The volume is dedicated to 'His most honored Lady Elizabeth Vice Countis of Powerscort. Are humbly dedicated these Chirurgical Labors of your Ladyships Most Dutiful and Obedient Servant, John Sanders.' This is probably Lady Elizabeth Boyle (d 1709), who married Folliot Wingfield, Viscount Powerscourt, of County Wicklow, Ireland.
In the late 18th century, John Hooper attended comparative anatomy lectures by Henry Cline (1750-1827); midwifery lectures by William Lowder (fl 1778-1801); and clinical lectures by William Saunders (1743-1817).
No biographical information on Thomas Roberts was available at the time of compilation.
William Saunders was born in Banff, Scotland in 1743. He was educated in Edinburgh, and took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at Edinburgh in 1765. He was admitted as a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1769. He was elected as physician to Guy's Hospital, in 1770. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society and the Antiquarian Society, and was then admitted a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1790. He served in the office of Censor, Gulstonian Lecturer in 1792, and Harveian Orator in 1796. He was appointed Physican extraordinary to the Prince Regent in 1807. He died in Enfield in 1817.
John Ramsbotham received the diploma of Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1790. He practised in Wakefield, where he kept notes of this clinical practice. He moved to London in 1806, and became a popular lecturer of midwifery. He published a book titled Practical Observations in Midwifery in 1821. A further edition in two volumes was published in 1832, and a second revised edition in 1842. He was last entered as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in the Membership Lists in 1844.
Juan N Restrepo and Julio M Escovar were both physicians from the Republic of Colombia, possibly working at the Hospital de Caridad de Honda. Further biographical information on Restrepo and Escovar is not known.
Phil[lip] Cornish attended lectures on surgery by Joseph Else, in 1773. He also attended lectures on dislocations by Mr Frank, at St Thomas' or Guy's Hospital. No further biographical information is currently available.
Joseph Else was surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, London, from 1768-1780. He was appointed lecturer in anatomy and surgery in 1768, on the unification of the medical schools of St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals.
Joseph Henry Green was born in London, in 1791. He was educated at Ramsgate, at Hammersmith, and then for three years in Berlin and Hanover. He was apprenticed to his uncle, the surgeon Henry Cline, in 1800 and acted as Cline's anatomical prosector and gave regular demonstrations on practical anatomy. He began to practise in 1816, when he was formally appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital. He was elected Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology jointly with Astley Cooper in 1818, and became Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital in 1820. He then undertook the Lectureship on Surgery and Pathology in the United Schools of St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals, again conjointly with Astley Cooper. He gave a series of lectures on comparative anatomy as Hunterian Professor at the College of Surgeons, in which he dealt for the first time in England with the whole of the animal sub-kingdoms, from 1824-1828. He was elected FRS in 1825, and was appointed Professor of Anatomy at the Royal Academy, a position he held until 1852. When King's College (London) was founded in 1830 Green was nominated Professor of Surgery and held the post until 1886. He continued in office as Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, resigning in 1853. He became a Member of the Court of Examiners in 1840. He was elected President in 1849 and again in 1858, having given the Hunterian Oration in 1840 and 1847. He became President of the General Medical Council in 1860. He died in 1863.
William Clift was born in 1775. He was apprenticed to John Hunter in 1792 and had sole charge of his museum after his death. He made copies of many of Hunter's manuscripts before the destruction of the originals by his brother-in-law Sir Everard Home. Clift was then conservator of the Hunterian Museum after the collection was transferred to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800. He continued in this role for nearly 50 years compiling an osteological catalogue of the museum and researching the collections.
Richard Owen was born in 1804. He studied at the University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1824. He moved to London and became apprenticed to John Abernethy, in 1825. He was made Assistant Curator to the Hunterian Museum, in 1826. Owen engaged in private practice; lectured in comparative anatomy; worked with the collections in the museum; founded various societies; and made discoveries such as the identification of a sub-order of Saurian reptiles which he named Dinosauria. He became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift in 1842. Owen worked on the natural history collections of the British Museum, and campaigned for them to form a separate museum, which was opened in 1881 (now the Natural History Museum). He was knighted in 1884, and died in 1892.
William Alexander Greenhill was born in 1814. He was educated at Edmonton and Rugby, and then matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford in 1832. He studied medicine at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, and went to Paris to study the practice in hospitals. He graduated MB in 1839 and MD in 1840. He was appointed physician to the Radcliffe Infirmary in 1839 and held this position until 1851. He began to practice in Oxford. He worked on sanitary matters when there was an outbreak of cholera in Oxford in 1849. He was a parishioner and churchwarden of St Mary's, Oxford, and corresponded with the vicar, John Henry Newman. Also, he was a member of Dr Pusey's theological society. Whilst living in Oxford he studied the Greek and Arabic Medical writers, and he produced translations of texts. He relocated to Hastings in 1851. He was a physician for the local infirmary and worked for various public charities. He produced many publications on public health and sanitary conditions in the area. He died on 1894.
Sir William MacCormac was born in Belfast in 1836. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution and afterwards studied at Dublin and Paris. He entered Queen's College, Belfast, in 1851, as a student of engineering, and gained scholarships in engineering during his first and second years. He then studied the arts and graduated B.A. at the Queen's University in 1855, and M.A. in 1858. He won the senior scholarship in natural philosophy in 1856 and was admitted M.D. in the following year. The honorary degree of M.Ch. was conferred upon him in 1879, and the D.Sc. in 1882 with the Gold Medal of the University. The honorary degrees of M.D. and M.Ch. were also bestowed upon him by the University of Dublin in 1900. After graduation he studied surgery in Berlin, where he made lasting friendships with Langenbeck, Billroth, and von Esmarch. He practised in Belfast from 1864-1870 becoming successively Surgeon, Lecturer on Clinical Surgery, and Consulting Surgeon to the Belfast General Hospital. In the Franco-German War in 1870 he undertook hospital duties at Metz. He was given the rare distinction of an ad eundem Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1871 and was elected Assistant Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the new buildings on the Albert Embankment. He became full Surgeon in 1873 and lectured on surgery for twenty years. He was elected Consulting Surgeon to the hospital and Emeritus Lecturer on Clinical Surgery after resigning his active posts in 1893. He was knioghted in 1881. He was President of the Medical Society of London in 1880, and of the Metropolitan Branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. He was Surgeon to the French, Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British Lying-in Hospitals, and was an Examiner in Surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Military, and Indian Medical Services. He was created a baronet in 1897, was appointed Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, and was decorated K.C.V.O. in 1898, in recognition of services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons MacCormac was elected a Member of the Council in 1883, and of the Court of Examiners in 1887. He served as President from 1896-1900, being specially re-elected on the last occasion that he might occupy the Chair at the centenary of the College. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in 1893, and was Hunterian Orator in 1899. He was created K.C.B. in 1901, and was gazetted Hon. Serjeant Surgeon to King Edward VII. He died in 1901. MacCormac was the best decorated practising surgeon of his generation. He was, in addition to the honours already mentioned, an Hon. Member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg ; an Hon. Fellow or Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Paris, Brussels, Munich, and Rome; a Commander of the Legion of Honour; of the Orders of Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Crown of Italy, and of Takovo of Serbia; of the Crown of Prussia, St. Iago of Portugal, North Star of Sweden, Ritter-Kreuz of Bavaria, Merit of Spain, and the Medjidie.
William Maiden was born in Strood, Kent in 1768. He was apprenticed to Joseph Coventry Lowdell for £100 in 1783. He received his medical education at St Thomas's Hospital and qualified as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1790. At St Thomas's he was a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper. Maiden travelled to Paris where he continued his medical studies in c 1790. He returned in 1792 and succeeded the practice of Mr English at Stratford in Essex. Maiden was the surgeon who treated Mr Thomas Tipple, a gentleman who had received a severe chest injury through being impaled by the shaft of a chaise, in 1812. Mr Tipple recovered and lived for a further 10 years. Maiden published the details of the case due to the disbelief from the medical profession that a patient could survive such an injury. After Mr Tipple's death, his widow requested the body to be examined. The post-mortem was carried out by Sir William Blizard, William Clift, Harkness, and J W K Parkinson. The anterior wall of the chest of Mr Tipple and the shaft itself were presented to the Royal College of Surgeons Museum by William Maiden in 1823. They were destroyed by enemy action in May 1941. He died in 1845.
Henry Vandyke Carter was born in 1831. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital, and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1853. He was a Student of Human and Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, working with Richard Owen and John Thomas Queckett, from 1853-1855. He was a Demonstrater in Anatomy at St George's Hospital until 1857. He worked for Henry Gray on the illustrations of Gray's Anatomy (London, 1858). Carter joined the Bombay Medical Service in 1858, where he served as Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Grant Medical College, and Assistant-Surgeon in the Jamsetjee Jheejeebhoy Hospital. He was Civil Surgeon at Satara from 1863-1872. He was sent to Kathiawar in 1875, to research leprosy. He was appointed in charge of the Goculdas Tejpal Hospital in Bombay in 1876. He was appointed acting principal of Grant Medical College, and Physician of the Jamsetjee Jheejeebhoy Hospital in 1877. During his time in India, Carter made a number of contributions to tropical pathology including studies in leprosy, mycetoma and relapsing fever. Carter retired in 1888, and was appointed Honorary Deputy Surgeon-General and Honorary Surgeon to the Queen. He died in 1897.
John Henry Sylvester was born in 1830. He was a Student of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons from 1852-1853. He became the Deputy Surgeon General in India serving the Bombay Medical Service and participating in the Persian Campaign, the Indian Mutiny, and the Ambela Campain. He died in 1903.
No biogrpahical information relating to Johannes Mulaimus was available at the time of compilation.
H Frantz made drawings of specimens of congenital dislocation of the hip, at the Musee Dupuytren, Paris. These were reproduced as illustrations in Sir Thomas Fairbank's article "Congenital Dislocation of the Hip", published in the British Journal of Surgery, volume 17, 1929-1930. No other biographical information about Frantz is available.
Sir (Harold Arthur) Thomas Fairbank was an Orthopaedic Surgeon at King's College Hospital. He was President of the British Orthopaedic Association in 1929 when he delivered the lecture on which the above mentioned article is based.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Charles Herbert Fagge was born in Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1873. He was educated at Oundle School and entered Guy's Hospital Medical School in 1890. He won the gold medal and exhibition for anatomy at the London University intermediate examination in 1895, and the gold medal with a moiety of the exhibition in surgery at the final MB examination in 1897. Two years later he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical School at Guy's and was demonstrator and lecturer on the subject from 1906-1910. In 1902 he was made surgeon-in-charge of the aural department in the hospital, a position he held until 1908. He was elected assistant surgeon in 1905, he became surgeon in 1917, and resigned under the age limit in 1933, and was consulting surgeon from that date until his death. Amongst his minor hospital appointments he was surgeon to the Evelina Hospital for Children, and consulting surgeon to the Beckenham Hospital and to St John's Hospital at Blackheath. During the World War One, Fagge was gazetted major, RAMC(T), in 1915, and served at the Hampstead Military Hospital. He was also promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel in 1915, and was attached to the 2nd London General Hospital, acting at the same time as consulting surgeon to the Royal Red Cross Hospital for Officers at Fishmongers Hall, E.C., where he had Lieutenant-Colonel D'Arcy Power, FRCS, as his colleague. He was ordered to France in 1917, with the rank of brevet colonel, but he suffered from dysentery and was invalided home. At the Royal College of Surgeons he was elected an examiner in anatomy in 1909, served as a member of the Court of Examiners 1920-1930 and as a surgical examiner on the Dental Board in 1923. He was a Member of Council 1921-1938, being vice-president in 1929 and 1930. In 1928 he delivered the Bradshaw lecture on 'Axial rotation', and in 1936 he was Hunterian Orator, taking as his subject 'John Hunter to John Hilton'. When the Australasian College of Surgeons obtained a Royal Charter of incorporation the Council of the English College of Surgeons presented it with a great mace as a token of friendship. Fagge was deputed to present it formally and in person. This he did successfully and with much dignity at the inaugural meeting held in the Wilson Hall of Melbourne University on 17 Feb 1932. He also delivered the first Syme Oration at the College. For these services the University of Melbourne conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons elected him an Honorary Fellow. On his return to England he filled the offices of President of the Association of Surgeons of Britain and Ireland in 1933 and President of the surgical section of Royal Society of Medicine in 1932-1933; of the Royal Society of Medicine itself he had been the honorary treasurer from 1914-1920. He developed Parkinson's disease and died in 1939.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
James Augustus Rooth studied his degree at Oxford. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1901, training at St George's Hospital. Rooth was a Civil Surgeon in the South Africa Field Force; Senior Honorary Surgeon at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford; and a Colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was the doctor present at the birth of the conjoined twins, Violet and Daisy Hilton, known as 'The Brighton Twins', born in Brighton, in 1908. Rooth's last entry in the Medical Directory was in 1963.
Sir Humphry Davy Rolleston was born in Oxford, in 1862. He was educated at Maclaren's School at Summerfield, Oxford; Marlborough College; and St John's College, Cambridge. He took 1st class honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos, parts 1, 1885, and 2, 1886; and was university demonstrator in pathology, anatomy, and physiology. He received his medical training at St Bartholomew's and became assistant physician at St George's, becoming physician in 1898, and eventually emertius physician. After serving as consulting physician for the Imperial Yeomanry, at their hospital at Pretoria, in 1900, he built up a large practice in Upper Brook Street, London. He made his name widely known by editing Allbutt and Rolleston's System of Medicine, 2nd edition, a reference work of enduring value, to which he himself contributed. His Fitzpatrick Lectures, 1933-1934, on the endocrines, were elaborated into an historical study, The endocrine glands, 1936. He was elected the first consultant (for life) to the Army Medical Library at Washington, the central workshop of English-speaking medical scholarship, when he attended as guest of honour at its centenary celebrations, in 1936. He edited The Practitioner, during 1928-1944. He died in 1944.
Albert Wilson was born in Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1954. He was educated at the Friend's School, York and Edinburgh University where he was awarded the Gold Medal for his thesis on heart diseases. Wilson also visited the Universities of Paris, Vienna, Berlin and St Petersburg. He qualified as a doctor in 1878, becoming a house surgeon at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and resident physician to the Cowgate Dispensary. He moved to London, and after running a city practice, became medical officer at the Walthamstow Branch of the Essex Asylum. He was interested in psychology and more specifically criminal psychology. Wilson served with the French Red Cross during World War One. He died at Fairwarp, near Uckfield, in 1928.
William Rutherford Sanders was born in 1828. He was a Scottish physician. He was lecturer in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1853, and was Professor of Pathology from 1869. He was also Physician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He died in 1881.
Sir Cecil Pembrey Grey Wakeley was born near Rainham, Kent, in 1892. He started attending King's School, Rochester in 1904, later attending Dulwich College, and King's College Hospital in 1910. He qualified in 1915 and joined the Royal Navy for the next four years as Surgeon-Lieutenant, spending most of his time aboard the hospital ship Garth Castle at Scapa Flow. His link with the Navy lasted all his life, first as a consultant and in World War Two as Surgeon Rear-Admiral when he worked at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. He was appointed to the staff at King's in 1922, and was senior surgeon by the age of 41, remaining so for the next quarter of a century. He was consultant to the Belgrave Hospital for Children, the Royal Masonic and the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases. In addition he was a member of Council of the College and eventually President from 1949-1954. This was a period of immense importance since it witnessed the completion of the College's very ambitious rebuilding programme, the establishment of the Faculties of Dental Surgery and Anaesthesia, and the setting up of the academic units and their laboratories. He was also President of the Association of Physiotherapy, Hunterian Society, Medical Society of London and the Royal Life Saving Society. He examined for both the Primary and Final Fellowship examinations as well as the medical degrees at many universities in the UK and overseas. He was also a Hunterian Orator, Hunterian Professor five times and Erasmus Wilson, Bradshaw, and Thomas Vicary Lecturer. He was Chairman of the Trustees of the Hunterian Collection and received the College's Gold Medal for his services. For twenty years he edited the British Journal of Surgery and in 1947 he founded the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England which he continued to edit until 1969. He was for a long time editor of the now defunct Medical Press and Circular.
Thomas Keate was born in 1745. He studied as a pupil at St George's Hospital, London, and then became an assistant to John Gunning, surgeon to the Hospital. In 1792, the position of surgeon became available to succeed Charles Hawkins, which was sharply contested by Keate and Everard Home. Keate was elected as surgeon. In 1793 he succeeded John Hunter as surgeon-general to the Army, he was an examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons from 1800, and Master of the College in 1802, 1809, and 1818. As a surgeon he was the first to tie the subclavian artery for aneurysm. However, his reputation at St George's Hospital for not being punctual and being negligent in his duties, caused him to resign his post in 1813. Keate was surgeon to the Prince of Wales (later George IV), and also surgeon to the Chelsea Hospital, where he died in 1821. Keate published Cases of Hydrocele and Hernia (London, 1788), and several controversial papers such as Observations on the Fifth Report of the Commissioners of Medical Enquiry (London, 1808).
Henry Nathaniel Rumsey was a surgeon practising at Chesham, Buckinghamshire. Rumsey had taken shorthand notes of John Hunter's lectures in 1786-1787, which were printed by James F Palmer in his edition of Hunter's works. They were admired for their completeness, including examples and illustrations.
William Allison was born in c 1762. He practised at Darlington, possibly studying medicine in London or Edinburgh. He died in 1832 at the age of 70. His grandson F B Allison noted that his grandfather was devoted to science and astronomy.
William Jeremiah Allison, son of Wiliam Allison, practised in Ilford, Essex, during the early 19th century. His son, F B Allison, noted that his practice extended seven miles from Ilford, over the Hainault and Epping Forests.
Peter Mere Latham was born in London, in 1789. He was educated at the free school of Sandbach, Macclesfield grammar school, and Brasenose College, Oxford. He graduated BA (1810) MA (1813), MB (1814), and MD (1816). He was admitted an Inceptor-Candidate of the College of Physicians in 1815; a Candidate in 1817; and a Fellow in 1818. He was Censor in 1820, 1833, and 1837; Gulstonian lecturer in 1819; Lumleian lecturer in 1827 and 1828; Harveian orator in 1839; and was repeatedly placed upon the council. He was physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1815, and in 1823 was appointed by the government, in conjunction with Dr Roget, to take the medical charge of the inmates of the penitentiary at Millbank, then suffering from an epidemic of scurvy and dysentery. He was then appointed physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1824. He lectured at the Hospital's medical school with Sir George Burrows on the theory and practice of medicine. Later he published some of his lectures titled Lectures on Subjects connected with Clinical Medicine (London, 1836) and Lectures on Diseases of the Heart (2 volumes, London, 1845). Latham left St Bartholomew's in 1841, He retired to Torquay in 1865 and died there in 1875.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Sir Everard Home was born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1756. He was educated at Westminster School, and became a surgical pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter (1728-1793), surgeon at St George's Hospital, London. Home qualified through the Company of Surgeons in 1778 and was appointed assistant surgeon in the new naval hospital at Plymouth. In 1779 he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon with the army, but on returning to England in 1784 he rejoined Hunter at St George's as assistant. He was elected FRS in 1787, and in the same year he became assistant surgeon at St George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 Home read lectures for Hunter and in the following year he succeeded Hunter as lecturer in anatomy. Home joined the army in Flanders in 1793, but returned just before Hunter's sudden death in 1793. He then became surgeon at St George's Hospital and was also joint executor of Hunter's will with Matthew Baillie, Hunter's nephew. In 1793-1794 they saw Hunter's important work, On the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds, through the press and in 1794 Home approached Pitt's government to secure the purchase for the nation of Hunter's large collection of anatomical and pathological specimens. After protracted negotiations the collection was purchased for £15,000 in 1799 and presented to the College of Surgeons. In 1806 the collection was moved from Hunter's gallery in Castle Street to form the Hunterian Museum at the new site of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Home was chief curator and William Clift, who had worked with Hunter since 1792, was retained as resident conservator. Clift also had charge of Hunter's numerous folios, drawings, and accounts of anatomical and pathological investigations, which were essential for a clear understanding of the collection. In the years following Hunter's death Home built up a large surgical practice and published more than one hundred papers of varying quality, some very good, mainly in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The society awarded him its Copley medal in 1807. He gave the Croonian lectures fifteen times between 1794 and 1826. As Hunter's brother-in-law and executor he had great influence at the Royal College of Surgeons where he was elected to the court of assistants in 1801, an examiner in 1809, master in 1813 and 1821, and its first president in 1822. Having, with Matthew Baillie, endowed the Hunterian oration, he was the first Hunterian orator in 1814, and again in 1822. He became Keeper and a trustee of the Hunterian Museum in 1817 and was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the College from 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821. His Lectures on Comparative Anatomy were published in 1814 with a volume of plates from drawings by Clift. A further volume of lectures followed in 1823 accompanied by microscopical and anatomical drawings by Bauer and Clift. Two more volumes appeared in 1828. This work, although lacking in structure, is an important record of Hunter's investigations, especially the last two volumes. Home drew heavily on Hunter's work in the papers and books which he published after Hunter's death. Before the collection was presented to the Company of Surgeons in 1799 Home arranged for Clift to convey to his own house Hunter's folio volumes and fasciculi of manuscripts containing descriptions of the preparations and investigations connected with them. He promised to catalogue the collection, refusing help, but, despite repeated requests, only a synopsis appeared in 1818. B C Brodie says that Home was busily using Hunter's papers in preparing his own contributions for the Royal Society. Home himself later stated that he had published all of value in Hunter's papers and that his one hundred articles in Philosophical Transactions formed a catalogue raisonée of the Hunterian Museum. Home destroyed most of Hunter's papers in 1823. After his death in 1832, a parliamentary committee was set up to enquire into the details of this act of vandalism. Clift told this committee in 1834 that Home had used Hunter's papers extensively and had claimed that Hunter, when he was dying, had ordered him to destroy his papers. Yet Home, who was not present at Hunter's death, had kept the papers for thirty years. Clift also declared that he had often transcribed parts of Hunter's original work and drawings into papers which appeared under Home's name. Home produced a few of Hunter's papers which he had not destroyed and Clift had copied about half of the descriptions of preparations in the collection, consequently enough of Hunter's work survives to suggest that Home had often published Hunter's observations as his own. Although the full extent of Home's plagiarism cannot be determined, there is little doubt that it was considerable and this seriously damaged his reputation.
Born, Shropshire, 1892; suffered poor health and as a child travelled to Switzerland and the West Indies; worked briefly with the suffragette movement, 1914; during the war involved in social work for eighteen months in Hoxton, London, later on the land; went to California, 1918; sailed for England via the Far East, 1920; married James Carew Gorman Anderson of the Chinese customs service, 1921; based in Hong Kong after her marriage and campaigned against licensed prostitution; published novels, short stories and articles, 1915-1931, including Tobit Transplanted (1931) awarded Femina Vie Heureuse Prize, 1932; died, 1933.
Publications: include: I Pose (Macmillan and Co, London, 1915); This is the End (Macmillan and Co, London, 1917); Twenty [Poems] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1918); Living Alone (Macmillan and Co, London, 1919); The Poor Man (Macmillan and Co, London, 1922); The Awakening. A fantasy (Printed by Edwin and Robert Grabhorn for the Lantern Press, San Francisco, 1925); The Little World (Macmillan and Co, London, 1925); Goodbye, Stranger (Macmillan and Co, London, 1926); The Man who Missed the 'Bus (Mathews and Marrot, London, 1928); Worlds within Worlds [Sketches of travel] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1928); The Far-away Bride [With an appendix containing the Book of Tobit, from the Apocrypha] (Harper and Bros, New York and London, 1930); Tobit Transplanted (Macmillan and Co, London, 1931); Christmas Formula, and other stories (William Jackson [Joiner and Steele], London, 1932); Collected Short Stories (Macmillan and Co, London, 1936.
The Westfield College Association was founded in 1900 to provide a means for Westfield College alumni to maintain contact with the College and each other as well as to raise the profile of and assist the College. The Association held regular meetings and also maintained a Benevolent Fund for its members. In 1952 the Association agreed to take the major part of the responsibility for the publication of Hermes, the College Newsletter for current and former students of Westfield College. The final meeting of the Association took place on 14 Sep 1991, after which the Association merged with Queen Mary College to form the Queen Mary and Westfield College Association.
Presidents of the Westfield College Association: 1900-1920 Lady Chapman 1921-1927 Anne Richardson 1928-1931 Frances Gray 1931-1933 Lady Chapman 1934-1936 Eleanor Lodge 1937-1941 Constance Parker 1942-1945 Dorothy Chapman 1946-1949 Lilian James (also Hon. Secretary 1900-1939) 1950-1955 Ellen Delf-Smith 1956-1958 Helen Ralph 1959-1964 Gertrude Stanley 1964-1970 Kathleen Walpole 1971-1974 Kathleen Chesney 1974-1977 Eleanor Carus Wilson 1977-1991 Rosalind Hill
Wolfgang Held (1933-2016) was a writer, translator, artist and musician, and a key figure in Anglo-German literary relations.
Born in Frieburg, Germany, in 1933. Educated in Karlsruhe, Heidelberg and Freiburg. Completed a PhD on the Austrian poet, Georg Trakl, and subsequently spent four years at the University of Madras. Taught at the University of Ljubljana, in the former Yugoslavia, in the 1960s. Moved to Edinburgh (by 1971) and then to Greenwich University. Retired in 1985, to focus on his own writing.
His translation work includes German translations of Wyndham Lewis, T.S. Eliot, Samuel Beckett, Michael Holroyd's biography on George Bernhard Shaw and the poetry of John Donne and Emily Brontë.
His novels include Die im Glashaus (Those in Glass Houses, 1965), Ein Brief des Jüngeren Plinius (A Letter from Pliny the Younger, 1979), Rabenkind (Raven Child, 1985), Geschichte der Abgeschnittenen Hand (Tale of the Severed Hand, 1994), Traum vom Hungerturm (Dream of the Hunger Tower, 2007) and Schattenfabel (Shadow Tale, 2014). He also wrote a play, Hoffmanns Verbrennung (Hoffmann’s Burning, 1986).
As a pianist Held gave concerts and made recordings and commentaries for German radio. He also published a biography of Robert and Clara Schumann, Manches Geht in Nacht Verloren (Things Go Astray in the Night, 1998), republished as Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara, 2008).
Held was also a collagist and hosted the Raven Studio in his London home from 1989-1992, exhibiting works by other contemporary artists.
His first wife was Eva (nee Hellmansberger). The pair later divorced. Married his second wife Madeline in 1971, with whom he had a daughter, Natasha.
Born, Exeter, 1881, son of Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury; educated, Rugby, Balliol College, Oxford; fellow and Lecturer in Philosophy, Queen's College Oxford, 1904-1910; President Oxford Union, 1904; travelled in Europe and studied at the Universities of Jena and Berlin, 1905-1906; Deacon, 1908; Priest, 1909; Chaplain to Archbishop of Canterbury, 1910-1921; Headmaster, Repton School, 1910-1914; Rector of St James, Piccadilly, 1914-1918; Honorary Chaplain to the King, 1915-1921; Editor of The Challenge, 1915-1918; Chairman of Westfield College, 1916-1921; Canon of Westminster, 1919-1921; Bishop of Manchester, 1921-1929; Archbishop of York, 1929-1942; President of the Workers Educational Association, 1908-1924; editor of The Pilgrim, 1920-1927; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1942-1944; died, 1944.
Publications: include: Thoughts on the Divine Love (Christian Knowledge Society, London, 1910); The Faith and Modern Thought: six lectures (Macmillan & Co, London, 1910); A Challenge to the Church: being an account of the national mission; 1916, and of thoughts suggested by it (SPCK, London, 1917); Issues of Faith: a course of lectures (Macmillan & Co, London, 1917); Christus Veritas. An essay (Macmillan & Co, London, 1924); Christ in his Church. A charge delivered (Macmillan & Co, London, 1925); Christianity and the State (Macmillan & Co, London, 1928); Christian faith and life with Roger L Roberts (Student Christian Movement Press, London, 1931); Christ and the Way to Peace (Student Christian Movement Press, London, 1935); Faith & Freedom (London, 1935); Basic Convictions (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1937); Readings in St. John's Gospel (Macmillan & Co, London, 1939); The Christian Hope of Eternal Life (SPCK, London, [1941]); Christianity and Social Order (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942).
John Leofric Stocks (1882-1937), was a friend of William Temple at Rugby and later while at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Stocks was a fellow and tutor of St John's College from 1906 to 1924. He became Professor of Philosophy at the University of Manchester in 1924, stood as an unsuccessful Labour candidate in 1935, and was elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool in 1936.
An anti-sexist magazine that was produced by a working collective of socialist men and launched to coincide with the London Men's Conference in 1978.
Michael Barnes was born in September 1932, the son of Major C.H.R. Barnes OBE and Katherine Louise (nee Kennedy). After studying at Malvern and Corpus Christi, Oxford, he entered National Service, becoming a Second Lieutenant in the Wiltshire Regiment and serving in Hong Kong, 1952-1953. After unsuccessfully standing in Wycombe in 1964, Barnes was elected as Labour MP for Brentford and Chiswick in 1966. He served as Opposition spokesman on food and food prices (1970-1971), Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party Social Security Group (1969-1970), served on the ASTMS Parliamentary Committee (1970-1971) and was also a long serving member of the Public Accounts Committee (1967-1974). After losing the seat of Brentford and Isleworth in 1974, Barnes helped later in establishing the SDP, although rejoined the Labour Party between 1983 and 2001. Aside from politics, he was Legal Services Ombudsman for England and Wales (1991-1997), Director of the United Kingdon Immigrants Advisory Service (UKIAS) (1984-1990), member of the Council of Management of War on Want (1972-1977), Vice Chairman of the Bangabandhu Society (1980-1990) and has served in a variety of other official positions.
Born in Birmingham, 1845; no formal education; worked as a newspaper boy at Euston Station then took a job as a porter and collector for a wholesale publishing company; moved to Sunderland and apprenticed to Dawson Brothers, ship owners; served time in the East India trade, visiting Persia, Arabia, Ceylon, India and Abyssinia by sea and earned himself a 'Chief Mate's' certificate.
Bedford left shortly after and established the first teetotal public house in London which was a commercial success; toured the country lecturing on temperance and the business of teetotal public house keeping and published several essays on the subject. Bedford also became a tailor, teaching himself cutting and other skills and established tailor's shops in Bethnal Green Road and Hackney Road. Bedford was also heavily involved with trade-unionism, serving as President of both the General Railway Workers Union and the Society of Firewood Choppers. Died 1904.
Born Hoxton, London, September 1833, the son of a solicitor's clerk; aged 12 employed as an office boy in his father's company; during his early years, Bradlaugh increasingly became influenced by the ideas of Richard Carlile who was sent to prison for blasphemy and seditious libel in 1819, and he began to question Christian ideals. Due to religious disputes with his family, Bradlaugh left home in 1849 and shortly after joined the Seventh Dragoon Guards, although he was to obtain a discharge in 1853, finding work in a law office. Now a committed republican and freethinker, he joined Joseph Barker, a Sheffield Chartist, to form The National Reformer in 1860.
During the 1860s, Bradlaugh published a series of pamphlets on politics and religion becoming one of Britain's leading freethinkers. He helped in the establishment of the National Secular Society in 1866. Shortly after, Bradlaugh met Annie Besant, who he employed on The National Reformer. In 1877, Bradlaugh and Besant published Charles Knowlton's book The Fruits of Knowledge concerning birth control and, as a result, both were charged and sentenced to six months in prison, although at the Court of Appeal, the sentence was quashed.
In 1880, after several previous attempts, Bradlaugh was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton and, due to his beliefs, sought permission to affirm rather than to take the oath of office; request was refused and he was expelled from the House of Commons; campaigned to allow atheists to sit in the Commons, attracting support from Non-Conformists and some important figures, such as William Gladstone, although it angered many in the clergy and members of the Conservative Party. Attempts to take his seat in June 1880 and April 1881, met with resistance, including a spell imprisoned in the Tower of London. After being refused access in August, a petition was presented to Parliament and, in May 1883, an Affirmation Bill, headed by Gladstone, was defeated in the Commons. Bradlaugh was re-elected in 1884 and again tried to affirm and take his seat, including voting three times for which he was later fined. A further attempt to affirm in January 1886 was accepted by the Speaker, Sir Arthur Wellesley Peel, and he was allowed to sit remaining a fervent republican and critic of British foreign policy, most notably in South Africa, Sudan, Afghanistan and Egypt. Bradlaugh died in January 1891.
Tony Brierley founded the Oxford University Humanist Group in 1958. Often with more than 1,000 members, the OUHG held meetings with eminent speakers, organised weekly discussion meetings, publicised Humanism and opposed Christian missions to the University. It had its own small printing press and produced its own posters and termly cards as well as taking in business for other clubs. The OUHG folded in the early 1970s.
Jim Fyrth (1918-2010) taught for many years at Birkbeck College, University of London, in its Department for Extra Mural Studies. During the Second World War he served in the Army, when he was jailed for six months after being caught reading "banned literature", namely Communist Party pamphlets and the Daily Worker. For a good part of the war, he was stationed in India. This resulted, years later, in a wartime autobiography, An Indian Landscape, which was published by the Socialist History Society. This contains his account of the meeting with Gandhi, which made a great impression on him. In the post-war period, he was active in the Communist Party in West London and in Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. For a period, his role as a teacher and historian was directed towards courses for trades unionists. He was involved in the Communist Party Historians' Group and, in more recent years, the Socialist History Society. Fryth's book The Signal Was Spain: The Spanish Aid Movement in Britain, 1936-39, was published in 1986.
Born, 1879, East Stonehouse, Plymouth; attended Plymouth church and national schools, and Ottershaw School, Chertsey; married James William Henry Ganley, a tailor's cutter, July 1901; lived in Westminster before settling in Battersea, raising two sons and a daughter; active in left-wing politics in opposition to the Second South African War, and in response to the poor social conditions of the working-class communities in which she lived; joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1906, campaigned for the suffrage, and was instrumental in setting up a socialist women's circle in Battersea and developing it into a branch of the Women's Labour League (later the Labour Party women's sections); in 1914 she was involved in the British Committee of the International Congress, anti-war suffragists who detached themselves from the more patriotic National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies to work with European women for peace. After the war, she continued to campaign for citizenship rights; joined the Co-operative and Labour parties, and in November 1919 won a seat on Battersea Borough Council; chaired the health committee, and it was mainly through her efforts that a well-equipped maternity home was opened in Battersea in 1921; became one of the first women magistrates in London, 1920, and for twenty years sat in juvenile courts; served as a London County Councillor and as a member of the London County Education Committee; in the 1930s sought nomination as a Co-operative Party candidate; elected Co-operative-Labour MP for Battersea South; defeated in 1951 general election; CBE in 1953; re-elected to Battersea Borough Council, 1953-1965; widely active within the co-operative movement and was an elected director of the West London Society from 1918, and after its merger with the London Society in 1921, of the London Co-operative Society, which position she retained until 1946; became the first woman president of the London Co-operative Society, 1942; belonged to the Lavender Hill branch of the Women's Co-operative Guild and held a number of official positions in the Guild's national committee structure including a place on the south-eastern sectional council; died, Battersea, Aug 1966.
Born, Coventry, 1900; apprenticed to a pharmacist on leaving school; gave up his trade, joined engineering firm; after the war, he took an active part in the Labour movement, and following a period in the car industry he moved to Leicester where he became a machine knitting expert; this gave him the opportunity to travel widely in Europe, but he returned to Coventry in 1936 and became an aircraft fitter; after the Second World War, he became self-employed, but later went back to the engineering industry as an 'ideas man'; wrote on the Labour movement within the engineering industry, producing articles and pamphlets under the pseudonyms Reg Wright and Dwight Rayton, and a play entitled The Gaffer, describing a Coventry strike.
Tony studied painting at the Royal College of Art. After getting his degree he earned his living as a portrait painter, but soon decided he didn’t want to continue doing one-off original paintings that only the affluent could afford. Instead he worked as a graphic designer, illustrator and political cartoonist. In the early 1960s he moved from Ealing, where he had been brought up, to Hackney, where he spent the rest of his life, taking photographs of the area.
Born, 1833, Wrington; due to financial reversals and a ruinous lawsuit against a defaulting contractor, the Howell family to was reduced to penury and as a result Howell's formal education was both sporadic and rudimentary, ending before he was twelve; at the age of eight he began working as a ploughboy, later moving to assist his father as a mortar boy and, in 1847, he became apprenticed to a Wrington shoemaker; largely self-taught, he was to become a voracious reader, notably of religious tracts and radical periodicals. After enrolling in a local Chartist group in 1848, he underwent conversion to Wesleyan Methodism and taught at Sunday school.
At the end of his apprenticeship in 1851, Howell moved first to Weston-super-Mare and then to Bristol, finding employment as a shoemaker and becoming involved in a Methodist improvement society and the local YMCA. In 1853, Howell was forced to return to the building trade, due to the move of his parents back to Bristol, although as a bricklayer rather than a mason; moved to London, 1855, and rose to the position of deputy foreman and began to become involved in politics spurred by acquaintance with former Chartists and political exiles, including Mazzini, Kossuth, and Marx.
Following the nine-hours dispute in the building trades (1859-1862), Howell joined the London order of the Operative Bricklayers' Society where he came into contact with the other London trade unionists including William Allan, Robert Applegarth, Edwin Coulson, George Odger, and George Potter; through his involvement with the bricklayers' strike committee, Howell played a major part in the reorganization of the union on amalgamated principles and launched the Operative Bricklayers' Society Trade Circular in 1861; following leadership disputes with Edwin Coulson, ending with his resignation from the London order, and blacklisting by London builders, Howell moved to Surrey, where he found employment as a foreman with a former employer, a position he retained until he abandoned bricklaying for radical politics in 1865.
In May 1861, Howell was elected to the executive of the London Trades Council, promptly becoming secretary and serving in that position until July 1862 when ill health and Coulson's enmity forced him to resign; whilst serving as secretary, Howell came into regular contact of the General Neapolitan Society of Working Men, affirming the solidarity of the London Trades Council with Italian nationalists; became a member of the National League for the Independence of Poland in 1863, the Garibaldi Reception Committee in 1864, and the International Working Men's Association from 1864 to 1869; between 1865 and 1869, served as secretary of the Reform League, the first national organization to mobilize urban artisans for franchise reform since the Chartist campaign. During the 1868 general election he administered a special fund to mobilize new working-class voters on behalf of Liberal candidates in marginal constituencies.
In 1869 he launched an abortive Liberal Registration and Election Agency with funds provided mainly by Samuel Morley and James Stansfeld and he was closely involved with the futile effort of the Labour Representation League to devise an arrangement whereby Liberals would endorse working-class candidates in selected boroughs in return for league support for official Liberals elsewhere; between 1868 and 1874 Walter Morrison hired him as paid secretary of the Representative Reform Association, which advocated proportional representation; he was also paid secretary of the Plimsoll and Seamen's Fund Committee from 1873 to 1875 and financial agent for the Land Tenure Reform Association. In addition he chaired the Working Men's Committee for Promoting the Separation of Church and State and served on the councils of both the National Education League and the Liberation Society. Between 1870 and 1871 Howell launched the Adelphi Permanent Building Society to provide money to enable workers to purchase homes. In 1869, Howell attended the Birmingham trades union congress as unofficial representative of the Conference of Amalgamated Trades and, in 1871, emerged as secretary of the parliamentary committee of the TUC, using his office to promote the repeal of the Master and Servant Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871.
After retiring from the TUC, Howell never again attained his former eminence in radical and trade union politics; served successively as secretary of London school board election committees and as parliamentary agent of the Women's Suffrage Committee but failed to obtain an appointment as a school or factory inspector. Unable to secure regular employment, he turned increasingly to writing as a source of income, contributing to the labour journal the Bee-Hive in the 1870s and publishing A Handy Book of the Labour Laws, a guide to recent legislation in 1876. He also published an interpretive study of trade unionism, The Conflicts of Capital and Labour (1878). During this time, Howell also served as London business agent for a Manchester coal merchant and, in 1881, briefly edited the labour weekly Common Good. Howell made several attempts to enter parliament, contesting Aylesbury in 1868 and 1874 and Norwich in 1871, before becoming MP for North-East Bethnal Green in 1885 which he held until 1895. While in parliament Howell continued to rely on journalism for his livelihood, although he was also briefly employed by the National Home Reading Union. He published Trade Unionism New and Old in 1891 and, after 1895, he withdrew entirely from political life, devoting himself to writing. His biography of Ernest Jones, serialized in the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle in 1898, never appeared in book form. His final work, Labour Legislation, Labour Movements and Labour Leaders, was published in 1902, Howell died (of Bright's disease and cardiac failure) on 16 September 1910.
James Ince and Sons, umbrella manufacturers, were founded in 1805 and remains a family business; originally, in the 1820s, main products included parasols for ladies, very often exclusive 'one-offs'; in the 1860s the firm quickly expanded into wholesaling and exports and, by the early 1900s, the company had started producing garden furniture, although in a limited way. Trade now lies in producing promotional umbrellas, golfing umbrellas and garden sun shades and furnishings. James Ince and Sons also produces umbrellas, both historic and modern, for film, television and theatre productions. The company was situated at 298-300 Bishopsgate for a number of years and also used business properties in The Oval and Norton Folgate. James Ince and Sons now resides in Hackney.
For the last 18 months that the Fruit and Vegetable Market existed in Spitalfields, photographers Mark Jackson and Huw Davies set out to record the life of the market that operated on the site for more than 300 years, before it closed forever in 1991. As recent graduates, Mark was working in a restaurant at the time and Huw was a bicycle courier. Without any financial support for their ambitious undertaking, they saved up all their money to buy cameras and rolls of film, converting a corner of their tiny flat into a darkroom.
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