Charles Herbert Fagge was born in Lutterworth, Leicestershire, in 1873. He was educated at Oundle School and entered Guy's Hospital Medical School in 1890. He won the gold medal and exhibition for anatomy at the London University intermediate examination in 1895, and the gold medal with a moiety of the exhibition in surgery at the final MB examination in 1897. Two years later he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical School at Guy's and was demonstrator and lecturer on the subject from 1906-1910. In 1902 he was made surgeon-in-charge of the aural department in the hospital, a position he held until 1908. He was elected assistant surgeon in 1905, he became surgeon in 1917, and resigned under the age limit in 1933, and was consulting surgeon from that date until his death. Amongst his minor hospital appointments he was surgeon to the Evelina Hospital for Children, and consulting surgeon to the Beckenham Hospital and to St John's Hospital at Blackheath. During the World War One, Fagge was gazetted major, RAMC(T), in 1915, and served at the Hampstead Military Hospital. He was also promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel in 1915, and was attached to the 2nd London General Hospital, acting at the same time as consulting surgeon to the Royal Red Cross Hospital for Officers at Fishmongers Hall, E.C., where he had Lieutenant-Colonel D'Arcy Power, FRCS, as his colleague. He was ordered to France in 1917, with the rank of brevet colonel, but he suffered from dysentery and was invalided home. At the Royal College of Surgeons he was elected an examiner in anatomy in 1909, served as a member of the Court of Examiners 1920-1930 and as a surgical examiner on the Dental Board in 1923. He was a Member of Council 1921-1938, being vice-president in 1929 and 1930. In 1928 he delivered the Bradshaw lecture on 'Axial rotation', and in 1936 he was Hunterian Orator, taking as his subject 'John Hunter to John Hilton'. When the Australasian College of Surgeons obtained a Royal Charter of incorporation the Council of the English College of Surgeons presented it with a great mace as a token of friendship. Fagge was deputed to present it formally and in person. This he did successfully and with much dignity at the inaugural meeting held in the Wilson Hall of Melbourne University on 17 Feb 1932. He also delivered the first Syme Oration at the College. For these services the University of Melbourne conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons elected him an Honorary Fellow. On his return to England he filled the offices of President of the Association of Surgeons of Britain and Ireland in 1933 and President of the surgical section of Royal Society of Medicine in 1932-1933; of the Royal Society of Medicine itself he had been the honorary treasurer from 1914-1920. He developed Parkinson's disease and died in 1939.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
James Augustus Rooth studied his degree at Oxford. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1901, training at St George's Hospital. Rooth was a Civil Surgeon in the South Africa Field Force; Senior Honorary Surgeon at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford; and a Colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was the doctor present at the birth of the conjoined twins, Violet and Daisy Hilton, known as 'The Brighton Twins', born in Brighton, in 1908. Rooth's last entry in the Medical Directory was in 1963.
Sir Humphry Davy Rolleston was born in Oxford, in 1862. He was educated at Maclaren's School at Summerfield, Oxford; Marlborough College; and St John's College, Cambridge. He took 1st class honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos, parts 1, 1885, and 2, 1886; and was university demonstrator in pathology, anatomy, and physiology. He received his medical training at St Bartholomew's and became assistant physician at St George's, becoming physician in 1898, and eventually emertius physician. After serving as consulting physician for the Imperial Yeomanry, at their hospital at Pretoria, in 1900, he built up a large practice in Upper Brook Street, London. He made his name widely known by editing Allbutt and Rolleston's System of Medicine, 2nd edition, a reference work of enduring value, to which he himself contributed. His Fitzpatrick Lectures, 1933-1934, on the endocrines, were elaborated into an historical study, The endocrine glands, 1936. He was elected the first consultant (for life) to the Army Medical Library at Washington, the central workshop of English-speaking medical scholarship, when he attended as guest of honour at its centenary celebrations, in 1936. He edited The Practitioner, during 1928-1944. He died in 1944.
Albert Wilson was born in Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1954. He was educated at the Friend's School, York and Edinburgh University where he was awarded the Gold Medal for his thesis on heart diseases. Wilson also visited the Universities of Paris, Vienna, Berlin and St Petersburg. He qualified as a doctor in 1878, becoming a house surgeon at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and resident physician to the Cowgate Dispensary. He moved to London, and after running a city practice, became medical officer at the Walthamstow Branch of the Essex Asylum. He was interested in psychology and more specifically criminal psychology. Wilson served with the French Red Cross during World War One. He died at Fairwarp, near Uckfield, in 1928.
William Rutherford Sanders was born in 1828. He was a Scottish physician. He was lecturer in medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1853, and was Professor of Pathology from 1869. He was also Physician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He died in 1881.
Sir Cecil Pembrey Grey Wakeley was born near Rainham, Kent, in 1892. He started attending King's School, Rochester in 1904, later attending Dulwich College, and King's College Hospital in 1910. He qualified in 1915 and joined the Royal Navy for the next four years as Surgeon-Lieutenant, spending most of his time aboard the hospital ship Garth Castle at Scapa Flow. His link with the Navy lasted all his life, first as a consultant and in World War Two as Surgeon Rear-Admiral when he worked at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. He was appointed to the staff at King's in 1922, and was senior surgeon by the age of 41, remaining so for the next quarter of a century. He was consultant to the Belgrave Hospital for Children, the Royal Masonic and the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases. In addition he was a member of Council of the College and eventually President from 1949-1954. This was a period of immense importance since it witnessed the completion of the College's very ambitious rebuilding programme, the establishment of the Faculties of Dental Surgery and Anaesthesia, and the setting up of the academic units and their laboratories. He was also President of the Association of Physiotherapy, Hunterian Society, Medical Society of London and the Royal Life Saving Society. He examined for both the Primary and Final Fellowship examinations as well as the medical degrees at many universities in the UK and overseas. He was also a Hunterian Orator, Hunterian Professor five times and Erasmus Wilson, Bradshaw, and Thomas Vicary Lecturer. He was Chairman of the Trustees of the Hunterian Collection and received the College's Gold Medal for his services. For twenty years he edited the British Journal of Surgery and in 1947 he founded the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England which he continued to edit until 1969. He was for a long time editor of the now defunct Medical Press and Circular.
Thomas Keate was born in 1745. He studied as a pupil at St George's Hospital, London, and then became an assistant to John Gunning, surgeon to the Hospital. In 1792, the position of surgeon became available to succeed Charles Hawkins, which was sharply contested by Keate and Everard Home. Keate was elected as surgeon. In 1793 he succeeded John Hunter as surgeon-general to the Army, he was an examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons from 1800, and Master of the College in 1802, 1809, and 1818. As a surgeon he was the first to tie the subclavian artery for aneurysm. However, his reputation at St George's Hospital for not being punctual and being negligent in his duties, caused him to resign his post in 1813. Keate was surgeon to the Prince of Wales (later George IV), and also surgeon to the Chelsea Hospital, where he died in 1821. Keate published Cases of Hydrocele and Hernia (London, 1788), and several controversial papers such as Observations on the Fifth Report of the Commissioners of Medical Enquiry (London, 1808).
Henry Nathaniel Rumsey was a surgeon practising at Chesham, Buckinghamshire. Rumsey had taken shorthand notes of John Hunter's lectures in 1786-1787, which were printed by James F Palmer in his edition of Hunter's works. They were admired for their completeness, including examples and illustrations.
William Allison was born in c 1762. He practised at Darlington, possibly studying medicine in London or Edinburgh. He died in 1832 at the age of 70. His grandson F B Allison noted that his grandfather was devoted to science and astronomy.
William Jeremiah Allison, son of Wiliam Allison, practised in Ilford, Essex, during the early 19th century. His son, F B Allison, noted that his practice extended seven miles from Ilford, over the Hainault and Epping Forests.
Peter Mere Latham was born in London, in 1789. He was educated at the free school of Sandbach, Macclesfield grammar school, and Brasenose College, Oxford. He graduated BA (1810) MA (1813), MB (1814), and MD (1816). He was admitted an Inceptor-Candidate of the College of Physicians in 1815; a Candidate in 1817; and a Fellow in 1818. He was Censor in 1820, 1833, and 1837; Gulstonian lecturer in 1819; Lumleian lecturer in 1827 and 1828; Harveian orator in 1839; and was repeatedly placed upon the council. He was physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1815, and in 1823 was appointed by the government, in conjunction with Dr Roget, to take the medical charge of the inmates of the penitentiary at Millbank, then suffering from an epidemic of scurvy and dysentery. He was then appointed physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1824. He lectured at the Hospital's medical school with Sir George Burrows on the theory and practice of medicine. Later he published some of his lectures titled Lectures on Subjects connected with Clinical Medicine (London, 1836) and Lectures on Diseases of the Heart (2 volumes, London, 1845). Latham left St Bartholomew's in 1841, He retired to Torquay in 1865 and died there in 1875.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Sir Everard Home was born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1756. He was educated at Westminster School, and became a surgical pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter (1728-1793), surgeon at St George's Hospital, London. Home qualified through the Company of Surgeons in 1778 and was appointed assistant surgeon in the new naval hospital at Plymouth. In 1779 he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon with the army, but on returning to England in 1784 he rejoined Hunter at St George's as assistant. He was elected FRS in 1787, and in the same year he became assistant surgeon at St George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 Home read lectures for Hunter and in the following year he succeeded Hunter as lecturer in anatomy. Home joined the army in Flanders in 1793, but returned just before Hunter's sudden death in 1793. He then became surgeon at St George's Hospital and was also joint executor of Hunter's will with Matthew Baillie, Hunter's nephew. In 1793-1794 they saw Hunter's important work, On the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds, through the press and in 1794 Home approached Pitt's government to secure the purchase for the nation of Hunter's large collection of anatomical and pathological specimens. After protracted negotiations the collection was purchased for £15,000 in 1799 and presented to the College of Surgeons. In 1806 the collection was moved from Hunter's gallery in Castle Street to form the Hunterian Museum at the new site of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Home was chief curator and William Clift, who had worked with Hunter since 1792, was retained as resident conservator. Clift also had charge of Hunter's numerous folios, drawings, and accounts of anatomical and pathological investigations, which were essential for a clear understanding of the collection. In the years following Hunter's death Home built up a large surgical practice and published more than one hundred papers of varying quality, some very good, mainly in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The society awarded him its Copley medal in 1807. He gave the Croonian lectures fifteen times between 1794 and 1826. As Hunter's brother-in-law and executor he had great influence at the Royal College of Surgeons where he was elected to the court of assistants in 1801, an examiner in 1809, master in 1813 and 1821, and its first president in 1822. Having, with Matthew Baillie, endowed the Hunterian oration, he was the first Hunterian orator in 1814, and again in 1822. He became Keeper and a trustee of the Hunterian Museum in 1817 and was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the College from 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821. His Lectures on Comparative Anatomy were published in 1814 with a volume of plates from drawings by Clift. A further volume of lectures followed in 1823 accompanied by microscopical and anatomical drawings by Bauer and Clift. Two more volumes appeared in 1828. This work, although lacking in structure, is an important record of Hunter's investigations, especially the last two volumes. Home drew heavily on Hunter's work in the papers and books which he published after Hunter's death. Before the collection was presented to the Company of Surgeons in 1799 Home arranged for Clift to convey to his own house Hunter's folio volumes and fasciculi of manuscripts containing descriptions of the preparations and investigations connected with them. He promised to catalogue the collection, refusing help, but, despite repeated requests, only a synopsis appeared in 1818. B C Brodie says that Home was busily using Hunter's papers in preparing his own contributions for the Royal Society. Home himself later stated that he had published all of value in Hunter's papers and that his one hundred articles in Philosophical Transactions formed a catalogue raisonée of the Hunterian Museum. Home destroyed most of Hunter's papers in 1823. After his death in 1832, a parliamentary committee was set up to enquire into the details of this act of vandalism. Clift told this committee in 1834 that Home had used Hunter's papers extensively and had claimed that Hunter, when he was dying, had ordered him to destroy his papers. Yet Home, who was not present at Hunter's death, had kept the papers for thirty years. Clift also declared that he had often transcribed parts of Hunter's original work and drawings into papers which appeared under Home's name. Home produced a few of Hunter's papers which he had not destroyed and Clift had copied about half of the descriptions of preparations in the collection, consequently enough of Hunter's work survives to suggest that Home had often published Hunter's observations as his own. Although the full extent of Home's plagiarism cannot be determined, there is little doubt that it was considerable and this seriously damaged his reputation.
Born, Shropshire, 1892; suffered poor health and as a child travelled to Switzerland and the West Indies; worked briefly with the suffragette movement, 1914; during the war involved in social work for eighteen months in Hoxton, London, later on the land; went to California, 1918; sailed for England via the Far East, 1920; married James Carew Gorman Anderson of the Chinese customs service, 1921; based in Hong Kong after her marriage and campaigned against licensed prostitution; published novels, short stories and articles, 1915-1931, including Tobit Transplanted (1931) awarded Femina Vie Heureuse Prize, 1932; died, 1933.
Publications: include: I Pose (Macmillan and Co, London, 1915); This is the End (Macmillan and Co, London, 1917); Twenty [Poems] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1918); Living Alone (Macmillan and Co, London, 1919); The Poor Man (Macmillan and Co, London, 1922); The Awakening. A fantasy (Printed by Edwin and Robert Grabhorn for the Lantern Press, San Francisco, 1925); The Little World (Macmillan and Co, London, 1925); Goodbye, Stranger (Macmillan and Co, London, 1926); The Man who Missed the 'Bus (Mathews and Marrot, London, 1928); Worlds within Worlds [Sketches of travel] (Macmillan and Co, London, 1928); The Far-away Bride [With an appendix containing the Book of Tobit, from the Apocrypha] (Harper and Bros, New York and London, 1930); Tobit Transplanted (Macmillan and Co, London, 1931); Christmas Formula, and other stories (William Jackson [Joiner and Steele], London, 1932); Collected Short Stories (Macmillan and Co, London, 1936.
The Westfield College Association was founded in 1900 to provide a means for Westfield College alumni to maintain contact with the College and each other as well as to raise the profile of and assist the College. The Association held regular meetings and also maintained a Benevolent Fund for its members. In 1952 the Association agreed to take the major part of the responsibility for the publication of Hermes, the College Newsletter for current and former students of Westfield College. The final meeting of the Association took place on 14 Sep 1991, after which the Association merged with Queen Mary College to form the Queen Mary and Westfield College Association.
Presidents of the Westfield College Association: 1900-1920 Lady Chapman 1921-1927 Anne Richardson 1928-1931 Frances Gray 1931-1933 Lady Chapman 1934-1936 Eleanor Lodge 1937-1941 Constance Parker 1942-1945 Dorothy Chapman 1946-1949 Lilian James (also Hon. Secretary 1900-1939) 1950-1955 Ellen Delf-Smith 1956-1958 Helen Ralph 1959-1964 Gertrude Stanley 1964-1970 Kathleen Walpole 1971-1974 Kathleen Chesney 1974-1977 Eleanor Carus Wilson 1977-1991 Rosalind Hill
Wolfgang Held (1933-2016) was a writer, translator, artist and musician, and a key figure in Anglo-German literary relations.
Born in Frieburg, Germany, in 1933. Educated in Karlsruhe, Heidelberg and Freiburg. Completed a PhD on the Austrian poet, Georg Trakl, and subsequently spent four years at the University of Madras. Taught at the University of Ljubljana, in the former Yugoslavia, in the 1960s. Moved to Edinburgh (by 1971) and then to Greenwich University. Retired in 1985, to focus on his own writing.
His translation work includes German translations of Wyndham Lewis, T.S. Eliot, Samuel Beckett, Michael Holroyd's biography on George Bernhard Shaw and the poetry of John Donne and Emily Brontë.
His novels include Die im Glashaus (Those in Glass Houses, 1965), Ein Brief des Jüngeren Plinius (A Letter from Pliny the Younger, 1979), Rabenkind (Raven Child, 1985), Geschichte der Abgeschnittenen Hand (Tale of the Severed Hand, 1994), Traum vom Hungerturm (Dream of the Hunger Tower, 2007) and Schattenfabel (Shadow Tale, 2014). He also wrote a play, Hoffmanns Verbrennung (Hoffmann’s Burning, 1986).
As a pianist Held gave concerts and made recordings and commentaries for German radio. He also published a biography of Robert and Clara Schumann, Manches Geht in Nacht Verloren (Things Go Astray in the Night, 1998), republished as Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara, 2008).
Held was also a collagist and hosted the Raven Studio in his London home from 1989-1992, exhibiting works by other contemporary artists.
His first wife was Eva (nee Hellmansberger). The pair later divorced. Married his second wife Madeline in 1971, with whom he had a daughter, Natasha.
Born, Exeter, 1881, son of Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury; educated, Rugby, Balliol College, Oxford; fellow and Lecturer in Philosophy, Queen's College Oxford, 1904-1910; President Oxford Union, 1904; travelled in Europe and studied at the Universities of Jena and Berlin, 1905-1906; Deacon, 1908; Priest, 1909; Chaplain to Archbishop of Canterbury, 1910-1921; Headmaster, Repton School, 1910-1914; Rector of St James, Piccadilly, 1914-1918; Honorary Chaplain to the King, 1915-1921; Editor of The Challenge, 1915-1918; Chairman of Westfield College, 1916-1921; Canon of Westminster, 1919-1921; Bishop of Manchester, 1921-1929; Archbishop of York, 1929-1942; President of the Workers Educational Association, 1908-1924; editor of The Pilgrim, 1920-1927; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1942-1944; died, 1944.
Publications: include: Thoughts on the Divine Love (Christian Knowledge Society, London, 1910); The Faith and Modern Thought: six lectures (Macmillan & Co, London, 1910); A Challenge to the Church: being an account of the national mission; 1916, and of thoughts suggested by it (SPCK, London, 1917); Issues of Faith: a course of lectures (Macmillan & Co, London, 1917); Christus Veritas. An essay (Macmillan & Co, London, 1924); Christ in his Church. A charge delivered (Macmillan & Co, London, 1925); Christianity and the State (Macmillan & Co, London, 1928); Christian faith and life with Roger L Roberts (Student Christian Movement Press, London, 1931); Christ and the Way to Peace (Student Christian Movement Press, London, 1935); Faith & Freedom (London, 1935); Basic Convictions (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1937); Readings in St. John's Gospel (Macmillan & Co, London, 1939); The Christian Hope of Eternal Life (SPCK, London, [1941]); Christianity and Social Order (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942).
John Leofric Stocks (1882-1937), was a friend of William Temple at Rugby and later while at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Stocks was a fellow and tutor of St John's College from 1906 to 1924. He became Professor of Philosophy at the University of Manchester in 1924, stood as an unsuccessful Labour candidate in 1935, and was elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool in 1936.
An anti-sexist magazine that was produced by a working collective of socialist men and launched to coincide with the London Men's Conference in 1978.
Michael Barnes was born in September 1932, the son of Major C.H.R. Barnes OBE and Katherine Louise (nee Kennedy). After studying at Malvern and Corpus Christi, Oxford, he entered National Service, becoming a Second Lieutenant in the Wiltshire Regiment and serving in Hong Kong, 1952-1953. After unsuccessfully standing in Wycombe in 1964, Barnes was elected as Labour MP for Brentford and Chiswick in 1966. He served as Opposition spokesman on food and food prices (1970-1971), Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party Social Security Group (1969-1970), served on the ASTMS Parliamentary Committee (1970-1971) and was also a long serving member of the Public Accounts Committee (1967-1974). After losing the seat of Brentford and Isleworth in 1974, Barnes helped later in establishing the SDP, although rejoined the Labour Party between 1983 and 2001. Aside from politics, he was Legal Services Ombudsman for England and Wales (1991-1997), Director of the United Kingdon Immigrants Advisory Service (UKIAS) (1984-1990), member of the Council of Management of War on Want (1972-1977), Vice Chairman of the Bangabandhu Society (1980-1990) and has served in a variety of other official positions.
Born in Birmingham, 1845; no formal education; worked as a newspaper boy at Euston Station then took a job as a porter and collector for a wholesale publishing company; moved to Sunderland and apprenticed to Dawson Brothers, ship owners; served time in the East India trade, visiting Persia, Arabia, Ceylon, India and Abyssinia by sea and earned himself a 'Chief Mate's' certificate.
Bedford left shortly after and established the first teetotal public house in London which was a commercial success; toured the country lecturing on temperance and the business of teetotal public house keeping and published several essays on the subject. Bedford also became a tailor, teaching himself cutting and other skills and established tailor's shops in Bethnal Green Road and Hackney Road. Bedford was also heavily involved with trade-unionism, serving as President of both the General Railway Workers Union and the Society of Firewood Choppers. Died 1904.
Born Hoxton, London, September 1833, the son of a solicitor's clerk; aged 12 employed as an office boy in his father's company; during his early years, Bradlaugh increasingly became influenced by the ideas of Richard Carlile who was sent to prison for blasphemy and seditious libel in 1819, and he began to question Christian ideals. Due to religious disputes with his family, Bradlaugh left home in 1849 and shortly after joined the Seventh Dragoon Guards, although he was to obtain a discharge in 1853, finding work in a law office. Now a committed republican and freethinker, he joined Joseph Barker, a Sheffield Chartist, to form The National Reformer in 1860.
During the 1860s, Bradlaugh published a series of pamphlets on politics and religion becoming one of Britain's leading freethinkers. He helped in the establishment of the National Secular Society in 1866. Shortly after, Bradlaugh met Annie Besant, who he employed on The National Reformer. In 1877, Bradlaugh and Besant published Charles Knowlton's book The Fruits of Knowledge concerning birth control and, as a result, both were charged and sentenced to six months in prison, although at the Court of Appeal, the sentence was quashed.
In 1880, after several previous attempts, Bradlaugh was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton and, due to his beliefs, sought permission to affirm rather than to take the oath of office; request was refused and he was expelled from the House of Commons; campaigned to allow atheists to sit in the Commons, attracting support from Non-Conformists and some important figures, such as William Gladstone, although it angered many in the clergy and members of the Conservative Party. Attempts to take his seat in June 1880 and April 1881, met with resistance, including a spell imprisoned in the Tower of London. After being refused access in August, a petition was presented to Parliament and, in May 1883, an Affirmation Bill, headed by Gladstone, was defeated in the Commons. Bradlaugh was re-elected in 1884 and again tried to affirm and take his seat, including voting three times for which he was later fined. A further attempt to affirm in January 1886 was accepted by the Speaker, Sir Arthur Wellesley Peel, and he was allowed to sit remaining a fervent republican and critic of British foreign policy, most notably in South Africa, Sudan, Afghanistan and Egypt. Bradlaugh died in January 1891.
Tony Brierley founded the Oxford University Humanist Group in 1958. Often with more than 1,000 members, the OUHG held meetings with eminent speakers, organised weekly discussion meetings, publicised Humanism and opposed Christian missions to the University. It had its own small printing press and produced its own posters and termly cards as well as taking in business for other clubs. The OUHG folded in the early 1970s.
Jim Fyrth (1918-2010) taught for many years at Birkbeck College, University of London, in its Department for Extra Mural Studies. During the Second World War he served in the Army, when he was jailed for six months after being caught reading "banned literature", namely Communist Party pamphlets and the Daily Worker. For a good part of the war, he was stationed in India. This resulted, years later, in a wartime autobiography, An Indian Landscape, which was published by the Socialist History Society. This contains his account of the meeting with Gandhi, which made a great impression on him. In the post-war period, he was active in the Communist Party in West London and in Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. For a period, his role as a teacher and historian was directed towards courses for trades unionists. He was involved in the Communist Party Historians' Group and, in more recent years, the Socialist History Society. Fryth's book The Signal Was Spain: The Spanish Aid Movement in Britain, 1936-39, was published in 1986.
Born, 1879, East Stonehouse, Plymouth; attended Plymouth church and national schools, and Ottershaw School, Chertsey; married James William Henry Ganley, a tailor's cutter, July 1901; lived in Westminster before settling in Battersea, raising two sons and a daughter; active in left-wing politics in opposition to the Second South African War, and in response to the poor social conditions of the working-class communities in which she lived; joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1906, campaigned for the suffrage, and was instrumental in setting up a socialist women's circle in Battersea and developing it into a branch of the Women's Labour League (later the Labour Party women's sections); in 1914 she was involved in the British Committee of the International Congress, anti-war suffragists who detached themselves from the more patriotic National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies to work with European women for peace. After the war, she continued to campaign for citizenship rights; joined the Co-operative and Labour parties, and in November 1919 won a seat on Battersea Borough Council; chaired the health committee, and it was mainly through her efforts that a well-equipped maternity home was opened in Battersea in 1921; became one of the first women magistrates in London, 1920, and for twenty years sat in juvenile courts; served as a London County Councillor and as a member of the London County Education Committee; in the 1930s sought nomination as a Co-operative Party candidate; elected Co-operative-Labour MP for Battersea South; defeated in 1951 general election; CBE in 1953; re-elected to Battersea Borough Council, 1953-1965; widely active within the co-operative movement and was an elected director of the West London Society from 1918, and after its merger with the London Society in 1921, of the London Co-operative Society, which position she retained until 1946; became the first woman president of the London Co-operative Society, 1942; belonged to the Lavender Hill branch of the Women's Co-operative Guild and held a number of official positions in the Guild's national committee structure including a place on the south-eastern sectional council; died, Battersea, Aug 1966.
Born, Coventry, 1900; apprenticed to a pharmacist on leaving school; gave up his trade, joined engineering firm; after the war, he took an active part in the Labour movement, and following a period in the car industry he moved to Leicester where he became a machine knitting expert; this gave him the opportunity to travel widely in Europe, but he returned to Coventry in 1936 and became an aircraft fitter; after the Second World War, he became self-employed, but later went back to the engineering industry as an 'ideas man'; wrote on the Labour movement within the engineering industry, producing articles and pamphlets under the pseudonyms Reg Wright and Dwight Rayton, and a play entitled The Gaffer, describing a Coventry strike.
Tony studied painting at the Royal College of Art. After getting his degree he earned his living as a portrait painter, but soon decided he didn’t want to continue doing one-off original paintings that only the affluent could afford. Instead he worked as a graphic designer, illustrator and political cartoonist. In the early 1960s he moved from Ealing, where he had been brought up, to Hackney, where he spent the rest of his life, taking photographs of the area.
Born, 1833, Wrington; due to financial reversals and a ruinous lawsuit against a defaulting contractor, the Howell family to was reduced to penury and as a result Howell's formal education was both sporadic and rudimentary, ending before he was twelve; at the age of eight he began working as a ploughboy, later moving to assist his father as a mortar boy and, in 1847, he became apprenticed to a Wrington shoemaker; largely self-taught, he was to become a voracious reader, notably of religious tracts and radical periodicals. After enrolling in a local Chartist group in 1848, he underwent conversion to Wesleyan Methodism and taught at Sunday school.
At the end of his apprenticeship in 1851, Howell moved first to Weston-super-Mare and then to Bristol, finding employment as a shoemaker and becoming involved in a Methodist improvement society and the local YMCA. In 1853, Howell was forced to return to the building trade, due to the move of his parents back to Bristol, although as a bricklayer rather than a mason; moved to London, 1855, and rose to the position of deputy foreman and began to become involved in politics spurred by acquaintance with former Chartists and political exiles, including Mazzini, Kossuth, and Marx.
Following the nine-hours dispute in the building trades (1859-1862), Howell joined the London order of the Operative Bricklayers' Society where he came into contact with the other London trade unionists including William Allan, Robert Applegarth, Edwin Coulson, George Odger, and George Potter; through his involvement with the bricklayers' strike committee, Howell played a major part in the reorganization of the union on amalgamated principles and launched the Operative Bricklayers' Society Trade Circular in 1861; following leadership disputes with Edwin Coulson, ending with his resignation from the London order, and blacklisting by London builders, Howell moved to Surrey, where he found employment as a foreman with a former employer, a position he retained until he abandoned bricklaying for radical politics in 1865.
In May 1861, Howell was elected to the executive of the London Trades Council, promptly becoming secretary and serving in that position until July 1862 when ill health and Coulson's enmity forced him to resign; whilst serving as secretary, Howell came into regular contact of the General Neapolitan Society of Working Men, affirming the solidarity of the London Trades Council with Italian nationalists; became a member of the National League for the Independence of Poland in 1863, the Garibaldi Reception Committee in 1864, and the International Working Men's Association from 1864 to 1869; between 1865 and 1869, served as secretary of the Reform League, the first national organization to mobilize urban artisans for franchise reform since the Chartist campaign. During the 1868 general election he administered a special fund to mobilize new working-class voters on behalf of Liberal candidates in marginal constituencies.
In 1869 he launched an abortive Liberal Registration and Election Agency with funds provided mainly by Samuel Morley and James Stansfeld and he was closely involved with the futile effort of the Labour Representation League to devise an arrangement whereby Liberals would endorse working-class candidates in selected boroughs in return for league support for official Liberals elsewhere; between 1868 and 1874 Walter Morrison hired him as paid secretary of the Representative Reform Association, which advocated proportional representation; he was also paid secretary of the Plimsoll and Seamen's Fund Committee from 1873 to 1875 and financial agent for the Land Tenure Reform Association. In addition he chaired the Working Men's Committee for Promoting the Separation of Church and State and served on the councils of both the National Education League and the Liberation Society. Between 1870 and 1871 Howell launched the Adelphi Permanent Building Society to provide money to enable workers to purchase homes. In 1869, Howell attended the Birmingham trades union congress as unofficial representative of the Conference of Amalgamated Trades and, in 1871, emerged as secretary of the parliamentary committee of the TUC, using his office to promote the repeal of the Master and Servant Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871.
After retiring from the TUC, Howell never again attained his former eminence in radical and trade union politics; served successively as secretary of London school board election committees and as parliamentary agent of the Women's Suffrage Committee but failed to obtain an appointment as a school or factory inspector. Unable to secure regular employment, he turned increasingly to writing as a source of income, contributing to the labour journal the Bee-Hive in the 1870s and publishing A Handy Book of the Labour Laws, a guide to recent legislation in 1876. He also published an interpretive study of trade unionism, The Conflicts of Capital and Labour (1878). During this time, Howell also served as London business agent for a Manchester coal merchant and, in 1881, briefly edited the labour weekly Common Good. Howell made several attempts to enter parliament, contesting Aylesbury in 1868 and 1874 and Norwich in 1871, before becoming MP for North-East Bethnal Green in 1885 which he held until 1895. While in parliament Howell continued to rely on journalism for his livelihood, although he was also briefly employed by the National Home Reading Union. He published Trade Unionism New and Old in 1891 and, after 1895, he withdrew entirely from political life, devoting himself to writing. His biography of Ernest Jones, serialized in the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle in 1898, never appeared in book form. His final work, Labour Legislation, Labour Movements and Labour Leaders, was published in 1902, Howell died (of Bright's disease and cardiac failure) on 16 September 1910.
James Ince and Sons, umbrella manufacturers, were founded in 1805 and remains a family business; originally, in the 1820s, main products included parasols for ladies, very often exclusive 'one-offs'; in the 1860s the firm quickly expanded into wholesaling and exports and, by the early 1900s, the company had started producing garden furniture, although in a limited way. Trade now lies in producing promotional umbrellas, golfing umbrellas and garden sun shades and furnishings. James Ince and Sons also produces umbrellas, both historic and modern, for film, television and theatre productions. The company was situated at 298-300 Bishopsgate for a number of years and also used business properties in The Oval and Norton Folgate. James Ince and Sons now resides in Hackney.
For the last 18 months that the Fruit and Vegetable Market existed in Spitalfields, photographers Mark Jackson and Huw Davies set out to record the life of the market that operated on the site for more than 300 years, before it closed forever in 1991. As recent graduates, Mark was working in a restaurant at the time and Huw was a bicycle courier. Without any financial support for their ambitious undertaking, they saved up all their money to buy cameras and rolls of film, converting a corner of their tiny flat into a darkroom.
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The Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company was a philanthropic model dwellings company, formed in London in 1885, during the Victorian era. In 1952, it was renamed the Industrial Dwellings Society (1885) Ltd. and is today known as IDS. The IDS manages over 1,400 properties in the London Boroughs of Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Redbridge and Barnet. Its president is Sir Evelyn de Rothschild, a descendent of the banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild, who founded the Society.
Born, October 1876, Barton in the Clay, Bedfordshire; by 1890, the family had moved to Luton, where the father worked as a corn and flour dealer; in 1894, just before his eighteenth birthday, Arthur began work as a footman for Clements Robert Markham of 21 Eccleston Square, London; in subsequent years, Arthur would work as a footman for many other gentlemen, including Sir Jabez Edward Johnson-Ferguson, Count Edmund de Baillet and Sir Arthur Otway.
The Society for Photographing Relics of Old London originated in the wish of a few friends to preserve a record of the 'Oxford Arms' Inn, threatened with destruction in 1875, and actually demolished a few years later. The project, mentioned in The Times, was so well received, that it enabled the Society to follow up the first issue, and later on to double the annual number of photographs. By the twelfth years issue, published in April 1886, it was considered the project had reached its completion.
Robert Leckie Marshall was born in 1913, in to a Lancastrian mining community. Marshall flourished at school, and went on to study English Literature at the University of St. Andrews. His education was supported by Carnegie Foundation grant, a miners' scholarship and a university bursary. After graduating in 1935, Marshall travelled to America and gained a Masters in Politics from Yale University.
Returning to England in 1937, Marshall was commissioned to the Royal Army Services Corps after the outbreak of the Second World War. In May 1940, Marshall was injured at Dunkirk. After returning home, he joined the Royal Army Education Corps. During his posting at the Home Office, Marshall produced a series of booklets named The British Way and Purpose: an Army handbook of elementary citizenship. This led to his appointment to Commandant at the Army School of Education with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was appointed OBE (Military) in 1945.
Marshall's successes within education system continued when he was headhunted for the position of Principal of the Co-operative and Chief Education Officer of the Co-operative Union. Marshall built partnerships with Nottingham University and other educational institutions to expand the college's curriculum and provide accreditation for the college awards. Marshall became heavily involved in the Co-operative movement, regularly giving speeches and looked to promote co-operative ideals aboard. Marshall went on several Co-operative missions, including those to Tanganyika, Nigeria, India, Kenya, and Thailand. Marshall's enthusiasm and commitment brought him respect and admiration from the over 3,000 students that passed through the Co-operative College during the 30 years he was Principal.
Marshall's association with the Co-operative extended much further than his work with the College; he was elected president of the Co-operative Congress in 1976 and served as editor of the Journal of Society for Co-operative Studies from 1967 to 1995. Marshall went on to serve on many public bodies, including the advisory council (1973-77), and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1976-82).
Diane Munday became involved in the campaign to reform abortion law in the 1960s, following her own experience with abortion. She was a member of the Abortion Law Reform Association and of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service until the 1990s, and frequently gave speeches and wrote articles on the topics of abortion, pregnancy and family planning. Later, she became interested in the question of voluntary euthanasia, and has also spoken and written on that subject.
Munday began questioning religion at the age of 8 or 9, and has been heavily involved with the British Humanist Association. She began a successful campaign for a state school in her village after her son was called a pagan in the local Church of England school. She was appointed as a magistrate in 1969, acting for many years as Chair of the Family Panel, and retired from the Bench in 2001.
Born in Clerkenwell, London in 1948, photographer Colin O'Brien has published several books of photographs of the people and places of London.
Born, March 1905, the youngest son of Colonel Sir John Perring and his wife Florence Higginson; educated at University College School and, during the Second World War, served as a Lieutenant in Royal Artillery, although was invalided in 1940.
After the war, Perring worked as Chairman of his own company, Perring Furnishings Ltd (1948-1981) but also took a variety of public roles, serving as member of the Court of Common Council (Ward of Cripplegate) (1948-1951), Alderman of the City of London (Langbourn Ward) (1951-1975) and one of Her Majesty's Lieutenants of the City of London and Sheriff (1958-1959). Between 1962 and 1963, Perring served as Lord Mayor of London. Furthermore, he was Chairman of the Spitalfields Market Committee (1951-1952), member of the London County Council for Cities of London and Westminster (1952-1955) and served on the County of London Planning Committee, the New Guildford Cathedral Council and the Consumer Advisory Council of the British Standards Institute between 1955 and 1959. Perring also worked as a governor of various public institutions, including St Bartholomew's Hospital (1964-1969) and Imperial College of Science and Technology (1964-1967). He was also a Master of the Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers (1944-1945), a Master of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers (1977-1978) and Senior Past Master and founder member of the Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers, along with serving as the Chairman of the BNEC Committee for Exports to Canada (1968-1970) and the Confederation Life Insurance Company of Canada (1969-1981). He died in June 1998.
Founded in 1989, the Public Utilities Access Forum (PUAF) is an informal association of organisations which helps to develop policy on the regulation of the public utilities providing electricity, gas, communications and water services in England and Wales. PUAF facilitates the exchange of information and opinions between bodies concerned with the provision of those utilities to consumers with low incomes or special service needs, such as the elderly and people with mental and physical disabilities. It draws the particular problems of such consumers to the attention of the industries, the regulators and other relevant bodies, promoting the adoption of policies and practices which cater for their needs, exchanging information about service provision and promoting research.
The Rationalist Association, known as the Rationalist Press Association until 2002, was founded in 1885 by radical publisher Charles Albert Watts from his print works, CA Watts and Company Limited at Johnsons Court, London. Watts was part of a group of freethinkers who felt that the British secularist movement had become too political in nature, and had started to abandon its intellectual tenor. Watts was also looking for a way to circumvent the mainstream booksellers and publishers who often refused to handle secularist material. Watts first established the Propagandist Press Committee in 1890, appointing George Jacob Holyoake as President. Shortly afterwards the committee changed its name to the Rationalist Press Committee, and by 1899 the Rationalist Press Association had been formed. The Association began issuing reprints of serious scientific works by Julian Huxley, Ernst Haeckel and others, as well as establishing the CA Watts and Co Thinker's Library book series (under the leadership of Fredrick Watts), published from 1929 to 1951. The link between the Rationalist Press Association and CA Watts and Company Limited remained strong and in 1930 the Association agreed to place all their printing and publishing business with the Company for a period of 21 years. The close relationships continued and in 1953 it was agreed that the publishing policy of CA Watts and Co would be decided by the Rationalist Press Association Board. Additionally, a single Editor General would be responsible for obtaining books for publication by both CA Watts and Co and the Rationalist Press Association, and the Association was granted the rights to appoint five directors to the Board of CA Watts and Co. The minutes record that, ''In brief, free initiative should be given to Watts [and] Co to run the publishing side of the business, as well as that of booksellers and printers, and to build up income to assist the Rationalist Press Association in its propaganda work.'' Pemberton Publishing Company was a subsidiary of the Rationalist Press Association, being fully owned by the Association. Pemberton had a specific interest in producing radio and television programming, trading under the name Human Horizons. From 1962, Pemberton handled all the publishing affairs of the Rationalist Press Association. The Rationalist Benevolent Fund was a registered charity, established by the Rationalist Press Association in 1928 for the relief of distressed rationalists. The Trustees of the Fund were also Directors of the Rationalist Press Association. Similarly, the Rationalist Trust was established as a charitable body affiliated to the Rationalist Press Association. It operated until 2004, after which it was removed from the Charities Register and incorporated into the Rationalist Association. The New Humanist is the magazine of the Rationalist Press Association and is published on a bi-monthly basis.
Red Pepper is a magazine (founded in 1984) and, later, a website of left politics and culture, drawing on socialist, feminist, green and libertarian politics, and seeking to be a space for debate on the left, a resource for movements for social justice, and a home for open-minded anti-capitalists.
William Rogers was born in November 1819, was the son of William Lorance Rogers, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn and a London police magistrate, and his wife, Georgiana Louisa, daughter of George Daniell QC; sent to Eton College in September 1830; Oxford University, matriculating from Balliol College in 1837, and graduating BA in 1842 and MA in 1844. While at Oxford he obtained no academic distinction, but became well known as an oarsman. He had in May 1837 rowed in the Eton boat against Westminster. He took an active part in founding the Oxford University boat club, and rowed number four in the fourth race between Oxford and Cambridge in 1840; left Oxford and went with his mother and sisters on a tour abroad, staying mainly in Florence, and on his return entered the University of Durham (October 1842) for theological training; ordained to his first curacy--at Fulham--on Trinity Sunday 1843. In the summer of 1845, Rogers was appointed to the perpetual curacy of St Thomas's, Charterhouse, City of London; remained for eighteen years, and worked to improve the social conditions of his parishioners, particularly by establishing schools; exploited the influential friendships he had formed at Balliol with the likes of Lord Coleridge, Stafford Northcote, Lord Hobhouse, Dean Stanley, Jowett, and Archbishop Temple to carry through his schemes. He eternally dunned' his friends, as he admitted, for his great educational work, but never for his own advancement. Within two months of his arrival he opened a school for street children in a blacksmith's shed and, in January 1847, he opened a large school building, erected at a cost of £1750. In five years' time he was educating 800 parish children at the new school, but was determined to extend his operations. He was encouraged by the sympathy of the marquess of Lansdowne, president of the council, who in 1852 laid the foundation of new buildings in Goswell Street, completed in the following year at a cost of £5500. Rogers had obtained £800 from the council of education; the remainder he obtained by his private fund-raising. But before the debt was extinguished he had projected another new school, in Golden Lane, and contrived to extract nearly £6000 from the government for the purpose. This was opened by the Prince Consort on 19 March 1857. Before he left St Thomas's, Charterhouse, the whole parish was a network of schools, described in the official reports on the schools published by Rogers successively in 1851, 1854, 1856, and 1857; appointed by Lord Derby a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into popular education, June 1858; returned at the head of the poll as a representative of the London school board, 1870; appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen, 1857; prebdendary at St Paul's, 1862; presented to the rectory of St Botolph without Bishopsgate, June 1863. There he energetically set about founding what were calledmiddle-class schools': secondary schools catering for the sons (he later added provision for girls) of tradesmen and clerks, intended for white-collar occupations in the City. At a time when secondary education was under review by the Taunton commission, Rogers became a leading promoter of such schools. The Cowper Street middle-class schools in Finsbury, for which he raised £20,000, were a model of their type. His next important work was the reconstruction of Alleyn's great charity at Dulwich, of which he was appointed a governor at the behest of the prince consort in 1857. After becoming chairman of the governors in 1862, Rogers had a stormy relationship with the headmaster, A. J. Carver, who was intent on establishing a leading public school. Rogers wanted the endowment to be used to establish middle-class schools in London parishes, an aim partly achieved, after four schemes had been mooted, in 1882 when the Alleyn School was founded as a separate institution from Dulwich College. Rogers advocated secular education, leaving doctrinal training to parents and clergy. He was much attacked in the religious press for an outburst in October 1866 against the obstacles to middle-class schools: Hang economy, hang theology: let us begin' (Reminiscences, 167). This earned him the sobriquethang theology' Rogers. He supported the opening of museums and galleries on Sundays and was a founder of the non-sectarian Society for the Relief of Distress. In Bishopsgate, Rogers was active in the restoration of the church of St Botolph, and at all times, both in his own and adjoining parishes, the erection of baths, wash-houses, and drinking fountains, the extension of playgrounds, and the provision of cheap meals, industrial exhibitions, picture galleries, and free libraries had his heartiest support. His labours in his own parish culminated in the opening of the Bishopsgate Institute (24 November 1894). From the mid-1880s he was badly lame, which curtailed his activities. Rogers died Jan 1896.