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The proposals of a biology panel of 1961 (made up of members of both the Science Masters Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers, later the Association for Science Education) to discuss teaching methods for Biology O-level (BOL) formed the starting point for deliberations of the Biology Section of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project. As a first step in 1962 a group of teachers was appointed to draft a complete O-level course in biology. The third year was tried out in schools during 1963-1964. During the following year, all five years were tried out. The draft publications were then revised on the basis of teachers' and pupils' criticism. The course organiser was Mr W H Dowdeswell, and the consultative committee consisted of Professor M M Swann, Mr D P Bennett, Mr C D Bingham, Dr J K Brierley, Professor J H Burnett, Professor G E Fogg, Miss M Going, Mr E J Machin, Mr S T S Skillin, and Dr N Tinbergen. Others involved in the compilation and testing of material and writing of books made up the Team Leaders and Area Leaders. The Nuffield Foundation Biology Project was envisaged as a five-year course for pupils between the ages of 11 and 16. The first two years, covering the ages 11 to 13, represented the introductory phase in which the groundwork was laid. The final three years represented the O-level examination. Schools were encouraged to start pupils at Year I or Year III. A Text and Teachers' Guide was produced for each of the five years of the course. Examinations in the Biology O-level were first set in summer 1965 for pupils from trial schools only. Similar examinations were held in 1966 and 1967. For the years following the GCE Examining Boards agreed that a Nuffield O-level paper would be set for all candidates wishing to enter. The Nuffield O-level Biology Continuation related to evaluation of BOL materials, and concentrated on four areas: content analysis; teacher opinion; implementation in schools; and examinations. The analysis included a questionnaire and was carried out in 1970.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. Film loops were produced as teaching aids.

The development of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project A-level Chemistry course was the responsibility of Mr E H Coulson. The trial schools originally numbered twelve and were selected to give a reasonable range of pupil ability, type of school and geographical distribution. In all, some 250 pupils were involved, taking the first A-level examination in the summer of 1968. Publications included the Teachers' Guide, suggesting lines of treatment for topics in the course; the Pupils' Guide to experimental investigations; and Data Sheets, for use in discussing problems and ideas arising from experimental work and to provide information needed in answering questions set for homework and in examinations. Other materials included Information for Pupils, providing material not present in other text books; and Specimen Problems to cover all aspects of work done, including a range of questions. Special Studies at Chemistry A-level involved the study by students of two courses chosen from Metallurgy, Chemical Engineering, Biochemistry or Food Science, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Ion Exchange Processes and Natural and Synthetic Fibres.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project (NFSTP) Chemistry O-level Project began in 1962, when a small team was established to prepare and publish materials for a five-year course. The organiser was Mr H F Halliwell, supported by members of the NFSTP headquarters team at Chelsea College, the consultative committee, and area leaders. In 1970 R B Ingle prepared and circulated a detailed questionnaire, sent to some 200 schools which entered pupils for the 1970 GCE examination, identifying areas of the course needing revision.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project Combined Science Project was intended for children in the 11 to 13 age range, and aimed to be adaptable for use within a range of abilities. The subject matter of the course was based on the material developed by the separate O-Level Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Projects in biology, chemistry and physics, and was divided into ten sections: the world around us; looking for patterns; how living things begin; air; electricity; water; small things; earth; insects; and energy. The organiser of the project was M J Elwell, guided by the consultative committee under the chairmanship of Professor M Stacey.

The Junior Science Project or Section (also known as Primary Science) of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project completed its investigation into the teaching of science in the primary school age group in December 1966. Trials of the materials produced from a team of eight workers seconded from schools and colleges had begun in 1965 in schools drawn from twelve pilot areas set up by the Schools Council. In all areas, local authorities agreed to set up teachers' centres and the Schools Council ran introductory courses for teachers, area leaders and administrators. Links were established with the Nuffield Mathematics Teaching Project. The continuation project, sponsored jointly by the Nuffield Foundation and Schools Council, was established to run from 1967 to 1970. The course was designed for children in the 5 to 13 age group. The organiser was E R Wastnedge.

The Physics Project of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project was initially designed for pupils between the ages of 11 and 16, and ended with examination at O-level. Work on the project was controlled by the joint organisers, Dr P J Black and J M Ogborn. The first trials of the course began in September 1968 in 24 schools, a total of 500 students. The first trial A-level was set in June 1970. Physics A-level trial schools included Mill Mount Grammar School, York; Monks Park School, Bristol; Ormskirk Grammar School; City of Portsmouth Highbury Technical College; Repton School in Derby; La Retraite School, Bristol; Royal Belfast Academical Institution; Rugby School; St Malachy's College, Belfast; Sale Grammar School; Surbiton County Grammar School; Teesdale School; William Ellis School, London; and Worcester Royal Grammar School.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. The Publications Department produced materials for these projects in physical science, physics, chemistry and biology at different levels. Many were published jointly by Longman and Penguin, with Penguin handling most of the production and design and Longman handling distribution, sales and some editing.

The Secondary Science Section of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project was concerned with the preparation of material for pupils in secondary schools aged between 13 and 16 who were unlikely to be entered for O-level papers in science. The work was based on the ideas of the Schools Council Working Paper Number I. The scheme was built around eight major themes: the interdependence of living things; the continuity of life; the biology of man; harnessing energy; extension of sense perception; movement; using materials; and the earth and its place in the universe. Each theme consisted of several 'fields' of study, and teachers were encouraged to choose their own 'routes' to determine the emphasis and timetabling of each theme. In the spring term of 1966 a small-scale feasibility trial was conducted in 15 schools, with emphasis on the suitability of pupils' material. Full-scale development trials started in 53 schools in September 1967. The organiser of the Secondary Science course was Hilda Misselbrook, assisted by Mr L G Smith as consultant and two observers, Dr J K Brierley and Mr T R Jenkyn (both Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools).

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project, set up in 1961, operated via subject-based sections, each run by an organiser and based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, backed by a consultative committee and working party. The projects developed content and methods of presentation in science teaching at various levels.

The Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project operated via sections based at the Project's headquarters at Chelsea College, London, developing content and methods of presentation for teaching science subjects at various levels. The Publications Department produced materials for these projects in physical science, physics, chemistry and biology at different levels.

Constance Road Workhouse/Institution

The Constance Road Workhouse/Institution was founded in the Parish of St Giles in Camberwell, and existed from 1892 to 1937. In 1914 the title 'Workhouse' was changed to 'Institution'. In 1929 a Local Government Act transferred the care of Poor Law hospitals to the local County Councils, who were also given responsibility for the sick in their area. London County Council took over the parish of St Giles. The Institution became St Francis Hospital in 1937.

Born 1778; educated at schools at Dorking, Putney and Kensington; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1796, graduated BA as second wrangler and second Smith's prizeman; member's prize for Latin essay, and elected Fellow, 1801; ordained deacon, 1802; ordained priest, 1803; curate of Wrotham, Kent, 1804-1806; moderator, University of Cambridge, 1806-1809; Proctor, 1808; Select preacher, 1809-1811; appointed Hulsean Christian Advocate, 1811; appointed domestic chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1813; frequently contributed to the Quarterly Review, whilst resident at Cambridge, c.1806-1813; rector of Buxted, Sussex, 1815; rector of Lambeth, Surrey, and Sundridge, Kent, 1820; treasurer to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, member of the London committee of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and a principal promoter of the establishment of King's College London, attacking the secular London University (now University College London) by his letter to Sir Robert Peel signed 'Christianus'; died 1846.
Publications: Letters to Sir William Drummond and Remarks on Sir William Drummond's Oedipus Judaicus (1813); Two discourses preached before the University of Cambridge on the doctrine of a particular providence and modern unitarianism (1812); D'Oyly and Mant's Bible (with Reverend R Mant), (for SPCK, 1814); Life of Archbishop Sancroft, 2 vols (1821); Sermons, chiefly doctrinal, with notes (1827).

Dulwich Hospital

Dulwich Hospital started life as the Champion Hill Infirmary of St Saviour's Union in 1886. In 1921 it became Southwark Hospital and in 1931, when London County Council took over the running of it, it became Dulwich Hospital. In 1948, when the National Health Service Act came into operation, the Hospital came under the administrative control of Camberwell Hospital Management Committee, which included St Giles and St Francis Hospitals. This Committee was under the South East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. In 1964, Dulwich Hospital joined King's College Hospital Group. Dulwich Hospital produced patient case notes in the course of its business.

Dulwich Hospital Nursing School

Dulwich Hospital started life as the Champion Hill Infirmary of St Saviour's Union in 1886. In 1921 it became Southwark Hospital and in 1931, when London County Council took over the running of it, it became Dulwich Hospital. In 1948, when the National Health Service Act came into operation, the Hospital came under the administrative control of Camberwell Hospital Management Committee, which included St Giles and St Francis Hospitals. This Committee was under the South East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. In 1964, Dulwich Hospital joined King's College Hospital Group, which resulted in the nursing schools being merged.

Student at Eton College in 1841; edited Demosthenes peri tou stefanou. The Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown. The Greek text of the Zurich edition with explanatory notes (Macmillan, Cambridge, 1851) and Aeschyli Eumenides. The Greek text, with English notes, an English verse translation; and an introduction, containing an analysis of the dissertations of C. O. Müller (Macmillan, Cambridge, 1853).

Evelina Hospital, Southwark Bridge Road, London, was a voluntary hospital for children, founded in 1869. In 1948 it became part of the Guy's Hospital Group, and in 1974 Guy's Health District (Teaching). Evelina Hospital closed in 1975.

Born 1885; Professor Ordinarius of Latin language and literature, University of Groningen, Netherlands; Vice President of the British Classical Association; died 1960.Publications: Ad propertii carmina commentarius criticus (Zutphen, 1911); Gratti Cynegeticon quae supersunt of Faliscus Gratius (Zutphen, 1918); Handboek der latijnsche letterkunde (Zutphen, 1928-37); Plauti Mercato (A W Sijthoff, 1932); Propertii Elegiarum of Sextus Propertius (1946); Plauti Truculentus of Titus Maccius Plautus (1953); Catalogus librorum quos M. Tullius Cicero : scripsit eorumque qui de ipso eisque agunt qui libri omnes veneunt in aedibus E. J. Brill bibliopolae leidensis (Brill, Leiden, 1958).

Born 1881; Associate of King's College London, 1907; Bachelor of Divinity, University of London, 1908; ordained deacon, 1907, and priest, 1908; Curate of St Mary, Rotherhithe, 1907-1913; Vice Principal of St Paul's Missionary College, and licentiate preacher, Diocese of Lincoln, 1913-1918; lecturer at St Paul's Missionary College, 1918-1920; Assistant Diocesan Inspector of Schools, Lincoln, 1918-1920; Chaplain to Te Aute College, Napier, New Zealand, 1921-1922; Vicar of Featherstone, 1922-1924; Vicar of Khandallah, 1924-1927; Vicar of Winthorpe, Lincolnshire, 1919-1920, and 1928-1937; died 1941.

Publications: The Longer Commentary of R. David Kimhi on the First Book of Psalms, I-X, XV-XVII, XIX, XXII, XXIV (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London; Macmillan Co, New York, 1919); The Synagogue Lectionary and the New Testament. A study of the three-year cycle of readings from the Law and the Prophets, as a contribution to New Testament chronology (S.P.C.K., London, 1939).

Born in Belize, British Honduras, 1886; son of Charles Reginald Hoffmeister; took the name Halliday, 1905; educated at Winchester; New College Oxford; 1st class Literae Humaniores, 1908; Craven Fellow, 1909; studied at Berlin University and British School, Athens; Lecturer on Greek History and Archaeology, University of Glasgow, 1911-1914; Rathbone Professor of Ancient History, University of Liverpool, 1914-1928; Lieutenant, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, and Intelligence Officer in Greece, 1916-1918; Chevalier of the Order of the Redeemer (Greek), despatches, 1918; Principal of King's College London, 1928-1952; Deputy Vice Chancellor of University of London, 1932-1933; Chairman of Collegiate Council, 1932-1934, 1944-1946; Member of the Court of the University of London, 1933-1951; Chairman of the National Froebel Union, 1936-1943; knighted 1946; died 1966. Publications include: Greek Divination (1913); with R M Dawkins, Modern Greek in Asia Minor (1916); Lectures on the History of Roman Religion (1922); The Growth of the City State (1923); Folklore Studies, Ancient and Modern (1924); The Pagan Background of Early Christianity (1925); Greek and Roman Folklore (1927); Introduction to Penzer-Tawney, The Ocean of Story, volume viii (1927); The Greek Questions of Plutarch (1928); Indo-European Folk-Tales and Greek Legend (1933); Sir Thomas Cockaine, a Short Treatise of Hunting (1932); with T W Allen and E E Sikes, The Homeric Hymns (1936).

Lived at Kelmarsh, Northamptonshire; proposed Fellow of the Royal Society by Thomas Isted, Sir Hans Sloane and William Sloane and elected, 1728; also Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries; died, 1768. Published 'An account of coal balls made at Liege', Philosophical Transactions, 41 (1739-1741), p 672.

Hunter , John , 1728-1793 , surgeon

Born 1728; worked as cabinet maker for brother-in-law in Glasgow; assisted brother William at his London dissecting room, 1748; attended Chelsea Hospital, 1749-1750; studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1751; appointed a master of anatomy at the Surgeons' Corporation, 1753; surgeon's pupil at St George's Hospital, London, from 1754; matriculated, St Mary Hall, Oxford, 1755; staff surgeon on expedition to Belleisle, 1761; served with British Army in Portugal, 1762; practised as surgeon in Golden Square, London, 1763; Surgeon, St George's Hospital, 1768; takes in house pupils including Edward Jenner, 1768; begins to lecture on the principles and practice of surgery, 1773; work on the human placenta including paper read before the Royal Society, London, 1780; builds new museum to house his extensive collection of anatomical specimens, 1785; died, 1793; posthumous publication of major work, A treatise on the blood, inflammation, and gunshot wounds (London, 1794). Publications: include A treatise on the natural history of the human teeth (London, 1771, 1778); A treatise on the venereal disease (London, 1786); A treatise on the blood, inflammation, and gunshot wounds (London, 1794); Directions for preserving animals and parts of animals for anatomical investigation (London, 1809); James Palmer ed., The works of John Hunter, 4 vols (London, 1835-1837); Observations and reflections on geology (London, 1859); Sir R Owen ed., Essays and observations on natural history, anatomy, physiology, psychology and geology, 2 vols (London, 1861).

The Addictions Research Unit was set up in 1967 with funding from the Ministry of Health, housing together the Alcoholism team (founded in 1963) and the newly formed Drug research team. The Tobacco research team (originally named Smoking Studies) was added in Jul 1969. In later years further research teams were formed including the Self-help Groups research team, the Natural History team (studying the natural history of narcotic dependence and alcoholism) and the Epidemiological studies of Barbiturate and Poly-drug use. The Addictions Research Unit is part of the Department of Psychiatry within the Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry. It works hand in hand with the Addictions Division (part of the Specialist Services Directorate) of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) to improve understanding of addiction to drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and to develop effective preventative and treatment interventions. Together, they are known as The National Addiction Centre (NAC). Over the last 30 years, the NAC has developed a body of research evidence that has informed the development of new treatment services for alcohol, smoking and drug problems in the UK. This work ranges from trials of new therapies and preventative treatments to studies seeking to understand the genetic and biological basis of addictive behaviour.

The Tobacco Research Team was founded in 1969, as the third research team of the Addiction Research Unit (after alcohol and drugs) at the Institute of Psychiatry. The role of the Tobacco Research Team is to increase understanding of the psychological and pharmacological aspects of tobacco dependence and develop more effective interventions to reduce tobacco-related diseases. The team was led by Professor Michael Russell for many years.

The Befriending Project was established in 1991 by Professor George Brown and Dr Tirril Harris, based at the Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry Department of the Institute of Psychiatry, later part of King's College London. This was a randomised controlled trial, comprising two stages. The project investigated whether befriending could improve remission rates from chronic depression.

The first stage of the project comprised interviews; the sample patients were divided into three groups and given ID numbers; these were: the intervention group containing 60 patients, the control group containing 60 patients and a group of 56 volunteer befrienders.

During the second stage of the project those in the control group, who had been followed up and found not to have recovered, were offered befriending and many accepted. These patients were given a second ID number and formed part of the second stage intervention group; new participants and new control group members joined the project at this stage.

Professor George Brown's teams used psychosocial measures originally developed to explain the onset of depressive episodes, factors which might also perpetuate disorder, including the LEDS (Life Events and Difficulties Schedule) with SLEDS (Shortened Life Events and Difficulties Schedule), Professor George Brown and Dr Tirril Harris, 1978; the SESS (Self Evaluation and Social Support Schedule), Brown et al, 1986, 1990; the COPI (Coping with Severe Events and Difficulties Interview), Professor Antonia Bifulco and Brown, 1996; the CECA (Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse) with MINICECA, Bifulco, Brown and Harris, 1994; the ASI (Attachment Style Interview) Bifulco et al, 2002 with the Bedford College version of the SCAN (Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry), Professor John Wing et al, 1990. The project spanned four years.

The Camberwell Register was set up in 1964 by the Medical Research Council Social Psychiatry Unit led by Dr Lorna Wing, based at the Institute of Psychiatry, now part of King's College London. It began operation in January 1965. Its purpose was to provide an in-depth and cumulative source of data on the users of psychiatric services in a defined geographical area to test various hypotheses concerning the influence of social factors on the onset, course and outcome of psychiatric disorders. Camberwell was chosen as a testing ground because of the vicinity of the Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospitals, and it constituted one of a number of such registers to be compiled at this time in the United Kingdom and internationally, most notably at Aberdeen, Cardiff, Worcester, Nottingham and Northampton. It measured contact and monitored changes in the uptake of services and collected social and clinical information on sufferers and included both in-patients and out-patients. Data was initially only accumulated in hard-copy but was later also transferred to temporary electronic storage based at the University of London Computer Centre. Analysis programs were written to provide year by year statistics on the progress of the project. The register evaluated the effectiveness of competing community-based and hospital-based rehabilitation, the value of specialised psychotherapy and long term support, and provided invaluable statistics on the demography, socio-economic breakdown and distribution of the mentally ill, their support and care. The project ended in 1984 but follow-up data has accrued since then.

Institute of Psychiatry

CUTLASS was an Institute of Psychiatry research study, conducted 1999-2000. Funded by the National Health Service, the study aimed to establish whether the financial cost of new atypical medications for schizophrenia were offset by an increased quality of life for the patient.

In 1987 the Institute of Psychiatry ran the Familial and Environmental Factors in Functional Psychosis Study. The study aimed to establish the significance of familial and early environmental factors in psychotic illness. The study involved interviewing patients and first degree relatives (preferably the mother), examining patients' educational history prior to illness and taking CT (computerised tomography) scans.

The National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS) project was conducted 1995-2000 to gather information in England and Wales about the treatment outcomes of more than a thousand problem drug users who were recruited into 54 residential or community treatment programmes. It was conducted by the The National Addiction Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry and funded by the Department of Health.

The Substance Misuse Advisory Service (SMAS) was set up, following the review of the Health Advisory Service in 1996, to replace the Drug Advisory
Service. SMAS became operational on 1 Oct 1997 and was a three year, centrally-funded project by the consortium which assumed responsibility for the Health Advisory Service (the Royal College of Psychiatry, the British Geriatric Society and the Office of Public Management). The aim of SMAS was to assist health and local authorities in England in developing their commissioning practice and improving the quality of drug and alcohol treatment services available. It eventually became part of the National Treatment Agency.

Institute of Psychiatry

Photographs displayed on the walls in a corridor at the Institute of Psychiatry. They were taken down when the Neurology Building in Windsor Walk was opened in 1980.

Born 16 May 1931; educated University of Birmingham; House Physician and House Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, 1956-1957; Medical Officer, Wheatley Military Hospital, 1957-1959; Registrar, United Oxford Hospitals, 1959-1960; Registrar, later Senior Registrar, Maudsley Hospital, London, 1960-1966; Consultant in Psychological Medicine, National Hospital and Maida Vale Hospital, London, 1966-1967; Senior Lecturer in Psychological Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital and Royal Postgraduate Medical School, 1967-1969; Consultant Psychiatrist, Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals, 1967-1974; Reader in Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1974-1979; Professor of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1979-1993; Visiting Fellow, Green College, Oxford, 1983; Advisor to Bermuda Hospitals Board, 1971; Scientific Advisor, Department of Health and Social Security, 1979-1982; Civilian Consultant, Royal Air Force, 1987-1993; retired 1993. Author of physiology and psychology papers on brain maturation, cerebral dominance, organisation of memory; clinical papers on head injury, dementia, epilepsy, neuroimaging, and alcoholic brain damage.
Publications: Organic Psychiatry: the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder (1st edition 1978, 2nd edition 1987, 3rd edition 1997). Lishman was approached by Blackwells Scientific Publications and encouraged by Sir Aubrey Lewis, Chair of Psychiatry at the Institute of Phychiatry to write a textbook on the organic basis to mental disease. The result was Organic Psychiatry, a seminal text in the fields of neurology and psychiatry. At the time of writing it is still widely used in the teaching of medicine and is part of the Neuropsychiatry training pack.

Born 1937; MB ChB, Birmingham University Medical School, 1961; House Officer, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, 1961-1962; Senior House Officer, 1962-1963; Senior House Officer, Maudsley Hospital, 1963-1964; Registrar and Honorary Senior Registrar, Maudsley, 1965-1971; diploma in psychological medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, 1966; research worker, Institute of Psychiatry, 1967-1969; MD, Birmingham, 1969; lecturer, 1969-1971; Member, Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1971; Senior Lecturer in forensic psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1971-1978; Consultant Psychiatrist, Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospital, 1971-2002; Director, Special Hospitals Research Unit, 1975-1978; advisor, House of Commons Select Committee on 'Violence in marriage', 1975; Head of Forensic Psychiatry section, Institute of Psychiatry, 1978-1987; Fellow, Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1980.

Member of the Home Secretary's advisory board on restricted patients, 1982-1991; advisor, Prison Medical Service, 1986; World Health Organisation specialist advisor in forensic psychiatry to China, 1987; member, Royal Commission on criminal justice, 1991-1993; consultant, European Committee for Prevention of Torture, 1993-; Chairman, Royal College of Psychiatrists' Faculty of Forensic Psychiatry, 2000-2004; member, Parole Board for England and Wales, 2006-.

Born in Adelaide, South Australia, 1900; educated at the Christian Brothers' College, Adelaide and Adelaide University medical school, graduated MB BCh, 1923; resident medical officer, subsequently medical registrar and surgical registrar, Adelaide Hospital, 1923-1926; undertook anthropological studies of Indigenous Australian peoples, 1926; awarded Rockefeller Fellowship in Psychiatry and trained in Boston, Baltimore, London, Heidelberg and Berlin, 1926-1928; Member of Royal College of Physicians, 1928; research fellow, Maudsley Hospital, London, 1928; psychiatrist, Maudsley Hospital, 1929; qualified as Doctor of Medicine, 1931; consultant, Maudsley Hospital, 1932; married Hilda North Stoessiger, 1934; Clinical Director, Maudsley Hospital, 1936; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1938; Clinical Director, Mill Hill Emergency Hospital, 1939-1945; served on the Expert Committee on the Work of Psychiatrists and Psychologists in the Services, 1942; honorary secretary to the neurosis subcommittee of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, 1942; served on the Advisory Committee on Army Psychiatry; appointed Professor of Psychiatry at the University of London, 1946; honorary director of the occupational psychiatry research unit (later the social psychiatry unit), Medical Research Council, 1948; became first psychiatrist to be member of Medical Research Council, 1952; knighted 1959; member of the American Philosophical Society, 1961; retired from the Maudsley Hospital and appointed Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, 1966; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1972; died, 1975.

Bachelor of Medicine and of Surgeory, 1966; BSc Psychology, 1971; Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1975; Medical Director Bethlem and Maudsley Trust; Consultant Child Psychiatrist, King's College Hospital and Brixton Child Guidance Unit, [1976-1978]; Belgrave Clinic, [1980-1990]; Senior Registrar, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street; Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, South London and Maudsley Trust, c 2001.

Born 1915; Consultant Psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital and Bethlem Royal Hospital, based primarily at the Maudsley; last Physician to the Bethlem; characterized Leigh disease, also called sub-acute necrotizing encephalopathy Leigh syndrome, 1951; Secretary General of the World Psychiatric Association, [1977]; died, 1998.

Publications: The Historical Development of British Psychiatry: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century, Volume I (New York, Pergamon Press, 1961).

Born, Scotland, 1940; BSc, Psychology, University of Aberdeen, 1962; diploma in clinical psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, 1963; Scientific Officer Medical Research Council, 1963-1964; Research Officer, Department of Child Development, University of London Institute of Education working on educational and medical survey of schoolchildren, Isle of Wight, under Professor Jack Tizard, 1965-1968; Lecturer in Child Development, Institute of Education, 1968-1969; Lecturer in Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, 1968-1969; appointed Honorary Principal Psychologist, Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospital, 1973; Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, 1973-1980; also Senior Lecturer in Child Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1974-1980; appointed Honorary Top Grade Psychologist, Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospital, 1979; Reader in Applied Child Psychology, 1980-1987; Professor of Applied Child Psychology, 1987-2005; Co-Director, School for Life project, Kiev, Ukraine, 1993-2002; Lead Clinician, National and Specialist division, Children's Directorate of South London and Maudsley NHS Trust; 1999-2003; Honorary Consultant in Clinical Psychology to the Army, 2000; Lecturer in Clinical Psychology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2008-.

Born 1958; University of Edinburgh, MB ChB, 1981; MRC Psych, 1989; University of London, MPhil (psychiatry), 1991; Senior Registrar in Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, 1992; University of Cambridge, MPhil (criminology), 1993; University of Cambridge, PhD, 1996; University of Edinburgh, MD, 1996; Honorary Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Maudsley Hospital, 1997; Senior Lecturer in the Department of Forensic Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, London; Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Yale University. 2003. Publication:Care of the mentally disordered offender in the community edited by Alec Buchanan (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002)

The Institute of Psychiatry was opened in 1923 as the medical school of the Maudsley Hospital, which was established in 1914 to treat the mentally ill. It was recognised by the University of London and changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry in 1948, before becoming a school of King's College London in 1997. The Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) were developed under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO) and its International Classification of Diseases as a common set of standards to assess, measure and classify psychiatric disorders. The prototype was devised in 1980 and subsequent components such as training manuals, schedules, results of field trials and glossary were published up until 1998. SCAN is used as a classification and reference tool by psychiatrists and comprises a structured interview, encoding and computer programme to produce a standard diagnostic presentation.

The Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS) was established in 1994 with the support of the Medical Research Council (MRC) and is based at the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre of the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. It was set up to investigate the development of three common psychological problems in children: communication disorders, mild mental impairment and behaviour problems, using sets of twins to test the relative importance of environmental and genetic causation in determining their onset, with autism as a main line of enquiry. Studies also include the process of skill development such as language skills and story telling. The project comprises initial and yearly follow-up face to face and telephone interviews and written responses taken from around 16,000 pairs of twins born in England and Wales between 1994 and 1996 and their parents and teachers, and more lengthy and detailed responses from the parents of those children who developed problems.

The twins were identified and located by the Office for National Statistics, which manages the principal name list. This data has been combined with genetic sampling to gauge the contribution of inheritance to language and cognitive development. The study is one of the largest of its kind in the world and also comprises a number of working groups using samples of raw data from smaller cohorts to analyse specific aspects of the behavioural development of young children. Notably, groups are investigating the influence of other siblings in the twins' home lives and on `Environmental Risk' factors in child development.

Institute of Psychiatry

In 1936 Eliot Slater obtained a Medical Recearch Council grant to set up a twin register. In 1948 that led to a system at the Maudsley Hospital by which every patient was asked if they were born a twin and if they were, their names went on a register. The resulting Maudsley Twin Register formed the basis of much high quality research. This included a key monograph on the genetics of schizophrenia by Irving Gottesman and James (Jerry) Shields as members of the Psychiatric Genetics Unit. They argued the probabilistic rather than deterministic role of gender and were the first to apply a genetic - environmental multifactorial threshold model in modern psychiatry. In 1969 Slater retired and the Psychiatric Genetics Unit closed but research continued under Shields. Following his death in 1978 a section on psychiatric genetics was established within the Department of Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, based at the Maudsley, under the leadership of Professor Robin Murray. Successive studies of adult and child twins, drawing on the Twins Register, have and continue to shed light on the epidemiology and genetic and environmental causes of or impact on schizophrenia and other personality disorders.

Institute of Psychiatry

The Maudsley Hospital Medical School was opened in 1923 as. It was associated to the Maudsley Hospital, which was established in 1914 to treat the mentally ill. It was officially recognised by the University of London in [1933]. In 1948 it became a founder member of the newly formed British Postgraduate Medical Federation and changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry. Maudsley Hospital amalgamated with the Bethlem Royal Hospital to form a joint teaching hospital in 1948. The Institute of Psychiatry became a school of King's College London in 1997.

The Academic Board was responsible for the academic policy of the Institute. In Oct 1997, when the Institute became a school of King's College London, the Academic Board was renamed the Institute Board.

Institute of Psychiatry

The Maudsley Hospital Medical School was opened in 1923 as. It was associated to the Maudsley Hospital, which was established in 1914 to treat the mentally ill. It was officially recognised by the University of London in [1933]. In 1948 it became a founder member of the newly formed British Postgraduate Medical Federation and changed its name to the Institute of Psychiatry. Maudsley Hospital amalgamated with the Bethlem Royal Hospital to form a joint teaching hospital in 1948. The Institute of Psychiatry became a school of King's College London in 1997.

The Finance and General Purposes Committee's functions were to advise on financial matters, scrutinise the strategic plan, and assume responsibility for risk assessment. When the Institute became a school of King's College London in Oct 1997 its functions were reduced, it was henceforth known as the Finance Committee.

The Modern Greek Department was established in 1919, when the Koraes Chair was inaugurated following a subscription campaign and a grant from the Greek Government, and named in honour of Adamantios Koraes (1748-1833), the scholar and advocate of Greek national independence. The Department became known as the Department of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies in 1972, and since 1989 has been part of the School of Humanities.

King's College London

Between the foundation of King's College London in 1829 and the incorporation of all faculties of the College (with the exception of Theology) into the University of London in 1908, students were assessed under examinations set by the College, as well as the examinations of professional and learned societies, and were also able to attend classes for matriculation from the University of London. Thereafter students of the College took examinations set by departments of the College and in the case of final undergraduate and postgraduate examinations, papers approved by the University.