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Fritz Zietlow was born 24 August 1900. He was a law student, one of the early Nazi party activists, who became a Nazi party member in July 1925. He served the party as Gaugeschäftsführer (regional organiser) in Kiel and was a member of the Prussian state council from March 1932. After his legal studies in Kiel and Greifswald he began working as an editor on the Schlesischer Zeitung then on Der Angriff. At the end of 1932 he became the chief editor of the official party paper, the Ostfriesischen Tageszeitung.

Despite being regarded as ideal material for a position as lecturer at the Reichspresseschule, and being nominally included on the staff of that organisation in 1937, he never took up the post. It is thought that this may have been because he was fired by Goebbels from his post on Der Angriff for stealing from the petty cash.

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The origins of the International Tracing Service date back to a 1943 initiative at the Headquarters of the Allied Forces, which enabled the section for International Affairs at the British Red Cross in London to provide this function. Spurred by the need to acquire more precise information about the fate of forced labourers and refugees in Europe, the task was taken over by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces on 15 February 1944. From the end of the war until 30 June 1947 the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration assumed the task of supporting and repatriating millions of non-German refugees. It moved to Bad Arolsen, Germany in January 1946, which was the geographical centre of the 4 occupation zones. On 1 July 1947 the International Refugee Organisation took over the Central Tracing Bureau, which, as of 1 January 1948, under the name International Tracing Service, is still valid today.

Lebensborn (Fount of life), registered association, established in December 1935 within the SS Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt (Race and Resettlement Main Office- RuSHA). In an extension of the marriage order of 1932, the Lebensborn Statute of September 1936 charged every SS man to produce at least 4 children, whether in or out of wedlock. The children were to come into the world in well-equipped Lebensborn homes, which protected the mothers from the surrounding world. Lebensborn provided birth documents and the child's basic support, and recruited adoptive parents. Financed by compulsory contributions from the RuSHA leadership, by 1944 a total of 13 homes were maintained, in which some 11,000 children were born. Estimates for the number of kidnappings of racially suitable non-aryans vary from several thousand to 200,000.

The papers relate to the activities of two anti-Nazi activists, Arthur Geissler and Erich Arp, who, at the end of the war, were indicted by a British Military Court for 'the unlawful appropriation of authority' by arresting the former Ortsgruppenleiter Krömer, Elmshorn, Schleswig-Holstein, at gun point.

Regional courts (Landgerichte) and the higher, appeal courts (Oberlandgerichte) throughout former West and East Germany conducted some 1800 Nazi war crimes trials involving some 3500 defendants from the end of the Second World War until the modern era.

On January 21, 1981, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of United States of America v. Feodor Federenko (1907-1986). At issue was whether the defendant, Feodor Fedorenko, a seventy-four-year-old Ukrainian-American who during World War Two had served as an armed guard at the infamous Treblinka extermination camp, should have his American citizenship revoked on the basis of this newly discovered fact about his past. The original case, having found in Fedorenko's favour, was successfuly appealed. Fedorenko became the first Nazi war criminal to be deported to the Soviet Union. In a court in Southern Ukraine, June 1986, he was found guilty of treason; voluntarily going over to the side of the Fascist aggressors; taking part in punitive actions against the peaceful population; and mass executions of citizens of many countries. He was sentenced to death in Kiev in 1986.

Boris Tödtli born in 1901 in Kiev of Swiss parents; fought with White armies during Russian Revolution; taken prisoner by the Red Army near the Romanian border in early 1920; Tödtli contracted typhus and was sent to a hospital in Odessa; lived with his parents, until, in January 1922, he joined the ranks of Russian emigration.

With no trade skills, Tödtli wandered from one menial job to another in the 1920s; in 1923 studied photography in Zurich, where he worked for 2 years before moving on to Paris, Geneva, Lausanne and finally, in 1932, to Bern. There he became a dental technician. Until 1933, when he joined Roll's National Front, Tödtli apparently did not engage in any political activity. It was only in that year that he found a home in the Nazi movement and that his bilingual fluency and anti-Semitism made him a useful go-between for Russians and Germans.

When he joined the National Front Tödtli also began to establish contacts with Russian right wing circles. It was probably through these contacts that he first became aware of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Approached by Markov II of Weltdienst in November 1934, to help arrange the defence of the Protocols in court, he immediately appointed himself 'Chief of the Swiss Section of the Russian Imperial Union' and dispatched letters to dozens of right wing exiles asking for their expertise and testimony at the trial. He was unable to persuade witnesses to attend the trial, not least because of the costs involved.

More important for Tödtli, he became so closely associated with the Russian émigrés and the Nazi bureaucracy that in November 1936 the Bern police charged him under Article II of the Swiss Espionage Act of 21 June 1935. In 1937 he was sentenced to two months in prison, which he managed to avoid by fleeing to Germany. However, after the signing of the Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, the Russians became a political liability for the Third Reich, and in December 1939 Tödtli was extradited to Switzerland, where he was promptly imprisoned. He died during World War Two.

This collection of correspondence and papers relates to the infamous Bern trial of the distributors of the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion', in particular to the appeal, which took place between 27 October and 1 November 1937, in which the original verdict, convicting the distributors of falsification and plagiarism, was overturned on a legal technicality, although the appellants were not compensated.

The material was originally housed in a folder entitled 'Protokolle Prozess Bern Appellation' (front cover); 'Bern Protokolle Prozess II Instanz' (spine). Their custodial history prior to deposit is unknown. At some point they came into the possession of Hans Jonak von Freyenwald, and were subsequently referred to as the 'Freyenwald Collection at the Wiener Library'.

Jonak von Freyenwald, born 1878 in Vienna; held various civil service posts until retirement in 1922. He worked for the Anti-semitic organisation Weltdienst between 1934 and 1940 in Erfurt, then Frankfurt. Between 1934 and 1937 he worked as an academic assistant for the Swiss defendants and their lawyers in the Bern trial of the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion'.

The collection was extracted from Polish archives in London. The precise details of the provenance precede each account (or group of accounts).

The Deutsche Arbeitsfront was founded on 10 May 1933 under the patronage of Hitler and directed by Robert Ley, Reichsorganisationsleiter der NSDAP. It soon grew to be a giant bureaucratic machine with a membership of 25 million and staff of 40,000 with a considerable influence within the Nazi regime. Conceived as an alternative to trade unions, it was supposed to be representative of employers and employees alike. It became part of the NSDAP organisation in October 1934, having its base in Berlin and modelling its structure of Gaue and Kreise on the party.

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This microfilm report detailing deportation to and conditions in Auschwitz- Birkenau, was written by two Slovakian prisoners who managed to escape. According to a preamble the authors withheld their names for reasons of security.

Hans Litten, the son of a Jewish father and a protestant mother was born in 1903 in Halle an der Saale. Despite his interest in art and music, he commenced his studies in law at the beginning of the 1920s. In 1928, having qualified, he began his career as a lawyer in Berlin. He worked closely with Ludwig Barbasch, lawyer for the 'Rote Hilfe', legal support group for the German Communist Party.

Litten became renowned for his defence of workers in the infamous 1931 'Edelpalast' trial, in which he sought to demonstrate how the deaths and injuries which occurred as the result of a group of Nazi stormtroopers attacking a gathering of workers, was the result of a deliberate policy of violence. He called Hitler as a witness in this trial.

On the night of 28 February 1933 he was one of the first to be arrested in a purge of political undesirables in the aftermath of the Reichstag fire. He was imprisoned in the following prisons and concentration camps: an SA Kaserne in Moabit, Sonnenberg, Esterwege, Lichtenburg, Buchenwald and Dachau. During this period he was tortured and he made several suicide attempts, finally succeeding on 5 February 1938 whilst in Dachau.

Throughout the period of his incarceration, his mother, Irmgard Litten, made every effort to get him released, writing to the Gestapo, the commandant of various camps, Göring, Hess all to no avail.

The Kulturbund Deutscher Juden was an organisation engaged in promoting culture and the arts among the Jews of Germany between 1933 and 1941. Its purposes were to enable the Jewish population to maintain a cultural life and to alleviate the distress of the thousands of Jewish theatrical artists and musicians who had been thrown out of their jobs when the Nazis came to power. The instigators were Kurt Baumann, a theatre director and Kurt Singer, a neurologist. The self-help organisation, which was funded by members' contributions, sought, in the first instance, to create work opportunities for the unemployed artists. The original title 'Kulturbund Deutscher Juden' had to soon be changed as a name containing the words 'German' and 'Jewish' was politically unacceptable.

After the initial foundation in Berlin, numerous branches emerged in other German towns and cities. By 1935 there were 36 regional and local 'Kulturbünde' (unions) with approximately 70,000 members. The individual branches were forced to affiliate to the 'Reichsverband jüdischer Kulturbünde in Deutschland' (Reich Assembly of Jewish cultural unions, RJK) by August 1935. The RJK was placed under the aegis of the 'Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda' (the Reich Ministry of Propaganda). The performances of these unions, which were censored and monitored by the Gestapo, had to be individually sanctioned by the 'Reichskulturwalter' (Reich Culture Chamber manager), Hans Hinkel. In order to facilitate the activities of the unions the RJK instituted self-censorship. In July 1937 there were 120 independent organisations, including synagogues and cultural groups united under the umbrella of the RJK.

Performances and events of the unions (above all in Berlin) took place on a daily basis. Between 1933-1935 the main venue was the Berliner Theater. The Hamburger Kulturbund was also very active. The programme included theatre and and opera performances, concerts, art, cabaret, film shows, lectures, and exhibitions. In order to ensure cultural segregation, non Jews could neither perform at nor attend these events. The works of German authors and composers could not be performed.

After the November pogrom of 1938 most unions were forced to close. Only the Berlin Kulturbund was given the permission by Joseph Goebbels, for propaganda reasons, to remain active. In 1939 the RJK was wound up and in its place the 'Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland e. V.', formed of the remnants of the Berlin Kulturbund, took responsibility for and organised all Jewish cultural performances thereafter. The emigration of many important Jewish artists had a detrimental effect on the quality and quantity of subsequent events. The union was finally closed down on 11 September 1941 by the Gestapo and many of its members and officials, including the founder, Kurt Singer, were deported and murdered.

The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War Two. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency.

The Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände was founded at the end of 1932 and it was superceded by the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden as the first organisation to claim to be truly representative of all German Jews. Its principal achievement was the establishment of the Zentralausschuss für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee for Aid and Reconstruction) which was to become the main social and economic instrument of German Jewry. The Preussische Landes Verband (The Prussian State League) was the largest regional Jewish organisation but had no legal standing.

The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland was founded in 1933 and became the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden in 1935, and later the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland in 1939. It came into being shortly after the Nazi seizure of power as the successor to the Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände, a loose federation of Jewish organisations in Germany. Its main objective was to deal with the serious problems facing German Jewry from the new, antisemitic regime.

Rabbi Leo Baeck was elected president, and the driving force in the organisation was its chief executive officer, Otto Hirsch. The organisation's activities were to include all aspects of the internal life of the Jews of Germany, and it was to act as their representative before the authorities as well as Jewish organisations abroad. Its main spheres of operation, conducted through the Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee of German Jews for aid and reconstruction) were education, vocational training, support for the needy, economic assistance, and emigration.

The Reischsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (Reich Organisation of German Jews) came into being in February 1939 and, as far as its leadership and basic purposes was concerned, was a continuation of its predecessor, the Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland. As a result of the intensification of the Third Reich's anti-semitic policies, its aims were increasingly linked to Jewish survival, and in particular, emigration. It was put under the control of the Ministry of the Interior, in practice the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office). It was the only organisation in Germany dealing with Jewish survival until its liquidation in July 1943 when its leaders, Leo Baeck and Paul Eppstein were deported to Theresienstadt.

The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland was founded in 1933 and became the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden in 1935, and later the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland in 1939. It came into being shortly after the Nazi seizure of power as the successor to the Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände, a loose federation of Jewish organisations in Germany. Its main objective was to deal with the serious problems facing German Jewry from the new, antisemitic regime.

Rabbi Leo Baeck was elected president, and the driving force in the organisation was its chief executive officer, Otto Hirsch. The organisation's activities were to include all aspects of the internal life of the Jews of Germany, and it was to act as their representative before the authorities as well as Jewish organisations abroad. Its main spheres of operation, conducted through the Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee of German Jews for aid and reconstruction) were education, vocational training, support for the needy, economic assistance, and emigration.

The Council for German Jewry was established in 1936, in the aftermath of the Nuremberg race laws, with the objective of assisting German Jews to leave Germany through coordinated emigration. It succeeded the Central British Fund for the Relief of German Jewry, which was founded in 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power.

An agreement was reached between Zionists and non-Zionists for an emigration plan and in January 1936 a delegation of leading British Jews went to the United States in order to establish a partnership with American Jewry to raise $15 million to assist in the emigration of 100,000 German Jews aged 17 to 35. Whilst they succeeded to a certain extent, a number of factors combined to impede their efforts including British immigration policy in Palestine, emigration obstacles in Germany and the growing impoverishment of German Jewry. After the war the organisation became known as the Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation.

The Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten (RjF) was founded in 1919 to combat the resurgence of anti-Semitism during the First World War. From the outset it was both a defence organisation and a veterans' association. It endeavoured to be apolitical but was regarded as assimilationist when compared with other Jewish organisations such as the Zionist Centralverein. It became the second largest German Jewish organisation with 30-40,000 membership at its peak, publishing its own fortnightly newspaper, Der Schild.

By 1924, at its national congress the RjF resolved to include physical training for the young. Athletics and, in particular, boxing were promoted, the latter as a form of self-defence and a means to counter the claim that Jews were weak and cowardly.

As anti-Semitism increased during the Weimar years, links with other non-Jewish veterans' associations decreased. By the time the Nuremberg race laws had been brought into force, any privileges that the Reichsbund might have enjoyed, by virtue of members' service to the fatherland, were gone.

The Komitee ehemaliger politischer Gefangener was founded in the immediate post-World War Two years to represent the interests of former political prisoners. In 1947 it changed its name to the Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes to include all those who suffered under the Nazis. This anti-fascist organisation still exists with branches all over Germany.

Dr. George Bergmann was born the son of a salesman in Lissa (Posen) in 1900. He went to school in Lissa and then studied philosophy, economics and law in the universities of Heidelberg, Breslau and Munich. During this period he became a member of the Kartellverband jüdischer Studenten to which organisation he retained links for the rest of his life.

Gained his doctorate, oeconomiae publicae, at the Univeristy of Munich, 1922; became a lawyer, 1929; began working in the chambers of the lawyers Julius Heilbronner and Dr. Eugen Schmidt, 1930.

In June 1933 he went to France where in September he was struck off the register of lawyers as a consequence of the Nazi racial laws. Unable to obtain a work permit he supported himself through casual work. In 1935 he married F I Hilde Baum from Fulda.

At the outbreak of war he volunteered to serve in the French army. There followed periods of internment in a number of prison camps, service in the Foreign Legion and served in the British Army in North Africa, Italy and Austria, 1943-1947.

In January 1947 he was demobilised to Australia where he owned a delicatessen business, was one time secretary of the World Jewish Congress and having gained British and Australian nationality in 1950, became a permanent officer of the Commonwealth.

Fritz Gross was born in Vienna in 1897, the son of a Jewish dealer in precious stones, Herman Gross; fought in World War One, where he lost some of his closest friends, after which he moved to Germany where he worked at a variety of jobs in different places; joined the German Communist Party (KPD)in 1919 and was also an activist in various other left wing groups such as the 'Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe', of which he was the general secretary in 1923.

He married Babette Thüring, also an activist, in 1920 and they had a son in 1923; in 1929, after their separation he moved to Hamburg, and stayed in the house of Magda Hoppstock-Huth; after Adolf Hitler came to power he moved to England, eventually setting up home in Regent Square, London, where he built up a lending library for other refugees and the house became a meeting place. He spent much of his time working in the British Library where he produced most of his writing, without being able to publish much; died 1946.

In May 1960 Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped in Argentina by Israeli agents and handed over to the police authorities in Israel. The police investigation was put into the hands of a special unit (Bureau 6) which took 9 months to complete its task. The resulting indictment comprised 15 counts of crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, war crimes and membership of a hostile organisation.

The trial commenced on 10 April 1961 and Eichmann pleaded not guilty on all counts. Supported by more than 100 witnesses and 1600 documents the prosecution presented its case. The defence made no attempt to challenge the facts of the Holocaust or the authenticity of the documents that were evidence of it. The defence played down Eichmann's involvement and stressed the need to obey orders. The court found Eichmann guilty on all counts and sentenced him to death on 15 December 1961. Eichmann's lawyers lodged an appeal against the verdict and on 29 May 1962 the Israel Supreme Court rejected the appeal. Eichmann was executed on 31 May 1962.

Myer Jack Landa was born in Leeds in 1874. He was a British Jewish writer and long time sketch writer in the Press Gallery at the House of Commons. He married Gertrude Gordon, sister of Samuel Gordon, the writer. The two of them published a number of novels and plays together; she often under the pseudonym of Aunt Naomi. His principal interests seem to have been the portrayal of the Jew and Jewish life in theatre and the importance of Palestine as the centre of Jewish life.

George Brody and Irma, née Pauncz, and their children were a well-to-do, assimilated Jewish Hungarian family who were living in Budapest when the Nazis began to transport the Hungarian Jewish population to death camps in 1944. They survived the war and stayed on in Hungary until shortly after the Russian invasion in 1956 when George and Irma successfully attained refugee status in Switzerland and Judit came to England. Livia, the other daughter died in 1947.

This collection of documents and images came about as the consequence of an appeal made in the May 1962 issue of the AJR Information, by the Council for Jews from Germany, for memorabilia and documents of Germany Jewry, of historical and artistic value, for the Memorial Hall to German Jewry at the Wiener Library.

Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklarung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen (Central Office of the Provincial Justice Authorities to Resolve National Socialist Violent Crime) in Ludwigsburg, Germany, was initially set up to investigate only those Nazi crimes committed outside the territory of the Federal Republic; in later years it assumed responsibility for investigating all Nazi crimes.

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Josef Reheis, a German citizen, was prosecuted for uttering 'unpatriotic' sentiments about the war. Having admitted to two strangers that he regularly listened to foreign radio stations for reliable news about the progress of the war and that he felt Germany was sure to lose, he was denounced by them, and sentenced to two years imprisonment.

Peter Unwin (1933-) joined the Foreign Office in 1956. In 1958 his first overseas posting was to Hungary. He left in 1961 but returned in 1983-1986 to serve as British Ambassador. His involvement with Hungarian affairs led to an interest in the Hungarian leader Imre Nagy (1896-1958). Nagy was a member of the Hungarian Government after 1944 and in 1953 became Prime Minister. He was driven from power in 1955 after adopting revisionist policies which angered the Soviet Government and communist hardliners in Hungary. After the 1956 revolution broke out, Nagy sympathised with the rebels, and returned to power, withdrawing hungary from the Warsaw Pact and agreeing to free elections. After the revolution was crushed by the Soviet invasion, Nagy sought asylum in the Yugoslav Embassy but as he left on safe conduct he was seized by the Soviets and executed in 1958. In 1989 he was given a state reburial in Budapest.

Jacques M Vergotti (1915-) was one time equerry to King Michael of Romania (1920-) (reigned 1926-1947).

André de Vincenz was a postgraduate student at the University of Paris, 1961.

Leonard C Wharton (1877-1943) became an assistant at the British Museum in 1902. He became interested in the languages and literature of Eastern Europe and eventually became the Museum's Slavonic expert. From 1924 to 1934 Wharton was associated with SSEES as honorary librarian and honorary lecturer in Polish.

Lucien Wolf (1857-1930) was the British born son of Bohemian Jewish refugees. He had a career as journalist and diplomat for the Jewish cause. He wrote for a number of publications in the Jewish and national press. He was an early exponent of Anglo-Jewish history. Between 1912-1914 he was the editor of "Darkest Russia: a weekly record of the struggle for freedom". This was a propaganda paper directed against the Russian Government and concerned particularly with Jewish rights. As well as reporting on international affairs, Wolf had an advisory role as he had many diplomatic contacts. He was a leading member of the Conjoint Foreign Committee of British Jews. He was an exponent of the Balfour declaration of 1917 and a co-architect of the Minorities Treaties after the First World War which set the framework for the rights of European Jewry.

Ann Carlton (fl 1965-2018) attended school in Liverpool and later studied at the London School of Economics. She undertook various roles for the Labour Party including work in the research department (1965-1966), Local Government Officer (1967-1974) and Special Adviser in the Department of the Environment (from 1974). In her capacity as Local Government Officer she was Secretary to the Home Policy Committee's Regional and Local Government Advisory Committee (later the Regional and Local Government Sub-Committee) and the Association of Municipal Corporations Labour Group.

Alfred Abraham Bernard Rubenstein was born 3 Apr 1911, and registered as an undergraduate of East London College in Sep 1930 to study Chemistry. He graduated with 2nd Class Hons in 1933, and then began studying towards an MSc in Chemistry. Between Jun 1935 and Jun 1936, the time of submitting his Thesis, he had changed his name to Alfred Arthur Bernard Harvey. Whilst attending East London College, Alfred Rubenstein was president of the Students' Union and was present when Queen Mary College received its Charter in 1935. Following his graduation from Queen Mary College, Alfred Harvey continued to be involved with the College. At one point, when Mile End Hospital was expected to close he argued that it should be retained and that the College should become involved in the training of doctors.

Joyce Elizabeth Harvey, nee Gale, was born 24 Aug 1914 in Dorset, and entered as a student of East London College in Oct 1933 to study English. She shared a room at Forest Lodge, the Women's Hall of Residence, with Josephine Tooke, nee Hampson, and Beatrice Worthing. Joyce Gale graduated with 2nd Class Hons in English in 1936. Whilst at East London College and Queen Mary College she was a member of the swimming club, hockey club, lawn tennis club, women's badminton club, table tennis club, and the Union Committee.

Constance Lousia Maynard was born on 9 February 1849 in Middlesex, one of four daughters and two sons of Henry Maynard (1880-1888) South African merchant, and his wife Louisa Maynard née Hillyard (1806-1878). She grew up in Hawkhurst, Kent, in the house of Oakfield. She was educated at home, before studying for one year at Belstead School in Suffolk. After her education was completed she, alongside her sisters, helped in the community. In 1872, Constance Maynard left to study at Hitchin College, and moved with the college to Cambridge to become Girton College, in 1873. She was the first Girton student to study the Moral Sciences tripos and in 1875 received a second class honours degree. Whilst at Girton she established a group called Girton Prayer Group.

After leaving Girton, due to problems in the family business, Constance Maynard was allowed to accept an invitation from Frances Dove to join the staff of Cheltenham Ladies' College. In 1877 she left with her colleague and friend Louisa Lumsden to establish St Leonard's School, at St Andrews, where Lumsden was head. During her three years (1877-1880) here, she rejected offers of headships, including that of her former school Belstead. She also hesitatingly refused a marriage proposal from Scottish Minister Dr James Robertson. In 1880 she moved to London with her brother and studied part time at the Slade School of Art. Whilst studying here she became involved with a group of individuals including Major Charles Hamilton Malan, Ann Dudin Brown and and Caroline Cavendish, with the shared aim of establishing a ladies' college. All with varying ideas of how the college should proceed, Constance Maynard was an integral part of forming the plans for her ideal college - to prepare ladies for the London degree, based on Christian principles. The group first met for discussions in February 1882, and in May Constance Maynard was offered the position of Mistress (a title borrowed from Girton), and in October of that year, Westfield College opened in two private houses in Hampstead.

She remained Mistress of Westfield for thirty-three years, retiring in 1913, leaving Westfield as a securely established school of the University of London. She had taught around five hundred students, and many were successful working in schools, colleges and for missionary organisations. She kept in close contact with her old students through letters and visits, and maintained strong relationships with them. . The money they collected as a parting gift she donated to the college; some was used as a hardship fund, the remainder as endowment for the Maynard divinity lectures. In 1888 Maynard adopted a child of Italian extraction, through a friend in the Salvation Army. At the time of her adoption Stephanë Anthon, known as Effie, was eight years old, and the relationship between them was a tumultuous one. Whilst Constance continued to support Effie until her death in 1915, from tuberculosis, it is detailed in her diaries as a period of disappoint.

Religious movements, from the Salvation Army to the Modern Churchmen's Union, figure prominently in the life of Constance Maynard. She was elected as old students' representative to the governing body of Girton and served from 1897 to about 1905 on the council of the Church Schools' Society. She also traveled extensively around the world; to South Africa, the Holy Land, Canada, Europe, and by bicycle throughout the British Isles. After her retirement, Constance Maynard spent her time travelling, receiving visitors, reading and writing. She wrote poetry, including four volumes of War poems, lectures, particularly Divinity lectures, and pamphlets of a moral nature on subjects such as temperance. Her published works include 'Between College Terms (1910); 'The Life of Dora Greenwell' (1926); 'From an early Victorian schoolroom to the university', Nineteenth Century, November 1914; contributions to The Hibbert Journal and other religious periodicals; and numerous tracts and pamphlets. Her unpublished writings include an unfinished autobiography, composed at intervals between 1915 and 1927.

Constance Maynard died at her home, The Sundial, Marsham Way, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, on 26 March 1935, and was buried at Gerrards Cross parish church on 29 March. Under her will the college received £1500 to fund an entrance scholarship.

Born, 1923; educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham; London School of Economics; worked for National Fire Service and Royal Air Force, 1939-1945; stood as an unsuccessful Labour candidate in Warwick and Leamington, 1945, Bromsgrove, 1950, 1951; life member of the Labour party; Student and Overseas Secretary, International Union of Socialist Youth, 1947-1951; Chairman, National Association of Labour Student Organisations, 1947; Whip and Member of the Policy Committee, London County Council, 1952-1965; involved with investigation of the slum landlord Perec (Peter) Rachman in Notting Hill, after rent protests and demonstrations, [1950s]; Member, Board of Visitors, Hewell Grange Borstal, 1950-1952; Chairman, Managers of Mayford Home Office Approved School, 1952-1958; Labour Adviser, Tanganyika Government and Chairman, Territorial Minimum Wages Board, 1961-1962; Labour Adviser, Mauritius Government and Chairman, Sugar Wages Councils, 1962-1965; Council member, 1965-1976 and Chairman, 1967, 1968, 1970-1974, War on Want; Director, Notting Hill Social Council, 1968-1977; National Committee, UK Freedom from Hunger Campaigns, 1969-1976; Executive Board, Voluntary Committee on Overseas Aid and Development, 1969-1976; Member, ILEA Education Committee, 1970-1977; Chairman, World Development Political Action Trust, 1971-1975; Alderman, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, 1971-1977; Chairman, Mauritius Salaries Commission, 1973-1977; Member, Court of Governors, London School of Economics, 1973-1978; South Metropolitan Conciliation Committee, Race Relations Board, 1975-1977; Warden, Toynbee Hall, 1977-1987; Vice-Chairman, Toynbee Housing Association, 1977-1986; Governor, Tower Hamlets Adult Education Institute, 1978-1991; Governor, City and East London College, 1978-1991; Chairman, Mauritius Government Enquiry into position of families without wage earners, 1981; OBE, 1987; Government Salaries Commissioner, Mauritius, 1987-1988; Chairman, Tower Hamlets ILEA Tertiary Education Council, and Member Tertiary Education Board, 1987-1991; Asha East London Education Project, 1986-1991; Advisory Committee member, Queen Mary College project to expand further and higher education taken up by East London youth, 1987-1991, Chairman, Spitalfields Heritage Centre, 1987-1991; Executive Member, Tower Hamlets Training Forum and Workshops, 1986-1991 and Tower Hamlets Education and Careers Centre, 1986-1991; Member, Education Committee, Tower Hamlets Association for Racial Equality, 1986-1991; Social Affairs Consultant, Kumagai Gumi UK, 1987-1991; OBE, 1987; died, 1991.
Publications: contributor to Statutory Wage Fixing in Developing Countries (ILO), 1968; contributor to International Labour Review.

Gerry Moss graduated from Imperial College, London and studied for his PhD at the University of Cambridge. After postdoctoral work at Colombia University, New York and Imperial College he was appointed a lecturer in Organic Chemistry at Queen Mary College in 1966. His research work focussed on the chemistry of carotenoids, vitamin A and related compounds. He later became Senior Lecturer, and is now an Associate Academic in the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences.

His specialism is in chemical nomenclature, especially organic and biochemical nomenclature. He is a consultant for the World Health Organisation which names all new International Non-Proprietary Names (all new drugs), Chairman of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. He is a former chairman of the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and was President of IUPAC Division VIII.

Moss worked on the official pictorial history of the college, ‘From Palace to College’, with Mike Saville in the mid-1980s for the College’s one hundredth anniversary. Moss’s interest in the history of the college, particularly the chemistry department, dates back to the late 1960s and creating pictorial displays for visitors to the college. He also acted as the Chemistry department’s archivist, acquiring information particularly in relation to former staff and students.

Ian Hinchliffe (1942-2010) was born in 1942 in Huddersfield, and many of his early influences of music hall, vaudeville and jazz originate from this time.

Following a move to London, Hinchliffe enjoyed his most productive years in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1971, Hinchliffe founded the Matchbox Purveyors, a performance group based at Oval House, whose first show took the form of Hinchliffe and Mark Long (of the People’s Show) selling boxes of matches. Jude Morris joined the same year, and left in 1975, and this set the stage for a combination of solo performances and a sequence of guest performers collaborating with Hinchliffe under the Matchbox Purveyors name, including Dave Stephens, Laura Gilbert and Derek Wilson (Jail Warehouse Co), Lol Coxhill, Rob Con, Diz Willis, Rose Maguire, Jeff Nuttall, Chris and Tim Britton, Phil Minton, Emil Wok, and Alan Porter. His performance work took place in a variety of locations, including art galleries, clubs, pubs, festivals and the street. Hinchliffe also undertook film work, acting in ‘Walter’ (1982), ‘Stormy Monday’ (1988), and ‘Diary of a Sane Man’ (1989).

Hinchliffe's later career, from the 1990s onwards, represented a distinct phase in his creative output, with a focus on durational performance via projects such as Woodwork and Gargantua. The culmination of this approach came in the form of the 4 week exhibition at Beaconsfield, 'Estate - the Ian Hinchliffe Retrospective' (1998), with an installation that developed through daily performances during gallery hours. Regular collaborators during this time included Tony Green, Hugh Metcalfe and David Crawforth. The venues most commonly frequented in this period were The Water Rats, Nosepaint and Beaconsfield.

Alongside his performance work, Hinchliffe was also a visual artist, whose sculptures, paintings and collages form part of his artistic output. Further contributions came in the form of his writing, with Hinchliffe's columns 'HINCHLIFFE LASHES OUT' appearing in Performance Magazine.

John Morris was born in London in 1872. He married Annie Elizabeth Frances MacGregor in 1917. Educated privately and at University College London. He became an assistant to Professor Fleming at University College London, 1894-1898; specialising in subjects connected with illumination and cathode ray oscillographs.

Joined East London College in 1898; became head of the Department of Electrical Engineering some time between 1899-1900; College Professor 1903; University Professor 1924; Fellow Queen Mary College 1938 and of University College London. During the First World War he co-operated with a research student, A F Sykes, in the development of a design for a directional hydrophone which was taken up by the Admiralty. He contributed to the establishment of the high voltage laboratory at East London College (opened 1936). This included a study tour to the USA in 1928 to visit laboratories.

MacGregor-Morris engaged with university clubs, societies, sports and concerts, and helped to establish the Students' Union Society in 1908.

He was Honorary Research Associate in Electrical Engineering at University College London from 1939, and Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the University of London from 1938.

Publications include 'Cathode Ray Oscillography' with J A Henley (1936); 'Sir Ambrose Fleming and the birth of the valve' (1954); and numerous papers in scientific journals.

Died on 18 March 1959.

Employee Queen Mary College 1951-1982, Lecturer in Modern Languages, Warden of Linden Hall, Tutor to Women Students.

Born, 1947; educated, St John's College Cambridge, 1969; reporter: Times Higher Education Supplement, 1972-1974; The Times, 1974-1976; Lobby Correspondent, Financial Times, 1976; Whitehall Correspondent, The Times, 1976-1982; journalist, The Economist, 1982; home leader, writer and columnist, The Times, 1982-1984; co-founder of the Institute of Contemporary British History, 1986; columnist: New Statesman, 1986-1987; The Independent, 1987-1991; Director, 1989-1993; The Tablet, 2003-; regular presenter of the BBC Radio 4 Analysis programme, 1987-1992; Professor of Contemporary History, Queen Mary, University of London, 1992-2000; Atlee Professor of Contemporary British History, Queen Mary, University of London, since 2001.

Publications: Cabinet (1986),
Whitehall (1989),
Never Again: Britain 1945-51 (1992),
The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution (1995),
The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders since 1945 (2000)
The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (2002)
Having It So good: Britain In The Fifties (2006)

The People's Palace began in 1886, with the purpose of providing an educational and cultural centre for the local community. It was financed by the Beaumont Trust, established under the will of John Barber Beaumont to support the Philosophical Institution that he had founded, and occupied the site of the former Bancroft's School acquired from the Drapers' Company. The Palace was to comprise the Queen's Hall, a library modelled on that of the British Museum, a swimming bath, a gymnasium, and a winter garden as well as schools. The foundation stone of the Queen's Hall was laid by the Prince of Wales in June 1886, and it was opened by Queen Victoria in the following year. The Queen's Hall was used for lectures, concerts and organ recitals, shows of birds and flowers, exhibitions of animals and pictures, fetes and other entertainments which, reportedly, were attended by thousands of people. The library and swimming bath were completed in 1888 as were the technical and trade schools which later developed into Queen Mary College. The Bow and Bromley Institute amalgamated with the People's Palace as a branch of East London College in 1898. The winter garden, begun in 1890 and completed in 1892, was also used for concerts and refreshments. The gymnasium, constructed in 1891, had a roller-skating rink in the basement. However, the financial management of the Palace soon ran into difficulties. It was saved by the Drapers' Company which committed a subsidy of £70,000 over ten years.

In 1889 a separate students' library had been established and by 1902 the Governors agreed that the original library should be transferred to the Borough of Stepney to form the basis for the first public library in Mile End. In 1911 the Visiting Committee of the Palace Governors was split into two to form a Palace Committee and a College Committee albeit still under the umbrella of the Palace Governors. This was the beginning of a final administrative separation of the Palace from the College which was formalised in 1913.

In 1931 a fire completely destroyed the Queen's Hall and it was decided to resite the People's Palace in St Helen's Terrace. This gave the whole of the original site to the College and finally achieved the physical separation of Palace and College. The new People's Palace was opened in 1937, providing a concert and dance hall. However, postwar conditions meant that the People's Palace was no longer financially sustainable, and in 1953 it came on the market. In 1954 it was acquired by Queen Mary College. Then in 1956 it was renamed the Queen's Building by HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, and became an integral part of Queen Mary College.

Born 1872; Entered Westfield College in 1894 and left to study a Degree Course in Modern Languages at Oxford University; obtained a Doctorate from University of Paris in 1905 with thesis on 'Une source francaise des poèmes de Gower'; served as a nurse for two years in Paris during the First World War; later went on to lecture on art and history at Oxford; committed suicide in old age. Daughter of Sir Robert Nicholas Fowler, first baronet (1828-1891), banker and politician.

Born, Shropshire, 1892; suffered poor health and as a child travelled to Switzerland and the West Indies; worked briefly with the suffragette movement, 1914; during the war involved in social work for eighteen months in Hoxton, London, later on the land; went to California, 1918; sailed for England via the Far East, 1920; married James Carew Gorman Anderson of the Chinese customs service, 1921; based in Hong Kong after her marriage and campaigned against licensed prostitution; published novels, short stories and articles, 1915-1931, including Tobit Transplanted (1931) awarded Femina Vie Heureuse Prize, 1932; died, 1933.

Publications: include: I Pose (Macmillan and Co, London, 1915); This is the End (Macmillan and Co, London, 1917); Twenty [Poems] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1918); Living Alone (Macmillan and Co, London, 1919); The Poor Man (Macmillan and Co, London, 1922); The Awakening. A fantasy (Printed by Edwin and Robert Grabhorn for the Lantern Press, San Francisco, 1925); The Little World (Macmillan and Co, London, 1925); Goodbye, Stranger (Macmillan and Co, London, 1926); The Man who Missed the 'Bus (Mathews and Marrot, London, 1928); Worlds within Worlds [Sketches of travel] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1928); The Far-away Bride [With an appendix containing the Book of Tobit, from the Apocrypha] (Harper and Bros, New York and London, 1930); Tobit Transplanted (Macmillan and Co, London, 1931); Christmas Formula, and other stories (William Jackson [Joiner and Steele], London, 1932); Collected Short Stories (Macmillan and Co, London, 1936.

Born, Newington, London, 1805; educated at home and Merchant Taylors' School; took art lessons and exhibited at the Royal Academy and British Institution, 1819; met John Linnell, his future father-in-law, who gave him advice and instruction in art; became a close acquaintance of William Blake, 1824; moved to Shoreham, Kent, [1826-1833], painted in oil and made water-colour sketches; sketching tour in North Wales, 1832; exhibited at the Royal Academy and British Museum, 1832-1834; married Hannah, the eldest daughter of John Linnell, 1837; lived in Italy, 1837-1839; associate of the Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1843; exhibited many Italian drawings, later mostly English pastorals, illustrations of the Pilgrim's Progress' and Spenser, drawing from Milton, 1855; gave drawing lessons, and continued sketching tours, visiting North Wales, 1843, Margate, 1845, Cornwall, 1857, Devon, 1858, 1860; produced illustrations for Dickens'sPictures from Italy', 1846; began etching, [1850]; member of the Etching Society in 1853; member of the Water-colour Society, 1854; produced illustrations to Adams's Sacred Allegories', 1856; moved from London to Reigate, 1861, Redhill, 1862-1881; illustratedL'Allegro' and `Il Penseroso,' two poems of Milton; continued to exhibit at the Water-colour Society and produce etchings until his death; translated and illustrated Virgil's Eclogues, completed by his son, Alfred Herbert Palmer; died, 1881.
Publications: Shorter Poems of John Milton, with illustrations by Samuel Palmer and preface by A H Palmer; An English Version of the Eclogues of Virgil By Samuel Palmer, with illustrations by the author. Edited by A H Palmer (Seeley & Co, London, 1883).

Alfred Herbert Palmer (fl 1860-1926) was the painter's son. He published his biography of his father The Life and Letters of Samuel Palmer in 1892. He destroyed many of his father's original papers, and emigrated to Canada.

Martin Hardie (1875-1952) was Keeper of the Department of Engraving, Illustration and Design at the Victoria and Albert Museum. He was also an etcher, water-colourist and writer, publishing works on Frederick Goulding and Samuel Palmer in 1928.

Geoffrey Grigson (1905-1985) was an author. His papers in this collection probably comprise working papers for his book Samuel Palmer: The Visionary Years, published in 1947.

S.T. Bindoff was born 8 April 1908 in Hove, Sussex, to Thomas Henry and Mary Bindoff. He was educated at Brighton Grammar School and University College London, where he achieved a BA (History Hons) in 1929 and an MA with a mark of distinction in 1933.

After graduation he worked as a research assistant, a professional indexer and a history tutor. He worked at University College London from 1935-45, as an Assistant Lecturer and then a Lecturer in History. During World War Two he served in the Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty from 1942-1945. He then worked as a Reader in Modern History at University College London from 1945-1951. In 1951 he became the first Professor of History at Queen Mary College, University of London, where his impact was great. During his time at Queen Mary College he served as Head of the History Department, Dean of the Faculty of Arts, and as a representative of the Academic Board on the Governing Body. He also became involved in the complex affairs of the University of London; he performed roles including Chairman of the Board of Studies in History, and Representative of the University on the Essex Records Committee, and on the Governing Bodies of several educational institutions. Bindoff also worked as a Visiting Professor in History at U.S. universities including Claremont Graduate School, California, in 1966, and Harvard University, in 1968. In addition, Bindoff acted as an External Examiner for the Universities of Oxford, Reading, and Nottingham. Bindoff remained at Queen Mary College until his retirement in 1975.

Bindoff wrote one book, Tudor England (Pelican History of England series, 1950), which was highly successful. He had twenty nine items published, not including several reviews. These items included The Scheldt Question to 1839 (1945), and Ket's Rebellion (a Historical Association pamphlet, 1949). He also jointly edited Elizabethan Government and Society (1961). Bindoff devoted much of his later years to the History of Parliament, a gazetteer of the members and constituencies of The House of Commons. Bindoff was the editor of the section covering the parliaments of 1509-58, published in 1982.

In addition, Bindoff served on committees and councils of various organisations, including the Royal Historical Society, which he became Vice-President of in 1967, the Historical Association, and the Advisory Council on Public Records.

Bindoff married Marjorie Blatcher (1906/7-1979), in 1938. She was A.F. Pollard's research assistant, an authority on the technicalities of legal history. They had a daughter, Helen, and a son, Tom. He died 23 December 1980 in Surbiton, Surrey, after falling ill with bronchopneumonia.