The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The church of the Holy Cross, Palermo, was constructed in 1872-75 for the use of the Anglican community in Sicily. Previously services had been held in the palace of the English Consul. The church was used by American forces during the Second World War, including General Patton. It is still in use.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The Church of the Holy Ghost, Genoa was consecrated on 4 June 1872.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The Church of the Holy Redeemer and All Saints, Viareggio was consecrated in 1913 and sold in 1977.
The Church of the Holy Trinity in Siena served the local English speaking Protestant community. It was founded in the 1850s and closed in 1965 when the building was sold.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
In the 1880s the Anglican community in Bucharest began raising money to build a church. Construction began in 1913 on a site conveyed by the Commune of Bucharest. The church building was finished in 1914, but it was not consecrated until November 1922.
In 1882 a Roman Catholic chapel was opened in Hampton Wick, and in 1884 a Roman Catholic school was built in Fairfax Road, South Teddington. The ground floor served as a school and the upper floor as a chapel until the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Kingston Road was opened in 1893. Built of red brick in the classical style, this consisted at first of five bays and was extended westwards in 1935 by another two bays. The church was consecrated in 1944.
Source: 'Teddington: Roman catholicism', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 79.
Born in 1905; educated at Wellington College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; 2nd Lt, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, 1925; Lt, 1927; Assistant Instructor, Small Arms School, Netheravon, 1931-1934; served in India, 1935-1938; Capt, King's Shropshire Light Infantry, 1936; attended Staff College, Camberley, 1939; served in North West Europe, 1939-1940, and 1944-1946; various staff appointments, 1940-1942, including General Staff Officer Grade 2, Canadian Corps; Maj, 1942; commanded 1 Bn, Hereford Regt, 1942-1944, 159 Infantry Bde, 1944-1946, and 43 Div, 1946; commanded Northumbrian District, 1946; commanded 2 Div, Far East, 1946, 3 Div, Palestine, 1946-1947, and 5 Div, Germany, 1947-1948; attended Imperial Defence College, 1948; Brig, General Staff, Western Command, 1949-1951; ADC to King George VI, 1949-1952, and Queen Elizabeth II, 1952; Chief of Staff, Southern Command, 1951-1954; Maj Gen, 1952; General Officer Commanding 3 Infantry Div, Egypt, 1954-1957; Director of Military Training, War Office, 1957-1959; retired, 1959.
Churchill and Sim Limited, wood brokers, was founded on the partnership of Charles Churchill and John Sim in 1813. Both were sworn brokers and members of the Patten Makers' Company. The firm had premises successively at Bucklersbury, Old Broad Street and Clements Lane.
Groot Constantia Wines Limited, importers of South African wine, were incorporated in 1938 with a registered office at 89 Upper Thames Street, EC4. Their registered office changed to River Plate House, Finsbury Circus, in 1939 and they began to work with a wine shippers and agents, Williams and Bertram Limited, who were based at the same address. In 1944 Williams and Bertram went into liquidation and was purchased by Groot Constantia Wines, who changed their name to Churchill and Williams Limited.
Professor Leonard Jan Bruce-Chwatt CMG, OBE, MD, FRCP, DTM and H (1907-1989) was a malariologist and was Director of the Ross Institute from 1969 to 1974.
Cinchona-Institute was a non-profit research institute connected to the quinine industry of Holland.
Nicolaus Cirillus was a Neapolitan physician was a pupil of Tozzi whom he succeeded as Professor of Medicine and Philosophy at Naples University in 1705. In 1717 be became first Professor of Medicine, a post he retained until his death. In 1718 he was elected FRS He created a botanical garden at Naples, and was an advocate of simple remedies and the use of cold water.
Staines and District Citizens' Advice Bureau opened on 30 October 1967. The first aim of Citizens' Advice Bureaux is to provide information and advice to individuals so that they do not suffer through ignorance of their rights or an inability to express their wishes or complaints. The second aim is to influence national and local policy in the light of enquiries received by bureaux. The records of Staines Citizens' Advice Bureau reflect both these aims.
Walter McLennan Citrine, 1887-1983, left school at 12 to work in a flour mill. He soon became an electrician holding a variety of jobs. He joined the Electrical Trades Union in 1911, becoming Mersey District Secretary, 1914-1920, and General Secretary of the Electrical Trades Union, 1920-1923. He was Assistant Secretary of the TUC, 1924-1925, and General Secretary, 1926-1946. From 1928 to 1945 he was President of the International Federation of Trade Unions. He was also a Director of the Daily Herald Ltd, 1929-1946. During World War Two, Citrine was a member of the National Production Advisory Council, 1942-1946 and 1949-1957, and a trustee of the Imperial Relations Trust, 1937-1949,and the Nuffield Trust for the Forces, 1939-1946. He was also a member of the Cinematograph Films Council, 1938-1948, and served on the Executive Committee of the Red Cross and St John War Organisation, 1939-1946. He was chairman of the Production Committee on Regional Boards (Munitions)in 1942. After the war, he returned to the electrical industry, becoming President of the British Electrical Development Association, 1948-1952, Chairman of the Central Electricity Authority, 1947-1957, and President of the Electrical Research Association, 1950-1952 and 1956-1957. He was also a member (and President in 1955) of the Directing Committee, Union Internationale des Producteurs et Distributeurs d'Energie Electrique. He was a part time member of the Electricity Council, 1958-1962, and a part time member of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, 1958-1962.
The City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching) was established in April 1974 as a result of the National Health Service Reorganisation Act, 1973. It was one of six Area Health Authorities in the North East Thames Region, and encompassed the Districts of City and Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets. It was abolished at the end of March 1982 by the Secretary of State under powers conferred on him by the National Service Act 1977 and the Health Services Act 1980.
The Joint Liaison Committee was formed in 1973, and consisted of representatives of Hospital Management Committee, Boards of Governors, Local Authorities and the Regional Hospital Board. The purpose of the Committee was to prepare for the 1974 re-organisation.
The City and Guilds College was originally known as the Central Institution of the City and Guilds Institute. A meeting of the livery companies in 1876 led to the foundation of the City and Guilds Institute (C&GLI) for the Advancement of Technical Education, which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen. One of the objectives of the C&GLI was to create a Central Institution in London. As they were initially unable to find a site for the Institution, Finsbury Technical College was established in 1878 in Cowper Street. The other main objective of the C&GLI was to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. This was done in 1879, when the system established by the Society of Arts in 1873 was taken over by the C&GLI. The Central Institution opened in 1884, in a purpose designed building in South Kensington. It became known as the City and Guilds College after its full incorporation into Imperial College in 1910.
The City and Guilds of London Institute (C&GLI) for the Advancement of Technical Education has its origins in a meeting in 1876, when the livery companies agreed to create a Central Institution in London to improve the training of craftsmen. As it proved difficult to find a site for the planned Central Institution, Finsbury Technical College was established in 1878 in Cowper Street. The Central Institution opened in 1884, in a purpose designed building in South Kensington. It became known as the City and Guilds College after its full incorporation into Imperial College in 1910. An important objective of the C&GLI was to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. This was done in 1879, when the system established by the Society of Arts in 1873 was taken over by the C&GLI. The C&GLI was incorporated in 1880 and received a Royal Charter in 1900.
The City and Guilds of London Institute was constituted in 1878 following negotiations between representatives of the City Corporation and of several of the livery companies of London who were called together by the Lord Mayor of London from as early as 1872 (for minutes of these meetings see Ms 22000) to consider the promotion and improvement of technical education both in London and nationally. However, although certain individual livery companies took unilateral action to promote specific technological projects, it was not until 1877 that a provisional general committee of livery company members was appointed, together with an executive committee, to prepare a scheme for a national system of technical education with the advice of men eminent in the fields of education and industry.
In 1878, the executive committee recommended the establishment of a central institution for advanced instruction and research in science and technology, the development of local trade schools, the provision of examinations in technical subjects to encourage the spread of technical instruction throughout the country and the grant of financial aid to existing institutions holding classes in relevant subjects.
These recommendations were implemented as follows:
1) TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS: The examinations in technical subjects previously organised by the Society of Arts since 1873 were taken over and extended by the Institute under the aegis of the Examinations Department, renamed the Department of Technology in 1902.
2) FINSBURY TECHNICAL COLLEGE: In 1879 the Institute established evening classes in applied chemistry and physics in rooms rented from the Middle Class School in Cowper Street, Finsbury (also known as the Cowper Street schools). The success of these classes necessitated the erection of a new building, which was formally opened in 1883 as Finsbury Technical College. It acted as a prototype for technical institutes throughout the country, providing day and evening classes in technical subjects until its closure in 1926. From 1921 to 1926 it was managed by a delegacy appointed by the Institute.
3) SOUTH LONDON TECHNICAL ART SCHOOL: South London Technical Art School began as an extension of Lambeth Art School in Kennington Park Road, which had been founded in 1854. In 1878, the Institute leased nos. 122 and 124 Kennington Park Road, to which it added additional studios, and established classes in applied art. The art school was renamed the Kennington and Lambeth Art School in 1933 and the City and Guilds Art School in 1937. Additional premises were purchased at 118 and 120 Kennington Park Road in 1933. Administrative and financial control of the Art School was transferred to a charitable trust company, the City and Guilds of London Art School Ltd, in 1971.
4) THE CENTRAL INSTITUTION: The Central Institution was formally opened in 1884 in Exhibition Road, South Kensington, on land leased from the Commissioners of the exhibition of 1851, following considerable dispute concerning its possible location. It was renamed the Central Technical College in 1893 and the City and Guilds College in 1911. In 1907 a government departmental committee appointed by the Board of Education proposed the establishment at South Kensington of an institution or group of associated colleges of science and technology for the provision of highly specialised instruction, incorporating the Royal College of Science, the Royal School of Mines and the Institute's Central Technical College. The charter of incorporation of this new institution, named the Imperial College of Science and Technology, was granted in 1907. Provision was made for five representatives of the Institute to serve on the governing body of Imperial College, which was admitted as a school of the University of London in 1908. In 1911, a delegacy was appointed by the Institute to manage the City and Guilds College. Although incorporated under the name of City and Guilds College, the College was known as the City and Guilds (Engineering) College from 1911 until 1935 to emphasise its status as an engineering college.
5) LEATHER TRADES SCHOOL: In 1889 the Institute took over the running of the Leather Trades School, Bethnal Green and provided financial support for the school in conjunction with the Leathersellers' and Cordwainers' Companies and the Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association. In 1909 the Leathersellers' Company withdrew its support and, after lengthy negotiations, the Cordwainers' Company assumed sole responsibility for the School which was renamed the Cordwainers' Technical College in 1913.
6) GRANTS: Financial aid was granted by the Institute to other institutions holding classes in technical subjects, for example the British Horological Institute, Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution and the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women.
7) HEAD OFFICE: The Head Office of the Institute was situated at Gresham College until 1958, when it moved to 76 Portland Place. Since 1996 it has been based at 1 Giltspur Street.
The City and Hackney Health District was created in 1974 and formed one of three Health Districts in the City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching), its boundaries coinciding with those of the Local Authority. The two other districts were Tower Hamlets and Newham. The District became the City and Hackney Health District Authority in 1982. It was abolished in 1993 and superceded by the East London and The City Health Authority.
Hospitals in the area were divided into units, with St Bartholomew's Hospital Unit comprising St Bartholomew's, St Leonard's and St Mark's hospitals; City of London Unit comprising St Bartholomew's and St Mark's; and the Hackney Unit comprising the Hackney, Eastern, Mothers', German, Homerton and St Matthew's hospitals. The Joint Consultative Committee was established to provide for joint care planning between local authorities and health authorities, and drew its membership from the London Borough of Hackney, the City of London Corporation, the Inner London Education Authority, the City and East London Family Practitioner Committee and voluntary organisations, as well as City and Hackney Health Authority. The City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching) was responsible for the healthcare facilities in the City of London and the London Boroughs of Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Newham. It was divided into three Health Districts: City and Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets.
The Northern Line extension to Morden and the station there were constructed in 1926 by the City and South London Railway. The company obtained permission to open a garage opposite the station where commuters could leave their cars and then contine their journey by tube. They also offered minor repairs and sold petrol. The right of the company to establish such undertakings was debated in Parliament - while the need to encourage measures to reduce traffic congestion in London was acknowledged, running garages was considered too far outside the remit of the company and a threat to local small business and futher such undertakings were discouraged.
The City of London and Southwark Subway Company was incorporated in July 1884 to carry out a scheme to construct a twin-tube cable-traction subway from King William Street [now Monument station] to Elephant and Castle. In 1889 it was decided to run the trains electrically instead of by a cable car method, thus making this the world's first electric tube railway. It was also decided to extend the line to Stockwell, where the electrical generating equipment was housed. In 1890 it was decided to extend the line south to Clapham Common and north to Moorgate and the Angel, Islington. The company name was also changed to the City and South London Railway. A further extension to Kings Cross and Euston stations was opened in 1907. An extension to Camden Town was opened in 1924 and to Morden in 1926.
The City and South London Railway was connected with the Charing Cross to Hampstead line (constructed between 1900 and 1924 as the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway) in 1924 and by 1937 the two railways had been integrated into one system, and renamed the Northern Line. Between 1935 and 1940 the line was extended to High Barnet and Mill Hill East, bringing its total length to 40 miles.
Duties were payments to the public revenue levied upon the import, export, manufacture, or sale of certain commodities while metage was a duty paid for the official measuring of dry or liquid goods, such as coal, grain, salt. A meter was responsible for seeing that commodities such as grain were traded according to the proper measure. The City Chamberlain's Office of the Corporation of London had responsibility for overseeing the work of meters in checking incoming grain and other goods, especially in the Port of London.
The Chamber of a city is the place where the funds of the corporation are kept and where moneys due are received - a kind of treasury. The Chamber is run by the Chamberlain, an officer who receives the rents and revenues owed to the corporation. The origin of the Chamber of London is obscure, but as soon as the citizens were sufficiently united to hold lands and tenements in common an officer must have been appointed to collect rents and disburse income for public welfare. The Chamber is first mentioned in 1275 and in the following year Stephen de Mundene is named as City Chamberlain. At first the Chamberlain was chosen by the Mayor and Aldermen, but by 1319 elections were introduced and the officer was chosen by the liverymen in Common Hall. The Chamberlain's duties combined municipal finance with public banking. His main duty was as treasurer or banker of the City of London with custody of the monies of the Corporation, called the City's Cash, and other funds. Former Chamberlains were able to keep for themselves profits derived from interest on the cash! The Chamberlain also collects the rents of all Corporation properties and makes payments on behalf of the Corporation including salaries and pensions. He also invests money, is responsible for insurance, the preparation of tax returns and production of reports and statistics.
The City Clerical Society was a debating society for City of London incumbents and licensed curates, which met at Sion College.
The City Glee Club met at the New Corn Exchange Hotel, Mark Lane and then at the London Tavern, Fenchurch Street. After 1945 it met outside the City. The club met to listen to concerts given by eight professional musicians from the choirs of St Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and the Chapels Royal. It drew much of its early membership from the Civil Club. A glee club met to practice and perform glees and other songs. Glees are a form of English song, for three or more voices, which were usually unaccompanied.
The City Music Society was formed in 1943, influenced by lunchtime concerts organised by Hilda Bor at the Royal Exchange and by Myra Hess at the National Gallery. The driving force in the Society's foundation was Ivan Sutton, with help and encouragement by Bor, who became its Vice-President, and from Edric Cundell, Principal of the Guildhall School of Music, who served as its first President. The first event, a lecture by Cundell, took place in December 1943 at the Guildhall School, shortly followed by the first concert, a performance by the Morley College Choir, in January 1944. After subsequent Society concerts at the Chartered Insurance Institute and the Royal Exchange, Sutton succeeded in convincing the Goldsmith's Company to allow the use of its hall for a series of three evening concerts in the autumn of 1946. In the autumn of 1947 the lunchtime concerts moved from the Guildhall School to the Bishopsgate Institute where the opening concert by Louis Kentner attracted a capacity audience. Since then evening concerts at Goldsmith's Hall and Tuesday lunchtime concerts at Bishopsgate Institute have provided the regular framework within which the work of the Society has evolved.
The Society, at present, stages around 26 concerts per year and has over 2000 lunchtime and early evening concerts to its credit. It completed its 60th-anniversary season in April 2004. As well as featuring well-established musicians, the Society's policy has always attempted to invite outstanding young professional artists who are at the beginning of their careers to perform at its concerts, many of whom have since attained international status. Furthermore, over the years the Society has commissioned many new works - on average one every three years - from a wide and diverse range of British composers, including Roger Smalley, Nicholas Maw, Diana Burrell, Richard Rodney Bennett, Elizabeth Maconchy, Phyllis Tate, Robin Holloway, John McCabe, Geoffrey Burgon, Peter-Paul Nash, Kevin Volans and Michael Berkeley.
By the mid 19th century churchyards within London were becoming overcrowded, unsanitary and unfit to be used for further burials. Local government therefore looked for suitable unused land outside the spread of the city. The Corporation of London, for example, bought land at Ilford, Essex, for a large cemetery and crematorium.
The City of London and Tower Hamlets Company opened its burial ground to the south of Mile End Road, Stepney, in 1841; the last burial took place in 1966.
The cemetery ground was acquired by the Greater London Council in 1966 and was thereafter managed by the GLC Parks Department.
By the mid 19th century churchyards within London were becoming overcrowded, unsanitary and unfit to be used for further burials. Local government therefore looked for suitable unused land outside the spread of the city. The Corporation of London, for example, bought land at Ilford, Essex, for a large cemetery and crematorium. The City of London and Tower Hamlets Company opened its ground to the south of Mile End Road, Stepney, in 1841; the last burial took place in 1966.
The cemetery ground was acquired by the Greater London Council in 1966 and was thereafter managed by the Greater London Council Parks Department; in 1967 and early 1968 the records kept in the cemetery office were transferred to the Greater London Record Office (now the London Metropolian Archives).
In 1848 Charles Blomfield, Bishop of London, called upon the clergy to establish evening classes to improve the moral, intellectual and spiritual condition of young men in London. In response, the Reverend Charles Mackenzie, instituted the Metropolitan Evening Classes for Young Men in Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, London, with student fees at one shilling per session. Subjects on the original curriculum included Greek, Latin, Hebrew, English, History, Mathematics, Drawing and Natural Philosophy. This fledgling college came under royal patronage following the visit of Prince Albert to the classes in 1851. In 1860 the classes moved to Sussex Hall, the former Livery Hall of the Bricklayers' Company, in Leadenhall Street. By this time, some 800 students were enrolled annually.
In 1861 the classes were reconstituted and named the City of London College. Over the next twenty years, the College was one of the pioneers in the introduction of commercial and technical subjects. The College built new premises in White Street at a cost of £16,000 (contributions were received from Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales) and were opened in 1881. In 1891 the College joined the Birkbeck Institute and the Northampton Institute to form the notional City Polytechnic by a Charity Commissioners' scheme to facilitate funding for these institutions by the City Parochial Foundation, and to enable the three institutions to work cooperatively. However this attempted federation did not function in practice, as each institution continued to operate more or less independently. The City Polytechnic concept was dissolved in 1906, and the City of London of College came under the supervision of London County Council.
In December 1940 the College's building was destroyed by a German air raid. The College subsequently moved into premises at 84 Moorgate in January 1944. (During the intervening years, the College students had been accommodated by the City Literary Institute and the Sir John Cass Technical Institute; the latter being another of London Metropolitan University's earliest precursor institutions). The College celebrated its centenary in 1948 with a service of thanksgiving addressed by the Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral. In 1970 the College merged with Sir John Cass College to form the City of London Polytechnic.
Prince Henry's Room in Fleet Street is one of the few houses in London which survive today from before the Great Fire of London in 1666.
The history of the site can be traced back to the 12th century when it formed part of the property granted to the Knights Templar, which in 1312 passed to the Knights Hospitallers of the Order of St John of Jerusalem.
The Order of St John was dissolved in 1540. In 1610 the owner of the property decided to rebuild. The new building became a tavern, known for the next thirty years as the Prince's Arms . In 1671 the property was sold to James Sotheby in whose family the freehold remained until it was purchased by the London County Council in 1900.
The house changed its name to the Fountain during the 17th century and from 1795 to 1816 the front part of the house was occupied by a well-known exhibition, Mrs Salmon's Waxworks, while the tavern business continued in the back part of the premises.
Several mythical stories have attached themselves to the site. When the London County Council took over the building, a signboard across the front declared that it was "formerly the palace of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey" but evidence of the rebuilding in 1610 refutes this claim. A more persistent story states that the house was built for the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall and that the room on the first floor was set apart for its use after Prince Henry became Prince of Wales in 1610. This would explain the three feathers motif on the facade and why the inn was called The Prince's Arms . However, records clearly show that the house was erected as a tavern and that the name was in use two years before Prince Henry was born.
In 1900 it was discovered that there was a false front on the building incorporating eight carved panels. Behind this was the original 17th century half-timbered front, shorn of its bay windows but entirely preserved by the thick layers of paint which covered the whole front. The facade now appears in its original form.
Inside the building the main feature of interest is the large room on the first floor. Originally panelled in oak, only the portion on the west side of the room now remains. The remaining panelling and the chimney piece are Georgian and of pine.
The great treasure of the house is the ceiling, one of the best remaining Jacobian enriched plaster ceilings in London. In the centre of the design are the Prince of Wales feathers, and the letters PH in a star-shaped border. There are two stained glass windows in the room - both 20th century. The right-hand window is the 'Royal' window, designed to commemorate the supposed association of the chamber with the Duchy of Cornwall. The other window illustrates the connection of the room with the London County Council, the City of London and the Society of the Inner Temple.
Prince Henry's Room was transferred to the City of London in 1969 from the Greater London Council.
The City of London Elocution Society met at the Mourning Bush Tavern in St Martin le Grand. It merged with the City of London Discussion Society, to become the City of London Discussion and Literary Society.
The City of London Gas Light and Coke Company was founded in 1817, with offices at Salisbury Square, off Fleet Street. The company had Gas Works at Dorset Street, Blackfriars; Fetter Lane, Aldgate and Whitechapel. It was taken over by the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company in 1870.
The City of London Gas Light and Coke Company was founded in 1817, with offices at Salisbury Square, off Fleet Street. The company had gas works at Dorset Street, Blackfriars; Fetter Lane, Aldgate and Whitechapel. It was taken over by the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company in 1870.
The Great Central Gas Consumers Company was founded in 1849. Consumers Gas Companies were usually set up in consequence of dissatisfaction with the existing suppliers, in this case the City of London Gas Light and Coke Company and the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company, which were both charging high amounts for their gas. According to the Act of Parliament which established the Company, it was obliged to sell gas at 4 shillings per 1000 cubic feet, and to take profits of 10 percent maximum. Any profit above 10 percent was to be put towards the reduction of prices. The Company had a gas works at Bow Common. In 1870 it was taken over by the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company.
The City Imperial Volunteers (as they are usually known) or C.I.V. were raised by the Lord Mayor in December 1899 to fight in the Boer War in South Africa. Donations were received from City Livery Companies, bankers and City and West End firms.
Recruits, who were aged between 20 and 30, enlisted for one year. They were all granted the Freedom of the City of London and embarked for South Africa on 13, 20 and 29 January 1900 with another draft in July 1900. They returned home in October 1900 and were disbanded.
The City of London Insurance Company Limited was founded in 1955. It had offices at 47/49 Fenchurch Street. A subsidiary of Home and Overseas, it was acquired by Eagle Star in 1966.
Founded in 1921, the Association was initially entitled the City of London Wholesale Linen Trade Association. Membership consisted of buyers and agents within the wholesale linen trade who paid an annual subscription to join. In order to reflect changes in the industry, this was later expanded to include those from the manufacturing and retail sectors. By 1962, the name had been changed to the City of London Linen Trades Association (CLLTA). Further changes in the trade led to greater links with soft furnishings and a further name change in 1992 to the City of London Linens and Furnishings Association (CLLFA).
The aims of the Association were: 'to encourage and maintain the feeling of good fellowship amongst the membership and the trade' and 'to enable interchange of views between buyers, agents and manufacturers in their mutual interest and of the trade as a whole'.
Committee meetings were held monthly, initially at offices of the members (first meeting at 25 Noble Street. Other addresses include 16 Little Britain and The Guildhall Chambers, City of London. The Association was run by a management committee enrolled at the publically held Annual General Meetings in January of each year. A Benevolent fund, administered by 5 trustees, was established in 1926. This fund was set up to support members, former members and their dependents with financial assistance in times of hardship or ill health and was registered with the Charity Commission in 1962 as the City of London Linen Trades Association Benevolent Fund (later the City of London Linens and Furnishings Association Benevolent Fund).
Membership peaked at over 300 members (in the mid-1990s). Annual golf days, snooker, cricket and bowls events were organised for the benefit of members and to raise funds.
In 1979 a vote was passed to accept female members and the first (and only) female President, Jean Biggs, was elected in 1985.
Owing to a decline in linen manufacturing, membership began to reduce and in 2011 the Committee and Trustees made the decision wind up the Association as of 31 December 2011.
The first meeting of 'the Governors for erecting a Lying-in Hospital for married women in the City of London and parts adjacent and also for Out-patients in Phisic and Surgery' was held at the Black Swan Tavern in Bartholomew Lane on 30 March 1750. Mr Jacob Ilive was in the chair. The governors elected John Nix as the first secretary, Thomas Chaddock as treasurer, Richard Ball as surgeon and man-midwife and William Ball as apothecary. Slingsby Bethell subsequently became the first President of the hospital.
The hospital opened in May 1750 at London House in Aldersgate Street as the 'City of London Lying in Hospital for married women and sick and lame Outpatients.' The General Court of Governors decided on 6 September 1751 to admit no more outpatients and the second part of the title was dropped. The hospital moved in 1751 from London House into Thanet or Shaftesbury House also in Aldersgate Street. In 1769 the Governors decided to erect a new purpose built hospital. They leased a site from St Bartholomew's Hospital on the corner of City Road and Old Street and commissioned Robert Mylne to design the new hospital, which was opened on 31 March 1773.
In the 18th Century, all children born in the hospital were expected to be baptised publicly in the hospital chapel. Money for the hospital was raised by the collections taken at the public baptism ceremonies. The attendance of potential donors was encouraged by the performance of anthems and other sacred music. Special sermons, benefit plays, and performances of musical works such as El Penseroso and The Messiah also contributed to hospital funds.
You may go to Aldersgate-Street
A kind reception there you'll meet
Most safely to lie-in?
No one will know my charming Fair
But you are gone to take the Air
So return a Maid again'
(from Joyful News to Batchelors and Maids: Being a Song in Praise of the Foundling Hospital and the London Hospital Aldersgate Street c 1760 quoted in R. McClure Coram's Children, 1981, p.109)
Despite the above rhyme the benefits of the hospital were intended to be for married women only. Not until 1888 were single women admitted for a first confinement and then only in exceptional circumstances after careful investigation by the Committee of Management. The rules of the hospital were relaxed in 1912 to allow any 'Singlewomen who are sufficient recommended and are found to be deserving of the Benefits of the Hospital's Charity' to be eligible for admission for their first confinement.
In 1872 the hospital established an outdoor maternity department. Patients were delivered in their own homes by district midwives employed by the hospital. The district attended by the hospital was at first to be only the area within a mile of the hospital, but it was rapidly extended until by 1883 it included Shoreditch, Islington, St Luke's, Bethnal Green, Clerkenwell, Spitalfields, Hackney, Whitechapel, Holborn, and the City of London. By 1898 it also included parts of Stoke Newington and South Hornsey. The outdoor maternity department rapidly became very popular and by 1880 was admitting over a thousand patients a year, roughly three times as many outpatients as inpatients. In 1910, 2742 outpatients were delivered compared to 842 inpatients. After the introduction of maternity benefit in 1912 through the National Insurance Act, the numbers of outpatients decreased and the area of the district contracted to the parts nearer the hospital.
Midwifery training at the hospital was reorganised in the 1880s. From 1886 midwifery pupils in their last month of training were allowed to attend outpatients living near the hospital.
During the 19th Century the hospital suffered a number of outbreaks of puerperal fever. A severe outbreak of puerperal fever in 1877 caused the hospital to be closed for almost eighteen months from 24 November 1877 to April 1879. Despite sanitary improvements, mortality in the hospital remained excessively high and in June 1880 antiseptic rules were introduced. However in February 1883 the hospital again had to be closed temporarily.
The hospital building was badly damaged by the construction of the Great Northern and City Railway underneath Old Street. Between 1904 and 1907 the old hospital was demolished and a new hospital built on the same site. The name of the hospital was changed in 1918 to The City of London Maternity Hospital. A royal charter was granted to the hospital in 1935.
On the outbreak of War in 1939, the hospital equipped and staffed Brocket Hall near Hatfield in Hertfordshire as a maternity unit for evacuated mothers administered by Hertfordshire County Council. The hospital in City Road was badly damaged by bombing on 10 September 1940, 16 April 1941 and 10 May 1941. The rear part of the building subsequently had to be demolished. Although the front portion of the building could still be used for clinics and administration, no inpatients could be admitted into the hospital after September 1940. Inpatients were transferred to Friern Barnet Hospital until March 1941 when the maternity beds were required for war casualties. Outpatients continued to be delivered in their own homes and expectant mothers who were willing to leave London were evacuated to Brocket Hall. In January 1942 twelve beds were made available for emergency cases in the London Fever Hospital in Liverpool Road, Islington. The number of beds was later increased to forty.
At the end of war, in 1946, the City of London Maternity Hospital took over financial responsibility for Brocket Hall from Hertfordshire County Council. It was decided not to rebuild the hospital on the very noisy site in City Road. Former homes for the blind in Hanley Road, Islington, were acquired from the Institute for the Blind and the hospital opened in Hanley Road in November 1949. Clinics continued to be held in the City Road building until 1955 when a modern building was opened adjacent to the hospital in Hanley Road.
In 1948 the hospital was taken over by the National Health Service and came under the control of the Northern Group Hospital Management Committee. In 1974 the hospital became part of Islington Health District. The hospital closed in 1983.
The chief authority in the hospital lay with the General Court of Governors, which met twice a year, though special courts could be summoned more frequently if required. The main business of the hospital devolved on to the House Committee, which was chosen by the General Court. The House Committee met every week at the hospital to admit and discharge patients, to inspect the running of the hospital and to deal with other business. The Committee, which was also known as the Weekly Committee or the Committee of Governors, reported its proceedings to each General Court and a copy of the report was entered in the hospital minute books. After March 1857 the House Committee met only once a month. A rota of the committee consisting of two members of the committee in rotation met once a week at the hospital to admit patients. This became known as the Rota Committee. In 1880 the constitution of the hospital was amended. Governors' meetings were to be held in future once a year in February. The Committee became the Committee of Management meeting once a month while the Rota Committee was to continue to meet once a week at the hospital. A Finance Committee was established which held quarterly meetings.
Under the Royal Charter granted on 28 January 1935 the annual general meeting of the Governors was to be held in March. The Committee of Management was replaced by the Board of Management, which was to have the entire management of the hospital.
The fourth surviving governors' minute book includes an inventory of the books and papers belonging to the hospital drawn up on 1 June 1789. It is clear from this and from references in the hospital minute books that many records do not survive. Some records may have been destroyed when the hospital was bombed in 1940 and 1941. Others, including eight of the first nine admission registers, were sent for salvage during the Second World War. Onward for June 1942 states that 'In common with other Hospitals we have 'salvaged' a large quantity of paper (correspondence, records, books and the like) which, in the piping times of peace, accumulated over a long period of time, but in these critical days is put to National use.'
The Association was founded in 1838. Former sheriffs of London and of Middlesex, who were not members of the Court of Aldermen, were invited to join. In 1939 the name was changed to The Sheriffs and Past Sheriffs Association and members of the Court of Aldermen could then join. In 1940 the name was changed again to The Sheriffs Association.
The City of London Paving Commission was founded under an Act of Parliament, (6 Geo III c. 26) the London Paving and Lighting Act 1766. The upkeep of street paving was later undertaken by the Commissioners of Sewers for the City of London.
The City of London have had the right to control their own police force, anciently called 'the watch', from time immemorial. The Watch was controlled through the Watch and Ward Committee under the government of the Aldermen. Constables were appointed annually and were responsible for peace and good order. Constables were chosen from householders acting in rotation, although they often paid for a stand-in to be hired instead. Marshalmen and Night Watchmen were appointed to assist them. In 1693 an Act of Common Council was passed stating that 1000 Watchmen should be constantly on duty in the City from sunset to sunrise - this was called the 'Standing Watch'. In 1737 an Act was passed allowing the Common Council to pass an annual order settling the number of Watchmen and imposing taxes for their maintenance. This was known as the 'Nightly Watch Act'.
From around 1737 attempts were made to create an equivalent day force. For several years Extra Constables were sworn in to provide assistance to Ward Constables. In 1800 an experimental force of professional police was created to ensure policing during the day as well as at night. In 1834 the Common Council formed the Day Police Committee to send a deputation to the Court of Aldermen asking them to consider ways of providing a permanent day force. In 1838 the Common Council attempted to levy a rate to support a new combined police force for day and night, however, proposals were being put before Parliament to make the City of London part of the Metropolitan Police District. This was strongly opposed by the Corporation and in 1839 they put a Bill into Parliament which led to the 'Act for regulating the Police in the City of London'. This Act established that the Corporation should appoint a suitable person to be Commissioner of the Police Force of the City of London and that they should form a Police Committee to provide supplies for the force and maintain their buildings.
In 1911 it was decided to form Police Reserves to cope with any civil disturbances which might arise, and to avoid recourse to military assistance. Two reserves to the City Police were then formed: the first Police Reserve, consisting of pensioners from the regular police prepared to rejoin when required in time of emergency; and the second, or Special Police Reserve (later renamed the Special Constabulary), consisting of citizens of suitable age and physical fitness, who would register their names as willing to undertake to serve as special constable in the event of an emergency arising to require their services. The registered members were formed into divisions, and provisional arrangements made for calling out and swearing them in emergency arose. In 1939 the strength of the Special was 2014. Many members of the Special Constabulary undertook full time police duties during the war, temporarily becoming members of the branch of the Civil Defence organization known as the Police War Reserve.
Anthony Crossland, in his notable 1965 Woolwich speech, laid out the Government's vision for a binary system of Higher Education within the UK: i.e. universities and polytechnics, where the latter would concentrate on high-level vocational skills. He claimed that, whilst it is always sensible to build on what already exists if rapid expansion is to be achieved within limited resources, it is also important to offer an alternative channel to H.E. that is distinct from the established University system in a number of ways:
Distinct in traditions that have been inherited from its precursors in the non-university sector
Distinct in its adaptability and responsiveness to social change
Distinct organisationally
Distinct in the kind of students that it attracts
The City of London Polytechnic was formed in 1970 from an amalgamation of the City of London College, the Sir John Cass College and the Navigation College at Tower Hill and it was one of the first of the London-based polytechnics to be so designated. It was initially organised into 4 Schools:
The Sir John Cass School of Science and Technology
The Sir John Cass School of Art
The School of Navigation
The School of Business Studies
In 1972 it became one of the first institutions in the country approved to run a modular degree. In 1977 it took responsibility for the running of the Fawcett Library (subsequently renamed the Women's Library), the oldest established women's library in the UK. It merged with the London College of Furniture in 1990. In 1992 the Polytechnic was granted university status - and, with that, its own degree-awarding powers - by the Further and Higher Education Act of that year and was renamed London Guildhall University.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
City of London Poor Law Union was constituted in 1837 and comprised 98 parishes. The Union at first refused to construct a workhouse, preferring to provide out-relief in the form of money and food, or to 'farm out' paupers to institutions outside of the City - for example, children were sent to a school in Norwood. However this system proved impractical and in 1848 a new workhouse was constructed at Bow Road. In 1869 when the City of London Union merged with the East London and West London Unions, the Bow Road Workhouse became an infirmary, although it was closed in 1909 as the larger infirmary at Homerton was preferred. In 1912 it was reopened as the Bow Institution, providing medical care for paupers from other Unions. It later became Saint Clement's Hospital. By 1871 the Union also managed the Thavies Inn Casual Ward at Holborn.
The East London Poor Law Union was formed in 1837 and comprised the parishes of Saint Botolph, Aldersgate, Saint Botolph, Aldgate, Saint Botolph, Bishopsgate and Saint Giles, Cripplegate. In 1852 the Union constructed a workhouse at Homerton.
The West London Poor Law Union was formed in 1837 and comprised the parishes of Bridewell precinct, Saint Andrew, Lower or City Liberty, Saint Bartholomew the Great, Saint Bartholomew the Less, Saint Bride's, otherwise St Bridget, Fleet Street, Saint Dunstan's West and Saint Sepulchre, Newgate. In 1864 the Union constructed a workhouse at Cornwallis Road in Upper Holloway. This workhouse was taken over by the parish of Saint Mary, Islington, when the West London Union merged with the City of London Union.
In 1869 the three City Unions were amalgamated under the name City of London Union, comprising 112 parishes.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
In 1442 John Carpenter, Town Clerk of London, bequeathed land to the Corporation of London intended to fund the maintenance and education of four boys born within the City, who would be called 'Carpenter's children'. Carpenter directed that that the boys should be schooled and clothed at the direction of the Chamberlain. The precise terms of the will were adhered to for about 2 centuries, after which time payments were made to friends of the children for them to provide the benefits. Prior to the foundation of the City of London School the Carpenter's Scholars were educated at Tonbridge School. Following an Act of Parliament of 1834 it was decided to charge the Carpenter Estates for the building and maintenance of a school, and the City of London School was opened in 1837. It was first built on the site of Honey Lane Market, Milk Street, Cheapside, but moved to Victoria Embankment in 1882. During the Second World War the school was temporarily moved to Marlborough. It moved again in 1986, when a new purpose-built building was opened in Queen Victoria Street, still within the City of London.
The school was established in 1806 by Rev. Richard Povah in St James Duke's Place, for the education, clothing and instruction in trades of both boys and girls. From at least 1817 the school was based at 5 Mitre Square, Aldgate, although until 1818 it was known as the St. James Duke's Place School of Instruction and Industry. The school was funded by voluntary susbscription, although the premises at Mitre Street were leased from the Corporation of London, who maintained the property. The school was wound up in 1845/6.
The temperance movement was started in the early 19th century. Various temperance associations campaigned against excessive drinking, blaming many social ills on alcohol and drunkenness. Members promoted abstinence and campaigned for stronger legislation and licensing.
The City of London Territorial and Auxiliary Forces Association was formed in January 1908 (as a result of the creation of the Territorial Force in that year). The Association continued until 1968 when, along with other Territorial Associations, it was wound up.
The Association was founded in 1849 "for the purpose of bringing before the legislature and the Poor Law Board the unfair, unequal and oppressive operation" of the poor rates in the City of London Union.
The Old Comrades' Association was formed in 1919.
City of Westminster College has its origins in an evening institute established in the First World War providing lip-reading classes for deafened servicemen in the vestry of St George's Church in Hanover Square, Westminster. The institute, which became known as St George's Institute, only ran evening classes and moved to a number of different sites, successively St George's Row School, Ebury Bridge and Dean Farrar Street. A further move was made to the Burdett Cookery School, with some classes held in the Townsend Foundation School, Rochester Row. The institute grew rapidly during the 1930s, becoming one of the largest commercial institutes in London, with classrooms and chemistry laboratories in Westminster City College. In 1936 an arrangement with Westminster Training College was made enabling the institute to provide more student hours than any comparable institute in London and replacing the link with Westminster City College. The institute moved again to the Millbank School, Erasmus Street. In 1939 two social studies courses were introduced, whilst languages and commercial, administrative and social studies were all well established.
The Waterloo Road School site was taken over by the institute in 1951, shared with the Law Department of Kennington College. By 1959 there were 41 full-time staff, more part-time lecturers and over 30 rooms used. Full-time courses were offered in 1959 in the institute's three departments of Civil Service, Commerce and University Entrance, with part-time and evening work. In 1954 the institute moved to Francis House, renting space from the Army and Navy Stores. Further space was rented from them in 1955, enabling matriculation work to be transferred from Regent Street Polytechnic. New departments of Science, Social Studies and Day Release work were created. Awards and courses were rationalised following the 1959 McMeeking report 'Further Education in Commerce', with the introduction of national certificates in business studies, and establishment of new departments of Economics and Arts and Science and Maths. By 1962 there were over 6000 students associated with the institute. In 1965 the work of the Arts Department was transferred to the West London College of Commerce.
In 1959 the institute was renamed City of Westminster College. In the early 1960s the first courses in Hospital Administration were organised, and part of the college moved in 1966 to Blackfriars Road where housing laboratories and the Social Studies Department were accommodated (later to become part of Southwark College). In the mid 1960s new departments of Professional Studies, later renamed Accountancy and Finance, and Business Studies were established. The publication of the White Paper 'A Plan for Polytechnics and Other Colleges', published in 1966, had announced the creation of some 30 polytechnics throughout the country to form what became called the public sector of the binary system of higher education. The 13 existing colleges managed by ILEA were to be reorganised into five. City of Westminster College joined with Borough Polytechnic, the Brixton School of Building, and the National College for Heating, Ventilating, Refrigeration and Fan Engineering to become the Polytechnic of the South Bank in 1970.