The International Marxist Group is a British Trotskyite revolutionary group affiliated to the Fourth International. Its broad aims are the overthrow of imperialist capitalism followed be the setting up of a government based on direct democratic control by the people.
The International Tin Council was established in 1956, following on from the work of the International Tin Study Group, which was established in 1947 to survey the world supply and demand of tin. The ITCs aims were to promote the achievement of a long-term balance between world production and consumption of tin, and to prevent excessive fluctuation in price. This was achieved by the creation and operation of a buffer stock system involving mandatory contributions by producer and consumer countries, the fixing of floor and ceiling prices, and the regulation of exports. The activities of the Council were governed by a series of six 5-year International Tin Agreements, commencing in 1956. The sixth agreement was extended for a further two years in 1987. The Council was dissolved in 1990.
The Ionian Bank was founded in London in 1839 to finance trade between the Ionian Islands, (a British protectorate) and Great Britain. After the cession to Greece of the islands in 1864, the Bank extended its operations to the rest of Greece and during the twentieth century to Egypt, Cyprus and Turkey. The Greek assets were sold to the Commercial Bank of Greece in the 1950s and the Egyptian assets were sequestrated. The Ionian Bank ceased trading as such in 1978, though certain parts of its business were carried on by Ionian Securities Ltd, which was taken over by Alpha Credit Bank in 1999, forming the Alpha Bank.
The Inland Waterways Association was founded as a registered charity in 1946 to campaign for the restoration, retention and development of inland waterways in the British Isles and their fullest possible commercial use. Membership is by invitation only. In 1971, the IWA Council established a sub-committee entitled the Commercial Carrying Group, which later changed its name to the Inland Shipping Group (ISG). Its purpose is to advise the IWA on matters pertaining to freight carrying on inland waterways, as well as maintaining liaison with other interest groups, organising conferences and seminars, and generally publicising this mode of transport. Each of the IWA's seven regions has an Inland Shipping Committee.
Per Jacobsson, 1894-1963, was born in Tanum, Sweden, and educated at the High School, Vaesteraas and Upsala University. He left to take up a lectureship in Economics at the High School of Forestry in Stockholm, 1918-1920. He left teaching to become a member of the Economic and Financial Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations in 1920, a post that he held until 1928. He subsequently became Secretary-General to the Economic Defence Council in Stockholm, 1929-1930. He entered banking in 1931 and was Economic Advisor and Head of the Economic Department of the Bank of International Settlements in Basle, 1931-1956. In 1956 he left the bank to take up his most prestigious appointment, that of Chairman of the Executive Board and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, a post that he held until 1963.
Sir Joshua Jebb, 1793-1863, was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1812, serving in Canada and the USA, and by 1837, he had been promoted to 1st Captain. In 1838, he was appointed to hold enquiries on grants of charters of incorporation to Bolton and Sheffield, and he also served on the Commission on the Municipal Boundary of Birmingham. In 1839 he was seconded from the army to work as technical advisor to the Secretary of State on prison building, following the 1837 Act requiring the Secretary of State to approve all prison building. In 1842 he was made Commissioner for the Government of Pentonville prison and also a member of the Royal Commission to report on the punishment of military crime by imprisonment. He was now spending most of his time dealing with prison issues, and in 1844 was appointed Inspector General of Military Prisons and Surveyor General of Convict Prisons. In 1847 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and in 1850 he was appointed Chairman of the Directors of Convict Prisons, overseeing the building of Portland, Portsmouth, Chatham, Buxton and Woking Prisons. In 1859, he was awarded the KCB, and in 1860, he was promoted to Major General.
Lena May Jeger (nee Chivers) was born in Yorkley, Gloucestershire on 19 November 1915, the daughter of Charles Chivers and Eugenie Alice James. She was educated at Southgate County School and Birkbeck College London where she gained a BA. In 1948 Lena Chivers married Dr Santo Jeger, Labour MP for Holborn and St Pancras South. After her husband's death in 1953, Jeger stood for, and won, her late husband's seat which she held between 1953-1959 and again between 1964-1979. As a member of local government she served on St. Pancras Borough Council between 1945-1959 and the London County Council between 1952-1955.
Jeger's career began in the Civil Service where she worked in HM Customs and Excise, the Ministry of Information and the Foreign Office between 1936-1949. In 1947 she worked at the British Embassy in Moscow as assistant editor of the British Ally, a newspaper published by the British Government for distribution in the Soviet Union. As a journalist, she was on the London staff of the Guardian and regularly contributed to other national newspapers. Her political career also included membership of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party betwwen 1968-1980, serving as Vice-Chairman between 1978-1979 and Chairman between 1979-1980. She was the UK representative on the United Nations Status of Women Commission in 1967; a member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe and Western European Union 1969-1971; a member of the Chairman's Panel in the House of Commons between 1971-1979; Opposition spokesman (Lords) on Social Security 1983-1989 and made an honorary fellow of Birkbeck College London in 1994. She retired from politics in 1979 and was created Baroness Jeger of St Pancras in Greater London.
Hugh Gater Jenkins was born in 1908 in Enfield, and in 1941 was commissioned into the RAF, serving as a Flight Lieutenant. He spent the latter part of his time in the RAF in the Far East on secondment as Head of English programmes at Rangoon Radio. After demobilisation in 1946 he became Research and Publicity Officer for the National Union of Bank Employees and editor of 'The Bank Officer'. In 1950 he joined the staff of Actors Equity as Assistant General Secretary. Jenkins stood as Labour Parliamentary candidate in Enfield in 1950 and in Mitcham in 1955. It was in Mitcham that he helped to found the Anti-H Bomb Committee, which later became the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, serving as Chairman from 1979 to 1981, and later becoming Vice-President. He was also chairman of Victory for Socialism from 1956 until shortly before it merged into the Tribune Group in 1960. He was County Councillor on the London County Council and Greater London Council for Stoke Newington and Hackney North from 1958 until his election as the Labour Member of Parliament for Putney, a position he held from 1964 to 1979. He was Chairman of the Standing Advisory Committee on Authorities and the Theatre, Vice-Chairman and later Vice-president of the Theatres Advisory Council, and Director and later consultant to the Theatres Trust. He was also a member of the Arts Council, 1968-1971, and Minister for the Arts, 1974-1976.
The Jewish Chronicle was established in 1841, and is the world's oldest and most influential Jewish newspaper. Based in London, its news and opinion pages reflect the entire spectrum of Jewish religious, social and political thought.
Born 1903; educated at Cheltenham College, Gonville and Caius Colleges, Cambridge University, and St Bartholomew's Hospital; qualified as doctor, 1926; barrister-at-law, 1930; Medical Officer, Cambridge University East Greenland Expedition, 1926; Casualty Officer, Metropolitan Hospital, 1926; House Physician, East London Hospital for Children, Shadwell, 1927; Medical Officer, Harrington Harbour Hospital, International Grenfell Association, Labrador, 1928-1929; General Practitioner, Thornton Heath, Croydon, 1930-1937; Demonstrator of Anatomy, Oxford University, 1937-1939; served during World War Two in the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1939-1945; Member, Croydon Medical Board, Ministry of Labour and National Service, 1951-1955; Conservative MP for Carlisle, 1955-1963, and Independent Conservative MP, 1963-1964; first MP to raise parliamentary debate on the Ombudsman; Chairman and Managing Director of Johnson Publications Ltd; died 1978. Publications: A Cassandra at Westminster (Johnson, London, 1967); A doctor in Parliament (Christopher Johnson, London, 1958); A doctor regrets (Christopher Johnson, London, 1949); A doctor returns (Christopher Johnson, London, 1956); Bars and barricades (Christopher Johnson, London, 1952); Conservative government and a liberal society (Christopher Johnson, London, 1955); Indian hemp (Christopher Johnson, London, 1952); On being an Independent MP (Johnson, London, 1964); Ted Heath: a latter day Charlemagne (Johnson, London, 1971); The British National Health Service (Johnson, London, 1962); The end of socialism (Christopher Johnson, London, 1946); The hallucinogenic drugs (Christopher Johnson, London, 1953); The nutritive properties of the rye grain (Minneapolis, 1934); A guide to reference materials on Southeast Asia (Yale University press, 1970); The plea for the silent (Christopher Johnson, London, 1957).
Born 1900; educated at Seymour Lodge School in Dundee, St Andrews University and Newnham College, Cambridge University; research secretary to the Parliamentary Radical Group; joined National League of Young Liberals, 1924, serving as Honorary Secretary, Vice-Chairman and President (1939), and representing the NLYL on the Liberal Party Executive; British Representative, Committee of the International League of Young Liberals, Radicals and Democrats, 1931-1939; fought six elections as Liberal Parliamentary candidate, in Winchester, 1929, Basingstoke, 1931, Devizes, 1935 and 1945, and Cambridge City, 1950 and 1951; Member, Women's Press Club, [1947-1960]; joined Federal Union, 1939, elected to Executive Committee and Chairman, 1941-1945; edited Federal News, 1944-1946; Member, Central Committee, European Union of Federalists, 1946-; Member, Executive Committee, European Movement; Member of Political Commission, Council of Europe, 1948; attendee at Consultative Assembly, Council of Europe, 1948-1960; became freelance International Conference Translator, Reviser and Précis-Writer, 1951-1956; worked for 9 years as a reviser for the Assembly of Western European Union in Paris, the World Veterans Association and the North Atlantic Assembly; died 1984.
The Journal of Public Economics commenced publication in 1972. Its aim is to encourage original scientific contributions on the problems of public economics, with particular emphasis on the application of modern economic theory and methods of quantitative analysis. It provides a forum for discussion of public policy of interest to an international readership.
User-Led Innovation in Local Government was a research project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and led by Professor Paul Joyce. Its aims and objectives were as follows: 1. To describe and analyse how the-public-as-service-users' ideas are captured by management; 2. To describe and analyse the different ways in which service users' ideas are picked up by management; 3. To develop case studies which describe how user-led innovation occurs in various organisational and policy contexts and 4. To assist the work of the local authorities in improving the quality of their services through user-led innovation.
Phyllis Mary Kaberry, 1910-1977, was educated at the University of Sydney. Her first fieldwork was conducted in the early 1930s in North West Australia on the social status of aboriginal women. In 1936 she moved to London to work in the Anthropology Department of the London School of Economics as a research assistant to Audrey Richards. After obtaining her doctorate in 1939 she received a fellowship from the Australian National Research Council to undertake fieldwork among the Abelam tribe in New Guinea. From 1941 to 1943, Kaberry lectured at Yale on Australia and New Guinea and edited Malinowski's unpublished material on culture change. In 1945 she made the first of five field trips to Cameroon, first under the auspices of the International African Institute and later with the support of the Wenner-Gren Foundation. In 1949, she joined the Department of Anthropology at University College London, where she remained a Reader in Social Anthropology for 26 years.
Born 1900; educated at Goethe-Gymnasium, Frankfurt-am-Main, the University of Frankfurt, the University of Heidelberg, the University of Leipzig, and the University of London; Judge in German Courts, 1928-1933; Barrister-at-Law (Middle Temple), 1936-; Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer, and Reader in Law, London School of Economics, 1935-1961; Professor of Law, LSE, 1951-1964; Honorary Bencher, Middle Temple, 1969; Professor of Comparative Law, University of Oxford, 1964-1971; Emeritus Fellow, Brasenose College, 1971; Arthur Goodhart Professor of Legal Science, and Professorial Fellow, Cambridge University, 1975-1976; Honorary Fellow, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1977; Co-editor, Modern Law Review; Hon. President, International Society for Labour Law and Social Legislation; Member, Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations, 1965-1968; died 1979. Publications: A source-book on French law (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973); Comparative Law as an academic subject (Clarendon Press, London, 1965); Labour and the law (Stevens, London, 1972); Labour law: old traditions and new developments (Clarke, Irwin and Co, Toronto/Vancouver, 1968); editor of Labour relations and the law (Stevens and Sons, London, 1965); Matrimonial property: where do we go from here? (University of Birmingham, 1971); The growth of internationalism in English private international law (Magnes Press, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1960); The law of carriage by inland transport (Stevens and Sons, London, 1939); editor of The institutions of private law and their social functions (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1949); Laws against strikes (Fabian Society, London, 1972); editor of Labour law and politics in the Weimar Republic (Blackwell, Oxford, 1981); Labour relations: heritage and adjustment (Oxford University Press, 1979).
Born 1869; educated at City of London School; trained as an accountant, qualifying in 1892; gained law degree, 1897; called to Bar, Middle temple, 1897; practiced as barrister at the Parliamentary Bar, [1897]-1954; one of the founders of the League of Nations Society, 1915; Member of Executive, League of Nations Society, 1915-1918; Member of Executive, League of Nations Union, 1918-1928; retired, 1954; died 1957. Publications: A better League of Nations (Allen and Unwin, London, 1934); A guide to the Liabilities War Time Adjustment Act (Stevens and Sons, London, 1941); A League of Nations with large powers (Allen and Unwin, London, 1918); Crossing the Rubicon, or the passage from the rule of force to the rule of law among nations (Cornish Bros., Birmingham, 1939); Hammering out details (Fifield, London, 1917); compiler of Local legislation, 1909-1911 (Walter Southwood and Co, London, 1912-14); Markets, fairs and slaughter-houses (King and Son, Westminster, 1904); Parliamentary companies (Gee and Co, London, 1906); Real security against war (Williams and Norgate, London, 1929); The abolition of war (David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies: London, 1956); The law relating to public service undertakings (King and Son, London, 1925); The permanent court of international justice (League of Nations Union, 1922); The world in alliance: a plan for preventing future wars (Southwood and Co, London, 1915); Towards international justice (Allen and Unwin, London, 1923); Tramway companies and local authorities (Merritt and Hatchers, London, 1902); Urban police and sanitary legislation (King and Son, Westminster, 1905); A guide to the Public Works Facilities Act, 1930 (Stevens and Sons, London, 1931); Bankruptcy (Gee and Co, London, 1891).
Born 1910; educated Hayes Court and Girton College, Cambridge University; Souschargé, Department of Pre-History, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 1934-1939; Mixed Youth Club Leader, Young Women's Christian Association, 1939-1942; Welfare Officer, Admiralty, Bath, 1942-47; served in the prison service, 1947-1974; Governor, HM Prison, Holloway, 1959-1966; Assistant Director of Prisons (Women), 1967-1974; Member of Council, St George's House, Windsor, 1971-1977; OBE 1973; Member, Redundant Churches Committee, 1974-1979; Member, Scott Holland Trust, 1978-1986; Sponsor, YWCA of Great Britain, 1979-present. Publications: When the Gates Shut (Longmans, London, 1967; Who Casts the First Stone? (Epworth, London, 1978).
Born in Norfolk and educated in Surrey; spent a year in the civil service; studied Modern History at Kingston University; worked in House of Commons as a research assistant; left in 1992 to join a public affairs company; now runs his own consultancy firm; Chief Executive of Conservative Mainstream.
The Kibbo Kift Kindred was founded in 1920 by John Hargrave and some of his fellow scoutmasters as an alternative to Scouting. Their emphasis on woodcraft training and recapitulation theories of education had the support of a number of radical thinkers. John Hargrave's growing interest in social credit resulted in the gradual development of the Kibbo Kift into a political party. From 1932 it became known as the Green Shirt Movement of Social Credit and in 1935 it became the Social Credit Party. The Party was badly affected by the Public Order Act of 1936, which prohibited the wearing of uniforms by political movements. It carried on after World War Two but was dissolved in 1951. The Kibbo Kift Foundation was formed by John Hargrave in 1977, with the primary task of acting as permanent owner of the archives and regalia of the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift and its successors, The Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit and The Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The general aim and purpose of the Foundation is to revive and publicise the political, social, educational and cultural principles first laid down by John Hargrave (White Fox) when he founded the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift in 1920.
Sir Arthur Knight began his working life as a clerk at Sainsbury's, taking evening classes at the London School of Economics and graduating with a first class degree in commerce. He spent a year in the Department of Business Administration before joining Courtaulds as a junior economist in 1938. During World War Two, Knight served in the Army, returning to Courtaulds after his service and becoming finance director in 1961. He was a key player in the opposition to ICI's takeover of Courtaulds during the 1960s. Knight became deputy chairman in 1970 and Chairman in 1974. After leaving Courtaulds, Knight became Chairman of the National Enterprise Board but resigned in 1980 after only one year. During his career Knight took a keen interest in management education and helped to set up the Manchester Business School, serving on its council for several years.
After retirement Knight served on several Government committees and the executive committee of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. He was a member of the LSE Court of Governors from 1971-1994 and became an honorary fellow in 1984 and pursued his interests in business history, management education and industrial policy.
Lilian Charlotte Anne Knowles, 1870-1926, (nee Tomn) was born in Truro and educated at Truro High School, on the continent, and at Girton College Cambridge. At Cambridge she took a History Tripos, First Class in 1894 and a Law Tripos (Part 1), First Class in 1894. She also obtained a Litt.D from Trinity College, Dublin in 1906. Knowles was a lecturer in modern economic history at the London School of Economics in 1904, Reader in Economic History at the University of London in 1907, and Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London from 1920 to 1924. She was also a member of the Royal Commission on Income Tax, 1919-1920, a member of the Council of the Royal Economic Society, and a member of the Council of the Royal Historical Society.
Imre Lakatos, 1922-1974, was born in Hungary with the family name of Lipsitz. He attended Debrecen University and graduated in mathematics, physics and philosophy in 1944. During the Nazi occupation of Hungary, he changed his name to Molnar and joined the underground resistance. During the second world war he became a committed communist and after the war changed his name again, this time to Lakatos. In 1947, he was made a secretary in the Ministry of Education and became involved in the reform of higher education in Hungary. In 1948, he wrote a doctoral thesis on concept formation in science, receiving his degree from Budapest University. However his political prominence and "revisionist" tendencies meant that he fell foul of the campaign against the "Hungarian Titoists". He was arrested in 1950 and spent the next three years in jail. He was released in 1953, and in 1954 Alfred Renyi obtained a post for him in the Mathematical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science. His job was to translate important mathematical works into Hungarian, including work by George Polya. It was here that he first came into contact with western books and journals, in particular the work of Karl Popper and Friedrich Hayek. After the Hungarian uprising in 1956, Lakatos was informed of the likelihood of his re-arrest and so fled to Vienna. Whilst there he was awarded a three year Rockefeller fellowship and went to Kings College, Cambridge, to study under Richard Braithwaite. In 1958 he met George Polya, who advised him to prepare a case study of the "Descartes-Euler conjecture" for his doctorate. This later grew into his book Proofs and Refutations. He joined Professor Popper's department at the LSE in 1960 and rose rapidly to become Professor of Logic in 1969. He became increasingly interested in methodology and in 1965 he organised the International Colloquium on the Philosophy of Science. He also edited the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
Rt Hon George Lansbury, 1859-1940, left school at the age of fourteen and worked as a clerk, a wholesale grocer and in a coffee bar before starting his own business as a contractor for the Great Eastern Railway. In 1884 he emigrated to Australia with his wife and children, but did not find the experience satisfactory, returning home in 1885 to enter his father-in-law's timber merchant business. Lansbury was involved in politics from an early age, first as an active Radical and then as a Socialist. He became a borough councillor in Poplar in 1903 and Labour MP of Bow and Bromley in 1910. In 1912, he resigned to fight the seat as an Independent and a supporter of suffrage for women. He was re-elected in 1922 and held the position of leader of the Labour Party from 1931 to 1935. Lansbury was greatly interested in the causes and prevention of poverty and unemployment. He was a member of the Central Unemployed Body for London and also a member of the Royal Commission on Poor Law, where he signed the minority report. In 1929 he became the first Commissioner of Works and also established the first Poor Law Labour Colony and the first Labour Colony for the Unemployed (apart from the Poor Law and under public control) at Hollesley Bay. He was also a founder of the Daily Herald and its editor from 1919 to 1923.
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No information available at present.
The Labour Campaign for Criminal Justice was founded in 1978 by Alex Lyon MP to promote more extended discussion of criminal justice issues within the Labour Party and elsewhere. The group met monthly at Westminster and at its height had 400 members. It published quarterly newsletters along with reports and pamphlets on key issues in crime and criminal justice. The group publishes policy papers and organises seminars. In 1997 the LCCJ changed its name to the Labour Criminal Justice Forum to mark a move from a campaigning to a discussion group.
Chartered accountant and founder and senior partner of P. D. Leake & Co; has written and lectured extensively on accountancy subjects; was retained by the Postmaster General and gave evidence in the well-known case of The National Telephone Co. Ltd v. HM Postmaster-General; funded the PD Leake Trust which financed much of the academic research programme of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales; has visited USA and Canada and studied their methods of cost accounting; Member of the Board of Trustees, Albany, Piccadilly, W1; died 1949. Publications: Balance sheet values (Gee and Co, London, 1929); Capital: Adam Smith, Karl Marx (Gee and Co, London, 1933); Commercial goodwill (Pitman and Sons, London, 1921); Depreciation and wasting assets (Henry Good and Son, London 1912); Industrial capital (Gee and Co, London, 1933); Inflated Industrial Share Capital: a plea for the use of no par value shares (Gee & Co, London, 1936); Introductory notes on Leake's Register of Industrial Plant (Henry Good & Son, London, 1910); The Corporation Profits Tax explained and illustrated (Pitman & Sons, London, 1920); Income Tax on Capital: a plea for reform in the official method of computing taxable profits (Gee & Co, London, 1909).
The letters in the Letter Collection were bought or donated on an individual basis between 1938-1946 and given separate accession numbers and presumably collected and bound soon after 1946.
Born in the Soviet Union, but moved to Latvia at the age of 14; active in Jewish and socialist circles in Latvia, Berlin and Poland; settled in London during the 1930s; Head of Jewish Agency's Research Department, 1939-1948; editor, Zionist Review, 1941-1948; instrumental in the affiliation of Poale Zion to the British Zionist Federation, 1942; following World War Two, Levenberg was a strong supporter of the creation of a Jewish state; Member, Middle East Committee of the Labour Party; Member, Socialist International; Treasurer, British Overseas Fellowship; Member, Jewish Board of Deputies, 1943-; writer on Jewish history and politics. Publications: The enigma of Soviet Jewry (Glenvil Group, Hull, 1991); The Board and Zion (Rare Times, Hull, 1985).
Member of the Sociology Department, London School of Economics.
The Liberal Democratic Party, known as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party until 1989, is a political party formed in 1988 from the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two latter had previously formed a loose union (1981-1987) for electoral purposes, but failure in the 1987 General Election led to both parties voting for an official merger. The party operates separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee. The Policy Committee also has control over the process by which the party's election manifestos are drafted. It consists of the party leader, the party president, and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grass-roots organizations. The Federal Executive, chaired by the party president, oversees the party's general affairs. It consists of the party leader, the vice presidents, members of Parliament, local councillors, representatives of the national parties, members elected by the Federal Conference, and various other members. The rank and file party members have the right to elect the party leader and president, the right to vote in any consultative policy referendum called by the Federal Executive, and the right to vote for parliamentary candidates.
The Liberal Movement was formed in February 1988 as a forum for the maintenance for Liberal principles in British politics following the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD). The Liberal Movement was not a political party and did not promote candidates for election. Its membership included individuals from the SLD, the re-launched Liberal Party and the Green Party. The founding conference on 20 February 1988 elected an interim steering committee to initiate the work of the group, which was replaced by an Executive Committee in summer 1988. The Liberal Movement has a commitment to regional organisation which was reflected in the development of local groups; the Devon Liberal Movement was formed in March 1988. The Liberal Movement's stated aim was to 'begin a longterm re-evaluation of liberal principles', and to this end it organised assemblies and publications, including a range of briefings and discussion papers.
The Liberal Party, the successor to the Whig Party, was formed on 6 June 1859, when Whigs, Peelites and Radicals met at Willis's Rooms in St. James Street, London, to unite in opposition to the Conservatives. It became a major political force, holding power for a large proportion of the next sixty years. Following World War One, however, it was supplanted by the Labour Party and remained on the sidelines until the leadership of Jo Grimond (1956-1967), when the party generated a revived reputation as an intellectually credible left-of-centre group. From the early 1960s on, the party enjoyed spectacular by-election successes; fuelled by these performances, an increasing number of Liberal candidates was fielded. Under Jeremy Thorpe the party made substantial progress in the 1974 general election, returning almost 20 percent of the popular vote, and under Thorpe's successor as party leader, David Steel (1976-88), the Liberals retained their position as a significant national force in British politics. In return for supporting the minority Labour government of James Callaghan, Steel was able to extract a number of concessions, including an agreement to consult the Liberals on legislation prior to its presentation in Parliament. This "Lib-Lab" pact foundered in 1978, and the Liberals fared poorly in the general election of 1979, but their strategic importance was enhanced by the emergence of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. An Alliance (as their cooperation became known) was forged between the two parties in time for the 1983 general election, in which they won 25 percent of the popular vote. Following a disappointing result in the 1987 general election, a majority in both parties voted for a formal merger, and the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, known from 1989 as the Liberal Democratic Party, was formed. Those Liberals who opposed the merger re-launched the Liberal Party in 1989. The structure of the Liberal Party was decentralised; the local parties controlled the process of candidate selection, and also afforded their members a direct vote in the election of the party leader. The day-to-day business of the party was directed by the National Executive Committee.
The Liberal Party was re-launched in 1989 by those Liberals who opposed the merger of the Liberal and Social Democrat Parties in 1988. The party is run by a National Executive Committee (NEC), elected in a postal ballot of all members. It holds an Annual Assembly where motions are debated and, if passed, become party policy. The party publishes a journal, Liberal News, which contains articles on policy matters as well as news of campaigns and other events. In 2005, the Liberal Party had around 1300 members, and in that year's general election it won 19,068 votes. In 2007, it had 30 local councillors.
Lord Lipsey was born in London in 1948 and educated at Bryanston School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He worked as a journalist becoming a politcial advisor to Anthony Crosland 1972-1977 and a member of the Number 10 political staff 1977-1979. His work in journalism includes Economics Editor Sunday Times (1982-1986), Editor New Society (1986-1988), Co-Founder and Deputy Editor Sunday Correspondent (1988-1990), Associate Editor The Times (1990-1992), Political Editor the Economist (1994-). In the House of Lords he is Chair of Make Votes Count. Lord Lipsey served on the Jenkins Committee on Electoral Reform, the Royal Commission on the Long Term Care of the Elderly and the Davies Panel on the BBC license fee.
Born 1889; educated Rugby School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford University; joined civil service and was employed at the Inland Revenue, 1913; Contracts Department, War Office, 1914-1917; Ministry of Food, 1917-1919; Economic and Financial Section, League of Nations Secretariat, 1919-1921; Assistant Secretary, Empire Marketing Board, 1926-1933; Secretary, Market Supply Committee, 1933-1936; Assistant Director, Food (Defence Plans) Department, 1936-1939; Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Food, 1939-1942; Economic Adviser to Minister of State, Middle East, 1942-1944; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, Economic and Financial Adviser for the Balkans, 1945; CB, 1945; Financial Aid Officer, United Nations, 1946-1947; Under Secretary, Ministry of Food, 1947-1953; CMG, 1952; President, Agricultural Economics Society, 1956; Consultant, Political and Economic Planning, 1958-1964; died 1968. Publications: Agriculture and Food in Poland (UNRRA European Regional Office, London, 1946); Experiments in State Control at the War Office and the Ministry of Food (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1924); Food and Inflation in the Middle East, 1940-45 (Stanford University Press, Stanford, [1956]); Fresh Eggs and Free Markets (Society of Objectors to Compulsory Egg Marketing, London, 1956); Stabilisation. An economic policy for producers & consumers (G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1923).
The League of Nations Union (LNU) was formed by the merger of the League of Free Nations Association and the League of Nations Society, two groups working for the establishment of a new world order based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. It became the largest and most influential organisation in the British peace movement, played an important role in inter-war politics, and launched education programmes that had a lasting impact on British schools. The LNU's popularity dwindled during World War Two, and when the United Nations Association (UNA) was founded in 1945 to promote the work of the United Nations, the LNU arranged for the wholesale transference of its organisational structure and its membership to the UNA. However, under the provisions of its Royal Charter, the LNU was able to continue until the mid-1970s, albeit in a limited capacity, in order to handle bequests, and administer the payment of pensions to former employees. The administrative structure of the LNU consisted of a General Council, which met twice a year and held final responsibility for LNU policy under the Royal Charter of Incorporation granted in 1925; an Executive Committee, which met every two weeks and co-ordinated campaigns, analysed branch reports and resolutions, monitored the work of the numerous specialist sub-committees, supervised the staff, and generally acted as the central policy-making body of the LNU; and regional LNU branches, which had their own independent management structures.
Dr Ian Loader is a Reader in Criminology at Keele University. He has published Youth, policing and democracy (Macmillan, London, 1996) and Crime and social change in middle England; questions of order in an English town (Routledge, London, 2000). Loader received a grant from the ESRC to undertake 'Policing, Cultural Change and Structures of Feeling in post-war England' in 1997. The research was to investigate public and professional understandings of policing in relation to English social history since 1945. It examined how policing has been officially represented in the post-war period; how different sections of the English populace now remember and reconstruct policing, and how policing is situated in relation to other aspects of English society and culture. The research drew on work in social theory, anthropology and social history to examine how policing is a vehicle for understanding society and people's interpretation of it.
The London and Cambridge Economic Service was a joint venture between the London School of Economics and Cambridge University established in 1923. In the period before many of the official statistics series, the LCES aimed to support business by providing existing statistics in a usable form and developing new indicators such as share prices, money wages and industrial production. Longer 'Special Memoranda' were produced on particular subjects. The LCES was directed by an Executive Committee consisting of William Beveridge and Arthur Bowley from LSE and John Maynard Keynes and Hubert Henderson from Cambridge.
The London Positivist Society was established in 1867 by Richard Congreve. The Society appears to have concerned itself mainly with the application of positivism to political events. It produced pamphlets and wrote letters to the press protesting against such issues as the Irish Coercion Bill, the war in the Transvaal, the Empire in India, and religious tolerance. Its members also engaged in a series of public lectures to explain positivism to the general public, petitioned parliament, and attended conferences and meetings of positivists from around the world. The Society was renamed the English Positivist Committee in 1934.
The London School of Economics and Political Science was officially opened in the autumn of 1895. It owed its existence to the will of Henry Hunt Hutchinson, a provincial member of the Fabian Society, who had left a significant sum of money in trust for 'propaganda and other purposes of the said [Fabian] Society and its Socialism and towards advancing its objects in any way they [the trustees] deem advisable'. Sidney Webb, named as one of Hutchinson's trustees, believed the money should be used to encourage research and study of economics. His proposal to establish a Central School of Economic and Political Science in London was accepted by the Trustees in February 1895. The Trust was to provide the School, in its early years, with a stable source of finance, although money was also raised through private subscriptions and the London County Council. Sidney Webb was the driving and organising force in the establishment and early years of the School, acting as Chairman of the Hutchinson Trust, the School Trustees, the Administrative Committee and the Library Committee, as well as being Treasurer and Acting Librarian, and making most of the decisions concerning the choice of Director of the LSE.
The first choice of Director was W.A.S. Hewins, who was appointed in March 1895 and played a huge part in the early success of the School. He was responsible for arranging the opening, the syllabus, teaching accommodation and students for the new enterprise, a task which took him less than 6 months. The printed prospectus for the London School of Economics and Political Science offered various applied social science courses, including economics, statistics, commerce, commercial geography, history and law, banking, taxation and political science.
Hewins rented two ground floor rooms in 9 John Street, and managed to procure lecture space at the Society of Arts and the Chamber of Commerce. All lectures and most classes were held in the evening from 6-9 pm, and were open to both men and women. Fees were £3 a year, and though students were not prepared for any degree, the courses were useful for members of the civil service, as well as those employed in banking and commerce. Over the course of its first three years of existence, the School increased the number of students to over 300.
In 1896, the Trustees rented 10 Adelphi Terrace to house the growing School. The same year, a Library Appeal was launched, with donations made by the Webbs, Charlotte Payne-Townshend (later Shaw) and various of the Trustees. The British Library of Political Science (later renamed the British Library of Political and Economic Science in 1925) was opened in November 1896, with Hewins as its Director and John McKillop as Librarian (1896-1910).
Sidney Webb's position on the London County Council stood him in good stead when he managed to acquire for the ever expanding School a plot of land in Clare Market following the Kingsway redevelopment. A grant from the philanthropist John Passmore Edwards in 1899 allowed the building of Passmore Edwards Hall, which was opened in 1902. During this period the LSE became a School of the newly created teaching University of London (1900), which led to its incorporation as a limited company, and the establishment of a University Faculty of Economic and Political Science. In 1901, a BSc (Econ) and an DSc (Econ) were established, becoming the first university degrees in the country devoted to social sciences. The School was now composed of over 1,000 students, with a large proportion of women and foreign students, and the creation of a purpose built building allowed lectures to be given during the day as well.
When Hewins resigned in 1903, he was replaced by Halford Mackinder (1903-1908) and later, William Pember Reeves (1908-1919). The School experienced a steady growth in numbers during this period, and Passmore Edwards Hall was expanded to include a Refectory and Common Rooms. In 1906/7, the LSE received its first Treasury Grant, which provided its first permanent source of income since opening. Though numbers declined during World War One, the post-war expansion in commercial education (industry, marketing, finance, transport etc) was considerable.
The appointment of Sir William Beveridge in 1919 marked a period of rapid expansion in all areas of the School's activity. The Commerce Degree (BCom) was instituted, attracting both applicants and finance. The School was able to expand the Clare Market site into Houghton Street, building the 'Old Building' (1920) and the Cobden Library Wing, and expanding the Passmore Edwards Building to incorporate the Founder's Room. Beveridge also used new funding from the Cassel Fund and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund to make numerous academic staff full-time and permanent, and create chairs in subjects including Political Economy, Social Anthropology and Statistics. New departments were created, notably International Studies, and emphasis placed on social science research.
During World War Two, the School, presided over by Alexander Carr-Saunders (1937-1956), moved to Cambridge University, where it was housed at Peterhouse College. Though the numbers of teachers and male students declined, the LSE managed to carry on teaching the whole range of its subjects. Though Clare Market survived the Blitz unscathed, the LSE buildings were only slowly returned by the government departments which had occupied them. Despite this, the School opened again on 29th October 1945. Immediately following the war, numbers of students doubled, mainly comprised of ex-servicemen. The LSE again expanded, purchasing Endsleigh Place in Bloomsbury to act as a student hostel (later known as Passfield Hall) and as a space for social research (Skepper House). Another innovation was the setting up of the Economist's Bookshop by the School and the Economist newspaper in 1946.
Sydney Caine (Director 1956-1967) presided over the conversion of the St Clement's Building, which was opened in 1962. A block of property north of Portugal Street was also added and known as the Island Site. It was in this period that evening teaching was finally ended. The 1960's at the LSE were notable for the student unrest which erupted in 1967 and 1968, initially as a protest against the appointment of Walter Adams as the next LSE Director, and due to a desire for the students to have greater representation on the governing committees of the School. Walter Adams (1967-1973) duly took over as Director, overseeing the completion of Connaught House, the St Clement's Building extensions, the Clare Market Building and a new hall of residence in Rosebery Avenue. The Library, following the purchase of Strand House in 1973, raised the funds to convert it into the Lionel Robbins Building, and moved in 1978.
The last decades of LSE have seen enormous growth in the number of students and further expansion into the buildings surrounding Clare Market. Successive Directors (Ralph Dahrendorf 1973-1984, Indraprasand Gordhanbhai Patel 1984-1990, and Dr John Ashworth, 1990-1997 and Anthony Giddens, 1997-present), have increased the number of research units housed by the School, such as STICERD, the Business History Unit, the Development Research Group and the Financial Markets Group.
The Central Filing Registry consists of the subjects files of the central administration of the London School of Economics, and incorporates files dating back to the foundation of the School. The Registry did not have a comprehensive classification system, with sections being set up as required with brief titles and numbers allocated in numerical order. Each file has an individual identification code in the following format: section/sub-section/sub-sub-section/sub-sub-sub-section. The number of sub-sections varies according to the importance and complication of the topic and the number of files produced. The original file codes have been preserved. The Registry was reorganised in the 1960s.
This material was gathered by the LSE History Project team in support of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf's LSE: a history of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895-1995 (Oxford University Press, 1995).
Most of the oral history interviews were organised by the LSE History project for the School Centenary History, or collected by the project. The interviews conducted by Nadim Shehadi were taped in the early 1980s as part of his research on the development of Economics at LSE in the interwar period, and were transcribed by the LSE History Project in 1991.
The Hutchinson Trust (1894-1904) administered the funds bequeathed by Henry Hunt Hutchinson to advance the objectives of the Fabian Society, which were used to establish and maintain the London School of Economics.
The Constance Hutchinson Trust left money for similar purposes (1896-1922).
The Trustees of the School met during 1896 to oversee the running of the School.
The Administrative Committee was the ruling body of the School from 1896-1901. It then became the Governors (1901-present).
The Finance and General Purposes Committee (1904-1908) prepared proposals on general policy to present to the Governors. It became known as the Council of Management (1908-1921), and was replaced by the Emergency Committee (1921-1937) was largely responsible for deciding and implementing the general policy of the School. It was renamed the Standing Committee in 1937.
The Faculty of Economics of the University of London was created when the School was admitted to the University in 1901.
The Professorial Council (1903-1950) discussed matters concerning the curriculum and academic affairs. It changed its name to the Academic Board in 1950. The Office Committee (1919-1921) was set up to advise the Council on administrative matters with an academic bearing. The General Purposes Committee (founded 1928) was a sub-committee of the Council for facilitating the discussion of academic policy. The Appointments Committee (formed 1921) was a committee of the Council that advised the Director on academic appointments.
The Rockefeller Research Fund Committee (1924- [1938]) administered individual applications from staff for funds for research projects provided by the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund.
The Ratan Tata Benefaction Committee (1917-1922) administered funds donated by Sir Ratan Tata for a Department of Social Science at LSE.
Further details of these and other LSE committees may be found in the printed handlist for the London School of Economics and Political Science Archives.
The Organisation for Comparative Social Research consisted of a group of social scientists from seven European countries, first brought together in 1951 by the Oslo Institute for Social Research as an international seminar for the planning of a common research programme. The purpose of the OCSR was to encourage co-operation among social scientists of different countries, to increase training facilities and to carry out studies of cross-national differences in respect of group behaviour. The British office of the OCSR was based at the LSE.
This section was set up as a catch-all to hold small collections of papers relating to the history of the School, and were donated by former and current staff and students, as well as other connected to the LSE.
This section comprises important documents which were not incorporated into the LSE Central Filing System, and mainly comprises minutes and papers of smaller or short-lived committees, and printed material.
Sir Gilbert Longden was born in Durham in 1902. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant Colonel James Morley Longden and Kathleen Morgan and was educated at Haileybury and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. From 1924 to 1930 he practised as a solicitor. In 1930 he accepted the post of Secretary of ICI (India) Ltd, where he remained until 1937. During this time he was also a Sergeant in the Calcutta Light Horse. He travelled extensively throughout Europe, Asia and both North and South America. In 1937 he spent nine months as a student at the University of Paris. In response to the Munich Crisis in 1938 he enrolled in the Army Officer's Emergency Reserve and was commissioned in the Durham Light Infantry in 1940. From 1940 to 1941 he was Adjutant in the Infantry Training Centre. Subsequently he served with the 2nd division in India and with the 36th division in Burma. He was awarded the MBE (military) in November 1945. Longden's political career began in 1938 when he was adopted as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Morpeth. The wartime electoral truce postponed his efforts until the 1945 General Election when he contested Morpeth for the Conservative Party. This proved unsuccessful but he was adopted as prospective Conservative candidate for Watford in 1947. Finally after a revision of constituency boundaries, he contested and won the seat for South-West Hertfordshire in the 1950 General Election and remained there as a Conservative MP until his retirement in 1974. Longden penned his political views in his 1947 publication 'A Conservative Philosophy'. He subsequently became one of the founder members of the One Nation group of Conservatives MPs. As such he contributed to many other publications such as 'One Nation', 'Change is our Ally' (1955), 'A Responsible Society' (1959), 'One Europe' (1969) and 'The Future of Europe'. He maintained an active interest in Europe and was UK representative to the Council of Europe, 1953-1954, and a member of the Conservative Group for Europe. He helped found the Great Britain-East Europe Centre. He was also UK delegate to the 12th and 13th sessions of the United Nations General Assembly, Chairman of the British Atlantic Committee, and Vice-Chairman of the British Council. But Longden's role in the political arena was varied. Having met Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in India to discuss the campaign for Indian independence on 26 May 1945, he retained a concern for Indian affairs. He later became an opponent of apartheid in South Africa and having reportedly made attempts to persuade the Government to take a stronger line on this issue, he was deposed as Chairman of the back-bench Foreign Affairs Committee in 1961. Education policy was a consistent area of attention and he was the longstanding Vice Chairman of the All-Party Select Committee on Education. In later years he emerged as a pro-Israeli and Chairman of the All-Party British Israel Committee. Longden was knighted in 1972. Although he retired in 1974 his interest in politics continued and his views were regularly published in the letters columns of the Daily Telegraph. He died in 1997.
Born in New Zealand, 1891; educated at Christchurch Boys' High School; political cartoonist, Spectator and Canterbury Times; joined Sydney Bulletin, 1911,and became resident cartoonist, 1914; cartoons published in The Billy Book (Sydney, 1918); arrived in London, 1919; political cartoonist, The Star, 1919-1926; Evening Standard, 1926-1949; joined Daily Herald, 1950-1953; Manchester Guardian, 1953; created "Colonel Blimp"; knighted, 1962; died 1963. Publications: Lloyd George and Co. (Allen and Unwin, London, 1922); Low and I (Methuen and Co, London, 1923); Low and I holiday book (Daily News, London, 1925); The best of Low (Jonathan Cape, London, 1930); Low's Russian sketchbook (Victor Gollancz, London, 1932); Low and Terry (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); The New Rake's Progress (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); Ye Madde Designer (The Studio, London, 1935); Political Parade (Cresset Press, London, 1936); Low Again (Cresset Press, London, 1938); A Cartoon History of our Times (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1939); Europe since Versailles (Harmondsworth, 1939); Europe at War (Allen Lane, Harmondsworth, 1940); Low's War Cartoons (Cresset Press, London, 1941); The World at War (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942); C'est la Guerre (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1943); Válka Zaeala Mnichovem (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1945); Years of Wrath (Victor Gollancz, London, 1949); Low's company (Methuen and Co, London, 1952); Low Visibility (Cresset Press, London, 1953); Low's Autobiography (Michael Joseph, London, 1956); The Fearful Fifties (Bodley Head, London, 1960); British Cartoonists, Caricaturists and Comic Artists (William Collins, London, 1942).