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The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O. Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853 - 1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857 - 1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

Oversight of the accounting and financial functions of the bank was managed by the Chief Accountant (known as 'Accountant and Registrar' (to 1875) then 'Accountant' (to 1904) then 'Chief Accountant' (1905 onwards). He was part of the Bank's senior-level staff and was based at Head Office.

Until 1909 the Chartered Bank was not authorised to act as a general banking business in London, therefore cash for Head Office customer accounts had to be obtained from the City Bank and any monies had to be paid in there also.

The Secretary also kept close contacts with the Chief Accountant's office and many reports and letters actioned by the Chief Accountant and his staff were copy-letters addressed to the Secretary.

The Chief Accountant's office also managed/was closely involved with various other departments-

*The Inspection Department: (created in 1906 and headed by the Chief Accountant)

*The Bullion Department: This was in existence by 1908

*The Taxation and Statistics Department: This was in existence by the 1930s/40s and appears to have fallen within the Chief Accountant's remit. In 1953 the Bank published a brief history using statistics prepared by Mr J English of the Taxation and Statistics Department. Mr English later became Chief Accountant.

*The Secretary's Department, especially regarding the acquisition/merger and ongoing management of the various banks acquired by Chartered Bank (including P and O Banking Corporation, Eastern Bank and Allahabad Bank).

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War II and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853 - 1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857 - 1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

The first branch to be opened was in Calcutta [Kolkata], India in 1858. The branches were initially established with a manager and an accountant with a number of clerks, all answerable to head office in London. The aim of the Directors was to open a network of branches across India and the Far East, especially in major ports and gradually the network was expanded to achieve this goal. By 1969 there were over 130 branches and agencies in 17 different countries.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation Limited.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank Limited presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853-1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Standard Bank in 1969 to form Standard Chartered Bank.

The Chartered Bank's operations were governed by the original charter and deed of settlement and the subsequent revisions and renewals of these documents. The bank, which due to the charter operated with a limited liability (a priviledge not open to shareholders of an ordinary joint stock bank until 1858) was was led by a board of directors, elected by the shareholders and themselves shareholders who were based in London and who directed operations via managers, accountants and inspectors who were employed in the overseas branch and agency network.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853- 1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

The bank's legal department operated from its Head Office in London, and was responsible for dealing with a wide variety of legal cases and issues for the bank. For much of its work, staff in the Legal department would work in tandem with the bank's appointed firm of solicitors. Much cross-over between the work of the Legal, Inspection and Secretary's departments can be noted, as all three would be involved if cases of bankruptcy or liquidation of a bank customer took place, or if a legal action was filed against the bank by a customer.

The first legal assistance the Chartered Bank received was from solicitors Phillips and Sons, 11 Abchurch Lane, City of London, who at the time were solicitors acting primarily for large firms in the City and advised the bank at the time of its first approaches to gain a Royal Charter. By November 1852, Messrs Oliverson, Lavie and Peachey had taken over this role which they held until December 1864, when a decision was made by the bank's Board of Directors to cease the employment of the firm.

In November 1871 the bank appointed Linklaters and Company as their solicitors, who acted on their behalf well into the second-half of the Twentieth Century as Linklaters and Paines.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853-1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

The Chartered Bank was not based around a branch-banking model, instead having a smaller number of branches in the main ports in the east to provide capital and services, usually via a network of local middle-men, to mercantile customers. Until 1909 the Chartered Bank was not authorised to act as a general banking business in London, therefore cash for Head Office customer accounts had to be obtained from the City Bank and any monies had to be paid in there also. The branches abroad generally offered advances and insurance on cargo and discounting and exchanging bills in sterling and local currency. They were involved with both the opium and cotton markets initially, later providing financial services to merchants trading in tea, coffee, sugar, hemp, silk, rubber, tin, jute tobacco, rice. Initially in India and China expanding from there into Hong Kong, Singapore, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Japan as the middle East including Yemen, Bahrain, Lebanon, Qatar, UAE. At various times offices were also run in New York, Hamburg and Cyprus.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation Limited.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank Limited presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853-1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Standard Bank in 1969 to form Standard Chartered Bank.

The prospectus, published on 9 October 1852, declared that the bank was to be established by subscription and that the capital to be raised was to amount to 'one million sterling' which was to be raised by 'fifty thousand shares of £20 each'. By 28 October 1852 32,000 shares had been allocated and the date of settlement on the stock exchange was fixed for 13 December 1852; as per a clause in the Charter the deed of settlement was required to be executed by all shareholders before a certificate to commence business would be issued by the Treasury thus in 1857 a small number of early script certificates were forfeited. All directors had to be shareholders of at least 100 shares.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O. Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853 - 1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857 - 1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

The growth of Chartered Bank developed with the spread of a network of branches, beginning in Calcutta [Kolkata], India with the opening of the first branch in 1858 and gradually spreading across the far east. These branches had local managers and superintendents but far from being automous units they were subject to direction and control in the manner in which they executed business from the London Head Office and the Court of Directors with daily management from the General Managers and Secretary. To ensure compliance with rules and regulations issued from London a system of branch inspection was established.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War II and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853-1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

On its establishment, the bank advertised for, "a Manager and for staff for the London Office and the branches" in 'The Economist', paying £19.1.0 for the advertisement placed in February 1853. By October 1853, a sub-committee had been formed to examine the applications received and choose those whom they wished to ask to interview. By 1857, the bank was advertising in 'The Times' and other newspapers for Managers and Accountants to take up posts in branches to be opened in India and China.

The process which applicants wishing to join the bank had to go through included a strict vetting procedure for character references and a medical examination, particularly important for applicants wishing to work in posts abroad. General rules for conduct and bank procedures were produced for staff and for the branches they worked in, being distributed by the Inspection department.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853- 1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857-1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

George Ure Adam (appointed London Manager of the Bank in 1857, retired 1870) was in charge of opening the first branches and agencies abroad. By the late 19th Century the management of Bank premises and property had become the responsibility of the premises department based at Head Office. This department oversaw the physical management of property, fixtures and fittings, both abroad and in the UK, including branches, staff accommodation and Head Office. The premises department was also responsible for the sourcing and purchase/rental of new premises as required and was involved in insurance of premises, fixtures, fittings and cash and goods in transit as well as overseeing rental of Bank owned property to private individuals/companies. As with many other departments, the majority of correspondence was addressed to the Secretary with copies sent to the premises department for action/response.

Opening of key branches (by year opened):
1858: Calcutta, India; Bombay, India
By 1860: Singapore; Hong Kong; Shanghai, China
1862: Rangoon, Burma
1863: Batavia [Djakarta, Indonesia]
1866 (briefly): Karachi, Pakistan
1872: Manila, Philippines
1877: Surabaia, Indonesia
1877 (briefly): Colombo, Sri Lanka (reopened in 1892)
1880: Yokohama, Japan; Foochow, China
1880s (briefly): Iloilo, Philippines
1888: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Taiping, Malaysia
1892: Colombo, Sri Lanka (reopened)
1894: Bangkok, Thailand
1895: Kobe, Japan; Tientsin, China
1900: Madras, India; Cebu, Philippines
1906: Karachi, Pakistan (reopened)
1907: Ipoh, Malaysia
1909: Klang, Malaysia

1910: Seremban, Malaysia
1911: Delhi, India; Iloilo, Philippines (reopened)
1911: Canton, China

1924: Kuching, 1924
1958: Brunei.

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as The Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the City of London. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East - in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York [United States of America] and Hamburg [Germany]. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East - in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various City of London addresses: 1852 first two meetings of directors at 8 Austin Friars; November 1852 offices acquired at 21 Moorgate. December 1853-1855 rented offices at South Sea House, Threadneedle Street. 1855 rented offices at 34 Gresham House, Old Broad Street. June 1857 - 1866 rented offices in the City Bank building at Threadneedle Street. 1867 Former Hatton Court building on Threadneedle Street. In 1909 they moved into newly built premises on the former site of Crosby Hall where they were still at the time of the merger with Chartered Bank in 1969.

For further information on the history of the bank see Sir Compton Mackenzie, Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East (London, 1954) and Geoffrey Jones, British multinational banking 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1993).

The Chartered Bank has periodically published and commissioned histories throughout its existence. Detailed records of the research, images produced and publication of the bank's centenary anniversary publication, 'Realms of silver: one hundred years of banking in the East' (London 1954) can be found in the Secretary's Department sub-fonds in four sub-series (CLC/B/207/CH03/01/14 - 17).

The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, known from 1956 as Chartered Bank, was established by Royal Charter in 1853. It was an overseas exchange bank, based in and controlled from the Copyright to this collection rests with the City of London.. It was established to take advantage of the end of the East India Company's monopoly in 1853.

The bank operated in India and throughout the Far East-in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Cambodia, Siam [Thailand], Burma [Myanmar], Singapore, Malacca, Penang and the Malay States, the Philippines, Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon [Sri Lanka], North Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak, Pakistan and East Pakistan. There were also branches in New York and Hamburg. Despite its name, the bank never operated in Australia.

Further UK branches opened in Manchester (1937) and Liverpool (1948). The bank gained a second London office and additional branches in India, Pakistan, China and Ceylon with the takeover in 1938 of the P and O Banking Corporation.

The bank's activities in the Far East were severely disrupted by World War Two and nationalist post-war governments in the region. The takeover in 1957 of rival Eastern Bank presented new opportunities. Eastern Bank was active in Chartered Bank's traditional areas of operation, but also had branches in the Middle East-in Iraq, Bahrain, Yemen, Lebanon, Qatar, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Oman. In the same year, Chartered Bank purchased the Ionian Bank's interests in Cyprus.

The bank operated from various addresses in its earliest years, and was afterwards for many years based in Hatton Court, Threadneedle Street. It moved just before the First World War to Bishopsgate, where it remained until 1969, when it merged with Standard Bank to form what is now Standard Chartered Bank.

The Institute of Bankers was founded in 1879 and gained a Royal Charter in 1987. In 1997 the name was changed to the Institute of Financial Services. The Institute provides professional qualifications, training and licences to practice to those working in the financial sector.

The Institute had premises at 11 and 12 Clements Lane, 1879-84; St Michael's House Cornhill, 1884-91; 34 Clements Lane, 1891-1923; 5 Bishopsgate, 1923-1937; 11 Birchin Lane, 1937-1951; 10 Lombard Street, 1951-1996.

The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy began life in 1894, after a series of 'massage scandals' in the popular press prompted nine nurses and midwives to form a council of trained masseuses. In February 1895 this was officially launched as The Society of Trained Masseuses. The Society set examinations and educational standards, inspected training schools, and quickly embraced wider methods of treatment, including medical gymnastics, hydrotherapy and electro-therapy. It also acted to protect and improve the status of its members within the medical hierarchy. The Society became incorporated in 1900, and in 1920 amalgamated with the Institute of Massage and Remedial Exercises, changing its name to the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics. In 1943 the name was changed again to the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, and amalgamation with the Incorporation of Physiotherapists took place in 1945. Further amalgamations occurred in 1968 - with The Faculty of Physiotherapists, with The Physiotherapists Association Ltd in 1970 and with the Society of Remedial Gymnasts and Recreational Therapy in 1985. In 1976 the Society registered as an independent trade union. By 1994 the Society had over 26,000 members, working and teaching both within the NHS and privately.

This clinic was founded in 1928 by Dr Henry Warren Crowe (1875-1967) for the treatment of rheumatism and allied diseases. It was first established in Southwark and in 1932 a West End branch was opened but moved in 1939 to Weymouth Street in the West End. It operated partly as a free charitable clinic and partly as a fee-paying clinic (for those with incomes under £250 pa and a doctor's recommendation) and continued to do so after the setting up of the National Health Service. In 1936 the organisation was placed in the hands of a Charity Trust. A history of the Clinic can be found in the first issue of the journal it published, Rheumatism: A Journal Devoted to Clinical Aspects and Treatment, July 1938, pp 29-31.

It has proved hard to discover biographical details of Dr Warren Crowe: he qualified in medicine in 1901 and disappears from the Medical Directory after 1966. No obituary notice has been traced.

The lands were originally purchased by Peter Mellish, who bequeathed them to William Mellish. His daughter married Richard, Earl of Glengall, and their daughter married the Hon. Richard Charteris, second son of the 9th Earl of Wemyss. In addition to the property in the Isle of Dogs and Woodford, there are the Glengall estates in Cahir, Ireland. Although deeds to these estates are listed in the Schedule of Deeds in this collection, none of the documents have been deposited.

Born in 1877; educated at Kelvinside Academy, Göttingen University and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers, 1896, and posted to India; served on North West Frontier with Military Works Services; transferred to Bengal Sappers and Miners, [1899]; Capt, 1905; Staff College, Quetta, 1907-1909; Staff Capt, HQ, India, 1909-1910; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Operations Section, General Staff, Simla, 1910-1912; unofficial war correspondent with Bulgarian Army, 1912; Assistant Military Secretary to General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Aldershot, 1912-1914; Maj, 1914; ADC to General Officer Commanding 1 Army Corps, BEF, 1914; General Staff Officer Grade 2, 1 Army Corps HQ, 1914-1916; Brig Gen (Head of Intelligence Service), BEF General HQ, 1916-1918; Deputy Director of Transportation, General HQ, France, 1918; Director of Movements and Quartering, India, 1920-1921; Col, 1921; Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Eastern Command, India, 1921-1922; retired, 1922; MP (Conservative) for Dumfriesshire, 1924-1929; publication of Field-Marshal Earl Haig (Cassell and Co, London, 1929), At GHQ (Cassell and Co, London, 1931) and Haig (Duckworth, London, 1933); died in 1946.

Chartham Park Convalescent Home was presented to Westminster Hospital by Ivan Donald Margary in May 1946. Chartham Park was the family home of the Margary family and is situated near East Grinstead in Sussex. The home was closed in 1962 and sold by the Hospital. It is now a golf course.

Chase Farm Schools were opened in 1886 by Edmonton Board of Guardians to accommodate 500 children. They replaced the former Edmonton Union Schools also in Enfield on the site now occupied by St Michael's Hospital. By 1930 when the Schools were transferred to Middlesex County Council, the Medical Officer of Health for Middlesex reported that the buildings intended for the accommodation and education of 600 children were under-utilised. Only 300 children were resident in the Schools and a change of policy meant that they now attended ordinary day schools in the area. The lower floor of the Infirmary and another block were now used for the care of 82 sick children and infants transferred from the North Middlesex Hospital. It was decided to adapt another isolated block to accommodate 37 bedridden infirm women from Edmonton House and North Middlesex Hospital. By 1938 Chase Farm as it was now known, had almost ceased to be a children's home and had become a hospital for the elderly. On the outbreak of war in 1939 Chase Farm became an emergency hospital with 800 beds. In 1948 it became part of the National Health Service as a general hospital under the control of the North East Thames Regional Health Authority and Enfield Hospital Management Committee.

In 1992 it became the Chase Farm Hospital NHS Trust and in 1999 was joined with Barnet Hospital to become the Barnet and Chase Farms NHS Trust. During the 1990's a large amount of building work took place including the construction of the 'Highlands Wing' a new surgical block. All the wards were also refurbished. The site is also the base for the Enfield Community Care NHS Trust which provides community services, learning disabilities and mental health services.

Michel Chasles studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris and later held professorships there and at the Sorbonne. He became a leading figure in the field of geometry and was awarded the Copley Medal in 1865.

Born 1896; entered Royal Marines as 2nd Lieut, 1913, serves with RM brigade in Flanders, 1914; Gallipoli, 1915 (despatches, French Croix de Guerre); Grand Fleet, 1916-1917; Adjutant of RM Bn which landed from HMS Vindictive at Zeebrugge, 23 Apr 1918; served in Egyptian Army, 1921- 1925; Sudan Defence Forces, 1925-1931; commanded Sudan Camel Corps, 1927- 1930; commanded military operations in Kordofan, 1929-1930; Senior RM Officer, East Indies Station, 1931-1933; Home Fleet, 1935-1936; Commanded Somaliland Camel Corps, 1937-1940; commanded defence of British Somaliland, 1940; Military Governor and Commander troops British Somaliland, 1941-1943; Commander Portsmouth Div Royal Marines, 1943-1944; Director of Combined Operations, India and South-East Asia, 1944-1945; MGGS, 1945-1946; Commander Chatham Group Royal Marines, 1946-1948; one of HM's Body Guard of Honorary Corps of Gentleman-at-Arms, 1949-1966 and Harbinger, 1952-1966; Col Commandant Somaliland Scouts, 1948-1958; Member Berkshire Cricket Club, 1955-1961; Member of Anglo-Somali-Society, 1960-1979; died 1979.

Chatfield entered the Navy in 1886, was promoted to lieutenant in 1894 and to captain in 1909. He was captain of the Medina during the Royal Tour of King George V and Queen Mary to India, 1911 to 1912, and later Flag-Captain to Admiral Beatty (1871-1936), 1913 to 1919, combining this duty with responsibility for fleet gunnery in the Queen Elizabeth, 1917 to 1919. He was a delegate to the Washington Naval Conference of 1920, becoming a rear-admiral in that year and he subsequently held a variety of Admiralty and sea-going appointments. He was promoted to vice-admiral in 1926. In 1929 he was Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet and of the Mediterranean Fleet from 1930 to 1932. He was First Sea Lord, 1933 to 1938, became Admiral of the Fleet in 1935 and was made a baron in 1937. He was appointed Minister of Co-ordination of Defence, with a seat in the War Cabinet, by Neville Chamberlain in 1939, after serving as chairman of a committee which reported on the defence of India. In April 1940 he resigned as he felt the post was rendered redundant. During the rest of the war he was appointed to various civil defence committees. He wrote two autobiographical works: The navy and defence (London, 1942) and it might happen again (London, 1947).

Chatfield attended the School of Naval Architecture at Portsmouth. He was Assistant Master Shipwright at Deptford, 1848 to 1853, and Master Shipwright between 1853 and 1860. He was a member of the Dockyard Committee of Enquiry, which concluded its report in 1861 and to which he attached a minority report.

Chatham was formally established as a Royal dockyard by Queen Elizabeth I in 1567, although for some time there had been an establishment at Gillingham. It assumed importance because of its strategic position in the Dutch wars and by the late seventeenth century it was the largest of all the yards. From that time, although it grew in area and in the size of its workforce, it lost its predominance to Portsmouth and then to Plymouth, partly because the main naval enemy was then France and the Western approaches became the main theatre of operations, and partly because the Medway silted and navigation became more difficult. Chatham thus became a building yard rather than a refitting base. In the eighteen-sixties there was a large building programme and St Mary's basin was constructed for the steam navy. With the closure of Deptford and Woolwich in 1869, it again became relatively important. During the mid to late twentieth century Chatham was redeveloped for the fitting and maintenance of nuclear submarines. The last warships built were conventional submarines. Many of the eighteenth-century yard buildings survive today, and the yard remained operational as H.M. Naval Base, Chatham, under the command of Flag Officer, Medway until 1984. The yard is now a tourist attraction, owned by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

The Chatterly family lived at St Martin in the Fields. Watermen were boatmen or licensed wherry-men who were available for hire on the river Thames. Lightermen owned and operated lighters, flat-bottomed barges which were used in 'lightening' or unloading ships that could not be unloaded at a wharf, and also used for transporting goods of any kind.

Very little information has been found concerning the compiler of this material. He was born at Saint Symphorien le Château en Lyonnais on December 26, 1769 at 8.15 a.m. [Cf. Horoscope in MS. 1566], and his father seems to have been Pierre Chaussegros [1735-1792], born in the same place, and killed at Speyer, probably in 1792, when that city was captured by the French Revolutionary army. [Ibid]. Vital was imprisoned in 1795 by the Committee of Public Safety [cf. MS. 1582]. Chaussegros seems to have been an ardent student of occultism and in his later works used a very strange form of semi-phonetic spelling. Albert Poisson, in the third volume of his 'Bibliothèque Hermétique [MS. No. 3936] on fol. 45, speaks of him as 'fou ou fourbe'. (68449)

Sidney Chave began his career at the LSHTM as a lab boy in the Department of Chemistry as Applied to Hygiene in 1929, the year the School was formally opened. During the Second World War he was seconded to the (Emergency) Public Health Laboratory Service. In 1946 he returned to the School and was promoted to Senior Technician.

During the following years he studied at Birkbeck College for an Honours Degree in Psychology, which was awarded in 1951. The next year Chave was appointed to the academic staff of the School in the Department of Public Health. For his PhD he undertook a study of mental health in Harlow New Town, which was published, (jointly with Lord Taylor), as Mental Health and Environment in 1964.

In 1969 Chave was promoted to Senior Lecturer in the Department of Community Health (as the Department of Public Health had become). He retired from the LSHTM in 1979 with the accolade of Emeritus Senior Lecturer as well as being awarded a special silver medal for his fifty years of service to the School.

In 1977 he received the Queen's Jubilee Medal. Among other distinctions he gave the 1979 Monkton Copeman Lecture of the Society of Apothecaries and the Inaugural Duncan Memorial Lecture at Liverpool in 1983. He was a founder of the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1969) and its President in 1975 as well as holding other offices. These papers reflect his interests in public health and in its history.

The posthumous volume Recalling the Medical Officer of Health: Writings by Sidney Chave edited by M Warren and H Francis, was published in 1987 by the King's Fund Centre. It includes a biographical memoir.

Walter Butler Cheadle was born on 15 October 1835 in Colne, Lancashire, the son of James Cheadle, Vicar of Bingley, Yorkshire. Cheadle was educated at Bingley Grammar School, before proceeding to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in 1855. He graduated BA in 1859, and then MB two years later, having studied medicine at both Cambridge and St George's Hospital, London.

In 1862 he accompanied William Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton, on an expedition to explore a route through the Rocky Mountains in Canada. On their return to England in 1864 he authored the popular and successful account of their adventures, The North-West Passage by Land (1865), which ran to nine editions. Indeed the 1892 expedition conducted by Sir Sandford Fleming through the Rocky Mountains to plan the Canadian Pacific Railway, was largely guided by Cheadle's track. Cheadle became one of the earliest fellows of the Royal Geographic Society.

In 1865 he proceeded MA and MD at Cambridge, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians. In the same year he was elected physician to the Western General Dispensary. In 1866 Cheadle was appointed as assistant physician to St Mary's Hospital, where he lectured on pharmacology, pathology, medicine and clinical medicine, and was for many years a dermatologist. He was also Dean of the medical school for four years, 1869-73, during which time the number of students more than doubled. In 1869 he became assistant physician at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. In 1870 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and began an extended connection with the College.

Cheadle acquired a considerable reputation as a consultant on children's diseases. Indeed in his private practice most of his patients were children. He pioneered work on the artificial feeding of infants and on childhood rheumatism. In 1877 he was the first to define a then mysterious childhood disease, which he named 'infantile scurvy'. It was characterised by pain and tenderness of the limbs, haemorrhages, and swellings of the gums. He ascribed the condition to artificial foods that possessed no anti-scorbutic properties. Described as `a radical in politics', Cheadle advocated the admission of women into the medical profession, and was one of the first lecturers at the London Medical School for Women (DNB, 1912, p.358).

It is said that he was at his best as a clinical teacher of senior and postgraduate students' (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.176). It was his example of regard for his patients that wasone of the greatest benefits he conferred upon his students' (BMJ, 1910, p.908). A series of his postgraduate lectures on feeding infants was published under the title, On the Principles and Exact Conditions to be observed in the Artificial Feeding of Infants; the Properties of Artificial Foods; and the Diseases which arise from Faults of Diet in Early Life (1889). His medical writings were considered essentially terse and practical', and none more so than his Occasional Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (1900), which wasfull of practical hints from a mature judgment' (The Lancet, 1910, p.962).

In 1884 Cheadle visited Canada with the British Association, where he contracted dysentery which permanently injured his health. In 1885 he became physician to in-patients at St Mary's. Between 1885-88 he acted as examiner in medicine in the Royal College of Physicians. Cheadle became a councilor at the College in 1889-91, censor in 1892-93, and senior censor in 1898. In 1892 he left the active staff of Great Ormond Street, and became honorary consulting physician. In 1898 he endowed the Cheadle prize and a gold medal for proficiency in clinical medicine at St Mary's. He delivered the Lumleian Lectures at the College in 1900, on cirrhosis of the liver. In 1904 he retired from active service at St Mary's, and became honorary consulting physician.

Cheadle was married twice, first in 1866 to Anne Murgatroyd, by whom he had four sons, all of whom survived him, and secondly in 1892 to Emily Mansel Mansel, Inspector of Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for Nurses. In 1909 Cheadle was operated upon for intestinal obstruction. He died in London on 25 March 1910, and was buried in Eastbourne.

Publications:
The North-West Passage by Land (London, 1865)
On the Principles and Exact Conditions to be observed in the Artificial Feeding of Infants; the Properties of Artificial Foods; and the Diseases which arise from Faults of Diet in Early Life (London, 1889, 5th ed. ed. by Dr F.J. Poynton, 1902)
The Various Manifestations of the Rheumatic State as exemplified in Childhood and Early Life; Lectures delivered before the Harveian Society of London (London, 1889)
1831; A Retrospect (Harveian Society of London, Presidential Address, 1893) (London, 1893)
Occasional Lectures on the Practice of Medicine (London, 1900)
On some Cirrhoses of the Liver (Lumelian Lectures, 1900) (London, 1900)
Cheadle's Journal, being the Account of the First Journey across Canada undertaken for Pleasure only, by Dr Cheadle and Lord Milton, 1862/1863, John Gellner (ed.) (Toronto, 1967?)

The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.

One of twenty-six wards of the City of London, bounded on the north by Bassishaw Ward, on the south by Cordwainer Ward, on the west by Cripplegate Ward and on the east by Coleman Street Ward. The ward contained seven City parish churches: St Lawrence Jewry; St Pancras Soper Lane; St Benet Sherehog; St Mildred Poultry; St Martin Pomeroy; St Mary Colechurch; and All Hallows, Honey Lane.

Cheap Ward Club was established in 1863.

The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council. The Cheap Ward is bounded on the north by Bassishaw Ward, on the south by Cordwainer Ward, on the west by Cripplegate Ward and on the east by Coleman Street Ward. The ward contained seven City parish churches: St Lawrence Jewry; St Pancras Soper Lane; St Benet Sherehog; St Mildred Poultry; St Martin Pomeroy; St Mary Colechurch; and All Hallows, Honey Lane.

Born, 1865; educated Merchant Taylors' School, London, Medical Department, King's College London, 1883-1892; House Surgeon, King's College Hospital, 1888, House Physician, 1889, Sambrooke Surgical Registrar, 1889; Demonstrator of Surgical Pathology, 1892-1894; Assistant Surgeon to King's College Hospital, 1893; Surgeon and Teacher of Surgical Pathology, 1900, replaced Frederic Francis Burghard as Senior Surgeon and Lecturer of Surgery, 1923; Consulting Surgeon, Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902; Surgeon-Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy, serving at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar, Portsmouth and on a hospital ship in the Gallipoli Campaign, 1915; Fellow of King's College London, 1919; retired 1930; Consulting Surgeon to the Hospital and Emeritus Lecturer on Clinical Surgery in the Medical School, 1930; awarded Walker Prize by the Royal College of Surgeons for work on the Pathology and Therapeutics of Cancer, reflecting a life-long interest in carcinomas, especially cancer of the breast, 1931; Honorary Fellow of the College of Surgeons of America, 1932; died 1951.

Publications: Honing Spruit, South Africa (London, 1902); with Max Cutler, Tumours of the breast. Their pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment (Arnold and Co., London, 1931).

The company, of Cachar, India, was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

Robert Ernest Cheesman was born at Westwell, Kent, on 18 October 1878. His younger sister, (Lucy) Evelyn Cheesman (1881-1969), became a well-known entomologist, traveller, writer, and broadcaster. Cheesman was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and Wye Agricultural College; worked for Sharpe and Winch, brewers, of Cranbrook, Kent and was a keen ornithologist. He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Union in 1908, and in 1912-1914 contributed notes to British Birds.

In 1914 Cheesman enlisted in the Buffs, served in India and in the attempted relief of Kut. In 1916 he met Sir Percy Cox, who shared his enthusiasm for birds. Together they undertook to collect the avifauna of Iraq. Cox wanted to organise the growing of vegetables for the troops and persuaded Cheesman to take a commission (1916) in the Indian army reserve of officers. Cheesman then became assistant to the deputy director of agriculture. While Cox was high commissioner in Iraq, Cheesman was his private secretary (1920-1923). He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Club in 1919, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1920, and a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London in 1921.

In 1921 Cheesman mapped the Arabian coast from Uqair to the head of the Gulf of Salwa. He was appointed OBE in 1923. In 1923-1924 he spent eleven weeks at Hufuf and then travelled to Jabrin, receiving the Royal Geographical Society's Gill memorial award in 1925 for this journey. In 1925 he became consul for north-west Ethiopia, resident at Dangila, as a member of the Sudan political service. He visited the source of the Blue Nile several times, first in March 1926. He mapped the river from Tisisat to Wanbera in January-April 1927, returning to Dangila through little-known country. He completed the map from Wanbera to the frontier in February-April 1929 and explored the river from its source to Lake Tana, correcting many cartographical errors, in 1932. He circumnavigated the lake, landing on all the bigger islands and making a compass traverse of the coast, in November 1932-April 1933. He retired in 1934, was made a commander of the Star of Ethiopia, and was appointed CBE, 1935. He received the Royal Geographical Society's patron's medal in 1936 for his explorations, which he described in Lake Tana and the Blue Nile (1936) and was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1920-1962.

In 1940, at the request of the Governor-General of Sudan, Cheesman became head of the Ethiopian section of Intelligence, Sudan Defence Force, first as bimbashi, then as colonel. In 1942 Cheesman became oriental counsellor at the legation, Addis Ababa. In 1944 he retired finally to Cranbrook, having been mentioned in dispatches in both wars. He died on 13 February 1962 in Tunbridge Wells.

The Chefoo School was established by the China Inland Mission - under James Hudson Taylor - at Chefoo (Yantai), northern China, in 1880. Its aim was to provide an education for the children of missionaries and the business and diplomatic communities. The school began as an adjunct to a sanatorium for sick missionaries, but soon grew larger than the hospital itself. In 1881, Mr W L Elliston began to teach the first three pupils (Fred, Ross and Edwin Judd). Between 1881 and 1886, the number of pupils grew to over 100, resident in three departments - the Boys', Girls' and Preparatory School. In 1886 the Boys and Girls schools were separated. By 1894 the children of China Inland Mission workers alone numbered over 200 children. In 1895 a Preparatory School for children aged 5-10 was opened in premises owned by the Mission at Tong-Hsin, three miles away. In 1896 a new Boy's School was built at Chefoo, and enlargements made to the Girls' School, which was opened in 1898. By early 1900, the Preparatory school had moved closer to the main school once more. From 1909-1915, another Preparatory school operated in Kuling, Central China.

The name of the school was originally the 'Protestant Collegiate School'. By 1908, 'China Inland Mission School' was generally used. By 1947, 'Chefoo School' had been adopted, referring to the style of education rather than the place.

Chefoo School was a Christian boarding school, run in accordance with the China Inland Mission's regime. Members of staff were required to be full members of the Mission. The curriculum came to be based on the British system, heavily weighted in favour of classical courses designed to prepare students for entrance to British universities including Oxford and Cambridge. There was also an emphasis on religious education. The Principal took prayers daily, and there were two Sunday services. There were four terms in the school year beginning in February, April, August and October. The school was also strong in sports such as football and rowing. A school magazine entitled The Chefusian began in 1928, and continued until 1942. Earlier attempts at a school magazine included Lux Tenebris in 1887, and The Magnet in the 1920s.

Head Masters at Chefoo included W L Elliston (1881-1886), H L Norris (1886-1889), Frank McCarthy (1895-1930), Pat Bruce (1930-1945), and Stanley Houghton (1947-1950). Under Pat Bruce, there were various innovations at Chefoo including the introduction of co-education in 1934; the construction of a new teaching and preparatory bloc in the same year; the creation of the Chefoo Orchestra in 1930; the teaching of Chinese Studies; and the beginning of a Girl Guides company. In 1936, Chefoo School adopted the Chinese dolphin as its crest (designed by Theodore Hirst).

In 1937 Japan invaded China. Although the Japanese entered Chefoo in that year, British and American citizens were considered as 'neutrals'. The School routine thus continued as normal. This was to change in December 1941, with the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbour. Bruce was soon taken into custody and the Japanese Army took control of the school property. In November 1942, staff and remaining students were interned at the Temple Hill Japanese Internment Camp. In summer 1943, they were moved to Weihsien Internment Camp, where they remained until the end of the War in 1945. During the War, parts of Chefoo School were temporarily opened at Kiating (1941-1944), Kalimpong, India (1944-1946) and Shanghai (1946-1947).

Following the War and the occupation of North China by Communist forces, the School never returned to Chefoo. It was temporarily located at the China Inland Mission Headquarters in Shanghai. In 1947, the Mission purchased the Kuling American School and students and staff gradually returned. By the first summer, there were 126 students. By May 1949, Communist forces had occupied Kuling. The School continued under their observation until 1951. In 1951 the China Inland Mission decided to withdraw completely from China. Between February and April 1951, staff and students of Chefoo School withdrew to Hong Kong where missionary parents awaited their children. Chefoo School in China ceased to exist.

Following its withdrawal, the School was relocated in South East Asia. Chefoo Schools were established in Malaysia (1952-), Japan (1951-1998), the Philippines (1956-1981), Taiwan (1954-1961) and Thailand (1952-1954). Chefoo School Malaysia still operates under the Overseas Missionary Fellowship.

The Chefoo Schools Association was founded in 1908 to operate as an association for all former scholars and past and present members of staff of the Chefoo Schools. The magazine entitled Chefoo (organ of the Chefoo Schools Association) was also produced for the first time in 1908, and still continues today. The Association now has North American, Australian and New Zealand branches. The President of the Association (in 1998) is James H Taylor III.

Further reading: G Martin, Chefoo School, 1881-1951 (Merlin Books Ltd, Devon, 1990).

The first Co-operative in Chelmsford - a coal club - was formed in 1847. Then, in 1867, Chelmsford Star Co-operative Society was established by a small number of employees of the London Road Iron Works: it was their intention to become "the Star of the County". The first shop was opened in Tindal Street and despite the economic problems of the 1870s the Society prospered to such an extent that its members soon decided to build a new store in Moulsham Street on the site of the present day Quadrant. Opened in 1881 by the author of Tom Brown's School Days, Thomas Hughes.
The Countess of Warwick, a leading advocate for the Co-operative movement, opened an extension to the building in 1902. Year by year, the range of products increased. More shops were opened in other parts of Chelmsford and in the surrounding villages. The Society also acted as an agency for the Co-operative Building Society and the Insurance Society.
A Co-operative Women's Guild was established by the Society's membership in 1906 and an Education Committee, funded and elected by members was formed in 1925. The promotion of Co-operative principles was a key element of the Education Committee's work and, with the establishment of International Co-operative Day in 1923, it pursued its task vigorously. International Co-operative Day held on the first Saturday in July, was a grand affair and until the Second World War up to a thousand children participated in the celebrations. During the First World War, with food shortages a serious problem, the Guild played its part in ensuring that food was shared fairly. Then, when unemployment became a social catastrophe during the 1930s, Chelmsford Star helped to alleviate some of the harshest cases of poverty by providing families with boots, clothing and food parcels. Later, when the Hunger Marchers passed through Chelmsford on their way to London it was Chelmsford Star that provided them with a meal and repaired their boots. By the Second World War, Chelmsford Star had a shop in virtually every locality within the town and surrounding countryside. It had established its own abattoir, mobile shops, travel department, clothing store, funeral service and much more. It had also established a Co-operative Party Council in 1943 and the Education Committee had formed Youth and Children's Clubs.
Since its formation, Chelmsford Star has supported the community; as early as 1883 when donations were needed for the Chelmsford Infirmary, the membership regularly agreed to allocate part of their surplus to the hospital. Throughout its entire history the Society has sponsored many local organisations. That tradition has continued. In the 1970s the Society organised a series of annual 'It's a Knockout' competitions; a new phase of community activity commenced in the 1980s when it held its hugely successful 'Fun Days'. These attracted leading stars of stage and screen, many thousands of people enjoying the entertainment. Of no less importance, through its Education Committee, Women's Guild, membership, staff and supporters, huge sums were donated each year to local charities.
The Society's award winning Community Card now fulfils the same objectives, and the basic Co-operative principles that were established in the middle of the 19th century, are still an essential feature of the Society's present day trading strategy.
The Society continues to support many local causes and activities, including the Essex Adversity Awards and Newpalm Productions, who produce Chelmsford's annual pantomime at the Civic Theatre.
Finally, the Society became a founder member of Co-operative Action, established in 2002. It was set up to promote the development of Co-operative, mutual and social enterprise solutions, throughout the country and provides financial assistance via grants or loans.

The South-Western Polytechnic Institute was founded in 1891 and from 1895 was known as the South-Western Polytechnic, then from 1922-1956 as Chelsea Polytechnic. South-Western initially aimed to improve the level of technical education available to working class men, and also offered courses in domestic economy for girls wishing to enter domestic service. By 1908-1909 South-Western consisted of a Day College for Men, Day College for Women, School of Art, schools for boys and girls, and evening classes in a range of subjects, including mathematics, physics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and building, chemistry and metallurgy, natural science, languages, commerce, domestic economy, art, music and physical training.

The South-Western Polytechnic (later Chelsea Polytechnic/College) Department of Physics and Mathematics was divided into two separate departments in 1907. Until 1918-1919, much of the work conducted by the department was ancillary to the Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. These departments were then transferred to Battersea Polytechnic. The Department of Mathematics subsequently developed courses for the General and Special degrees of the University of London. During the Second World War, scientific research development stimulated the need for mathematical education, and shortly after the war, advanced courses were introduced at the request of physicists of the EMI Research Laboratories and GEC Research laboratories that developed into lecture courses for the MSc degree of the University of London. Mathematics teaching was transferred to King's College when King's and Chelsea merged in 1985.

Physiology was originally part of the Department of Natural Science at Chelsea Polytechnic and, from 1933, the Department of Biology. Instruction in Physiology continued to be provided by this department until 1951, and mostly comprised teaching for the intermediate and final BSc General degree of the University of London. Some instruction was also provided for Pharmacy students, but Physiology constituted only a small part of the course and Pharmacology was not taught. The Department of Physiology was formed in 1952 then, in 1954, the growing importance of Pharmacology was finally acknowledged and a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology was created. This became a major department with an emphasis on evening and part-time classes gradually giving way to more full-time courses. Postgraduate and research courses were provided alongside the BSc Special degree in Physiology. Pharmacology was introduced as a specialised subject for the BPharm, while a Diploma of Technology was instituted in 1958. Physiology and Pharmacology were split into separate departments when Chelsea was incorporated into the University of London in 1966. The Department of Physiology continued at Chelsea College until the merger with King's College London in 1985.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project, set up in 1961, operated via subject-based sections, each run by an organiser and based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, backed by a consultative committee and working party. The projects developed content and methods of presentation in science teaching at various levels.

The Nuffield Foundation was created in 1943 with a benefaction from William Richard Morris, Lord Nuffield, of shares to the value of ten million pounds in Morris Motors Ltd. The annual income of the Foundation (in 1965, two and a half million pounds) was divided between various fields of activity including medical, biological and other scientific research, and the advancement of education. In December 1961 the Trustees of the Foundation agreed to set aside £250,000 towards a comprehensive programme to further the teaching of science and mathematics in schools. Details of the programme were publicly announced in the House of Commons by Sir David Eccles, Minister of Education. In physics, chemistry and biology a full-time organiser was appointed to lead the work of the section, each backed by a small consultative committee, and based at the Foundation's headquarters at Chelsea College, London. In 1964 the Trustees recognised that the development of O-level courses would make necessary the development of materials for A-level students. Plans were drawn up for programmes of development leading to A-level courses in biology, physics, chemistry, and physical sciences, using material drawn from both chemistry and physics. A-level courses were introduced into trial schools in September 1966 in chemistry, physical science and biology, and A-level examinations provided between 1968 and 1970 in those subjects and in physics. Working parties, variously composed but generally including a university professor, a university lecturer, a school teacher and a member of the headquarters team, served the projects. They aimed to provide expert advice on content and methods of presentation and to ensure that the approach adopted was suited to the needs of future university students.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. Film loops were produced as teaching aids.

The Nuffield Foundation A-level Physical Science course was planned as an alternative to sixth-form physics and chemistry. The exercise was initiated in 1965 under the control of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project and was organised by Dr John E Spice, Senior Chemistry Master at Winchester College. The first meeting of the Physical Sciences Group with physicists and chemists from the trials schools to discuss the content of the course and form of examination was held in March 1966. Members of the Group, who worked part-time, were responsible for planning and writing the course. The course began in sixteen 'trials schools' (Atlantic College; Bletchley Grammar School; Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School; Cardinal Hinsley Grammar School in Bradford; Christ's Hospital; City of London Girls' School; Cleveland Grammar School in Redcar; Dauntsey's School; Dudley High School; Eastbourne Grammer School; Elizabeth College in Guernsey; Gordonstoun School; Marlborough College; Seaford College in Petworth; Watford Grammar School; and Winchester College) in September 1966 and the first candidates were examined in June 1968.

In 1965 the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project (NFSTP) set aside £100,000 for a programme of curriculum development in Biology A-level (BAL). The work was directed by joint organisers, Mr J P Kelly (of NFSTP) and Mr W H Dowdeswell (of Winchester College), and was guided by a consultative committee under the chairmanship of Professor J H Burnett, Professor of Botany at Newcastle University, with Professor D R Newth, Professor of Zoology at Glasgow University, as vice-chairman. The trials scheme was initially devised for the period September 1966 to July 1968. The teaching materials developed for the scheme included the Teachers' Guide, the Laboratory Handbook and the Projects Handbook. The students received the Laboratory Guide and Practical Book, the Problem Book and Student Study Books and Papers.

The proposals of a biology panel of 1961 (made up of members of both the Science Masters Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers, later the Association for Science Education) to discuss teaching methods for Biology O-level (BOL) formed the starting point for deliberations of the Biology Section of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project. As a first step in 1962 a group of teachers was appointed to draft a complete O-level course in biology. The third year was tried out in schools during 1963-1964. During the following year, all five years were tried out. The draft publications were then revised on the basis of teachers' and pupils' criticism. The course organiser was Mr W H Dowdeswell, and the consultative committee consisted of Professor M M Swann, Mr D P Bennett, Mr C D Bingham, Dr J K Brierley, Professor J H Burnett, Professor G E Fogg, Miss M Going, Mr E J Machin, Mr S T S Skillin, and Dr N Tinbergen. Others involved in the compilation and testing of material and writing of books made up the Team Leaders and Area Leaders. The Nuffield Foundation Biology Project was envisaged as a five-year course for pupils between the ages of 11 and 16. The first two years, covering the ages 11 to 13, represented the introductory phase in which the groundwork was laid. The final three years represented the O-level examination. Schools were encouraged to start pupils at Year I or Year III. A Text and Teachers' Guide was produced for each of the five years of the course. Examinations in the Biology O-level were first set in summer 1965 for pupils from trial schools only. Similar examinations were held in 1966 and 1967. For the years following the GCE Examining Boards agreed that a Nuffield O-level paper would be set for all candidates wishing to enter. The Nuffield O-level Biology Continuation related to evaluation of BOL materials, and concentrated on four areas: content analysis; teacher opinion; implementation in schools; and examinations. The analysis included a questionnaire and was carried out in 1970.

The development of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project A-level Chemistry course was the responsibility of Mr E H Coulson. The trial schools originally numbered twelve and were selected to give a reasonable range of pupil ability, type of school and geographical distribution. In all, some 250 pupils were involved, taking the first A-level examination in the summer of 1968. Publications included the Teachers' Guide, suggesting lines of treatment for topics in the course; the Pupils' Guide to experimental investigations; and Data Sheets, for use in discussing problems and ideas arising from experimental work and to provide information needed in answering questions set for homework and in examinations. Other materials included Information for Pupils, providing material not present in other text books; and Specimen Problems to cover all aspects of work done, including a range of questions. Special Studies at Chemistry A-level involved the study by students of two courses chosen from Metallurgy, Chemical Engineering, Biochemistry or Food Science, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Ion Exchange Processes and Natural and Synthetic Fibres.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project (NFSTP) Chemistry O-level Project began in 1962, when a small team was established to prepare and publish materials for a five-year course. The organiser was Mr H F Halliwell, supported by members of the NFSTP headquarters team at Chelsea College, the consultative committee, and area leaders. In 1970 R B Ingle prepared and circulated a detailed questionnaire, sent to some 200 schools which entered pupils for the 1970 GCE examination, identifying areas of the course needing revision.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project Combined Science Project was intended for children in the 11 to 13 age range, and aimed to be adaptable for use within a range of abilities. The subject matter of the course was based on the material developed by the separate O-Level Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Projects in biology, chemistry and physics, and was divided into ten sections: the world around us; looking for patterns; how living things begin; air; electricity; water; small things; earth; insects; and energy. The organiser of the project was M J Elwell, guided by the consultative committee under the chairmanship of Professor M Stacey.

The Junior Science Project or Section (also known as Primary Science) of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project completed its investigation into the teaching of science in the primary school age group in December 1966. Trials of the materials produced from a team of eight workers seconded from schools and colleges had begun in 1965 in schools drawn from twelve pilot areas set up by the Schools Council. In all areas, local authorities agreed to set up teachers' centres and the Schools Council ran introductory courses for teachers, area leaders and administrators. Links were established with the Nuffield Mathematics Teaching Project. The continuation project, sponsored jointly by the Nuffield Foundation and Schools Council, was established to run from 1967 to 1970. The course was designed for children in the 5 to 13 age group. The organiser was E R Wastnedge.

The Physics Project of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project was initially designed for pupils between the ages of 11 and 16, and ended with examination at O-level. Work on the project was controlled by the joint organisers, Dr P J Black and J M Ogborn. The first trials of the course began in September 1968 in 24 schools, a total of 500 students. The first trial A-level was set in June 1970. Physics A-level trial schools included Mill Mount Grammar School, York; Monks Park School, Bristol; Ormskirk Grammar School; City of Portsmouth Highbury Technical College; Repton School in Derby; La Retraite School, Bristol; Royal Belfast Academical Institution; Rugby School; St Malachy's College, Belfast; Sale Grammar School; Surbiton County Grammar School; Teesdale School; William Ellis School, London; and Worcester Royal Grammar School.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. The Publications Department produced materials for these projects in physical science, physics, chemistry and biology at different levels. Many were published jointly by Longman and Penguin, with Penguin handling most of the production and design and Longman handling distribution, sales and some editing.