The first organised Trotskyist organisation on the Witwatersrand was an ephemeral Communist League of Africa, founded in 1932 by Thibedi, followed by a succession of small Trotskyist groups in Johannesburg. In the Western Cape, which was to become the historical stronghold of South African Trotskyism, the first organisation was the Lenin Club, which was formed in 1933. It split soon after, with its majority faction joining with Johannesburg-based groups to form the Workers' Party of South Africa in 1935, and the remainder forming the Communist League of South Africa. The South African Trotskyists were, from the start, characterised by centrifugal tendencies, and were also disunited in their response to the two-stage theory of the Communist Party of South Africa.
Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy: born in Budapest, Hungary, 1820; educated for the rabbinical profession; PhD in mathematics and philosophy, University of Jena (Germany), 1845; on the failure of the 1848 revolution, fled Hungary and settled in England, 1850; rabbi of the Manchester Old Hebrew Congregation (later the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester) from 1851; rabbi of the Manchester Congregation of British Jews, c1856-1860; married Georgiana Eleanor Herbert (1831-1901), who converted to Judaism and was baptised Sarah, 1863; moved to Cambridge, 1863; Teacher in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1866; first Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1876; had issue Alfred Solomon (b 1863), Theresa Antonia (1864-1865), Eleanor, Henrietta Georgiana (1869-1939), and Sydney Herbert (1876-1964); died in Cambridge, 1890; buried in Ipswich. Publications include: Der Bund Gottes mit Israel! Gottesdienstlicher Vortrag über Jes 59, 21 zur ersten Confirmationsfeier ... im Tempel der Israeliten zu Eperies gehalten (Leipzig, 1845); Die zweite Rabbinerversammlung zu Frankfurt a.M. Eine vollstandige Beleuchtung der Tendenz ... so wie insonders des Geistes, der bei und in derselben vorwaltend war. Zweite Auflage. Hefte 1, 2 (Leipzig, 1845-1846); The Feelings of the Israelite on beholding his Sovereign. An address delivered to the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester, etc (Manchester, 1851); Harmony and Dis-harmony between Judaism and Christianity. Two sermons preached ... at the Manchester Synagogue of British Jews, etc (Manchester, [1859]); with William A Wright, appendix containing a catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan MSS in E H Palmer, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, Bell & Daldy, London, 1870); Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts preserved in the University Library, Cambridge ... Volume I. Containing, Section I. The Holy Scriptures. Section II. Commentaries on the Bible (Cambridge, 1876); An Exposition of Isaiah lii 13, 14, 15, and liii., etc (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, 1882); studies on Rabbinic literature in the Encylopaedia Britannica; contributions to the Journal of Philology and other periodicals. See also Raphael Loewe, 'Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy', Jewish Historical Society of England Transactions Sessions 1962-1967, xxi (1968), pp 148-189, which includes a bibliography. Raphael Loewe: appointed temporary Lecturer in the Hebrew Department, University College London, 1961; Honorary Research Assistant, 1962; Lecturer, 1966; Senior Lecturer, 1969; Reader, 1970; Professor, 1981; retired, 1984. Publications include: Judaism, Privilege and Perspective (Parkes Library, Royston, 1962); The position of women in Judaism (SPCK, London, published in conjunction with the Hillel Foundation, 1966); edited Studies in Rationalism, Judaism & Universalism. In memory of Leon Roth (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Humanities Press, New York, 1966); with Siegfried Stein, edited Studies in Jewish religious and intellectual history presented to Alexander Altmann on the occasion of his seventieth birthday (Institute of Jewish Studies, London, University of Alabama Press, 1979); The Spanish supplement to Nieto's 'Esh Dath (1981); Yahadut ve-shirah - metihut 'o yetsiyrah (Kenes, London, 1984); Jewish evidence for the history of the crossbow (Picard, Paris, 1985); Louis Loewe: aide and confidant (Oxford University Press, London, 1985); Lashon 'ivrit u-medabreyhah: 'eved we-rabo (London, 1987); The Rylands Haggadah (Abrams, New York, 1988); In memoriam Richard David Barnett (Jewish Historical Society of London, London, 1988); A mediaeval Latin-German magical text in Hebrew characters (Halban, London, 1988); Ibn Gabirol (Halban, London, 1989); Cambridge Jewry: the first hundred years (Harvey Miller publishers, London, 1989); translated Yosef Kaplan's From Christianity to Judaism: the story of Isaac Orobio de Castro (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989); Jewish exegesis (SCM, London, 1990); The contribution of German-Jewish scholars to Jewish studies in the United Kingdom (1991); Israel's sovereign statehood and theological plumb-lines (E Mellen, Lewiston, 1991); Midrashic alchemy: exegesis, ethics, aesthetics in Judaism (KTAV Publishing House, Hoboken, NJ, 1992; offprint from "Open thou mine eyes": essays on Aggahdah and Judaica presented to Rabbi William G Braude); with Jeremy Schonfield, edited The Barcelona Haggadah (London, 1992); with Edward Fitzgerald, Khayyamidis Rubayat sive Quaternionum ... (London, 1993); Hebrew linguistics (Longman, London and New York, 1994); with others, Bevis Marks records Part VI, The burial register (1733-1918) of the Novo (New) cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London (with some later entries) (1997); Herbert of Bosham's Commentary on Jerome's Hebrew Psalter [undated?].
Franz Szell, an exiled Hungarian journalist apparently resident in Tilsit, Lithuania spent more than a year in the archives in Latvia and Estonia researching Alfred Rosenberg's family history with a view to publishing the open letter, 936/1.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Syra, also known as Syros or Siros, is an island in the Cyclades. It had an important port and shipbuilding area with a large British community.
Syon Abbey was founded in 1415 by Henry V. It was a Brigittine monastery (the Order of the Most Holy Saviour was founded in 1370 by St Birgitta of Sweden and is usually known as the Brigittine order). The first site was in Twickenham but it moved to Isleworth in 1431. Henry VIII took over the monastery in 1534 and since 1594 it has been the site of Syon House, home of the Percys, Dukes of Northumberland.
Robert E Symons was literary executor of A E Housman.
Alfred Edward Housman: born, 1859; educated at Bromsgrove School, 1870-1877; passed as a scholar to St John's College Oxford, 1877; first class honours in classical moderations, 1879; MA; worked at home for the civil service examination and helped his former headmaster with teaching; Higher Division Clerk in the Patent Office, London, 1882-1892; found time for classical study and published his first paper, on Horace, 1882; became a member of the Cambridge Philological Society, 1889; Professor of Latin, University College London, 1892-1911; his publications after 1892 were largely concerned with Latin, rather than Greek, and included works on the chief Latin poets from Lucilius to Juvenal, particularly Propertius, Ovid and Manilius; first published verse in A Shropshire Lad, 1896; Professor of Latin, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge from 1911; Honorary Fellow of St John's College Oxford, 1911; in poor health from 1932; Leslie Stephen lecturer at Cambridge, 1932; delivered a lecture on 'The Name and Nature of Poetry', 1933; refused the Order of Merit; died, 1936. Numerous publications on Housman include Laurence Housman's A E H (1937). Publications include: A Shropshire Lad (1896); Last Poems (1922); More Poems (1936) and Collected Poems (1939), published posthumously; editions of classical authors including Manilius Books I-V (1903-1930); various papers on classical subjects in the Journal of Philology, Classical Review, Proceedings and Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society, American Journal of Philology and elsewhere.
Laurence Housman: born, 1865; brother of A E Housman; educated at Bromsgrove School; moved to London and studied art in Kennington, at the Lambeth School of Art, and later at South Kensington; introduced to Harry Quilter and wrote and drew for his short-lived Universal Review; introduced to Charles Kegan Paul, the publisher, who encouraged him to write; wrote for the Manchester Guardian and as art critic handled controversies including the Chantrey Bequest inquiry and dispute over the statues by (Sir) Jacob Epstein on the British Medical Association building, 1895-1911; also published poetry; published anonymously An Englishwoman's Love-Letters, at that time regarded as daring but which sold well, 1900; while working for the Manchester Guardian, began a career as a playwright, but his success was limited and his subject matter involved him in controversies on censorship with the Lord Chamberlain's office and his first play Bethlehem was banned for many years, although privately produced, 1902; his play Pains and Penalties (1911), about Queen Caroline, was for many years banned by the Lord Chamberlain but was later released on minor revision; took up the cause of woman's suffrage and was the centre of a disturbance in the central lobby of the House of Commons, 1909; a member of the men's section of the extremist Women's Social and Political Union, but left when militancy became violent rather than symbolic, 1912; became a pacifist during World War One, 1914-1918; supported the ideals of a League of Nations and proclaimed his views in a series of lectures in the USA, 1916; his plays about Queen Victoria were performed with great success when public interest in the royal family was at its peak, 1935, 1937; from 1924 lived at Street, Somerset; became a Quaker, 1952; died, 1959. Publications include: The Writings of William Blake (1893); Green Arras (1896); Spikenard (1898); Sheepfold (1918); Angels and Ministers (1921); The Little Plays of St Francis (1922); Trimblerigg (1924); The Life of HRH the Duke of Flamborough (1928); Victoria Regina (1934); his autobiography, The Unexpected Years (1937); his biography of his brother, A E H (1937).
Cecil Symons (1921-1987) was a physician and cardiologist at the Royal Free Hospital. In 1946 he was appointed Casualty Medical Officer at Hampstead General Hospital. He became Senior Medical Registrar at Hampstead General in 1951, and First Assistant to the Cardiac Department at the Royal Free in 1956. In 1961 he was appointed Consultant Physician at New En Hospital, and in 1968 he also became Consultant Physician and Cardiologist at the Royal Free. On his retirement in 1987 he became Honorary Consultant Physician and Cardiologist, but died a few days later. He is best remembered for his wide-ranging interests, and his activities in the fields of art and collecting of antique medical equipment. He was involved in many extra-mural activites both within the hospital and the local community, and instituted the Works of Art committee and the annual Marsden lecture. He also commissioned the artist Peter Jones in 1972 to make a series of pictorial representations of the old hospitals which were to be demolished to make way for the building of the new Royal Free. These are now held in the Archives Centre, and known as the Symons Bequest.
Arthur William Symons was born at Milford Haven on 28 February 1865. At the age of twenty-one Symons wrote his first critical work An Introduction to the Study of Browning, 1886. From 1889 Symons made frequent trips to France and became interested in its literature and art. He contributed regularly to the Athenaeum, Saturday Review and Fortnightly Review. Symons published several books of poetry including Collected Poems 1900 and The Fool of the World and other Poems 1906. In 1906 he bought Island Cottage, at Wittersham, Kent, where he died on 22 January 1945.
Arthur William Symons was born at Milford Haven on 28 February 1865. At the age of twenty-one Symons wrote his first critical work An Introduction to the Study of Browning, 1886. From 1889 Symons made frequent trips to France and became interested in its literature and art. He contributed regularly to the Athenaeum, Saturday Review and Fortnightly Review. Symons published several books of poetry including Collected Poems 1900 and The Fool of the World and other Poems 1906. In 1906 he bought Island Cottage, at Wittersham, Kent, where he died on 22 January 1945.
Born, 1890; educated at Rugby School; New College, Oxford; second-class degree in physiology and entered Guy's Hospital with a scholarship, 1912; dispatch rider, First World War, 1914; wounded, Sep 1914; returned to Guy's Hospital to complete his clinical studies, 1914; commissioned in the Royal Army Medical Corps and posted as medical officer to the Royal Flying Corps squadron at Farnborough, 1915; MRCP, 1916; returned to France to serve with 101 field ambulance and as medical officer of the 1st Middlesex regiment, 1916; resident medical officer at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London, 1919; assistant physician for nervous diseases at Guy's Hospital, 1920; Radcliffe travelling fellowship, USA, 1920; National Hospital, Queen Square, 1926; consultant in neurology to the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, 1926; civilian consultant in neurology to the RAF, 1934; consultant in neurology, Central Medical Establishment at Halton, 1939; returned to his hospital and private practice after the Second World War; Sims travelling professor, 1953; retired from hospital practice, 1955; retired from practice, 1963; died, 1978.
John Henry Sylvester was born in 1830. He was a Student of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons from 1852-1853. He became the Deputy Surgeon General in India serving the Bombay Medical Service and participating in the Persian Campaign, the Indian Mutiny, and the Ambela Campain. He died in 1903.
Sylvester was born on 3 September 1814. He was educated in London, at the Royal Institution Liverpool, and at St John's College Cambridge. He held the Chair of Natural Philosophy at University College London from 1837 to 1841. In 1841 he went to the USA, being appointed to the Chair of Mathematics at the University of Virginia. He later worked at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA. From 1883 he was Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University. Sylvester discovered a Theory of Reciprocants, which he made known at Oxford in 1885. He invented kinematical instruments, such as the Plagiograph and Geometrical Fan. He was the founder and first Editor of the American Journal of Mathematics. He won many medals for his work. Sylvester also published a very large number of mathematical memoirs in English and foreign journals. He died on 15 March 1897.
Born, 1869; educated at Winchester, New College Oxford; entered Education Department, 1893; Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, 1904; Secretary, Departmental Committee on the future organisation of the Royal College of Science, Royal School of Mines, 1904-1906; Governor, Imperial College, 1907-1917; Secretary, Central Control Board (Liquor Traffic), 1915-1921; Knighted, 1919; joint editor of the Law of Public Education in England and Wales; member, Council for State Management Districts under the Licensing Act 1921; JP, County of London and Chairman St Margaret's Division, 1925-1950; died, 1952
Publications: The Law of Public Education in England and Wales. A practical guide to its administration with George Morgan Edwardes Jones (Rivingtons, London, 1903).
The Medical Club was a London dining club which became known, from at least 1905, as the Sydenham Medical Club. Its membership was restricted to six physicians, six surgeons, and six apothecaries (subsequently general practitioners). The origins of the Club are obscure; the earliest election to membership recorded here is that of Mr [Charles] Nevinson, elected in 1775 in place of Mr Carlisle deceased. Early meetings took place at the Thatched House Tavern, St James's Street.
Sydenham Gas and Coke Company was formed in 1852 to serve Sydenham and its immediate neighbourhood. In 1866 it was merged into Crystal Palace District Gas Company.
Baptized, 1624; educated Oxford University and Montpellier; began his career as an army officer in the army of Charles I; entered medicine and became a famous London practitioner, often called 'the English Hippocrates'; His conceptions of the causes and treatments of epidemics and his classic descriptions of gout, smallpox, malaria, scarlet fever, hysteria, and chorea established him as a founder of modern clinical medicine and epidemiology; died, 1689.
North of Enfield Wash the 33-acre Putney Lodge estate was conveyed by James Bennett to the British Land Company in 1867. Mandeville, Totteridge, and Putney roads had been laid out by 1867, when 296 building plots were for sale, and 6-roomed houses were offered in 1869, when the proximity of the Royal Small Arms factory was stressed. Plots were still available in 1893 but the estate was almost completely built up by 1897.
From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 218-224 (available online).
The Swiss Benevolent Society was founded as Fonds de Secours pour les Suisses Pauvres a Londres on 1 January 1870, although its history can be traced back to the Société de Secours Mutuels des Suisses a Londres (Société des Suisses), which was founded in 1703. It has undergone many transformations throughout its history, but its main aim of providing help to its compatriot members in cases of illness and hardship has remained the same and continues to this day. Those receiving help have included 19th-century economic migrants, 1960s' au pairs, and now, increasingly, the elderly.
For more information about the Society's history and activities please see their website: https://swissbenevolent.org.uk
Randall Carline Swingler was born at Aldershot, Hampshire in 1909. He was educated at Winchester College and at New College, Oxford. He was a poet, prose author and journalist, as a well as a flautist to professional standard. A member of the Communist Party, he also edited the Left Review and wrote for the Daily Worker.
John Edgell Rickword was born in Colchester in 1898. He was educated at Colchester Grammar School and Pembroke College, Oxford. He became known as a poet and literary journalist in the early 1920s. Commited to left-wing politics, Rickword joined the Communist Party in 1934 and founded the Left Review the same year. In the late 1940s he developed a new career as a bookseller. Rickword left the Communist Party following the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 but continued to regard himself as a Marxist.
Algernon Charles Swinburne was born in Grosvenor Place, London on 5 April 1837. Swinburne attended Eton in 1849 before entering Balliol College, Oxford in 1856. He left Oxford without graduating in 1860. He contributed to periodicals including the Spectator and Fortnightly Review. The first poem to be published under his name was Atalanta in Calydon (1865), which was received with critical acclaim. He also wrote the political work Songs before Sunrise and continued to write until a few years before his death. He died of influenza on 10 April 1909.
Algernon Charles Swinburne was born in Grosvenor Place, London on 5 April 1837. Swinburne attended Eton in 1849 before entering Balliol College, Oxford in 1856. He left Oxford without graduating in 1860. He contributed to periodicals including the Spectator and Fortnightly Review. The first poem to be published under his name was Atalanta in Calydon (1865), which was received with critical acclaim. He also wrote the political work Songs before Sunrise and continued to write until a few years before his death. He died of influenza on 10 April 1909.
Swaylands School was a residential special school for educationally subnormal boys maintained by Middlesex County Council (MCC).
After the passing of the 1944 Education Act, the MCC expanded its provision for special education increasing its number of residential schools from one to ten, many accommodated in large mansions in the home counties. Swaylands was a 19th century Tudor style house situated at Penshurst, near Tonbridge, in Kent.
Born, 1858; educated, Glasgow University; mining expert, Spain, 1878; mining expert, Greece, 1879-1886; cartographic work on expedition to Mashonaland, 1891; Royal Geographical Society Murchison Grant, 1892; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1904; expedition to South Africa, 1893-1895; examined the mining districts of Western Australia and Tasmania, 1896; examined the mining districts of Siam, 1898; mining work in the Malay peninsular, 1896-1904; died, 1904.
Born 1906 in Chita, Siberia, and originally named Alexander Lebedeff; moved to Harbin, China, 1922; awarded a Russian Diploma in Civil and Railway Engineering, Harbin Polytechnical Institute, China, 1930; worked in Shanghai, China, on the construction of skyscrapers, submitted articles to the Engineering Society of China, 1931-1935, and became interested in theosophy and naturopathy; enrolled as a student in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 1936; cadet medical officer in the Hong Kong Defence Force, 1938; lieutenant medical officer, Hong Kong, 1941; Japanese POW, 1941-1945; moved to England, enrolled as a medical student, University of London, 1946, and changed his surname to Swan; Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, University of London, 1949; worked as a Houseman and locum in General Practice, Sheffield, Yorkshire, 1950-1952; Pathology Department, King's college Hospital, 1952-1954; appointed successively Registrar, Senior Medical Officer and Consultant Pathologist in Haematology, St James Hospital, Balham, London; Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, 1971; retired 1971; further research in leukaemia, Marsden Hospital Group Cancer Research Foundation Leukaemia Unit, 1972-1974; died 1980.
The early history of the estate later known as Swakeleys manor is obscure. In the early 13th century the estate seems to have passed to John de Trumpinton whose son, also called John, still held it about 1260. By 1329, however, part of this land had apparently been acquired by Robert Swalcliffe of Swalcliffe. Four years later Robert and his wife conveyed their lands to William le Gauger of London, but the family name Swalcliffe, later contracted to Swakeleys, continued to attach to the estate. In 1751 the estate was sold to the Reverend Thomas Clarke, Rector of Ickenham. Members of the Clarke family held Swakeleys for over a century. Thomas Clarke died in 1796 and was succeeded by his son Thomas Truesdale Clarke. Thomas Truesdale's son, another Thomas Truesdale, succeeded in 1840 and bought the manor of Ickenham in 1859. He died in 1890 and was succeeded by his son William Capel Clarke, who had married Clara Thornhill and had added his wife's name to his own. William Capel Clarke-Thornhill died in 1898 and in 1922 his son Thomas Bryan Clarke-Thornhill sold most of the Swakeleys estate to agents for development as a residential suburb.
The extent of Swakeleys in the Middle Ages is unknown: from the 14th century the manor included much land outside the parish. In 1531 it was said to comprise more than 1,000 acres and in 1608 over 2,000 acres. At inclosure in 1780 Thomas Clarke held 368 acres in Ickenham. A park is mentioned in 1453 and again in 1517. This presumably was that surrounding Swakeleys manor-house.
The origins of the estate later known as Hercies manor are obscure. The property is first mentioned by name in 1386 when it formed part of the extensive estates of the Charlton family. In 1778 or 1779 Hercies was sold to the trustees of Thomas Bridges under whose will it descended to Thomas Clarke, Rector of Ickenham and lord of Swakeleys manor. At the end of the 18th century Hercies or Herres Farm comprised 222 acres lying north of the farm buildings in the rectangular area bounded by Uxbridge Common, the Ickenham boundary, Long Lane, and Sweetcroft Lane. In 1796 Thomas Clarke died and the property, then described as the site of the manor of Hercies, passed to his son Thomas Truesdale Clarke. Under the inclosure award of 1825 Thomas Truesdale Clarke was allotted approximately 330 acres in lieu of Hercies and Rye Fields farms. The property is not mentioned again until 1922 when Hercies Farm was acquired by the local authority.
From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 69-75 (available online).
The Swadhinata Trust is a London based non-partisan secular Bengali group that works to promote Bengali history and heritage amongst young people. The Swadhinata Trust has been operating since November 2000, offering seminars, workshops, exhibitions and educational literature to young Bengali people in schools, colleges, youth clubs and community centres in the United Kingdom. The Swadhinata Trust promotes Bengali history and culture to ensure its representation as an essential part of the history of Britain and by extension, our contemporary world.
Sutton's Hospital was founded by businessman Thomas Sutton in 1611 in the old monastery of Charterhouse, situated on Charterhouse Square, EC1. The hospital was intended for professional men fallen into poverty through "shipwreck, casualty or fire". A school for poor boys was attached to the hospital. The hospital opened in 1614 and admitted 80 men.
In 1872 the school moved to Surrey and part of the London site was sold to Saint Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1941 Sutton's Hospital was badly damaged by enemy bombing, but was repaired and still functions as an almshouse.
See http://www.thecharterhouse.org/ for more information.
In the late 16th century Thomas Sutton, merchant and "richest commoner in England", decided to found a charitable institution to provide shelter for elderly gentlemen in reduced circumstances and an education for poor boys. His original idea was to build this hospital on part of his own land at Hallingbury Bouchers, Essex (Little Hallingbury). In 1611, however, the year of his death, he purchased the former Carthusian monastery near Smithfield, and decided instead to found his institution there.
The monastery had, like all Carthusian houses, been named after the site of the original abbey, at Chartreuse, and this had become corrupted in English to Charterhouse. After the dissolution of the monasteries the building was used as an aristocratic mansion until Thomas Sutton's purchase.
Sutton's Hospital was granted letters patent by James I in 1611, under its full title "The Hospital of King James founded at Charterhouse in the County of Middlesex, at the humble petition and only costs and charges of Thomas Sutton Esquire".
The rules of the charity were that any single or widowed gentleman, of good character and over the age of 60 (later 50) years, could apply to one of the governors for nomination if he was no longer in a position to support himself financially. Once nominated and accepted by the hospital, the pensioners or 'Poor Brothers' as they were known, would be given a room in Charterhouse, meals and a small pension. Poor scholars were nominated in the same way at about 11 years of age and provided with a basic education. At the end of this period they were either apprenticed to a trade or given an exhibition to one of the universities.
In 1872 the school outgrew its Charterhouse site and moved to new, purpose-built premises in Godalming, Surrey. The Hospital's revenue comes largely from its extensive land holdings. On his death Thomas Sutton bequeathed to the governors most of his own lands in Essex, Wiltshire and Lincolnshire. They also owned Sutton's Cambridgeshire estates at Balsham and Castle Camps.
After Sutton's death the governors purchased further estates, to be used for the purpose of generating income for apprenticing scholars and providing exhibitions. These estates comprised the manors of Hartland, Devon; Higney, Huntingdonshire; Blacktoft, Yorkshire; Bockleton, Shropshire; Fulstow and Tetney, Lincolnshire.
The Sutton Dwellings Trust was founded under the will of William Richard Sutton, dated 15 August 1894. Sutton ran a carrier business from Golden Lane, Finsbury and built up a huge personal fortune through wise investments and business expansion. When he died in 1900, he left £1,500,000 for the provision of model low-rented dwellings for occupation by the poor of London and other towns and populous places.
Owing to legal difficulties over the interpretation of Sutton's will and the administration of his estate, the first dwellings in Bethnal Green (at Sceptre Road and Coventry Road) were not built until 1909. Later London schemes were at City Road and Old Street (1911); Chelsea (Cale Street and Elyston Street, 1913); Rotherhithe (Plough Way and Chilton Grove, 1916); Islington (Upper Street, 1926) and St Quintin Park, North Kensington (1930).
In the 1920's and 1930's the trust extended its operations to other big cities such as Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sheffield, Birmingham, Hull, Plymouth, Bristol and Stoke on Trent. The original scheme was changed in 1927. The trust always included a London County Council or Greater London Council member on its board. The trust undertook a further change in 1975 when it registered with the Housing Corporation and from the 1970's onwards has developed many new properties in different towns and cities to those listed above. It is a registered charity and has its headquarters at Sutton Court, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 5BB.
On 1 April 2004 William Sutton Trust transferred its homes to William Sutton Housing Association Limited (WSHA), a charitable Industrial and Provident Society. The group was formed in January 2004, with William Sutton as the parent and Tor Homes, Ridgehill Housing Association and Aashyana Housing Association as subsidiaries. The new group with nearly 24,000 homes became one of the largest Housing Associations in England with a turnover of £75 million and 900 employees.
Sir John Bland-Sutton was born in Enfield Highway, in 1855. He was educated at the local school, where he acted for two years as pupil teacher with the intention of becoming a schoolmaster. He was dtermined to become a doctor as soon as he had the money necessary to pay the fees. He attended the private school of anatomy kept by Thomas Cooke, FRCS, off Mecklenburgh Square. Here he learnt and taught anatomy, until he could afford the fees at the Middlesex Hospital. He entered there as a student in 1878, and was immediately appointed Prosector of Anatomy. He became junior demonstrator in 1879; senior demonstrator in 1883; and lecturer from 1886-1896. He was Murchison scholar at the Royal College of Physicians in 1884. He was elected assistant surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital in 1886, with the proviso that he should remain in London during the months of August and September, when the senior surgeons were accustomed to take their annual holiday. He became assistant surgeon to the Hospital for Women in 1886, and was promoted to surgeon six months later. He became surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital from 1905-1920, when he resigned and was made consulting surgeon. At the Royal College of Surgeons he won the Jacksonian prize in 1892; he gave the Erasmus Wilson lectures in 1885-1887 and 1889-1891; he was elected a member of the Pathological Society in 1882 and served on the Council of the Society from 1887-1890; he was an examiner in anatomy for the Fellowship in 1895; he was a Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology from 1888-1889, and gave a lecture as Hunterian Professor in 1916; he was Bradshaw Lecturer in 1917; and Hunterian Orator in 1923. Elected to the Council in 1910, he was Vice-President in 1918-1920, and was President for the years 1923-1925. In 1927 he was elected a trustee of the Hunterian collection. During World War One he was gazetted major, RAMC(T) in 1916, and was attached to the 3rd London General Hospital at Denmark Hill. The surroundings and discipline of a military hospital proved uncongenial, and in 1916 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, placed upon an appeal board, and directed to collect he specimens of gunshot wounds which formed a unique display in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, until they were destroyed by the bombing of 1941. Bland-Sutton became a prosector at the Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park in 1881 whilst he was still a student at the Middlesex Hospital. He was made Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London in 1928. He lectured on comparative pathology at the Royal Veterinary College in Camden Town from 1891-1892. He was President of the Medical Society of London 1914; President of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland 1929; President of the Royal Society of Medicine 1929; and President of the International Cancer Conference held in London in 1928. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem from 1924. He died in 1936.
Born Bedford Park, West London, 1919; educated at King's School, Worcester; read geology at Imperial College, 1937-1941; Second World War service included a posting to the Orkneys working on radar; returned to Imperial College for his PhD; worked with Janet Vida Watson (they married in 1949), on the Lewisian Gneiss and other geological problems, co-authoring a number of important papers; Lecturer, 1948; Reader, 1956; Professor of Geology, 1958; Head of Department, 1964-1974, whilst it became one of the largest in Europe, largely responsible for the establishment of the Centre for Environmental Technology (first Chairman and a Senior Research Fellow), and the Centre for Remote Sensing; Dean of the Royal School of Mines (part of Imperial College), 1965-1968, 1974-1977; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1966; President of the Geologists' Association 1966-1968; Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1975-1977; Trustee of the British Museum (Natural History), 1976-1981; member of the Natural Environment Research Council 1977-1979; Pro-Rector of Imperial College, 1979-1983; died, 1992.
Publications: The Geologist's Approach to Mountain Building London, 1959); Further Observations on the Margin of the Laxfordian Complex of the Lewisian near Loch Laxford, Sutherland, etc with Janet Watson (Edinburgh, 1962)
The British Tanker Company were based at Gresham House, Old Broad Street 1916-8, 23 Great Winchester Street 1919-21, 181-193 London Wall 1922-4 and Britannic House Finsbury Circus 1925-56. The company was the marine transport arm of the Anglo Persian Oil Company, later known as British Petroleum (BP). The British Renown was part of their tanker fleet, built in 1928 by Sir James Laing and Sons Limited.
A.D. Douglas and E.D. Oram were psychiatrists at the Saxondale Hospital, Nottingham. A. Minto was a psychiatrist also based in Nottingham. Sam Sussman was Director of Social Services in London, Ontario, Canada.
Bernard Susser was born in 1930 in London. He was educated in Islington, at Jews College (now the London School of Jewish Studies) and at Exeter University where he wrote a PhD thesis on the Jewish communities of South-West England. Rabbi Susser worked as a minister in England, Israel and South Africa. His interest in Anglo-Jewish history lasted his whole life and he published many articles and edited several books: his book Jews of South-West England was much acclaimed. Rabbi Susser died in London, his last home, in 1997.
In 1993 the Working Party on Jewish Monuments in the UK and Ireland started a survey of the Alderney Road Cemetery in Stepney with Rabbi Susser as one of the supervisors. Rabbi Susser's last published work Alderney Road Jewish Cemetery, London E1 1697-1853 reported on this survey as well as marking the tercentenary of what is the oldest Ashkenazi cemetery in England. Following the resettlement of Jews in 1656 Ashkenazi Jews at first used the Sephardi cemetery in Mile End (opened 1657). The Alderney Road (previously known as Colt Yard and Three Colt Yard) site was acquired in 1696/97 by a prominent Jewish broker Benjamin Levy. Famous members of the Jewish community who were buried here include: the first Chief Rabbi of Great Britain, Aaron Hart; the Baal Shem of London, Rabbi Hayim Samuel Jacob de Falk; and Judith Levy, sometimes known as the "Duchess of Richmond Green".
Rabbi Susser's "Alderney Road" was published in the summer of 1997, just after his death in April 1997. As he had planned a tercentenary service was held at the Cemetery in the June; the ceremony was conducted by the Chief Rabbi Dr. Jonathan Sacks and the book was launched as part of the day's events.
The Susan B Anthony Memorial Committee (fl. 1937-1949) was established to help organise the creation of memorials to the American Suffragist. It appears to have operated between around 1937 and 1949, mainly working in California. It succeeded in having a giant tree named after her in the Sequoia National Park after an application to Interior Department of the United States government. It also resulted in a bequest of 500 volumes being bequeathed to the Huntingdon Library in California, that formed the nucleus of the significant women's studies collection that was later formed. In 1937, its committee consisted of Mrs Robert Adamson as the national Chair, Sue Brobst as the Californian Chair and Una R Winter as the vice-Chair of the region. Una Winter appears to have been responsible for the collation of the background information for the request.
The Survey of London was founded in the 1890s by the arts and crafts architect and thinker C.R. Ashbee and its production was initially a volunteer effort. From the middle of the 20th century it came under the care successively of the London County Council, the Greater London Council and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of England, until it became part of English Heritage in 1999. Since October 2013 it has been part of the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London.
The Survey produces detailed architectural and topographical studies, which appear as large, sumptuously produced books and are the nearest thing to an official history of London's buildings. The books also appear online.
During the period when it was part of English Heritage, the Survey produced six volumes on four areas of London: Knightsbridge, Clerkenwell, Woolwich, Battersea, including a monograph on the Charterhouse and began work on a volume relating to Marylebone. The Survey of London provides essential reading for anyone wishing to find out about London's streets and buildings.
(information from www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/research/buildings/survey-of-london accessed 12 December 2013).
The Survey of India Reunion was set up in Nov 1954 and was originally chaired by Brig Sir Clinton Lewis. Its inaugural party was held in the Overseas Club, 11 Feb 1955. The purpose of the Reunion was chiefly to serve the needs of those who had worked on the Survey of India previous to the partition of India, especially in making contact with former colleagues, but also served to keep in touch with the successor departments: Survey of India and Survey of Pakistan. The organisation was wound up in 1988.
The Survey of India was created in 1767 to map the territory covered by the British East India Company. From the 1880s onwards it produced maps of land further west in the Middle East, covering Persia (Iran), Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Arabia (Gulf States). Revised maps of Mesopotamia were produced for the Allied military campaign, World War One, with some uncharted regions left blank.
The Surrey Tabernacle Benefit Society was formed in 1843 to provide sickness and death benefit for men and death benefits for their wives. The Surrey Tabernacle was a Baptist church in Borough Road, and later in Wansey Street, Walworth. Those receiving benefit had to declare that they were believers in the Christian doctrines of God's Free and Sovereign Grace. The Society was dissolved in 1973.
Wandsworth Prison was built in 1849 as a Surrey House of Correction and was intended for those serving short sentences. It was designed by D R Hill of Birmingham to hold 1000 prisoners, and the first male prisoners were admitted in 1851 and the first female prisoners in 1852. In 1877, when prisons were nationalised, it became a short-term prison and in 1878, it took over from Horsemonger Lane as the hanging prison for South London. It came to be used for recidivists and, after the First World War, part was taken over as the Boys' Prison for London, under a separate governor and regime from the main block. Boys were assessed here and, if appropriate, allocated to Borstals. In 1929, this function was transferred to Wormwood Scrubs. More recently, the prison has been used to hold convicted persons awaiting sentence and as the centre for allocating long-term prisoners to other prisons outside the London area.
Surrey Gas Consumers Gas Company registered in 1854 under the Joint Stock Companies Act. In 1855 it purchased the works of Deptford Gas Light and Coke Company. Under the South Metropolitan Gas Light and Coke Company Act, 1876, the company amalgamated with the South Metropolitan Gas Light and Coke Company.
Note - Consumers Gas Companies were set up in consequence of dissatisfaction with the existing supplier.
The Surrey Dispensary was opened in 1777. It was originally situated on Union Street, Southwark (then in Surrey) although it subsequently moved to various addresses. The Dispensary aimed to provide medical care for the local poor.
The Surrey Association for the General Welfare of the Blind was founded in 1857 to teach blind people to read their bibles at their own homes, supply them with books, teach trades free of cost and to give them remunerative employment.
In 1885, twenty-nine men and seven women were employed at the institution based at a workshop in Peckham Rd, London, with eight more women employed at home. They worked at making and repairing baskets, making and redressing mattresses, re-caning chairs, domestic woodwork, producing fish and poultry baskets, totalling over 6,800 items, as well as chopping 126,000 bundles of firewood.
In 1890 a Building Trust Fund and a Ladies Relief Committee were established by the Association. Around this time, the aims of the society were broadened to include general education and circulation of available literature and promotion of industry for blind peoples, as well as providing of social and physical support to ill and elderly blind people.
By 1912 the factory had also established a knitting department, which was expanded during World War 1 as a result of large orders from the Army and Navy. In 1915, new workshops were established in Westbourne Terrace, Toynbee Hall, and Rochester Row. By 1917, workers wages averaged £1 per week, and pensions were paid on retirement. However following the war, trade slumped, cost of raw materials increased dramatically and the Association struggled to pay high enough wages. However another new workshop was opened in Churton St, Westminster, and following the end of the war a number of blind soldiers were given apprenticeships.
The Association also operated a number of hostels and residences, frequently located on the same premises at their workshops. The first hostel for women was opened in 1919 in Bessborough St, Victoria.
In the early 1920s, the Association made clear that it was concerned not only for blind people who were 'productive' - able to produce wares at a rate that enabled them to live - but also those with mental and physical disabilities who would never be able to be self supporting. By this time, there were 104 workers, from all parts of England, and a number of deaf/blind people as well.
The factory operation continued to develop and in 1924 power machinery was installed at the factory for the manufacture of knitting needles. As the need for extra space increased, Cooper Lodge, Blickly was acquired in 1925 as accommodation as well as a workshop for women workers. Button making was introduced in the 1930s, and in the early 1940s, moulded plastic production was developed, producing items such as army cap badges and combs, as well as knitting needles.
The knitting factory itself was destroyed by a bomb in 1941, and the workshop was moved to the premises of the Barclay workshop which had recently amalgamated with the Association. The knitting and weaving workshops had large orders from the Army and the RAF. The machine knitting deparment merged with the Royal London Society for the Blind, under the name of Crawford-Salusbury Partnership in the mid 1950s, but eventually closed about 1968. The weaving department closed in 1957.
The Institution operated shops in different places, one in Kensington, between 1928 and 1944; one in Bognor Regis opened briefly during World War 2. The provision of holiday accommodation was also one of the Association's concerns, and in 1945, Canford Cliffs, Dorset, was purchased. Further guesthouses were developed over time, including The Lauriston, Weston -super-Mare, opened in 1964, and The Russell, Bognor Regis, 1968.
The Peckham factory was gradually expanded and in 1936 was rebuilt. In 1952 and new office was completed - Pelican House Peckham.
By the 1960s the Peckham factory employed blind men in the production of handmade baskets, the manufacture of casein and metal knitting needles, and injection moulded plastics. And the Association has residential homes for women at Crawford Street, London, as well as Cooper Lodge, Horley, and Croham Hurst Place, Sanderstead, both in Surrey; accommodation for men working in the factory at Adams House, Camberwell, and a hostel Dulwich; an estate of 57 self-contained flats - Swail House, Epsom, Surrey. There was also holiday accommodation for blind people at Weston-Super-Mare and Bognor Regis. The Association's welfare programme was responsible for the use of the Benevolent and Pensions Funds to assist blind and partially sighted people throughout the UK.
In 1972, the Greenwich Workshops for the Blind, (founded 1929) joined the Association's basket department. The factory moved from Peckham to Verney Rd in 1974, its main work then being production now consists of Injection mouldings, PVC welding and basket making. The offices also moved to Verney Rd, and Pelican House, Peckham was sold in 1976.
Factory production continued to change with the basket making department closing in 1978, and the injection moulding operation in 1985. Leaving only the plastic industry in operation.
In the 1990s the renamed Association for Blind People opened an Information and advice centre, and new training facilities in London and in Liverpool. The Association, while trading under the new name was still formally registered as London Association for the Blind until 1999.
Early Commissioners of Sewers were solely concerned with land drainage and the prevention of flooding, not with the removal of sewage in the modern sense. In 1531 an Act of Sewers was passed which set out in great detail the duties and powers of Commissioners and governed their work until the 19th century. Gradually a permanent pattern emerged in the London area of seven commissions, five north and two south of the Thames, with, after the Great Fire, a separate commission for the City of London. The London commissioners had more extensive powers than those in other parts of the country; they had control over all watercourses and ditches within two miles of the City of London as well as newly constructed drains and sewers. After 1800 the London commissioners also obtained powers to control the formation of new sewers and house drains.
Letters Patent for the Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers were issued in 1554. Its minutes begin in 1570 and it was the earliest of the London Commissions to be established on an organised basis. The area of its jurisdiction ran from East Molesey in Surrey to the River Ravensbourne, and included Lambeth, Southwark, Bermondsey, Newington, Deptford, Rotherhithe, Clapham, Battersea, Camberwell, Vauxhall, Wandsworth, Putney, Barnes, Kew, Lewisham, Walworth, Kennington, Nine Elms, Peckham and New Cross. The area of jurisdiction remained the same throughout the three centuries during which it functioned. It is worth pointing out that the areas listed above are no longer in Surrey and Kent but are part of Greater London.
Early Commissioners of Sewers were solely concerned with land drainage and the prevention of flooding, not with the removal of sewage in the modern sense. In 1531 an Act of Sewers was passed which set out in great detail the duties and powers of Commissioners and governed their work until the 19th century. Gradually a permanent pattern emerged in the London area of seven commissions, five north and two south of the Thames, with, after the Great Fire, a separate commission for the City of London. The London commissioners had more extensive powers than those in other parts of the country; they had control over all watercourses and ditches within two miles of the City of London as well as newly constructed drains and sewers. After 1800 the London commissioners also obtained powers to control the formation of new sewers and house drains.
Letters Patent for the Surrey and Kent Commissioners of Sewers were issued in 1554. Its minutes begin in 1570 and it was the earliest of the London Commissions to be established on an organised basis. The area of its jurisdiction ran from East Molesey in Surrey to the River Ravensbourne, and included Lambeth, Southwark, Bermondsey, Newington, Deptford, Rotherhithe, Clapham, Battersea, Camberwell, Vauxhall, Wandsworth, Putney, Barnes, Kew, Lewisham, Walworth, Kennington, Nine Elms, Peckham and New Cross. The area of jurisdiction remained the same throughout the three centuries during which it functioned. It is worth pointing out that the areas listed above are no longer in Surrey and Kent but are part of Greater London.
The decision to form a surgical club evolved from preliminary meetings held in 1908-1909. A committee was formed, including Mr G Lenthal Cheatle, Mr Charles Ryal, Mr E M Corner, Mr J W Thomson Walker (Honorary Treasurer) and Mr Herbert Paterson (Honorary Secretary). The Surgical Club was formed in 1910, with the purpose of 'social intercourse of those engaged in the active practice of surgery and interested in the promotion of the science and art of surgery, and shall include the demonstration of original work in general and special surgery, the discussion of the same, together with the discussion of points of technique and other matters of scientific and clinical interest' (Surgical Club Rules 1910). Initially, the club was to have twelve members, although this increased over the years, with five additional honorary members. The control of the club rested with a committee made up of three ordinary members, the Treasurer and the Honorary Secretary. The Surgical Club met 5 times a year on the 4th Wednesday of October, November, January, March/April (depending on the date of Easter) and May.
The Supreme Grand Chapter, responsible for the governance of Royal Arch freemasonry in England and Wales and in Chapters overseas meeting under the English Constitution, came into existence on 18 March 1817. However evidence for working the Royal Arch degree exists from the 1730’s, with the first printed reference occurring in 1744. In addition to the three Craft degrees by the 1750’s this degree was conferred on a regular basis in England, Scotland and Ireland. From its formation in 1751, lodges meeting under the jurisdiction of the Antients or Atholl Grand Lodge also conferred Royal Arch and other Masonic degrees. The Antients formed a Grand Chapter in 1771 which met infrequently and did not create formal minutes, appoint separate officers or operate independently from its Grand Lodge. However the Antients Grand Lodge created and maintained separate registers of royal arch membership returns with an index, covering the period c.1746 to 1819.
The Moderns (or premier) Grand Lodge, formed in 1717, preferred to retain a distinction between Craft and Royal Arch freemasonry. While Antients’ Grand Lodges conferred the Royal Arch degree with consent and approval, the Moderns Grand Lodge did not acknowledge it openly and considered it an innovation representing irregular Masonic practice. In consequence several leading members who wished to do this additional degree established an Excellent Grand and Royal Chapter in 1765, in which the Moderns’ Grand Master, Lord Blayney, was exalted on 11 June the following year. A Charter of Compact dated 22 July 1766 constituted this new body as the Grand and Royal Chapter of the Royal Arch of Jerusalem. It met monthly at the Turk’s Head Tavern, Gerrard Street, Soho, from 12 June 1765 until November 1770, and then at various inns before relocating to the new Freemasons’ Hall in December 1775. Minutes, including names of new members exalted between 1769 and 1819, survive from 1765 and by laws were issued from December 1766. It only began to function as a governing body or Council from 13 January 1769, when it constituted three sub-ordinate Chapters and commissioned an official seal the following month. From 1801 the Excellent Grand and Royal Chapter met twice a year and during its existence it was also referred to as the Grand Lodge of Royal Arch Masons, the Grand and Royal Chapter of Jerusalem, the Most Grand and Royal Chapter, Royal Arch Grand Chapter, the Grand and Royal Arch Chapter of the Royal Arch of Jerusalem and the Supreme Grand and Royal Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of England, with no fewer than eight alterations to its official title.
Thomas Dunckerley (1724-1795) was a driving force behind the early development of the Grand Chapter, serving as a Royal Arch Superintendent in eighteen Provinces. Chapters working under the Charter of Compact welcomed members from both Antients’ and Moderns’ lodges. By September 1771 the new Moderns’ Grand Secretary, William Dickey complained of abuses and sought a meeting of Lodge Masters and Past Masters to discuss the future of the Grand Chapter. Some reforms took place in November 1773, when it was decided that the Chapter membership should be restricted to Masters and Past Masters, excluding those who had merely ‘passed the Chair’. Many lodge members considered Grand Lodge had no right to restrict them from becoming Royal Arch freemasons. By 1781 the formation of twenty five individual Chapters had been approved, mainly in the Provinces but only three in London. Two years later, thirty five Chapters were meeting but representation by members on its governing body remained limited, despite the formation of a General Convention in April 1784. Calls for reform were followed by unsuccessful attempts to separate the administrative functions of Grand Chapter from its role as a private Chapter that continued to exalt candidates and rehearse ceremonies. Grand Chapter experienced a period of stagnation between 1797 and 1800 but began to renew its activities from 1801, with the appointment of Arthur, 1st Earl of Mountnorris, as First Grand Principal. This revitalisation continued after Lord Moira, Acting Grand Master of the Moderns Grand Lodge under the Prince of Wales, was exalted in June 1803 and became First Grand Principal the following year. Moira resigned in 1810 to enable the Duke of Sussex to become First Grand Principal. Grand Chapter continued to perform both administrative and ceremonial functions until 1817, with the last exaltation of a member taking place on 12 March 1812 and a final Royal Arch ceremony worked on 17 May 1813.
At its last regular meeting on 30 November 1813, Grand Chapter announced the proposed Union between the Moderns’ and Antients’ Grand Lodges. Negotiations concerning the merger between the two Grand Lodges included an acknowledgement of the existence of Royal Arch freemasonry in the Articles of Union, representing the perfection of the Master’s Degree. The final meeting of the Supreme Grand and Royal Chapter took place on 18 March 1817, when the body that became known as the Supreme Grand Chapter of England, responsible for the governance of Royal Arch freemasonry, was formed. The laws and regulations of the new body were approved in May 1817, confirming that every Chapter had to be attached to a Craft Lodge and that no Lodge could form a Chapter without obtaining a Charter to attach to its Craft Warrant. In 1818 a Committee was appointed to regularise the installation ceremonies for Chapter officers, known as Principals. By February 1819 the Committee reported that Principals and Past Principals in London Chapters had been installed regularly but further ceremonies continued into 1824. In 1820 Grand Chapter permitted the installation of Principals and Past Principals in country and foreign Chapters. The first set of printed laws and Regulations appeared in 1823, including a list of 198 Chapters that had become attached to a Lodge.
The new administrative body was entitled initially the United Grand Chapter but from February 1822 it became known as the Supreme Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of England. This indicated that the new body was not in effect a Union between two distinct Grand Chapters, but an amalgamation between the Moderns’ Supreme Grand and Royal Chapter and some Antients’ Royal Arch members. In 1834 and 1835 the Duke of Sussex, First Grand Principal, appointed leading members of the Supreme Grand Chapter to form a Chapter of Promulgation in order to regularise Royal Arch ceremonies. Royal Arch freemasonry incorporates unique symbolism and terminology. The term Brother, as used by Craft lodge members, continued to be used by Royal Arch freemasons until c.1778-1779, when the term Companion appears in Chapter minutes. The symbols Z, H and J for the three Chapter Principals or officers were already in use by 1765. The T and H symbols used in Royal Arch freemasonry, later referred to as the Triple Tau symbol, derive from the Latin phrase, Templum Hierosolimae, or Temple of Jerusalem.
Sungei Kari (Sumatra) Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1909 to acquire estates in Serdang, Sumatra. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) became agents for the company in 1924.
Sungei Bahru Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1932 to re-constitute a firm of the same name (registered in 1909) and to acquire estates in Negri Sembilan and Malacca. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) took over from Taylor, Noble and Company as secretaries of Sungei Bahru Rubber Estates Limited in 1972. It had a wholly owned subsidiary: New Crescent (Holdings) Limited (CLC/B/112-120). In 1982 it became a PLC and in 1984 it was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080).