he was the most brilliant teacher of his day at Charing Cross' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, p.255). He was also dean of the Medical School between 1883 and 1890, duringone of the most formative periods in its development' (ibid).
Mitchell Bruce also conducted his own consulting practice for many years, which grew in size throughout his professional career. He was a relatively junior doctor when he attended his most famous patient, Benjamin Disraeli, first Earl of Beaconsfield, the former Prime Minister, in the last ten days of Disraeli's life, in April 1881. The part Bruce played in attempting to prolong Disraeli's life was little known at the time as his name did not appear in the public debates about the former Prime Minister's deteriorating health and the treatments applied.
His best-known contribution to the medical profession was his publication, Materia Medica and Therapeutics (1884), of which 70,000 copies were sold during his lifetime. He was also an editor of The Practitioner, and an assistant editor of Sir Richard Quain's A Dictionary of Medicine (1882-94), writing the sections on 'heart disease' and 'acute and chronic rheumatism'. In 1899 his work The Principles of Treatment and their Applications in Practical Medicine (1899) first appeared, to be reprinted three times. The success of this work was largely due to the fact that up to this point therapeutic teaching, in the medical literature of the time, was purely empirical. In contrast Mitchell Bruce offered a sound logic and systematic methodology in his approach. He assumed no therapeutic laws but attempted to find them in the facts of aetiology, pathological anatomy and clinical characters, which he examined in order to find lines of treatment.
In 1904 he retired from the active staff of the Charing Cross Hospital and became consulting physician to the hospital. He was appointed examiner in medicine for the University of Cambridge, as well as the Conjoint Examining Board of England, and examiner in materia medica to the Universities of London and Manchester, on several occasions. He also served as Censor for the Royal College of Physicians in 1911.
His involvement with the Royal College of Physicians was long standing. In 1911 he delivered the Lumleian Lectures to the College, and the Harveian Oration in 1913. He also served as President of the Medical Society of London, and the Section of Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1919 Mitchell Bruce was created CVO (Commander of the Royal Victorian Order). The University of Aberdeen made him Doctor of Laws (LLD) and the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland gave him an Honorary Fellowship.
He had married, and had one son, during his life. He died at Harley Street, London, on 7 July 1929 at the age of 82.
Publications:
Materia Medica and Therapeutics (London, 1884)
The Principles of Treatment and their Applications in Practical Medicine (Edinburgh, 1899)
Sections in Sir Richard Quain's A Dictionary of Medicine (1882-94) and articles for The Practitioner
Lettsomian Lectures on the Diseases and Disorders of the Heart and Arteries in Middle and Advance Life (London, 1902)
Lumleian Lectures on Cardio-Vascular Degeneration (1911)
The Harveian Oration on the Influence of Harvey's Work in the Development of the Doctrine of Infection and Immunity (London, 1913)
John Burges was born in London in 1745. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church College, Oxford. He graduated BA in 1764, MA in 1767, MB in 1770, and MD in 1774. In 1774 he became physician to St George's Hospital, London. Burges became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1775.
Burges' health was delicate and he did not attempt general practice. He lived a quiet life with his two maiden sisters in Mortimer Street, Cavendish Square. It has been said that he was `a man of strict principle, acknowledged erudition, and classical attainments, and devoted to the love of his profession' (Brande, 1855).
His chief occupations were the study and collection of materia medica, which, while his health allowed him, he pursued avidly. He received much assistance with the forming of his collection from his relative Sir James Bland Burges, sometime under-secretary in the Foreign Office. His collection was extensive and thorough, and became well known. He gave a number of gratuitous lectures, public and private, on particular scientific subjects.
At the Royal College of Physicians he was censor six times between 1776 and 1797. In 1787 he retired from the staff of St George's, whereupon Matthew Baillie succeeded him. He was named an elect at the College in 1797.
Burges died at his house in Mortimer Street, on 2 April 1807. He left his collection to Everard Augustus Brande, a former pupil and the son of a close friend, who in turn presented it to the Royal College of Physicians in 1809.
Andrew Clark was born on 28 October 1826 in Aberdeen, the only son of Andrew Clark, a doctor practicing in St Fergus, Aberdeenshire. His mother died during his birth and his father died when Clark was seven years old. Two bachelor uncles directed his education; he went to school in Aberdeen and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to a doctor in Dundee. During his apprenticeship he attended the Tay Square Academy and the wards of the Royal Infirmary. In 1842, and then from 1843-46, he studied at Edinburgh University as an extra-academical student, winning medals in most of his classes. He took the diploma for membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS) in 1844, and developed an interest in pathology. He returned to Edinburgh and was for some time assistant to the eminent physician John Hughes Bennett, in the pathological department of the Royal Infirmary.
Due to the appearance of the early symptoms of phthisis Clark sort an outdoor life, and from 1846-53 he held a commission as an assistant surgeon in the medical service of the Royal Navy. He made a voyage to Madeira in 1847, but for most of the six years was employed on pathological work at the Royal Navy Hospital at Haslar. Here he taught the use of the microscope in clinical and pathological work.
In 1853 Clark retired from the navy and was appointed to the new curatorship of the museum at the London Hospital. He remained in this position for eight years, although the impetus of his initial enthusiasm was lost when in 1854 Clark was also elected assistant physician to the hospital. It has been said that his new appointment revealed the true nature of his genius', and he quickly built up a huge reputation in both the wards of the hospital and in private practice (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.93). He had begun practice in Montague Street, Bloomsbury, and became famed for hisremarkable powers of observation, thoroughness and scientific approach' (ibid, p.94). He also became well known for giving elaborate directions to his patients as to their diet, despite this being considered by some of his contemporaries a rather antiquated therapy. He believed that many maladies were due to poor diet and lifestyle. It was also in 1854 that he graduated MD from the University of Aberdeen, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
From 1855-56 Clark was assistant physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He held the lectureship in physiology at the London Hospital from 1856-62. In 1858 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1860 he was Lettsomian Lecturer at the Medical Society of London. He was joint lecturer in medicine at the London Hospital from 1865 to 1870, and was promoted to full physician there in 1866. By then Clark had also acquired `a larger practice than any other physician of his time' (DNB, 1901, p.23). During the cholera epidemic of 1866, which raged throughout the East End of London, he became friends with, and physician to, the Gladstones. William Gladstone, statesman and four times prime minister, was one of Clark's many famous patients.
Although he published no large medical work Clark made many contributions to medical knowledge, through lectures, addresses, and articles. His special interest was in pulmonary diseases, in particular phthisis. At the Royal College of Physicians in 1867 Clark delivered the Croonian Lectures, on the subject of pulmonary diseases. In the same year he moved home and practice to a large house in Cavendish Square, where his private practice continued to expand. In 1871 he became president of the Medical Society of London.
Clark was made a baronet in 1883, at the instigation of Gladstone, then Prime Minister, in recognition of his services to medical science. Two years later he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and was Lumleian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, again lecturing on pulmonary diseases. He also served as censor at the College. In 1886 Clark was made consulting physician at the London Hospital, after twenty years service as physician. He continued to give lectures in his capacity as Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine, until his death.
In 1888, Clark became president of the Royal College of Physicians, serving in this office until his death. He became consulting physician both of the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, in 1892, and of the East London Hospital for Children. He was made honorary president of the Naval Medical Examining Board, and had been president of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association. In recognition of his position and status in the medical profession, the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Cambridge awarded him the degree of LLD, whilst Dublin awarded him an honorary MD. He was elected president of the Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1892, and was presiding over this body and the Royal College of Physicians at the time of his death.
Clark had married Seton Mary Percy Forster in 1851, and they had had one son and two daughters. His first wife died in 1858, and in 1862 he married Helen Annette Alphonso, with whom he also had a son and two daughters. Clark suffered a stroke in October 1893. During his illness the Queen desired that she daily be kept informed of his condition. He died just over 2 weeks later at his home in Cavendish Square in London on 6 November 1893. After a service at Westminster Abbey he was buried at Essendon, Hertfordshire, where he had recently bought a country house.
Publications:
He authored a number of tracts & chapters in medical publications.
Fibroid Diseases of the Lung, including Fibroid Phthisis, Sir Andrew Clark, Wilfred James Hadley & Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin (London, 1894)
Medical Nursing; edited by E.F. Lamport, with an introductory biographical note by Sir Andrew Clark, James Anderson & Sir Andrew Clark, Ethel Lamport (ed.) (London, 1894)
The Physician's Testimony for Christ, with a preface by Sir Dyce Duckworth, Sir Andrew Clark & Sir Dyce Duckworth (London, 1894)
John Josias Conybeare was born on 13 December 1888, in Oxford, the son of Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, a distinguished Oxford philologist. He was educated first at Rugby School before he went to New College, Oxford. He began by reading classics but subsequently turned to medicine. He was close to qualifying when the First World War broke out. Conybeare left immediately for service in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, where he was already a member of the Territorial Army. He served in France on the Somme, for which he was awarded the Military Cross. Conybeare returned to England in 1916, when a lack of doctors in the Army caused a recall of senior medical students from service. He returned to Guy's Hospital to finish his medical training and graduated MB BS in 1917 and rejoined the Army, this time in the Royal Army Medical Corps, in Mesopotamia.
At the end of the War he returned to Guy's as Medical Registrar. He held a postgraduate fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, and was then appointed Warden of the College at Guy's in 1923. In the following year he obtained his Oxford doctorate. In 1925 he was appointed assistant physician and Sub-Dean of the Medical School, and in 1926 was elected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1929 the first edition of Conybeare's Text-book of Medicine by Various Authors appeared, this proved so popular that a further thirteen editions appeared under his editorship. It was this work, as in all his writing, that his precise thinking, with Latin clarity and brevity of style, made for a terse, readable text which was widely appreciated' (Munk's Roll, vol. VI, p.112). In 1935 he wrote a Manual of Diabetes, which included a supplement for the use of patients, which was also widely valued at the time. Until 1939, Conybeare built up a wide consulting practice and was the Chief Medical Officer of several insurance companies, becoming President of the Assurance Medical Society in 1937. It is said that doctors and their families constantly sought his opinion, which wasthe accolade of the profession' (ibid, p.114). He was at his best at the patient's bedside, teaching medicine to students, where `his shrewd clinical judgement [sic] was rarely at fault' (ibid).
When the Second World War broke out, in 1939, Conybeare was commissioned as Group Captain, having held the post of civilian medical adviser to the Royal Air Force (RAF) in peacetime. He served throughout the War, reaching the rank of Air Vice Marshal and, at the end, was made a Knight of the British Empire (KBE). In 1946 Conybeare returned to Guy's and became Governor.
Conybeare, known as Cony' to his friends, andConny' to his military friends, had many interests. He had a love of music, painting and ecclesiastical architecture. He loved to travel abroad, taking many cruises during the inter-war years, and taking great delight in foreign cuisine. At home he generated a number of social circles, frequently entertaining or dining out, indeed he was a member of many dining clubs. Conybeare played golf with Lord Nuffield, which, it is thought, must have greatly influenced the latter's many benefactions towards medicine, particularly towards Guy's. Even when his health began to diminish in later years he did not modify his lifestyle.
He retired from the active staff of Guy's, as Senior Physician, in 1953 at the age of 65, and was appointed Consulting Physician Emeritus. His associations with the Hospital continued until his death. He died suddenly at his home in St Thomas's Street, near to Guy's, on 6 January 1967 at the age of 78.
Publications:
Textbook of Medicine by Various Authors, John Josias Conybeare (ed.) (Edinburgh, 1929-)
Manual of Diabetes (1935)
Sir Dyce Duckworth (1840-1928) Bt, MD, LLD, FRCP, Consulting Physician to St Bartholomew's and the Italian Hospitals. Senior Physician to the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich.
Born, 1773. British politician, nephew of Charles James Fox. He was a member of the Whig opposition party from 1797 and served as Lord Privy Seal in the coalition ministry of 1806-1807. An opponent of the Act of Union with Ireland (1801), he continually advocated its repeal, at the same time working for Catholic Emancipation. Although a loyal and active member he was never personally powerful in the Whig party. When the Whigs returned to power, he served as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1830-1834, 1835-1840). Lord Holland is, perhaps, best known for his influence on literature, politics, and letters through the hospitality that Holland House in London provided for the brilliant and distinguished people of his day. Holland died in 1840, his son, the 4th baron, edited Holland's Foreign Reminiscences (1850) and Memoirs of the Whig Party (1852).
Samuel Jones Gee was born on 13 September 1839 in London, son of William Gee, a businessman. He was educated at Enfield for two years from 1847, and at home, under the tutelage of his father, before being sent to University College School in London, 1852-54. He then studied medicine at University College London, graduating MB in 1861, and MD in 1865.
Gee was appointed as a house surgeon both at University College Hospital and Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1865. He became assistant physician at the latter in 1866. In 1868 he received the same appointment at St Bartholomew's Hospital, due to the influence of Sir Thomas Smith, surgeon at St Bartholomew's, to whom he had become known at Great Ormond Street. Ten years later he was elected physician there, and then in 1904 consulting physician. In the medical school at St Bartholomew's he was a demonstrator of morbid anatomy, 1870-74, lecturer on pathological anatomy, 1872-78, and lecturer on medicine, 1878-93. He also became physician at Great Ormond Street, 1875-94, where he became a leading authority on childhood diseases and was the first to identify coeliac disease.
Gee wrote many papers on medical subjects, nearly all of which have permanent value' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92). His early papers, on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, appeared in Sir John Russell Reynolds' System of Medicine (Volumes I and II, 1866; 1868). 46 other papers appeared in the Saint Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. In 1870 his work, Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (1870) was published, and was recognised asa minor classic in its day' (Munk's Roll, vol. IV, 1955, p.183). Of almost equal recognition was the collection of his Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (1902), by Dr T.J. Horder, formerly his house physician. The aphorisms represented well the form of Gee's teaching at the bedside. In his writings it was his description of the child's head in hydrocephalus as distinct from the enlarged skull of rickets, and his observations on enlarged spleen in children, which `may most justly be considered as scientific discoveries' (DNB, 2nd supplement, vol. II, 1912, p.92).
He was elected Resident Fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1866. This was despite his reluctance to join any clubs; indeed his voice was seldom heard at the medical societies of the day. In 1879 however he became a member of the scientific committee appointed to investigate 'membranous croup' and diphtheria. He was deeply knowledgeable about the history of medicine and so became the Society's librarian from 1887-99. Gee was also prominent in the affairs of the Royal College of Physicians, he was elected Fellow in 1870. In 1871 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures, in 1892 the Bradshaw Lecture, and the Lumleian Lectures in 1899. He was a Censor of the College, 1893-94, and was Senior Censor in 1897.
Gee built up a large practice in London, first at 54 Harley Street, and then at 31 Upper Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and was consulted in all branches of medicine. He was appointed physician to George, Prince of Wales, in 1901. It is said that his observation was acute and systematic' and that the treatment he prescribed wasalways judicious' (ibid). He also continued to work as consulting physician at St Bartholomew's, from his appointment in 1904, until his death.
Gee married Sarah Cooper in 1875. They had two daughters, one of his daughters died in 1893, and his wife died in 1904. Gee died suddenly of a heart attack at Keswick, whilst on holiday with his surviving daughter, on 3 August 1911. His body was returned to London, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in the Columbarium at Kensal Green.
Publications:
Papers on chicken pox, scarlet fever, and tubercular meningitis, System of Medicine, Sir John Russell Reynolds (vol. I & II, 1866; 1868)
Auscultation and Percussion, Together with Other Methods of Physical Examination of the Chest (London, 1870)
On the Coeliac Affection',Rheumatic Fever without Arthritis', in St Bartholomew's Hospital Report, vol. 24, 1888, pp.17-20, pp.21-23 (in total, 46 papers appeared in the journal)
`Sects in Medicine' (tract) (London, 1889)
Medical Lectures and Aphorisms (London, 1902)
Born, 1814; educated at a private school at Edmonton and at Rugby School, 1828-1832; Trinity College, Oxford, 1832; studied at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford; visited Paris to gain knowledge of the hospital practice there, 1836-1837; physician to the Radcliffe, 1839; DM, 1840; member of the Theological Society; in the 1840s turned he studied Arabic and Greek medical writers and published a Greek and Latin edition of The Physiology of Theophilus (1842) and an English translation from the Arabic of Rhazes, entitled Treatise on the Small Pox and Measles (1847); became interested in sanitary matters, 1849; moved to Hastings, 1851; founded the Hastings Cottage Improvement Society in 1857 and remained its secretary until 1891; founded the London Labourers' Dwelling Society, secretary, 1862-1876; founded the Albert House Institution for Domestic Servants at St Leonards, Sussex; helped to found the local Mendicity Society for wayfarers; studied the writings of Sir Thomas Browne; editorial staff of the British Medical Journal;died, 1894.
James Gregory was born in January 1753 in Aberdeen, the son of John Gregory, professor of medicine at Edinburgh University. He was educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and studied for a short time at Christ Church, Oxford. During the winter of 1773-74 he studied at St George's Hospital, London. His father died suddenly in the winter of 1773 whilst he was still a medical student, and he completed his father's course of lectures at Edinburgh University. He did this with such success that his father's chair, the professorship of practice of medicine, was left open to Gregory. He graduated MD in 1774 and spent the following two years studying medicine abroad.
In 1776, at the age of 23, he was appointed professor at Edinburgh University. The following year he began giving clinical lectures at the Royal Infirmary. In 1780-82 he published his Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae, which established his position in medicine. Although there was little original work in his Conspectus, it was valuable for what he wrote on therapeutics. In 1790 he succeeded to the chair of the practice of medicine at the university. From this point he was chief of the Edinburgh Medical School. Gregory attained a high reputation and had the leading consulting practice in Scotland, until his death. He was a friend of the poet Robert Burns.
He was widely popular as a teacher, particularly for his command of language, his excellent recollection of cases, his outspokenness, energy and humour. He was very practical in his approach, and advocated temperance, bodily exertion without fatigue, and mental occupation without anxiety, although he `by no means followed his own prescription' (DNB, 1890, p.100).
Gregory was a keen controversialist, and was keen-witted and sarcastic, but wasted his great powers on temporary and irritating controversies' (ibid). His controversy with the physician James Hamilton led to him severely beating Hamilton with a stick, for which he was fined £100 and costs for defamation. He then attacked, in hisMemorial to the Managers' of 1800, the practice of allowing all surgeons in Edinburgh to officiate at the Royal Infirmary in turn.
Gregory spoke out vehemently in opposition to the Edinburgh College of Physicians' recommendation to relax its regulations against the dispensing of medicines by members. The College charged him with violating his oath not to divulge its proceedings and having made false statements. He was found guilty by the College in September 1803, and was suspended from the rights and privileges of the fellowship in May 1809.
Gregory died on 2 April 1823, and was buried in Canongate churchyard, Edinburgh. Five sons and two daughters, by his second wife a Miss McLeod, survived him.
Publications:
De Morbis Coeli Mutatione Medendis (Edinburgh, 1774)
Conspectus Medicinae Theoreticae (Edinburgh, 1780-82)
Philosophical and Literary Essays (2 vols; Edinburgh, 1792)
Additional Memorial to the Managers of the Royal Infirmary (Edinburgh, 1803)
First Lines on the Practice of Physic, William Cullen, edited by James Gregory (Edinburgh, 1812)
Letter from Dr James Gregory in Defence of his Essay on the Difference of the Relation between Motive and Action and that of Cause and Effect in Physics, with replies by A. Crombie, Alexander Crombie and James Gregory (London, 1819)
Publications by others about Gregory:
Answer for the Junior Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh to the Memorial of Dr James Gregory, John Bell (Edinburgh, 1800)
Narrative of the Conduct of Dr James Gregory towards the RCPE, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1809)
Letters on Professional Character and Manners: On the Education of a Surgeon, and the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician: Addressed to James Gregory, MD, John Bell (Edinburgh, 1812)
Cecil John Hackett was born in Norwood, South Australia, on 25 April 1905, the son of Richard Hackett, horticulturalist. He was educated in Adelaide, first at Queen's School and then at St Peter's School, before going on to read medicine at Adelaide University. As a student he went on several expeditions to central Australia. One such trip included a visit to Ayers Rock, then little known. Hackett gained his MB BS from Adelaide in 1927 and came to England to study at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where he obtained his diploma in 1930. In 1931 he became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
Hackett took up a post at the Lester Research Institute in Shanghai, which he had to relinquish shortly afterwards when he developed tuberculosis. He returned to Adelaide to convalesce. In 1933, once fully recovered, he took part in an expedition to the Musgrove and Mann Ranges, in the northern part of the Great Victoria Desert. Here he studied the lives of the Pitjantjatjara, a community of nomadic hunter-gatherers, who sustained Hackett's party during their exploration. Hackett studied their way of life and their fight against disease. Upon his return he undertook research into physical anthropology at Adelaide University. In 1934 he obtained his MD and took up a post in the physiology department of the university. It was during this time that he wrote his first work on yaws, Boomerang Leg and Yaws in Australian Aborigines (1936). Soon afterwards Hackett returned to England and took up a position in Cambridge University's anatomy department.
In 1937 Hackett obtained a senior research fellowship from the Medical Research Council. This enabled him to undertake two extended visits to Lango in northern Uganda, where he studied the clinical effects of yaws, which he photographed extensively. The Second World War interrupted his research work, and in 1940 he joined the Royal Air Force (RAF). He became engaged in controlling malaria among Allied detachments in various parts of the tropics, including Sierra Leone, Egypt, and Burma. During the War he managed to continue his research, taking clinical photographs of yaws and other tropical conditions he came across. By the end of the War, in 1945, he had reached the rank of wing commander.
He returned to London and became the director of the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science, which had been closed during the War. The museum, which had thus far encompassed the world of medicine and hygiene and been directed at undergraduates, was transformed by Hackett into a postgraduate teaching museum of tropical medicine. In 1951 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he obtained his PhD from London University, after presenting his written up results of his researches in Lango. His published thesis was entitled Bone Lesions of Yaws in Uganda (1951). At this time he began to lecture at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
In 1954 Hackett left his academic career and joined the World Health Organisation (WHO). He became involved in a worldwide yaws eradication programme, based on the mass administration of penicillin. The campaigns were highly successful and yaws was practically wiped out. There is `little doubt that Hackett played a significant role in its achievement' (Munk's Roll, 2000, p.182).
Hackett retired from the WHO in 1965. With yaws now medical history he embarked on an investigation of the condition in its anthropological and historical context. He examined the lesions of dated human remains in an attempt to determine the historical spread of disease. He became particularly interested in its relation to syphilis, classifying bone changes after death from syphilis. His findings have since been used in the debate about the origins of syphilis in Europe and the endemic syphilis of the Near East.
Hackett married Beattie in 1939 and they had two sons. He died of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89.
Publications:
Boomerang Leg and Yaws in Australian Aborigines (London, 1936)
Bone Lesions of Yaws in Uganda (London, 1951)
Discussions Actuelles sur l'Origine de la Syphilis ([Paris], 1970)
Diagnostic Criteria of Syphilis, Yaws, and Treponarid (Treponematoses) and of Some Other Diseases in Dry Bones for Use in Osteo-Archaeology (Berlin, 1976)
Reginald Hale-White (1895-1967), general practitioner in London and Principal Medical Officer to the Alliance Assurance Company and the Imperial Life Assurance Company of Canada: Chairman of the Fellowship for Freedom in Medicine from 1955 to 1967.
The Fellowship was founded by Lord Horder in 1948 as a right-wing pressure group to support the interests of private practitioners in medicine and to oppose further extension of state intervention following the establishmernt of the National Health Service.