The City Offices Company Limited was incorporated in 1864 to acquire property for investment purposes in the City of London and elsewhere. Its shares were publicly quoted from the same year. It became a subsidiary of Greycoat Estates plc in 1982. The company had offices at the following addresses: 70 Cornhill, 1864-6; St Clements House, Clements Lane, 1866-1867; Palmerston Buildings (known as Palmerston House from 1902), Bishopsgate, 1867-1982.
The City Parochial Foundation was established in 1891 to administer the charitable endowments of 107 of the parishes of the City of London (five large parishes continued to perform their own charitable works). The Foundation inherited a number of valuable estates inside, and outside, the City Of London, which enabled it to acquire funds for a number of projects, as empowered by the 1883 'City of London Parochial Charities Act'.
The work of putting the Act into effect fell to the Charity Commission. It devised a Central Scheme, approved by 1891, which amalgamated the funds of charities governed by the Act into the Central Fund (for non-ecclesiastical charities) and the City Church Fund (for the remainder). Together these two funds constituted the City Parochial Foundation. The Foundation was governed by trustees known collectively as the Central Governing Body, supported by a number of committees.
The London Polytechnic Council was established in 1893 to promote uniformity of administration, inspection and examinations in polytechnics. It comprised representatives of the Technical Education Board, the Central Governing Body and City and Guilds of London Institute.
The Foundation assumed responsibility for the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1898 after the Society of Apothecaries withdrew its support.
In 1953 the governors of the People's Palace Theatre reported that the charity had failed, and the Foundation was asked to guide it through liquidation.
Established in 1853 as the City Parochial Lay Agency Association, it met at Sion College, London Wall. Its agents were to read the scriptures and promote Christian education in the parishes or districts assigned to them. At a meeting in February 1855 it was recommended that the Association become a City of London auxiliary to the Church of England Scripture Readers' Association, but the minutes end here and there is no record of a final decision.
The City Polytechnic was formed in 1891 by a Charity Commissioners' scheme linking Birkbeck Institute, The City of London College and a proposed Northampton Institute in Finsbury (now City University), to facilitate funding for these institutions by the City Parochial Foundation. Whilst each institute was to be managed by its own governing body, the institutes were to organise their educational and recreational work cooperatively to economise on resources and avoid duplication. There was to be a Council of twelve for the City Polytechnic comprising three members from the Trustees of the London Parochial Charities and three members from each of the constituent institutes' governing bodies, all serving a six year term of office. However, no real links were ever established between the three institutions and the name "City Polytechnic" was rarely used by the individual institutions on their prospectuses and annual reports. The Technical Education Board of the London County Council noted that Birkbeck Institute and The City of London College acted as though no formal federated structure existed and the Board itself treated the Northampton Institute as an independent polytechnic in the later 1890s. Efforts to dissolve the City Polytechnic were eventually successful in 1906.
City Temple is a Free Church on the western edge of the City of London. The traditional date of the founding of the church is 1640. City Temple was built on Holborn Viaduct in 1874 and developed as a classic city-centre 'preaching station'. In the Second World War the Temple suffered bomb damage but was rebuilt and opened for worship in 1958. City Temple is a member of the UK Evangelical Alliance.
The Civil Club was established in 1669, but the whereabouts of any earlier records are not known. The club met at the Old Ship Tavern in Water Lane for many years and then at the New Corn Exchange Tavern. The City Glee Club was founded by several of the members of the Civil Club.
The Civil Defence Department existed from 1938-1946 and from 1948-1965. It reported to the Air Raids Precautions Committee (1938-1939) and the Civil Defence Committee (1948-1965).
The Civil Defence (Suspension of Powers) Act, 1945, suspended some provisions of the Civil Defence Acts 1937 and 1939, notably the obligations the local authorities had to prepare air raid precaution schemes, build shelters, train civil defence volunteers and organise the blackout. Full time civil defence staff were no longer required. The Home Office continued to encourage the activities of local Civil Defence branches of volunteers. These branches were strong in the Middlesex local districts so the County Council appointed honorary liaison officers to work with the branches. This work continued until the passing of the Civil Defence Act 1947.
The Civil Defence organisation stood down after the Second World War ended in 1945. In December 1948 the Civil Defence Act 1947 came into force and the County Council again received civil defence responsibilities. The new Act had been passed as an attempt to offer a measure of protection to the civilian population in the event of another war and in particular to tackle the new atomic warfare. The functions of the County Council fell into two areas: the organisation of the Middlesex Division of the Civil Defence Corps and the preparation of plans for the operation of certain war-time services The Civil Defence Committee sat again and a small Civil Defence Department was established under the County Civil Defence Officer. The County Council was again made responsible for the five areas of Hertfordshire within the Metropolitan Police District.
The County Council was responsible for the enrolment and training of volunteers to make up the Middlesex Defence Corps. The Civil Defence Committee decided at a very early stage that the lower tier authorities should play a large role in civil defence and be responsible for enrolling and training volunteers under the County Council's supervision. It was felt that a better response would be received from the general public if volunteers were organised locally. The local authorities were arranged into three sub-groups -
Group A: Barnet, Cheshunt, East Barnet, Edmonton, Enfield, Finchley, Friern Barnet, Hornsey, Potters Bar, Southgate, Tottenham, Wood Green;
Group B: Bushey, Elstree, Harrow, Hendon, Rusilip-Northwood, Uxbridge, Wembley, Willesden and
Group C: Acton, Brentford and Chiswick, Ealing, Feltham, Hayes and Harlington, Heston and Isleworth, Southall, Staines, Sunbury-on-Thames, Twickenham, Yiewsley and West Drayton. The Corps was divided by the Civil Defence Act into five sections; headquarters; warden; ambulance and casualty collecting; rescue; welfare. Recruitment began in November 1949 and by the end of the year 8,579 members had been enrolled. The County Council retained the responsibility for ensuring that the instructors were trained. Qualifications could be obtained at Home Office Technical Training Schools.
Volunteers received basic training and then proceeded to work within the section of the Corps in which they had enrolled. The County Council provided courses for instructors to use for the headquarters, warden and ambulance sections and guided the local authorities in selecting the instructors for the welfare section. To ensure that volunteers were properly trained the County Council encouraged the districts to establish civil defence training centres and authorised expenditure with this in mind. Likewise the purchase of equipment was encouraged. By the end of 1952 25 districts had incendiary bomb huts; 24 districts had gas chambers and 13 districts had gas compounds. The Civil Defence Corps was often called in to assist other emergency services, for example in transport accidents and searches for missing children.
The County Civil Defence Officer was the chief officer of the department. Under him were four assistant Civil Defence Officers, an Assistant Rescue Officer, six full time instructors with clerical and manual support staff. There were personnel within other County Council departments who were charges within the planning of the emergency services and were so involved in civil defence work. There was a sub-divisional Civil Defence Officer in each local authority for whose salary expenses the local authority was reimbursed by the County Council.
In 1962 central government initiated an overhaul of the running of Civil Defence Corps. The aim of this reorganisation was to enhance the status of the Corps, to improve efficiency, and to develop a nucleus of highly trained volunteers. These changes took effect from 1 October 1962 and the most significant effect was to improve the standards of training. The civil defence functions of the County Council passed to the new London Boroughs and the county councils of Hertfordshire and Surrey.
Lower Richmond Road runs from Putney High Street in Putney to Rocks Lane in Barnes Common.
Under the London Government Act of 1899 the Civil Parish of Putney became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. A metropolitan borough was a subdivision of the London County Council, which was itself further divided into civil parishes. A civil parish was responsible for certain local administrative functions such as rating and local amenities.
Arthur Wellington Clah (1831-1916) of the Tsimshian people was one of the earliest converts made by William Duncan (1832-1918) of the Church Missionary Society after the latter's arrival in 1857 at Port Simpson, B.C., Canada. He became a pupil-teacher, trader and preacher and was closely associated with Duncan whose life he saved from his unconverted fellow tribesmen. He also became a prominent member of the Metlakahtla Settlement set up by Duncan in 1862 about 15 miles to the south of Port Simpson, and when this was transferred to New Metlakahtla, Alaska, in 1887, Clah was one of the Tsimshian who relocated with it. Like Sir Henry Wellcome (1853-1936), who was an outstanding benefactor of the Metlakahtlans, Clah was active in pressing his people's land-claims against the Canadian government.
The Claimant Widows' Funds supported the widows and orphans of clergy.
No information available at present.
Clapham Film Unit, a collective of film-makers, was founded through constitution in November 2007 and registered as a charity on 25 February 2009 with the aim 'to train and equip local people to tell our own stories on film'.
The Unit has organised screenings, hosted work by members, and provided film-making advice to the local community. Projects have included the 'Uganda to London' documentary, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and completed in 2011.
Clapham Maternity Hospital was founded in 1889 by Dr Annie McCall and Miss Marion Ritchie. It was the first maternity hospital where women were treated only by female doctors, and where midwives, maternity nurses and female medical students were trained entirely by women. Poor married women were admitted to the hospital, as were unmarried women expecting their first child. A district midwifery service was also provided to deliver women in their own homes.;The hospital was situated initially at 41 and 43 Jeffreys Road, Clapham. Later 39 Jeffreys Road was purchased to enable the hospital to expand. By 1939 it had 50 beds for in-patients. In 1935 the name of the hospital was changed to the Annie McCall Maternity Hospital.
The Battersea Maternity Branch was situated at Saint John's House, 31-33 Albert Bridge Road, Battersea (formerly Queen Anne's Terrace). Clapham Maternity Hospital took over responsibility for the home in 1892 from Saint John's House, an Anglican nursing organisation, which had founded the maternity home in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, in 1877.
Clapham Maternity Hospital was founded in 1889 by Dr Annie McCall and Miss Marion Ritchie. It was the first maternity hospital where women were treated only by female doctors, and where midwives, maternity nurses and female medical students were trained entirely by women. Poor married women were admitted to the hospital, as were unmarried women expecting their first child. A district midwifery service was also provided to deliver women in their own homes. In 1935 the name of the hospital was changed to the Annie McCall Maternity Hospital.
The hospital was situated initially at 41 and 43 Jeffreys Road, Clapham. Later 39 Jeffreys Road was purchased to enable the hospital to expand. By 1939 it had 50 beds for in-patients. In 1935 the name of the hospital was changed to the Annie McCall Maternity Hospital.
The hospital was severely damaged by bombing in 1940, which necessitated the complete evacuation of the patients and the closing down of the hospital. By 1948 three beds had been opened in a house connected to the hospital. The antenatal clinic and some district midwifery services were resumed. The hospital was rebuilt within its old walls and by 1954 had 36 beds in use. In 1948 the Annie McCall Maternity Hospital was transferred to the National Health Service and became part of the Lambeth Group of Hospitals of the South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board. In 1964 most of the hospitals in the Lambeth Group, including the Annie McCall Maternity Hospital, became part of the newly formed South West London Group. The hospital closed in 1970.
Clappen trained in nursing at King's College Hospital. She worked in France, and later at the Lady Harding Hospital in Delhi, India. Following the death of her first husband 1941, she remained in India and returned to nursing work. She remarried in 1958.
Clappen was a founding member of King's College Hospital Nurses' League.
Established in 1978, Clapton Youth Centre was administered by the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) and managed on a day-to-day basis by Jean Tate (Tutor Warden) with the support of Anslem Samuel (Tutor-in-Charge). With Black young people from the Hackney area comprising the majority of its membership, the Centre developed objectives that included the development of an anti-racist policy, involvement with community and political groups in relation to issues of concern to the Black community, and the encouragement of collective decision-making (members were encouraged to participate in meetings, training, and briefing sessions).
The majority of evening sessions consisted of a variety of activities and classes, including art, dance, photography, sport, sewing, and steelband, while Monday evenings were reserved for girls and women only. Occasional special events held by the Centre included Cultural Open Evenings and an exhibition of photographs taken by members of the Centre. A number of residential Centre Development weekends were held for both staff and members, with the aim of examining the philosophy and strategies of the Centre.
The Centre closed in November 1983 following a dispute between Jean Tate and Anslem Samuel and ILEA regarding the management of the Centre.
Clare College Mission, also known as the Church of the Epiphany, was a mission church within the parish of All Saints, Rotherhithe (P71/ALL). It closed in 1966.
No biographical information available at time of compilation.
Douglas John Clark was born on 4 Dec 1929 in Devonport, Plymouth although he spent much of his childhood in Portsmouth, Hampshire. He studied at the Technical School of Building, Portsmouth, Hampshire, 1943-1946; Fulham Men's Institute, Jan-Jun 1951 and University Correspondence College, Burlington House, Cambridge, Feb-Jun 1953.
He was first employed by the BM(NH) in 1947 as an Scientific Assistant in the Diptera Section (flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges) of Entomology. However, he had to leave the next year to complete two compulsory years of National Service. Therefore, from 1948-1950 he served as a Private in the Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1953 he began studying spider systematics. He was transferred to Zoology Department in 1958 as the Arachnida officer and the next year was promoted to assistant experimental officer at the BM(NH). In 1963 he was made British correspondent for the Centre Internationale de Documentation Arachnologique. In 1964 he was promoted from assistant to the position of experimental officer.
Doug Clark's career was cut short by his sudden death on 29 Sep 1971.
Doug married Jean Boyer on 24 Oct 1953 and they lived in Wimbledon, London.
Frederick Le Gros Clark became Assistant Surgeon, 1843, and then Surgeon, 1853-1873 to St Thomas's Hospital.
Publications include: Practical Anatomy and Elementary Physiology of the Nervous System (Longman & Co, London, 1836); Outlines of Surgery: being an epitome of the lectures on the principles and practice of surgery delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital (J Churchill & Sons, London, 1863); Statistical Report of patients treated in St. Thomas's Hospital, from the year 1857 to 1860 (1861-1865) [Edited by W H Stone] 2 volumes (St Thomas's Hospital Reports, London, [1861-]69); Lectures on the Principles of Surgical Diagnosis: especially in relation to shock and visceral lesions (J Churchill & Sons, London, 1870); Inaugural Address delivered at the opening of the Medical School of St. Thomas's Hospital, October 2nd 1871 (J & A Churchill, London, 1871); Outlines of Surgery and Surgical Pathology Second edition, revised and expanded (J & A Churchill, London, 1872); Physiology (SPCK, London, 1873); The Hunterian Oration, 1875 (J E Adlard, London, 1875); Papers on Surgery, Pathology and allied subjects (Adlard & Son, London, 1889).
Fredrick Le Gros Clark was the grandson of a surgeon of the same name (1811-1892) and the brother of Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, Professor of Anatomy at Oxford and London Universities. His right hand and right eye were destroyed in an accident at the end of the First World War, and his left eye so badly damaged that he gradually became completely blind. His writing career commenced with children's books and some articles on his experiences of coping with blindness, but by 1930 had found his vocation as an integrator of knowledge and experience on problems connected with welfare and nutrition. He instigated the 'Committee against Malnutrition', drawing attention to the extent of malnutrition in Great Britain. He became secretary of the Children's Nutrition Council and edited the Nutrition Bulletin of the National Council for Health Education. He studied school feeding and was, briefly, a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, contributing to the historical chapter in the FAO's School feeding: its contribution to child nutrition by Marjorie L Scott, 1953 (see also D.12 in this list). Aided by grants from the Nuffield Foundation, he undertook a prolonged study of the part played by tradition and preconceptions, rather than incapacity, in fixing the age of retirement. Clark took an Oxford MA in 1944 and was given an honorary DSc by Bristol University in 1972.
Clark was the chaplain at the Royal Military Asylum, Chelsea.
George Gordon Noel Byron, 6th Baron Byron of Rochdale, began writing Don Juan in Italy in 1818, and continued to add episodes until his death in 1824. The long, digressive satiric poem is a loose narrative, based on the life and adventures of the eponymous hero. The first two cantos were published in 1819, though the poem was not published in its entirety until eighty years after Byron's death. Willis W. Pratt, in his Notes on the Variorum Edition of Byron's Don Juan, Vol IV (1957), says (p.312) '...throughout the forties and fifties...there was still a spate of imitations and continuations [of Don Juan], but they became fewer, and, if possible, worse'. Among those he cites (on p.313) is 'John Clark (?), second of two volumes, titlepage missing, printed between 1834 and 1847'. The British Museum does not record a copy of this work.
Josiah Latimer Clark was born in Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire in 1822. He trained as a manufacturing chemist but became a railway surveyor and engineer in 1847 and later worked for the Electric and International Telegraph Company, initially as an assistant to his elder brother Edwin Clark (1814-1894). In the 1860s, Latimer Clark (as he was generally known) worked in partnership with Charles Tilston Bright and others in the laying of long-distance telegraph cables. He maintained a strong interest in pneumatics, hydraulics and other forms of engineering. As well as a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and co-founder of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians (afterwards the Institution of Electrical Engineers), Clark was a fellow of the Royal Society, the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Geographical Society.
Kenneth McKenzie Clark was born on 13 July 1903, to a family who made their fortune in the Glasgow cotton trade. Clark described his parents as 'idle rich', moving between their country house in Suffolk, their home and yacht in Scotland and the South of France. An only child, he was sent away to Wixenford School, from where he went to Winchester College from 1917 to 1922. He gained a scholarship to read 'Greats' at Trinity College, Oxford, and it was here that he began to fully develop the artistic eye which had been nurtured by rearranging his parents' picture collection and by the exhibition of Japanese art in London in 1910. At Oxford, Clark made many of the friends he was to keep throughout his life, including Maurice Bowra, Colin Anderson and Gordon Waterfield. He also began to collect original works of art, managing to buy cheaply works from Old Master drawings and pictures by then unknown, or unfashionable, artists. He began to help out at the Ashmolean Museum, and was befriended by the Keeper, Charles Bell.
In 1925, during a visit to Italy, Bell introduced him to the art connoisseur Bernard Berenson at his house, I Tatti, near Florence. Clark made an impression on Berenson, who invited him to work for him on the revisions of his 'Florentine Painters'. After a struggle with his parents, who insisted on him finishing his degree, the arrangements were made for Clark to join Berenson. In the meantime Clark spent the summer of 1926 travelling in Europe and seeing the great collections in pre-war Germany, where at Berenson's instruction he learnt German. In 1927 Clark married Elizabeth Jane Martin, known as Jane (or Betty to her family), a fellow student at Oxford. They were introduced by Gordon Waterfield, her then fiancé. In 1928 their first son, Alan, was born, followed by the twins, Colin and Colette (known as Celly). There were plans for more work with Berenson, but in 1930 Clark was offered the position of Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, to succeed Bell.
Although he had little museum experience, Clark had made a name for himself, in particular through his work on the Royal Academy's exhibition of Italian art, a major exhibition of 1930, and was already working on the Leonardo drawings in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle (eventually published in 1935). It was an unprecendented appointment, which damaged forever his friendship with Bell. Berenson urged Clark not to go into curatorship, but to concentrate on writing, but Clark accepted the position. His activities at the museum included the reorganisation of the collection and the notable acquisition of Piero di Cosimo's 'Forest Fire'. In 1933 Clark was offered the post of Director of the National Gallery. He was only thirty years old when he began to work there in 1934. The Clarks were launched into a whirl of public and social activity: they became the toast of London society and were constantly in the newspapers. 1934 also saw Clark's appointment as Surveyor of the King's Pictures. Clark's reign at the National Gallery was not without problems. In the first year he acquired seven panels, believed to be by Sassetta, in somewhat dubious circumstances from Duveen, an art dealer and National Gallery Trustee. Another controversy was the acquisition of four panels which Clark originally believed to be by Giorgione, although the Trustees acquired them as 'Giorgionesque'. Other problems included an appearance before the Committee for Public Accounts.
The outbreak of war in 1939 changed the Clarks' life. Jane and the children moved to Upton House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire, where they had many guests including Graham and Kathleen Sutherland. Clark stayed in London, where his flat in Grays Inn was bombed in 1940, destroying many of his early papers. After the evacuation of the National Gallery's pictures to the mines of Manod, Wales, he was less involved with Gallery work than with his secondment to the Ministry of Information. Clark joined the Ministry in 1939. He was first Director of the Films Division, then Controller of Home Publicity until 1941. Clark found the work interesting, but the bureaucratic machinery and rivalries in the Ministry wearying. He was involved in some interesting work including propaganda and public information films, however, the cream of his work there was the War Artists' Advisory Committee. Clark was chairman of the Committee and it was a role he felt very useful in, although he was unable to help as many artists as he would have liked. Artists were selected to carry out work for the armed forces and Clark often acted as a mediator, for sometimes it was hard to reconcile the artists interests and desire to experiment, with what might be very conventional and specific requirements. The Committee met from 1939-1945, then faced the problem of dispersing the thousands of works created.
At the end of 1945 Clark resigned from the National Gallery as soon as he decently could. Contrary to popular belief he did not have another post to go to: he simply wanted to concentrate on his writing. However, he was soon invited to be Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford University, a post he held from 1947-1950. Over the winter of 1948-1949, Clark embarked on a trip to Australia. He found the country stimulating and made contacts with both art administrators and artists, including Joseph Burke and Sydney Nolan. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, Clark spent much of his time writing and lecturing. He was always inundated with invitations to lecture and he accepted many. His books sold well and he became enormously popular in America. In 1953 he was appointed Chairman of the Arts Council, a post he held until 1960. Clark had been involved in radio broadcasting since the 1930s. As well as art based programmes, he often appeared as a "celebrity guest" on more general programmes. He was a regular panelist in the early days of the Brains Trust. With the development of television, Clark extended his broadcasting by bringing art images into thousands of homes. However, public reaction was mixed when he agreed to be Chariman of the new Independent Television Association in 1954. In the 1950s Clark became further involved with independent television production companies and began to work with his son Colin, a producer. The subject area of his material remained wide, but perhaps the culmination of his TV work was the 1969 series 'Civilisation'. This brought Clark worldwide fame and he became popularly known as 'Lord Clark of Civilisation'. In 1953 the Clarks moved from Upper Terrace House, Hampstead, to Saltwood Castle in Kent (to which Thomas à Becket's murderers had fled from the scene of their crime in Canterbury Cathedral). The Clarks kept a small flat in Albany, Piccadilly and Clark had a secretary in both residences. However, as the Clarks grew older the Castle became too much for them and they built The Garden House at the edge of the grounds, where they moved, while Alan, their son, moved into the Castle. In 1976 Jane, who had been intermittently ill for many years, died. Clark remarried in 1977, Nolwen de Janze Rice, who was French and owned an estate in Normandy. Clark continued to write and lecture on a smaller scale almost to the end. He died in 1983.
Richard Clark was Alderman for Broad Street Ward 1776-98, Lord Mayor 1784-5 and Chamberlain of London 1798-1831. He died in 1831.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Andrew Clark was born on 28 October 1826 in Aberdeen, the only son of Andrew Clark, a doctor practicing in St Fergus, Aberdeenshire. His mother died during his birth and his father died when Clark was seven years old. Two bachelor uncles directed his education; he went to school in Aberdeen and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to a doctor in Dundee. During his apprenticeship he attended the Tay Square Academy and the wards of the Royal Infirmary. In 1842, and then from 1843-46, he studied at Edinburgh University as an extra-academical student, winning medals in most of his classes. He took the diploma for membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS) in 1844, and developed an interest in pathology. He returned to Edinburgh and was for some time assistant to the eminent physician John Hughes Bennett, in the pathological department of the Royal Infirmary.
Due to the appearance of the early symptoms of phthisis Clark sort an outdoor life, and from 1846-53 he held a commission as an assistant surgeon in the medical service of the Royal Navy. He made a voyage to Madeira in 1847, but for most of the six years was employed on pathological work at the Royal Navy Hospital at Haslar. Here he taught the use of the microscope in clinical and pathological work.
In 1853 Clark retired from the navy and was appointed to the new curatorship of the museum at the London Hospital. He remained in this position for eight years, although the impetus of his initial enthusiasm was lost when in 1854 Clark was also elected assistant physician to the hospital. It has been said that his new appointment revealed the true nature of his genius', and he quickly built up a huge reputation in both the wards of the hospital and in private practice (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.93). He had begun practice in Montague Street, Bloomsbury, and became famed for hisremarkable powers of observation, thoroughness and scientific approach' (ibid, p.94). He also became well known for giving elaborate directions to his patients as to their diet, despite this being considered by some of his contemporaries a rather antiquated therapy. He believed that many maladies were due to poor diet and lifestyle. It was also in 1854 that he graduated MD from the University of Aberdeen, and became a member of the Royal College of Physicians.
From 1855-56 Clark was assistant physician at the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He held the lectureship in physiology at the London Hospital from 1856-62. In 1858 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1860 he was Lettsomian Lecturer at the Medical Society of London. He was joint lecturer in medicine at the London Hospital from 1865 to 1870, and was promoted to full physician there in 1866. By then Clark had also acquired `a larger practice than any other physician of his time' (DNB, 1901, p.23). During the cholera epidemic of 1866, which raged throughout the East End of London, he became friends with, and physician to, the Gladstones. William Gladstone, statesman and four times prime minister, was one of Clark's many famous patients.
Although he published no large medical work Clark made many contributions to medical knowledge, through lectures, addresses, and articles. His special interest was in pulmonary diseases, in particular phthisis. At the Royal College of Physicians in 1867 Clark delivered the Croonian Lectures, on the subject of pulmonary diseases. In the same year he moved home and practice to a large house in Cavendish Square, where his private practice continued to expand. In 1871 he became president of the Medical Society of London.
Clark was made a baronet in 1883, at the instigation of Gladstone, then Prime Minister, in recognition of his services to medical science. Two years later he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and was Lumleian Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, again lecturing on pulmonary diseases. He also served as censor at the College. In 1886 Clark was made consulting physician at the London Hospital, after twenty years service as physician. He continued to give lectures in his capacity as Emeritus Professor of Clinical Medicine, until his death.
In 1888, Clark became president of the Royal College of Physicians, serving in this office until his death. He became consulting physician both of the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, in 1892, and of the East London Hospital for Children. He was made honorary president of the Naval Medical Examining Board, and had been president of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association. In recognition of his position and status in the medical profession, the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Cambridge awarded him the degree of LLD, whilst Dublin awarded him an honorary MD. He was elected president of the Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1892, and was presiding over this body and the Royal College of Physicians at the time of his death.
Clark had married Seton Mary Percy Forster in 1851, and they had had one son and two daughters. His first wife died in 1858, and in 1862 he married Helen Annette Alphonso, with whom he also had a son and two daughters. Clark suffered a stroke in October 1893. During his illness the Queen desired that she daily be kept informed of his condition. He died just over 2 weeks later at his home in Cavendish Square in London on 6 November 1893. After a service at Westminster Abbey he was buried at Essendon, Hertfordshire, where he had recently bought a country house.
Publications:
He authored a number of tracts & chapters in medical publications.
Fibroid Diseases of the Lung, including Fibroid Phthisis, Sir Andrew Clark, Wilfred James Hadley & Thomas Hancock Arnold Chaplin (London, 1894)
Medical Nursing; edited by E.F. Lamport, with an introductory biographical note by Sir Andrew Clark, James Anderson & Sir Andrew Clark, Ethel Lamport (ed.) (London, 1894)
The Physician's Testimony for Christ, with a preface by Sir Dyce Duckworth, Sir Andrew Clark & Sir Dyce Duckworth (London, 1894)
Sir James Clark was born on 14 December 1788, in Cullen, Banffshire. He was educated first at the parish school in Fordyce, and then at Aberdeen University where he graduated MA. It was his initial intention to pursue a career in law but he found he had a preference for medicine. He went to Edinburgh to study, and in 1809 became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Immediately he entered the medical service of the Navy. He served at Haslar Hospital until July 1810, when he was appointed as assistant surgeon aboard HMS Thistle. The 'Thistle' was wrecked off the coast of New Jersey. Clark returned to England, was promoted to surgeon, and joined the HMS Collobree, which was also wrecked. He served on two more vessels until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, and was then placed on half pay. During his time at sea he had sailed to Canada, North America and the West Indies. He returned to Edinburgh to continue his studies at the University, graduating MD in 1817.
In 1818 Clark took a phthisical patient to the south of France and to Switzerland, making observations on the effects of the climate upon phthisis (pulmonary consumption). He collected meteorological and other data with a view to studying their influences on that and other diseases. In 1819 he settled in Rome, the resort frequented by many of the higher echelons of English society, where he built up a practice and a steadily increasing reputation over the next seven years. One of his patients was the poet John Keats, who was far advanced in his suffering from phthisis, and died in Rome in 1821. Whilst there Clark had published his Medical Notes on Climate, Diseases, Hospitals, and Medical Schools in France, Italy, and Switzerland, comprising an Inquiry into the Effects of a Residence in the South of Europe in Cases of Pulmonary Consumption (1822). During the summers he visited various European centers and acquainted himself further with the English aristocracy. In particular he visited the mineral springs and universities of Germany. On such a visit to Carlsbad he met Prince Leopold, later to become King of the Belgians, who was greatly interested in Clark's examinations of the waters. When Clark returned to England the Prince appointed him his physician.
Clark returned to London in 1826, and was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1820, on a visit to London from Rome, he had been admitted an Extra-Licentiate. He was appointed physician to St George's Infirmary, a small dispensary. His progress in London was slow but steady. His practice gradually built up, whilst he continued his research into the climate and phthisis. In 1829 appeared his 'best and most important work' (Munk's Roll, vol. III, p.224), The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases, more particularly of the Chest and Digestive Organs (1829). In it he gave a clearer, more correct, view of the powers of climate and of mineral waters in the treatment of disease, than had before then existed. Accordingly this work established Clark's reputation in London, with the public and with members of his profession. He employed the use of mineral waters in the treatment of disease in his practice. Clark became both famous and popular for the care he took in his prescriptions, masking the nauseous taste of the drugs for his patients.
In 1834 he obtained, via recommendation by the King of the Belgians, the appointment of physician to the Duchess of Kent. The appointment involved the medical care of Princess Victoria. Accordingly, this led to a large increase in his business and reputation. Upon Queen Victoria's accession to the throne in 1837, Clark was appointed the Queen's physician in ordinary, and was created baronet.
Unfortunately his prosperity and success were undermined by the case of Lady Flora Hastings. In 1839 Clark was called upon to express his opinion on her condition, when the growth of a fatal abdominal tumour led to suspicion that she was pregnant. Clark's erroneous opinion, possibly owing to his relative inexperience of the diseases of women due to his history as a naval surgeon, appeared to give support to the slander that was spread by others. He subsequently became unpopular with the public and lost many of his patients. It took years for the effects of the case to dissipate, but eventually it was widely understood that he had been wrongly blamed. Indeed it seems that if Clark's advice had been followed, Lady Flora's name would have been cleared. In the meantime, despite his professional mistake, he continued to be trusted at court. Upon the Queen's marriage in 1840 Clark was also appointed physician to the Prince Consort, Prince Albert, who also held him in high esteem. He became the person to whom all queries concerning medical matters and polity were addressed. It is stated that Clark 'was always ready with advice... and wise, carefully-considered counsel' (ibid, p.226). He also served on several Royal Commissions.
Outside of his role at court, Clark was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1832. He served on the Senate of the University of London, 1838-65. Indeed it is said that to him the medical section of the University owes its shape and usefulness (ibid). He also played an influential role in the establishing of the Royal College of Chemistry, in 1845. Clark also served on the General Medical Council, 1858-60.
Clark retired in 1860, giving up his practice at Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, where he had lived since 1841, and his duties as physician to the monarch. He moved to Bagshot Park, Surrey, which was lent to him by Queen Victoria for his life. He had married Barbara Stephen in September 1820, and they had had a son in July 1821. His wife, known to Clark as Minnie, died in 1862. Clark was 81 when he died at Bagshot Park on 29 June 1870. He was buried at Kensal Green on 4 July 1870.
Publications:
Lettera al. Prof. Tommasini intorno alle sue Osservationi sulla Scuola Medico-clinica di Edinburgo (Rome, 1822)
Medical Notes on Climate, Diseases, Hospitals, and Medical Schools in France, Italy, and Switzerland, comprising an Inquiry into the effects of a residence in the South of Europe in cases of Pulmonary Consumption (London, 1822)
The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases, more particularly of the Chest and Digestive Organs (London, 1829)
Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption comprehending an Inquiry into the Causes, Nature, Prevention, and Treatment of Tuberculous and Scrofulous Diseases in General (London, 1835)
Remarks on Medical Reform (London, 1842)
Memoir of John Conolly, MD, comprising a Sketch of the Treatment of the Insane in Europe and America (London, 1869)
Sir James Clarke (1788-1870) was from 1809-1815 a surgeon in the Navy. From 1819 to 1826 he lived mainly in Rome, Italy where he established a practice amongst the visiting aristocracy of Europe. In 1826 he returned to England where he settled in London and became an LRCP and FRS. In 1837 he was made First Physician to Queen Victoria and on her marriage, Physician also to Prince Albert. Clark is perhaps best known for his work on consumption and the effects of climate on health. During his time in Europe he visited most of its spa resorts. Further accounts of Clark's life can be found in Munk's Roll vol iii, DNB, and Obituaries of Fellows of the Royal Society.
Mary Cowden Clarke (1809-1898) was the daughter of Victor Novello (1781-1861), the choirmaster, composer, musician and publisher. She married the author Charles Cowden Clarke (1787-1877) in 1828. She became renowned as a Shakespearean scholar, particularly for her Complete Concordance to Shakespeare (1844-1845). Charles Cowden Clarke published editions of the works of Chaucer, Burns and other poets, and was renowned for the series of lectures on Shakespeare and other dramatists and poets that he gave between 1834 and 1856, many of which were he delivered to audiences at the London Institution.
Born 1896 in Savanna-la-Mar, Westmoreland, Jamaica, the daughter of Hugh Clarke, Custos of the parish; educated at Abbey School, Malvern, UK, and University College, London (1921-1923); obtained a Diploma of Anthropology at the London School of Economics, 1926-1931, studying under Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski; undertook anthropological work and studies in Africa, 1932-1933; returned to Jamaica, where she joined the local civil service in 1936; appointed Secretary of the Board of Supervision, 1936-1948; prepared information on social conditions in Jamaica for the West India Royal Commission of Enquiry, 1938; Assistant Secretary, Secretariat, 1948-1951; Director, Jamaica Welfare Ltd; retired from the civil service, 1951; appointed first female member of the Jamaican Legislative Council, 1958; put forward a motion in the Legislative Council to amend the Law for the Registration of Births to make the registration of the father's name compulsory, 1958; participated in a United States Information Service (USIS) sponsored tour of the USA, 1962; Fellow of the Royal African Institute; Member, and Chairman, Child Welfare Association; Vice-Chairman, Central Managing Committee, 4-H Clubs (for the prevention of tuberculosis); Member, Anti-Tuberculosis League; Honorary Secretary, King George V Tuberculosis Hospital; Member, Committee on Illegitimacy and Concubinage; Member, Central Council of Voluntary Services; Member, Jamaica Youth Organisation Committee; Member, Jamaica Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; died 1979.
Publications: My mother who fathered me: a study of the family in three selected communities in Jamaica (Allen and Unwin, London, 1957).
An Ernest Seymour Clarke is listed in the 1930 Post Office Directory as a surveyor based at 5 Arundel Street, Strand, WC2.
Born 1909; educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Corps of Signals, 1929; Technical Royal Corps of Signals Training, Catterick, Yorkshire, 1929-1931; 2 Divisional Signal Regt, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1931-1933; Lt, 1932; served with 13 Corps Signal Regt, Indian Signal Corps, Rawalpindi and Karachi, India, 1934-1939; Capt, 1938; posted to 1 Anti Aircraft Bde Signal Sqn, Hampshire, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Adjutant, 1 Anti Aircraft Signal Regt, Territorial Army, London, 1939-1940; service with 53 (Welsh) Div Signal Regt, East Anglia, 1940; served with 61 Div Signal Regt, Ballymena, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, 1940-1941; temporary Maj, 1941; Staff Officer to Chief Signals Officer, Headquarters, 3 Corps, Lurgan, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, 1941-1942; served in Basra, Iraq, and Khorramshah and Qom, Iran, with 10 Army, 1942-1943; service in Sicily, Italy, and Allied Forces Headquarters Algiers, Algeria, 1943-1945; Maj, 1946; Staff Officer to Chief Air Formation Signals Officer, RAF Headquarters, Germany, 1946-1948; Headquarters, British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), 1948; Senior Officers School, Devizes, Wiltshire, 1948; British Army Mission to Burma, 1949-1951; Lt Col, 1951; Chief Signals Officer, 1 Anti Aircraft Group, London, 1951-1955; Commanding Officer, Signal Regt, Territorial Army, 1955-1957; retired 1957; died 1998.
Bush Hill was a small estate in Edmonton with a house situated between the New River, Bush Hill and Bush Hill Road. The estate was held by Robert Waleys in the 1560s, and then by Robert Estry. Estry sold the property to Sir Hugh Myddleton, who constructed the New River while he was living there. He left the estate to his wife and younger son, who seem to have sold it by 1650. John Bathurst, a London alderman, owned it in 1664. His daughter sold it to John Clarke (d 1701), merchant of London. The estate passed to John's brother Samuel Clarke (d 1742), and then to William Clarke (d 1783) who left it to his daughters Anna Clarke and Mary Forbes. The estate was auctioned in 1784, when the house and 39 acres were purchased by John Blackburn. His son sold the estate to Isaac Currie, a banker from Cornhill. The Curries kept the estate until 1878 when they sold it to Horace Barry. After his death in 1908 the house, now knoen as Halliwick, was held by the Fenton sisters. In 1911 the house was purchased for use as a home for diabled girls, while the land was bought by builders.
From: 'Edmonton: Other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 154-161 (available online).
At the time of writing these diaries, Frederic Sydenham Clarke, 1850-1921, was an employee of the Borneo Company working in Bangkok, Thailand. For further biographical details see CLC/436/MS31640.
Born 1892; educated Loughborough School, Leicestershire; 2nd Lt, 10 (County of London) Bn (Hackney), London Regt, Territorial Force, 1912; Capt, Territorial Army, 1913; served World War One in Gallipoli, Egypt, Palestine and India, as part of 162 Bde, 54 (East Anglian) Div; transferred to Essex Regt as Lt, 1916; temporary Deputy Assistant Adjutant, 21 Corps, 1917; Maj, Territorial Army, 1917; service in India with 57 (Wildes Rifles) Frontier Force and 25 (County of London) Bn (Cyclists), London Regt, Territorial Force, 1918-1919; served with 1 Bn, Essex Regt in Ireland, 1920-1922, and Borden, Hampshire, 1923-1927; Capt, 1925; attended Staff College, 1927-1929; General Staff Officer, Small Arms School, Netheravon, Wiltshire, 1930-1932; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters Western Command, 1932-1934; Brevet Maj, 1933; served with 1 Bn, Essex Regt during Saar Plebiscite, 1934-1935; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, and Local Lt Col, Nigeria Regt, Royal West African Frontier Force, 1935-1938; Maj, 1936; Assistant Commandant and Local Col, Nigeria Regt, Royal West African Frontier Force, 1938-1939; Brevet Lt Col, 1939; served World War Two, 1939-1945; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, 4 Div, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1939-1940; General Staff Officer, Grade 1, Headquarters Lines of Communication, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1940; temporary Lt Col and acting Brig, 1940-1941; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Headquarters West Africa, 1940-1941; Commander, Gold Coast, West Africa, 1941; War Substantive Lt Col and temporary Brig, 1941; Commander, Counter-Attack Bn (formed from 30 Bn, Essex Regt), Home Forces, 1942; Assistant Quartermaster General, British North Africa Force, 1942-1943; Lt Col, 1942; temporary Brig, 1943-1947; Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General, British North Africa Force, 1943; Commander, Lines of Communication, Base Sub-Area, Bone, North Africa and 54 Area, Bari, Italy, 1943-1944; Commander, Essex Sub-District, Eastern Command, Home Forces, 1945-1947; honorary Brig and retired, 1947; died 1972. Publications: The History of the West African Frontier Force (Gale and Polden, Aldershot, 1964), by Col A Haywood and Clarke.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
James Fernandez Clarke was born in Olney, Buckinghamshire and baptised in 1812. He became apprenticed to C Snitch, a general practitioner in Brydges Street, Covent Garden, in 1828. Clarke spent some time at Cadell's Library on the Strand, and became aquainted with literature and literary people. He entered Dermott's Medical School in Gerrard Street, Soho, in 1833. He was Dermott's amanuensis for a time, and then assisted with the short-lived London Medical and Surgical Journal. In 1834 he wrote a report on a case of Joseph Lister's, who was impressed and introduced him to Thomas Wakely, editor of The Lancet. Wakely appointed Clarke an assistant and he worked for The Lancet for 30 years, as well as being a clinical reporter for hospitals and for various medical societies. He became a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, in 1837. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and was Senior Surgeon to the Dorcas Charity, in 1852 . He was a Fellow of the Medical Society of London, an Honorary Associate of the Royal Medical and Botanical Society, and a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Academy of Surgery, Madrid. After completing 30 years service for The Lancet, Clarke published his reminisences in the Medical Times and the Gazette. These were reproduced as Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession, in 1874. He died in 1875.
John Clarke was a Baptist missionary who spent time in Fernando Po (Bioko, Equatorial Guinea), 1841-1847 and Havanna la Mar, Jamaica, 1854.
Julius St Thomas Clarke, MS FRCS, surgeon, entered Guy's Hospital Medical School as pupil in 1860; married Hannah Vawser.
Astley Vavasour Clarke, born 7 Feb 1870, son of Julius St Thomas Clarke and Hannah nee Vawser; educated at Oakham School, Caius College, Cambridge, Guy's Hospital (entered Apr 1892) and abroad. Awarded: BA (Cantab) 1892, MD 1898, MB BCh 1895, MRCS LRCP London 1896, MA MD (Cantab) Deputy Lieutenant, County of Leicester, 1928. Held the positions of Honorary Physician, Leicester Royal Infirmary, 1896-1930, Hon Consultant Physician, Ministry of Pensions (East Midlands Div) 1920, Member Leicester and Rutland Territorial Association since 1910. Also Deputy Chairman Leicester City Health Committee; Chairman of City General Hospital; President Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1912; President Leicester Medical Society 1911; Sheriff of Rutland, 1942. Retired in 1925; Married Ethel Mary Gee of Leicester, 1899. Died 21 Feb 1945.
Publications: Lyddington, Rutland. Some points in the village history (1936). Also contributed to various medical journals
Lady Mary Clarke, who died in 1754 aged 69, was the daughter of James Clarke, Esq. He held various appointments under the crown, including those of chief clerk of the Kitchen to William and Mary and Queen Anne, and constable of Dublin Castle. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter and co-heir of Captain John Masson of Stamford, Lincolnshire, "a great sufferer by his loyalty to King Charles I." Their only daughter Mary, the writer of these letters, married Sir James Clarke, Knt., lord of the manor of East Molesey, Surrey.
This manor was granted by the crown in 1677, together with the lease of the passage of water called Hampton Court Ferry, between Hampton Court and East Molesey. At the time these letters were written, James Clarke, the son of Lady Mary, was lord of the manor and lessee of the ferry. Other children mentioned in the correspondence are two married daughters, Mrs Pordage and Mrs Floyer, and Anne Clarke, who in February 1751 married Samuel Sheppard of Northamptonshire {The Gentleman's Magazine Vol XXI p.91}.
Lady Clarke wrote her letters from various places; in London where she resided in George Street, Hanover Square (address on back of letter no.42); at Windsor Castle where she took lodgings; and {West} Drayton where she occupied a house which later became the manor house of Fysh Burgh, lord of the manor from 1786. Entries in the court roll of the manor of West Drayton record that on 25 April 1744 Sir William Irby was admitted to "a customary messuage and lands formerly the estate of Jno.Brown and then in occupation of Lady Clarke", and on 26 April 1762 William Cholwich was admitted to the premises "formerly in possession of Lady Clarke with the stable barn gardens and appurtenances," (ACC/448/004 p.26, 32). It seems likely that Lady Clarke still occupied this house at the time of writing these letters. She refers to her "good friend" and neighbour James Eckersall, who lived at West Drayton. "I hear Mr Eckersall is to be at his house here for a few days next week the famely being at london", (No.13).
Born, 1919; education: Howell's School Llandaff; Girton College, Cambridge, 1937-; war work, 1940-1944, in The Armament Research Department of the Ministry of Supply and later Woolwich Arsenal; Research Assistant to B C J G Knight at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, 1944; Medical Research Council National Collection of Type Cultures, 1951-; Assistant Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, University College London, 1953-1956; Lecturer, University College London, 1956-1966; Reader, University College London, 1966-1974; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1976; Professor, University College London, 1974-1984; Professor Emeritus of the University of London, 1984; Honorary Fellow, University College London, 1996.
Clarke, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, held livings in Ireland in which he was non-resident. He was a confidant of Nicholas Vansittart, Lord Bexley (1766-1851), and tutor to the Duke of Cumberland's illegitimate son, George Fitzernest. Clarke was appointed Auditor of the Naval Asylum at Greenwich, which position he held from 1805 to 1821. His appointment and those of the Secretary and Chaplain were later criticized by Sir Charles Pole (q.v.) in the House of Commons on the grounds that none of them had ever had any sea service.
Born in India, 1898; educated at Rossall School; joined the Machine Gun Corps, 1917; served in France, Germany and southern Russia, 1917-1920; joined the Colonial Administrative Service, 1920; Administrative Officer, Northern Nigeria, 1920-1933; Acting Principal Assistant Secretary, Nigerian Secretariat, 1934-1936; Assistant Resident Commissioner and Government Secretary, Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1936; Resident Commissioner, Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1937-1942; Resident Commissioner, Basutoland, 1942-1946; Knight,1946; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Sarawak, 1946-1949; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Gold Coast, 1949-1957; oversaw the independence of Ghana as first Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, 1957; retired, 1957; Honorary DCL, Durham, 1958; Chairman of the Royal African Society, 1959; Chairman of the Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind, 1959; Chairman of the National Council for the Supply of Teachers Overseas, 1960; member of the Monckton Commission on central Africa, 1960; died, 1962.
Ernest Clarke worked as a Civil Servant and for the London Stock Exchange before serving as Secretary to the Royal Agricultural Society of England (1887-1905). He also lectured at Cambridge on agricultural history between 1896 and 1899. Clarke was also a fellow of the Royal Statistical Society and was active in the Folk Song Society and the Chartered Institute of Secretaries. He was knighted in 1898.
Sir Fred Clarke (1880-1952) was an eminent educationist. Having qualified as a teacher and gained a degree in History from Oxford University, Clarke held a number of posts in teacher education and university departments in Britain and abroad, including as Senior Master of Method at York Diocesan Training College, 1903-1906, Professor of Education at Hartley University College, Southampton, 1906-1911, Professor of Education, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 1911-1929 and Professor of Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 1929-1934. In 1935, Clarke was appointed as Adviser to Oversea Students at the Institute of Education, University of London and in 1936 he became Director of the the Institute, a position which he held until his retirement in 1945. Clarke also served on numerous committees, including for the British Council and Colonial Office, and was influential in the establishment of the National Foundation for Educational Research and the McNair Committee. After his retirement he remained connected with the Institute, becoming once again Adviser to Oversea Students and also undertook other advisory roles, notably for the National Union of Teachers. Sir Fred Clarke was an influential figure in the development of teacher education, colonial and comparative education and he also promoted the application of sociology to educational theory.
Thomas Clarkson was born in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, in 1760. He was educated locally and in London before entering St John's College Cambridge. Whilst researching for an essay competition in 1785, he was appalled to discover the cruelty involved in the Atlantic slave trade and became an abolitionist. Along with his younger brother John, he researched and campaigned vigorously on behalf of the anti-slavery movement. After the Abolition Act was passed in 1807, he continued to campaign for its enforcement and for emancipation of those already enslaved (achieved in 1833). Brought up in the Church of England, Clarkson became close to many Quaker friends that he met through the anti-slavery movement but did not join the Society of Friends himself.