In 1780 Matthias Peter Dupont, an innkeeper from Aldersgate in the City of London, opened the Zion Chapel in Chase Side, Enfield. In 1791 a controversial ministerial appointment caused a split in the congregation and a second chapel was begun, called the Independent Chapel or the Chase Side Chapel. John Stribling became minister of the Zion Chapel in 1832 and retired in 1871. In 1865 the community voted to reunite and the Zion Chapel was demolished in order to make way for a new building, Christ Church. The Independent Chapel became a lecture hall. The church still stands as the Christ Church United Reformed Church.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
An Anglican burial ground was constructed in Naples in 1827, and consecrated in 1844. The chaplaincy began in 1831 as a Legation Chaplaincy within the Palazzo Sasso, the residence of the British Minister to the Court of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In 1834 permission was granted to build a church, but the works were stopped. Instead services were held in a room in the British consulate.
In 1861 the British Consul headed a deputation to obtain the fulfilment of a promise made by General Garibaldi to give them a piece of free ground adjacent to the barracks of S. Teresella a Chiata for the purpose of building an Anglican Church. The land was granted in 1862, and the foundation stone of the church was laid the same year. It was consecrated in 1865.
Hood Hanway Christian was the eldest son of Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian (q.v). He joined the navy in 1792, as a volunteer, and served on the ships of his father until 1798, serving in both the West Indies and the Cape of Good Hope. He then moved on to HMS GARLAND, HMS BOADICEA (taking part in the attack on the Spanish batteries of the Isle d'Aix) in 1799, and on to HMS QUEEN CHARLOTTE, the flagship of Lord Keith in the Mediterranean. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1800, serving onboard HMS PHEONIX, taking part in the reduction of Genoa. In 1806, after serving with distinction in Rear Admiral Rainier's flag ship HMS TRIDENT, he received a post dated commission, returning home to captain HMS HEROINE, which was part of the Walcheron expeditionary armament. From 1811 to 1814, he was the captain of HMS IRIS, which was based off northern Spain, and from which he actively helped Spanish patriots. This culminated in the capture of the fortress at Castro, of which he was appointed governer. From 1824 to 1828, he served as Commodore on the Cape of Good Hope Station.
Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian, father of Hood Hanway Christian (q.v), entered the navy in c 1761, being promoted to Lieutenant in 1771. Serving mostly in the Channel and Mediterranean, in 1778 he was appointed Captain of HMS SUFFOLK, which carried Commodore Rowley's broad pennant to North America, seeing action of Grenada in 1779 and Martinique in 1780. Moving on to the HMS FORTUNEE he participated in the actions off the Chesapeake, 1781, St Kitts and Dominica in 1782. He returned home during the peace, and didn't find employment again until 1790, as second captain on board the HMS QUEEN CHARLOTTE with Lord Howe. In 1795 he was advanced to Rear-Admiral of the Blue, and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the West Indies Station, with his flag in the HMS PRINCE GEORGE, but the fleet was scattered in a storm and limped back to Spithead. He didn't arrive in Barbados until April 1796, having been invested with the Order of the Bath, where he undertook the conquest of St. Lucia with Sir Ralph Abercromby. In 1797 he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope as second in command, being promoted to commander-in-chief in 1798, a few months before his death.
Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian, father of Hood Hanway Christian, entered the navy in circa 1761, being promoted to Lieutenant in 1771. Serving mostly in the Channel and Mediterranean, in 1778 he was appointed Captain of HMS SUFFOLK, which carried Commodore Rowley's broad pennant to North America, seeing action of Grenada in 1779 and Martinique in 1780. Moving on to the HMS FORTUNEE he participated in the actions off the Chesapeake, 1781, St Kitts and Dominica in 1782. He returned home during the peace, and did not find employment again until 1790, as second captain on board the HMS QUEEN CHARLOTTE with Lord Howe. In 1795 he was advanced to Rear-Admiral of the Blue, and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the West Indies Station, with his flag in the HMS PRINCE GEORGE, but the fleet was scattered in a storm and limped back to Spithead. He did not arrive in Barbados until April 1796, having been invested with the Order of the Bath, where he undertook the conquest of St. Lucia with Sir Ralph Abercromby. In 1797 he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope as second in command, being promoted to commander-in-chief in 1798, a few months before his death. Hood Hanway Christian was the eldest son of Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian. He joined the navy in 1792 as a volunteer and served on the ships of his father until 1798, serving in both the West Indies and the Cape of Good Hope. He then moved on to HMS GARLAND, HMS BOADICEA (taking part in the attack on the Spanish batteries of the Isle d'Aix) in 1799, and on to HMS QUEEN CHARLOTTE, the flagship of Lord Keith in the Mediterranean. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1800, serving onboard HMS PHEONIX, taking part in the reduction of Genoa. In 1806, after serving with distinction in Rear Admiral Rainier's flag ship HMS TRIDENT, he received a post dated commission, returning home to captain HMS HEROINE, which was part of the Walcheron expeditionary armament. From 1811 to 1814, he was the captain of HMS IRIS, which was based off northern Spain, and from which he actively helped Spanish patriots. This culminated in the capture of the fortress at Castro, of which he was appointed governor. From 1824 to 1828 he served as Commodore on the Cape of Good Hope Station.
The Christian Brotherly Society (CBS) was founded at Dr Rippon's Meeting House, Carter Lane, Tooley Street, Southwark in 1783. From the beginning the main purpose of the Society was to provide a weekly allowance to members during ill-health. The Society also paid sums of money at the death of members (or their wives) and during periods of hardship.
Until its dissolution in 1980 the CBS was a registered Friendly Society.
Admission to the Society was dependent upon nomination by an existing member but certain other criteria had also to be fulfilled. Members had to make a profession of Christian belief (most were Nonconformists) and were expected to have a "moral character". Applicants also had to be between the ages of 16 and 30 (later 17 and 40) and engaged in a suitable trade. Soldiers and sailors were amongst those not admitted!
Funds were raised by monthly subscriptions but also by a series of fines imposed for a variety of reasons. For example, non attendance at meetings or refusing to serve the office of steward at meetings. Such payments are well documented in the records.
Christian Concern for Southern Africa (CCSA) was founded in 1972 as an interdenominational Christian body concerned with raising awareness of the political situation in South Africa and to co-ordinate the response of British Churches. It was based initially at 41 Holland Park, London, then at the premises of the Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR) near Regent's Park, then at 2 Eaton Gate, London, the headquarters of the British Council of Churches, and finally in Camberwell Road, South London.
Its policy and decision making council was the Executive Committee made up of representatives from various religious and social organisations. In 1981 the Rev. R. Elliott Kendall was appointed first as Secretary and then as Executive Secretary until his retirement, just before his death in 1992.
CCSA had links with all the main British Christian churches, relying predominantly on them for financial support although charitable organisations also gave assistance. CCSA's main work concentrated on gathering information about British companies with interests in South Africa. This information was then used both to supply to other affiliated organisations and to pressurise the companies themselves into taking a more ethical stance on their treatment of black and coloured employees in South Africa. In particular, the involvement of oil companies was targeted leading to the establishment of the Oil Working Group in 1979. CCSA's other activities included the publishing of educational literature; the collection of literature from similar groups; correspondence with political groups and a mass lobby of Parliament; organising conferences and establishing and maintaining links with South African groups.
The activities of the CCSA ceased in 1993 when the political situation in South Africa was believed to be improving significantly.
This Association was based at the Dutch Church at Austin Friars, which was founded in 1550 by royal charter.
The Christian Economic and Social Research Foundation was founded in the 1950s, carrying on the work of the Economic Research Council.
It produced many publications on aspects of social welfare, the most important of which were the Chief Constables' Reports on Drink Offences. It provided evidence for royal commissions and other public bodies.
Missionary literature work in Africa was stimulated by the International Missionary Council conference on the Christian mission in Africa, held at Le Zoute in 1926. The Christian Literature Bureau for Africa was founded in 1929, with a full-time secretary and three sectional committees: British, Continental and American. It had close relations with both the International Missionary Council and the Conference of Missionary Societies of Great Britain and Ireland (CBMS). It had its office in Edinburgh House (no 2 Eaton Gate, London, near Sloane Square station), the premises of the CBMS. The Christian Literature Bureau became part of the International Missionary Council as the International Committee on Christian Literature for Africa in 1953. In 1957-1958 its operations were transferred to Africa, although activities which could not then be transferred passed to the CBMS, for instance the periodical Books for Africa (1931-1963), which listed and reviewed publications of potential usefulness in Africa.
During the Second World War, British and Irish Churches founded an organisation called Christian Reconstruction in Europe, which was a united effort to raise funds to aid in the rebuilding of Europe when the War ended. They raised one million pounds through collections, and began their work of refugee relief and resettlement. In 1948, this work became part of the British Council of Churches, and was known as the Inter-Church Aid and Refugee Service. Refugee relief continued to be a major issue for both national and international organisations, and at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches in 1954 it was acknowledged that the work of the Inter-Church Aid and Refugee Service was of lasting value. Over the next decade the focus of their work was to shift towards world-wide development issues.
In 1957, Janet Lacey, Director of the Inter-Church Aid and Refugee Service, decided to hold a 'Christian Aid Week' to encourage wider public awareness and support. £26,000 was raised throughout Britain, and Christian Aid Week was to become an annual event. In 1964, the agency changed its name to Christian Aid, to identify with this success.
Between 1960 and 1964, the 'Freedom from Hunger Campaign' focused aid on increasing food production in the poorest regions of Africa, Asia, the Pacific, the Middle East and the Caribbean. By 1970, the organisation was funding over 100 development projects in 40 countries. It had also established the World Development Movement to address the issues of poverty. Major projects in the 1970's included response to drought in India and famine in East Pakistan and the Sudan. In the 1980's, projects included the provision of emergency food and medical supplies to Ethiopia. In the 1990's, projects included emergency appeals for the crises in Rwanda, Montserrat, Sierra Leone and the former Yugoslavia; highlighting the problems of the child sex industry in South-East Asia and child labour in Pakistan; and campaigning for fair trade and an end to Third World debt. Today, Christian Aid funds 700 local organisations in over 70 countries.
Christian Aid has no representatives overseas or projects of its own. It works entirely through local structures, mainly churches or voluntary organisations, and relies on regional screening of projects by experts. It also co-operates closely with the world-wide network of Christian churches and Councils centred on the World Council of Churches in Geneva. Christian Aid believes that this approach encourages the idea of partnership and development in its own right. Although originally established for relief work, Christian Aid believes that whatever aid comes from outside, long-term development can only come from within a society.
Christian Aid is a registered charity. Constitutionally, it is a division of the British Council of Churches (BCC), which itself is composed of delegates appointed by member churches and Christian bodies. Christian Aid's mandate is to act as the overseas agency of these member churches and to provide concerted action in the areas of relief and development. It is directly accountable to the Assembly of the BCC, which also appoints Christian Aid's Director and Board.
The Board appoints Regional Committees, each responsible for making grants to programmes and projects in the main regions: Africa; Asia and the Pacific; Latin America and the Caribbean; and the Middle East. There is also a committee that makes grants to projects in Europe and to global programmes operating in more than one of the main regions.
Christian Aid is an ecumenical organisation. Although the Roman Catholic Church is not a member of the British Council of Churches, there is a close association between Christian Aid and the Catholic Fund for Overseas Development (CAFOD).
Fund-raising is largely through local congregations and groups whose denominations are represented on the British Council of Churches, and also from the general public. In the event of emergencies, where relief cannot be sought from local churches Christian Aid is able to make money available through the International Red Cross, United Nations agencies and other sources. In major emergencies, the five main overseas aid agencies (Christian Aid, the British Red Cross, CAFOD, Oxfam and Save the Children Fund) are able to make a television appeal to the nation as the United Kingdom Disasters Emergency Committee. Both the BBC and ITV give their services free. In these combined appeals, each agency receives one fifth of the total amount of money raised and sends money and supplies through its own channels to the disaster area.
Christian Solidarity International (CSI) is a Christian human rights organization for religious liberty helping victims of religious repression, victimized children and victims of disaster. CSI was founded by Revd. Hans Stückelberger, following silent demonstrations in Switzerland in support of persecuted Christians, in 1977.
Towards the end of 1857 representatives of four British missionary societies working in India - the Baptist Missionary Society, the Church Missionary Society, the London Missionary Society and the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society - put forward proposals for a new society, to be named the Christian Vernacular Education Society for India. The proposers did not, according to its First Annual Report, intend the new society to compete with 'existing educational establishments which employ the English language and literature and which are chiefly attractive to the higher classes of Hindu youth ... but rather to reach the village populations, and the masses of the lower orders in towns throughout the country, exclusively through the vernacular of each district'. The new society was formally instituted in May 1858 as a memorial to the Indian Mutiny. John Murdoch was appointed 'Representative and Travelling Secretary in India'. In 1891 the name of the Society was changed to the Christian Literature Society for India and in 1923 the words 'and Africa' were added when the Society extended its work to that continent. The organisation merged with the Religious Tract Society in 1935 to form the United Society for Christian Literature (USCL) For further information see G Hewitt, Let the People Read (London, 1949).
Following an early career in corporate communications and marketing, Adam Christie began working in the field of HIV/AIDS in 1985 when he was invited to write a paper for a leading UK healthcare provider. Since then he has become a leading AIDS educator, advising the media, the Department of Health Education Authority and the American Medical Association, as well as participating in conferences and publishing several books on the subject. Christie is the founder and Director of Modus Operandi, a UK consultancy, training and publishing business set up to advise companies and organisations on the implications of health, corporate policy and procedures and professional development. In 1990, Modus Operandi launched The Employers' Advisory Service on Aids and HIV (EASAH). It also publishes four newsletters, edited by Christie: The Aids leader, The Aids informer, Infection safety, and Aids business. Publications: Working with AIDS: a guide for businesses and business people (Employers' Advisory Service on Aids & HIV, Bradford, 1995); HIV infection and AIDS: choosing and using resources and materials (Employers' Advisory Service on Aids & HIV, Bradford, 1990); The biological agents and progressive conditions guide 1999 (Modus Operandi Consulting, Leeds, 1998).
Captain John Christopher joined the Royal Navy in June 1839 and served as a seaman on board HMS CAMBRIDGE until November 1841. In March 1842 he commenced a career of over thirty years in the Merchant Service. In 1850 he made a successful claim for a Master's Certificate of Service (his application form is among the papers of the Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen at the Museum). He served in a number merchant ships including the barque MINMANUETH of Scilly 1865 to1872 in the American trade. In 1872 he left the sea due to ill health although he served as Mate in the REAPER in 1876. He then turned his attentions to shipowning. In 1875 he purchased shares of the schooner LIZZIE MORTON of St Ives in 1879. He also became involved in the foundation of the Hain Steamship Company of St Ives in 1879. The Christopher family continued to play a leading part in the Hain Steamship Company; John Christopher's grandson Sir George P Christopher becoming Chairman and Managing Director and his grandson Captain J Christopher becoming the Company's Marine Superintendant.
Sir Rickard Christophers, born 1873; Graduated MB, ChB (Liverpool), 1896; Early medical appointments included ship's doctor - Amazon basin; Malaria Commission (Royal Society/Colonial Office), 1898-1901; studied techniques in Italy with Golgi in Pavia re cycles in tertian and quartan malaria, with Grassi in Rome re transmission of human malaria by mosquito, 1898; Africa: 1899 based in Blantyre, Nyasaland, 1900-1901 in West Africa. Established connection between blackwater fever and malaria. First recognition of endemic malaria in indigenous population; Commission moved to India. In this and subsequent IMS work, established foundation on which all subsequent work on malaria has been built: different species of Anopheles mosquito have different breeding places and feeding habits, so control operations should be preceded by a careful survey of local conditions, 1901; Indian Medical Service, 1902-1932; Anti-malarial operations at Mian Mir, subsequently investigated Charles Donovan's findings in Madras re newly described cause of Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis), 1902; First Director of the King Institute of Preventive Medicine, 1904-1908; Investigated violent epidemic of malaria in the Punjab. Led to the establishment of the Central Malaria Bureau at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, with SRC as Officer in Charge, 1909; Awarded CIE, 1915; Published standard work on the anopheline mosquitoes of India, 'A revision of the nomenclature of Indian Anophelini', Indian J. Med. Res, 3, 454-488, 1916; War service, DADMS (Sanitation), Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force. Director of Central Laboratory on the ship Elphinstone, moored in the Shatt-el-Arab at Basra. [Senior staff: WDH Stephenson, IMS, senior bacteriologist; Dr Miskin, bacteriologist; Dr Bassett, chemist; Dr A J Grove, entomologist; Rev Aitken, amateur entomologist; P J Barraud, entomologist; and H E Shortt, IMS, protozoologist and malariologist]; Undertook malaria surveys of areas in which troops operating, and studied `oriental sore', transmitted by bite of phlebotomine flies, 1916; Returned to the Central Malaria Bureau as Deputy Director of the Central Research Institute. Malaria research expanded to become the Malaria Survey of India under J A Sinton, 1920; Director of the Kala-Azar Commission. [Senior staff: H E Shortt; P J Barraud; Captain A C Craighead, IMS; Mr C S Swaminath, entomologist; and Dr Sribas Das, IMS], 1924; Director of the Central Research Institute, 1925-1932; Knighted, 1931; Professor of Malaria Studies, University of London, in charge of the Experimental Malaria Unit of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 19321938; Cambridge University. Studies of anatomy and biology of mosquitoes. Interupted by Second World War, during which SRC undertook studies of mosquito repellents, from 1938; Anatomical work published - study of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, 1960.
Greyfriars Franciscan monastery was situated in Farringdon on Newgate Street. It was suppressed during the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538 and given to the Lord Mayor and citizens of London in December 1547. It was decided by Edward VI to convert the monastery into an orphanage and school for poor children. By November 1552 the building was ready and 340 fatherless children were admitted (at this date a child was considered orphaned if the father had died, even if the mother was still alive). In the early years of the school, those too young to receive full-time education were "put out to nurse" in the country, usually in Essex or Hertfordshire, or else remained with their parents, who received a weekly allowance.
The school became known as the 'Blue Coat School' because the children were required to wear a uniform of blue gown, red belt and yellow stockings. In 1553 a Charter was signed to confirm the transformation of Greyfriars into Christ's Hospital; a hospital in the older sense of 'a charitable institution for the housing and maintenance of the needy' (Oxford English Dictionary).
Branches of the school existed at Hertford from at least 1653, at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, from 1666 to circa 1690, and at Ware, Hertfordshire, from about the same period until 1760. From 1778 the Hertford premises were used as the girls' school and as a preparatory school for boys.
The Royal Mathematical School, founded in 1673, was an integral part of Christ's Hospital, from which its pupils, all boys, were chosen at the age of 11 or 12. They were educated in mathematics and navigation, and were intended for service in the Royal Navy.
Christ's Hospital moved from the City of London to Horsham in 1902, and at the same time the boys' preparatory school also moved from Hertford to Horsham. The girls' school remained at Hertford until 1985, when it also moved to Horsham.
Greyfriars Franciscan monastery was situated in Farringdon near Newgate. It was suppressed during the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538 and given to the Lord Mayor and citizens of London in December 1547. It was decided to convert the monastery into an orphanage and school for poor children. By November 1552 the building was ready and 340 fatherless children were admitted (at this date a child was considered orphaned if the father had died, even if the mother was still alive). The school became known as the 'Blue Coat School' because the children were required to wear a uniform of blue gown, red belt and yellow stockings. In 1553 a Charter was signed to confirm the transformation of Greyfriars into Christ's Hospital (a hospital in the older sense of 'a charitable institution for the housing and maintenance of the needy; an asylum for the destitute, infirm, or aged' O.E.D.)
Branches of the school existed at Hertford from at least 1653, at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, from 1666 to c 1690, and at Ware, Hertfordshire, from about the same period until 1760. From 1778 the Hertford premises were used as the girls' school and as a preparatory school for boys. The Royal Mathematical School, founded in 1673, was an integral part of Christ's Hospital, from which its pupils, all boys, were chosen at the age of 11 or 12. They were educated in mathematics and navigation, and were intended for service in the Royal Navy. Christ's Hospital moved from the City of London to Horsham in 1902, and at the same time the boys' preparatory school also moved from Hertford to Horsham. The girls' school remained at Hertford until 1985, when it also moved to Horsham.
Tower Ward School was founded by voluntary subscription in 1707 for girls and in 1709 for boys. In 1808 the school bought a house in Great Tower Street; 9 Black Raven Court was purchased in 1846 for use as a school house. In 1874 the school was united with the Billingsgate Ward School and both properties were subsequently sold. The united school merged with the combined Bridge, Candlewick and Dowgate Wards School in 1891 and this school combined with St Botolph Parochial School in 1905 to form the Sir John Cass Junior School.
Greyfriars Franciscan monastery was situated in Farringdon on Newgate Street. It was suppressed during the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538 and given to the Lord Mayor and citizens of London in December 1547. It was decided by Edward VI to convert the monastery into an orphanage and school for poor children. By November 1552 the building was ready and 340 fatherless children were admitted (at this date a child was considered orphaned if the father had died, even if the mother was still alive). In the early years of the school, those too young to receive full-time education were "put out to nurse" in the country, usually in Essex or Hertfordshire, or else remained with their parents, who received a weekly allowance. The school became known as the 'Blue Coat School' because the children were required to wear a uniform of blue gown, red belt and yellow stockings. In 1553 a Charter was signed to confirm the transformation of Greyfriars into Christ's Hospital; a hospital in the older sense of 'a charitable institution for the housing and maintenance of the needy' (Oxford English Dictionary).
Branches of the school existed at Hertford from at least 1653, at Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, from 1666 to circa 1690, and at Ware, Hertfordshire, from about the same period until 1760. From 1778 the Hertford premises were used as the girls' school and as a preparatory school for boys. Christ's Hospital moved from the City of London to Horsham in 1902, and at the same time the boys' preparatory school also moved from Hertford to Horsham. The girls' school remained at Hertford until 1985, when it also moved to Horsham.
In 1442 John Carpenter, Town Clerk of London, bequeathed land to the Corporation of London intended to fund the maintenance and education of four boys born within the City, who would be called 'Carpenter's children'. Carpenter directed that that the boys should be schooled and clothed at the direction of the Chamberlain. The precise terms of the will were adhered to for about 2 centuries, after which time payments were made to friends of the children for them to provide the benefits. Prior to the foundation of the City of London School the Carpenter's Scholars were educated at Tonbridge School. Following an Act of Parliament of 1834 it was decided to charge the Carpenter Estates for the building and maintenance of a school, and the City of London School was opened in 1837. It was first built on the site of Honey Lane Market, Milk Street, Cheapside, but moved to Victoria Embankment in 1882. During the Second World War the school was temporarily moved to Marlborough. It moved again in 1986, when a new purpose-built building was opened in Queen Victoria Street, still within the City of London.
Dr Cuthbert Christy was educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated with a MB, CM in 1892. He served as a medical officer with the Army in Northern Nigeria from 1898 to 1900. He also served as a medical officer in India. From 1903 to 1914, Christy took part in several expeditions in India and Africa. Between 1911 and 1916 he conducted an expedition in the Congo for the Belgium government and from 1915 to 1916 he explored and mapped the Nile-Congo divide for the Sudan Government. During World War One he served in the Royal Army Medical Corp as an adviser on malaria in the East African Expeditionary Forces. He was also attached to the War Trade Intelligence (Africa) Staff at the War Office.
Christy was the representative for the League of Nations and Chairman of the International Commission of Enquiry to Liberia with reference to slavery and forced labour, which sat in 1930. He died in 1932.
Born 1860; educated at the Stationers' School, London; entered the civil service, 1878, in the legal department of the Local Government Board; established a correspondence society for manuscript exchange called the MS Club, [1881]; member of the Progressive Association, 1882; founder member of the Fabian Society, 1884; joined the London branch of the Fellowship of the New Life, an intellectual discussion and study group dedicated to developing models of alternative societies, 1884-1889; member of the Ethical Society, 1886; emigrated to the USA, 1889; Lecturer at Thomas Davidson's School of the Cultural Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut; Lecturer, Brooklyn Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1890-1892; Head of English, Brooklyn Manual Training High School, 1893-1897; Principal of the Second Grade, New York Society's Ethical Culture School, 1897; Lecturer at the Pratt Institute and New York University, New York; Associate Leader, Society for Ethical Culture of New York, [1897-1910]; married his second wife, Anna Sheldon, the widow of Walter Sheldon, the founder of the St Louis Ethical Society; Leader of the St Louis Ethical Society, 1911-1932; President, Drama League of America, 1915-1920; retired 1932; President of the American Ethical Union, 1934-1939; died 1960. Publications: editor of Dryden's Palamon and Arcite; or the Knight's Tale from Chaucer (New York, 1908); On the religious frontier: from an outpost of ethical religion (Macmillan Co, New York, 1931); The teaching of English in the elementary and secondary school (Macmillan Co, new York, 1902); introduction to Select writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1888); editor of Essays of Montaigne (1893).
This company was established by Charles Chubb (1772-1846) of Portsea, Hampshire following the grant of a patent to his brother Jeremiah Chubb for a detector lock. In 1827 Charles Chubb moved and opened a shop at 57 St Paul's Churchyard, City of London.
In 1830 manufacturing of locks began in Wolverhampton, first in Temple Street, then St James's Square in 1835 and then Old Mill Lane, Horsely Fields in 1841. The production of safes followed an award of a patent to Charles Chubb in 1835. The firm's safe manufactory was established at 27 Cow Cross Street, London by 1846. This later moved to Glengall Road, Old Kent Road in 1867. Glengall Road also saw the production of locks with the return of works from Wolverhampton to London in 1882.
The Wolverhampton lock works were re-established and returned to Horsely Fields in 1889. New lock works were opened in Railway Street and Chubb Street in 1899 with auxiliary safe works built in Railway Street in 1900. Wolverhampton became the manufacturing hub of the company when the London safe works were transferred to a new safe works on Wednesfield Road in 1909, which also absorbed the Railway Street works. Lock works were also moved to new factory in Wednesfield Road in 1938.
Branches opened in Manchester in 1838 and Liverpool in 1839. Showrooms opened at 68 St James's Street in 1874.
John Chubb (1815-1872) joined his father in partnership in 1841 and continued the business following his father's death in 1846. Following John Chubb's death, the firm continued under the direction of his executors and sons John Charles Chubb (1846-1899) and George Hayter Chubb, later Lord Hayter (1848-1946). G H Chubb became chairman in 1882 with the incorporation of the company as Chubb and Son's Lock and Safe Company Limited. Lord Hayter retired in 1940 and was succeeded by his nephew Harry Emory Chubb (1880-1960).
Major overseas trading began in the late 19th century, with South Africa in 1890. Chubb and Maxwell Limited was incorporated in 1895 to manage South African work. Business in Australia was managed by Chubb's Australian Company Limited which was established in 1897 in Sydney. This company managed a safe, strong room and bronze work factory which was built in 1921. Chubb-France SA was formed in 1922 and Chubb India Limited in 1926. Abroad manufacturing of security equipment began in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1950 and Toronto, Canada in 1954. The 20th century saw acquisition of key firms including Josiah Parkes (manufacturers of 'Union' locks), Hobbs Hart of London and other companies.
Company name changes 1818-2000:
Charles Chubb, Jeremiah Chubb, patent detector lock, 1818-1846;
Chubb and Son, 1846-1882 (Charles Chubb and his son John Chubb);
Chubb and Son's Lock and Safe Company Limited, 1882-1958;
Chubb and Son Limited, 1958-1982;
Chubb and Son plc, 1982-1984;
Racal-Chubb Limited (with constituent companies Chubb Safe Equipment Company Limited and Chubb Locks Limited), 1984-1986. Chubb taken over by Racal Electronics and came under Racal Group;
Racal-Chubb Products Limited 1986-1992;
Chubb Security plc, 1992 separating from Racal;
Acquired by Williams Holdings, 1997;
Demerged as Chubb plc, 2000.
London Head offices: 57 St Paul's Churchyard (1827-1877); 128 Queen Victoria Street (1877-1941); St James's Street (1941-1946); 40-42 Oxford Street (1946-1955); 175-176 Tottenham Court Road (1955-1960); 14-22 Tottenham Court Road (from 1960); Manor House, Feltham, Middlesex; moved to Wednesfield Road, Wolverhampton in 1985.
Ying Wong Chung was born in Guangdong province, China in the late 1920s. (Her husband was born in the same province in 1893 and was sent to England in 1911 - the year the Qing Dynasty fell - by his father.) She emigrated to the UK in the 1953, to join her husband, who was living in a small town in North Wales. After running a laundrette for 15 years (from 1953-1968) the Chungs entered the catering trade. The business was later closed shortly after her husband's death. Ying Wong Chung moved to London in 1985.
Born, 1834; Education: King's College, London; Royal College of Chemistry; Lincoln College, Oxford. MA (Oxon); Career: Professor of Chemistry, Agricultural College, Cirencester (1863-1879); Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts (1879-1911); wrote on organic, physiological and mineralogical chemistry; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1888; died, 1915.
The first benefit society in England was established in 1775. Initially unrecognised by English law, benefit societies were co-operative savings clubs that facilitated their members buying houses. The Regulation of Benefit Building Societies Act was passed by Parliament in 1836, granting official recognition to these societies for the first time. By 1860 there were over 27,500 building societies around the country. Many churches established benefit societies for the assistance of the poor in their parishes.
The Church Commissioners were formed in 1948 by joining together two bodies - Queen Anne's Bounty and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The Church Commissioners are based at Church House, Great Smith Street, London. They moved there in March 2007 to work under one roof with the Archbishops' Council and the Church of England Pensions Board.
The Commissioners' role is to manage the Church's historic assets, today invested in stock market shares and property, to produce money to support the Church's ministry. The Church Commissioners meet some 18% of the Church's total running costs.
The Church Commissioners' main responsibilities are: to obtain the best possible long term return from a diversified investment portfolio in order (1) to meet their pension commitments and (2) to provide the maximum sustainable funding for their other purposes such as support for the work of bishops, cathedrals and parish ministry; in doing so, to pay particular regard to making 'additional provision for the cure of souls in parishes where such assistance is most required'; to administer the legal framework for pastoral reorganisation and settle the future of redundant churches.
Source: http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/churchcommissioners/ (accessed June 2009).
The boundary changes affect the following parishes:
Saint Margaret, Lee;
The Good Shepherd with Saint Peter, Lee;
Saint Mark, Lewisham;
Holy Trinity, Lee;
Saint Michael and All Angels, Blackheath Park;
Christchurch, Lee Park;
Saint James, Kidbrooke;
All Saints, Blackheath;
Saint Peter, Eltham;
Saint Andrew, Mottingham.
Hornsey Tabernacle, Wightman Road, was registered for undenominational worship in 1893. In 1903 it was used by 'disciples of Christ', and in 1912 it was registered as Hornsey Church of Christ. Members joined Harringay Congregational church to form Harringay United church, Tottenham, in 1969, whereupon the Wightman Road site was sold to the United Apostolic Faith Church.
Source: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980), pp. 183-189.
The church of All Saints' Highgate is located within the Diocese of London. Established as a mission church to serve the poorer community in the northern part of Highgate, it was consecrated on 30 January 1864 by the Archbishop of London, Dr Archibald Tait. It was originally designed to provide space for 300 people. In 1874, the church was enlarged to the south and west.
Over 150 years after its consecration, All Saints' Highgate continues to serve its local community.
From at least 1821 the Church Missionary Society advocated the establishment of a permanent post in Jerusalem. The London Jewish Society, which aimed to convert Jews to Christianity, also took an interest in the city. The first permanent station was established in Jerusalem in 1833 and the first Bishop, Michael Solomon Alexander (a converted Jewish Rabbi), arrived in 1841 with the aim of converting Jews and Palestinians to Christianity. The Bishopric started as an Anglo-Prussian union, for Anglicans and Lutherans. In 1845, the first Anglican Church (Christ Church, Jaffa Gate) was dedicated. The second Bishop (1845-1879) was Samuel Gobat von Cremines. After the death of the third Bishop (1879-1881), Joseph Barclay, the Bishopric became a solely Anglican Bishopric, centred on the Cathedral Church of St George, which was built and dedicated in 1898 under the fourth Bishop, George Blyth (d 1914).
Khalil Sakakini (1878-1953) was a Palestinian educationalist and Arab nationalist.
Isa Daoud Al-Isa (1878-1950) was a Palestinian journalist and poet, the co-founder (in 1911) and editor of the Arabic newspaper based in Jaffa, Filastin.
Enfield Chase was a large wooded area and royal deer park in Middlesex. It was used for hunting, while locals claimed common rights. By an act of 1777 the Chase was enclosed and the land was divided between various local land-owners and neighbouring parishes.
The church of Saint George in the East, Stepney, was one of three Stepney churches built under the 1711 "Act for the building of Fifty New Churches in the Cities of London and Westminster or the Suburbs thereof" to be paid for by a tax levied on coal entering the City of London. The church was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor to serve the residents of Upper Wapping, however it was not consecrated until 1729 because of financial difficulties. It has a 160 foot tower. The east window was designed by Sir Joshua Reynolds.
The church was the centre of a controversy in the 1850s when the Presbyterian Bishop of London A C Tait replaced the high church rector with a low church preacher, causing demonstrations and unrest and the eventual temporary closure of the church.
The interior of the church was gutted during World War II, but the exterior was left intact. After the bombing, services continued in a shed at the rear. In 1963 a new church, by Arthur Baily, was built within the Hawksmoor shell. The original apse with its plasterwork and the font at the west end have been retained. There was space for an inner courtyard between the original west front and the new, which was built entirely of glass. On either side of the courtyard, the former galleries incorporate four flats which were given the Civic Trust Award in 1967.
A chapel was constructed in Uxbridge possibly as early as 1200, and was dedicated to Saint Margaret by 1281. According to the 'History of the County of Middlesex', "A chantry for the soul of Walter Shiryngton, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, was endowed in 1459 with 27 acres of land and tenements in the town. Shiryngton's chantry was worth £7 in 1535, and in 1548 the chantry possessions, which included the 'Bull' and the 'Cross Keys' in Uxbridge, were valued at £11". This is probably the chantry referred to in this document.
Source: 'Hillingdon, including Uxbridge: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 87-91 (available online).
Saint Mary's oldest part is 12th century and the church was largely remodelled in the 13th century. Its octagonal font dates to c.1200. Other parts of the church date from the 14th, 15th, 16th and 19th century. It was extensively restored in 1862-3. St Mary's contains the tomb of Richard Cox (d.1845), a local brewer who was responsible for perfecting Cox's Orange Pippin at Colnbrook in the adjoining parish. The church has a tower with a cupola. The doorway is Norman and the interior varies between 13th and 16th centuries. Some of the pews are 16th century. All the brasses were stolen at the time of the restoration in the mid 19th century.
Saint Mary's oldest part is 12th century and the church was largely remodelled in the 13th century. Its octagonal font dates to c 1200. Other parts of the church date from the 14th, 15th, 16th and 19th century. It was extensively restored in 1862-1863. St Mary's contains the tomb of Richard Cox (d.1845), a local brewer who was responsible for perfecting Cox's Orange Pippin at Colnbrook in the adjoining parish. The church has a tower with a cupola. The doorway is Norman and the interior varies between 13th and 16th centuries. Some of the pews are 16th century. All the brasses were stolen at the time of the restoration in the mid 19th century.
In medieval times Saint Mary's was one of the most important churches in Middlesex. There is a twelfth-century tower with tall octagonal lead spires. The nave was re-built in the thirteenth-century when the rector was Elias de Dereham, the canon of Salisbury. Various additions and embellishments took place under John Byrkhead, rector from 1437 to 1468, then restored heavily in the nineteenth century. Many brasses including a small brass of John Lyons, founder of Harrow School.
The rectory and advowson of Harrow came into the hands of Christ Church, Oxford, by a grant from the Crown in 1546. The College subsequently made a practice of leasing the tithes out for a substantial rent and they were in turn sub-let by the main lessor. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries the main lease was usually for 21 years at an annual rent of £74. 17s. 8d. renewable every 7 years for a substantial fine. The lease was held by the Conyers family, the first of whom was an executor of Sir Francis Gerard, from 1709-1772, then by the Hernes until 1793 and by Richard Page from 1793 to 1803. All tithes were extinguished by the Inclosure Act of 1803.
In medieval times Saint Mary's was one of the most important churches in Middlesex. There is a twelfth-century tower with tall octagonal lead spires. The nave was re-built in the thirteenth-century when the rector was Elias de Dereham, the canon of Salisbury. Various additions and embellishments took place under John Byrkhead, rector from 1437 to 1468, then restored heavily in the nineteenth century. Many brasses including a small brass of John Lyons, founder of Harrow School.
The church of Saint Mary is situated on Church End, Hendon. It appears that a church has existed on the site since the 9th century. The church has been rebuilt, enlarged and restored several times, including in the 13th, 15th, and early 16th centuries, with restorations in 1783, 1827 and 1915. The church includes the monument of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, founder of Singapore; while Charles Johnson (1679-1748), dramatist; Sir Joseph Ayloffe, Bt. (1709-81), antiquary; Nathaniel Hone (1718-84), portrait painter; George Carter (1737-94), painter; and Benjamin Travers (1783-1858), eye surgeon, are buried in the churchyard.
Source of information: 'Hendon: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 33-37 (available online).
The Church of the Ascension in Blackheath was founded in 1695. It became a parish church on Ascension Day, 1883. Francis H Spear, ARCA, FRSA, was a well known designer of stained glass who taught at the Royal College of Art.
The church of Saint Benet (short for Saint Benedict) Fink in Tottenham was built in 1911 and consecrated in May 1912 by the Bishop of London. It was designed by J.S. Alder in a style reminiscent of Gothic cathedral architecture. The building is currently Grade II listed.
However, the history of St Benet Fink Tottenham goes back much further, as the church is essentially a continuation of St Benet Fink in the City of London (see P69/BEN1). The original St Benet was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, rebuilt, and eventually demolished by the City of London Corporation in 1846 in order to improve the site around the Royal Exchange. The parish of St Benet Fink was combined with that of St Peter le Poer, and the proceeds of the sale of the site were used to build St Benet Fink Tottenham. After the church of St Peter le Poer was also eventually demolished, St Benet Fink Tottenham received its organ, which is now one of the most important features of the church.
Saint Mary's Nunnery of Augustinian canonesses, founded in 1140, was dissolved in 1539 and the church converted to the parish church of Clerkenwell. In the 1780s the building was declared ruinous and demolished.
The present church was built 1788-92 by the architect James Carr, on the site of the choir of the mediaeval nunnery. It is regarded as one of the most respected Palladian architects of the period. It is built of stock brick and has a stone west tower. The steeple was rebuilt in 1849 by William Pettit Griffith and the Church was further restored 1883-84. In 1978 the church was redecorated and the organ restored to its 18th century design.
The church was described in 1906 as 'a very dingy-looking building of earth-brick with round-headed windows'. The former burial ground was opened as a public ground in 1897, while the crypt was converted into a hall in 1912.
The parish of Little Stanmore dates back before 1200. The church of St Lawrence, otherwise known as St Lawrence Whitchurch, was first recorded as having been appropriated by St Bartholomew's Priory. The church was acquired by the Lake family of Little Stanmore in 1552. They built up the fortunes of the parish as trustees, setting up a charitable foundation in 1680 and building almshouses and a free school. By the eighteenth century the church had been inherited by the Duke of Chandos who appointed John James to rebuild it between 1714-1720. It is said that Handel played the church organ at the height of his career, while staying with the Duke nearby. Notable ministers of the church include John Theophilus Desaguliers, a Huguenot refugee who preferred natural philosophy to his church duties; he invented the planetarium. The population of the parish grew considerably during the 1920's and 30s with the coming of the underground railway to Stanmore. A separate parish (All Saints, Queensbury) was constituted from the southern part of Little Stanmore in 1932, following boundary changes.
Source: 'Little Stanmore: Church', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 122-124 (available online).
Each parish was obliged to elect Overseers of the Poor by the Poor Law Act of 1598 and the Poor Relief Act of 1601. The Overseers were responsible for collecting the poor rate from inhabitants of the parish, and using the rate to relieve local paupers, including running a workhouse if they so chose. The Clerk of the Peace was responsible for keeping the records of Quarter Sessions for each county.
Saint Mary the Virgin is an ancient parish within Hampton Deanery, which is within the Kensington Area of the Diocese of London. The following parishes were cleaved from the ancient parish: Holy Trinity, Twickenham Common (1842); Saint Stephen, East Twickenham (1875); Twickenham, All Saints (1914) and Twickenham, All Hallows (1939). The parish of Saint Philip and Saint Paul, Whitton, was also created from Saint Mary's in 1862. Saint Augustine of Canterbury, Whitton, was created as a London Diocesan Home Mission church in 1935, within the parish of Saint Philip and Saint Paul, and became a separate parish in 1958.
The church of Saint Mary the Virgin was rebuilt in 1714-15 by John James, who was one of the surveyors to Queen Anne's Fifty New Churches project. Its structure is of red brick with Tuscan pilasters surmounted by a pediments. There is an early 16th century bell, three from the 17th century and four from the 18th century. The church was enlarged again in 1754. There are many original fittings including the gallery fronts and reredos and also monuments: a mediaeval monument brass of 1443 to Richard Burton, the King's chief cook. There is a monument to Alexander Pope and his parent (Pope and his mother are buried here).
Saint Mary the Virgin is an ancient parish within Hampton Deanery, which is within the Kensington Area of the Diocese of London. The following parishes were cleaved from the ancient parish: Holy Trinity, Twickenham Common (1842); Saint Stephen, East Twickenham (1875); Twickenham, All Saints (1914) and Twickenham, All Hallows (1939). The parish of Saint Philip and Saint Paul, Whitton, was also created from Saint Mary's in 1862. Saint Augustine of Canterbury, Whitton, was created as a London Diocesan Home Mission church in 1935, within the parish of Saint Philip and Saint Paul, and became a separate parish in 1958.
The church of Saint Mary the Virgin was rebuilt in 1714-15 by John James, who was one of the surveyors to Queen Anne's Fifty New Churches project. Its structure is of red brick with Tuscan pilasters surmounted by a pediments. There is an early 16th century bell, three from the 17th century and four from the 18th century. The church was enlarged again in 1754. There are many original fittings including the gallery fronts and reredos and also monuments: a mediaeval monument brass of 1443 to Richard Burton, the King's chief cook. There is a monument to Alexander Pope and his parent (Pope and his mother are buried here).
The Company appears to have been founded c 1840, when the first surviving records begin. It was based at 5 Lothbury, 1840-63 and from then at 9-10 King Street, Cheapside. It became known as the England Assurance Institution in 1892. The following year it was acquired by Imperial Life Insurance Company. In 1902, Imperial Life was acquired by Alliance Assurance and this company merged with Sun Insurance to form Sun Alliance in 1959.
Mill Hill did not always have an Anglican church. Until the 1820s parishioners had to go to St Mary's Hendon to worship, some miles away, but in the 1820s it was clear that the district would require a chapel of ease. Local resident William Wilberforce, the anti-slavery campaigner, became the central benefactor in 1827. Saint Paul's was completed in 1830, and consecrated in 1833. It became a parish church in 1926.
Fysh Coppinger was a London merchant who married into the de Burgh family of West Drayton and took the surname of Burgh.
The foundation stone of the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin was laid on 8 July 1904. The church was quickly built and was consecrated on 4 March 1905. It was a chapel of ease to the Parish Church of Saint Anne, Wandsworth (P95/ANN).
It was not used for worship for very long. Bomb damage of 1944 necessitated extensive restoration so it was decided to turn the sanctuary and choir into a chapel, and the rest of the building into a hall. The church was closed and the congregation transferred to Saint Anne's Church. During 1950, however, Saint Mary's Church was used by the congregation of Saint Anne's Church while the latter church was being repaired after a devastating fire. The building was sold in 2000.
The Churches of Saint Mary the Virgin and of Saint Anne, Wandsworth are very closely connected in their history. Many references to Saint Mary's occur in the records of Saint Anne's Church, and it is worth checking both catalogues.
Saint Peter's was known as the Oxford Chapel, which was constructed in 1724 to the design of Gibbs. It became Saint Peter's in 1832. The church never had a parish, but was a chapel-of-ease to All Souls, Langham Place (P89/ALS). In mid-Victorian times the incumbent Fredrick Denison Maurice was leader of a group of Christian Socialists which included Charles Kingsley.
There has been a place of worship on Bryanston Street, Marble Arch since 1787 when a chapel of ease, known as the Quebec Chapel, was founded as a non-parochial place of worship. Believed to have been converted from the riding school of the Portman Barracks, the chapel was built by Lord Henry William Portman to commemorate the British victory at the Battle of Quebec in 1775. It formed a key part of the Portman Estate which from 1764 developed into one of the most desirable place to live in London. As the congregation grew, the converted riding school became dilapidated leading to its demolition in 1911, and the building of the current Edwardian gothic-revival style church by Sir William Tapper in 1912.
The Church of the Annunciation has always had a close association with the Anglo-Catholic movement and became a leading force in the opposition to the growing ecumenical movement of the mid-20th century. The church became the base for the 'Annunciation Group', a gathering of Anglican clergymen and lay people who felt that they could not compromise on their Catholic faith, and who did not agree with the bishops of the Church of England sharing a platform with Baptists, Methodists and other Non-Conformist churches.
Both the chapel, and later the church, produced parish magazines and administered to the various parochial schools, such as the Hampton-Guerney School, and district institutions such as the High School for girls, founded in 1877.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
In 1868 the Spanish government allowed non-Catholic religions to practice in public for the first time. In 1872 the Church of the Assumption in Seville was offered for sale, and was purchased for the small English community there. Renamed as the Church of the Ascension it held Anglican services. It now belongs to the Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church.