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This microfilm report detailing deportation to and conditions in Auschwitz- Birkenau, was written by two Slovakian prisoners who managed to escape. According to a preamble the authors withheld their names for reasons of security.
Hans Litten, the son of a Jewish father and a protestant mother was born in 1903 in Halle an der Saale. Despite his interest in art and music, he commenced his studies in law at the beginning of the 1920s. In 1928, having qualified, he began his career as a lawyer in Berlin. He worked closely with Ludwig Barbasch, lawyer for the 'Rote Hilfe', legal support group for the German Communist Party.
Litten became renowned for his defence of workers in the infamous 1931 'Edelpalast' trial, in which he sought to demonstrate how the deaths and injuries which occurred as the result of a group of Nazi stormtroopers attacking a gathering of workers, was the result of a deliberate policy of violence. He called Hitler as a witness in this trial.
On the night of 28 February 1933 he was one of the first to be arrested in a purge of political undesirables in the aftermath of the Reichstag fire. He was imprisoned in the following prisons and concentration camps: an SA Kaserne in Moabit, Sonnenberg, Esterwege, Lichtenburg, Buchenwald and Dachau. During this period he was tortured and he made several suicide attempts, finally succeeding on 5 February 1938 whilst in Dachau.
Throughout the period of his incarceration, his mother, Irmgard Litten, made every effort to get him released, writing to the Gestapo, the commandant of various camps, Göring, Hess all to no avail.
The Kulturbund Deutscher Juden was an organisation engaged in promoting culture and the arts among the Jews of Germany between 1933 and 1941. Its purposes were to enable the Jewish population to maintain a cultural life and to alleviate the distress of the thousands of Jewish theatrical artists and musicians who had been thrown out of their jobs when the Nazis came to power. The instigators were Kurt Baumann, a theatre director and Kurt Singer, a neurologist. The self-help organisation, which was funded by members' contributions, sought, in the first instance, to create work opportunities for the unemployed artists. The original title 'Kulturbund Deutscher Juden' had to soon be changed as a name containing the words 'German' and 'Jewish' was politically unacceptable.
After the initial foundation in Berlin, numerous branches emerged in other German towns and cities. By 1935 there were 36 regional and local 'Kulturbünde' (unions) with approximately 70,000 members. The individual branches were forced to affiliate to the 'Reichsverband jüdischer Kulturbünde in Deutschland' (Reich Assembly of Jewish cultural unions, RJK) by August 1935. The RJK was placed under the aegis of the 'Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda' (the Reich Ministry of Propaganda). The performances of these unions, which were censored and monitored by the Gestapo, had to be individually sanctioned by the 'Reichskulturwalter' (Reich Culture Chamber manager), Hans Hinkel. In order to facilitate the activities of the unions the RJK instituted self-censorship. In July 1937 there were 120 independent organisations, including synagogues and cultural groups united under the umbrella of the RJK.
Performances and events of the unions (above all in Berlin) took place on a daily basis. Between 1933-1935 the main venue was the Berliner Theater. The Hamburger Kulturbund was also very active. The programme included theatre and and opera performances, concerts, art, cabaret, film shows, lectures, and exhibitions. In order to ensure cultural segregation, non Jews could neither perform at nor attend these events. The works of German authors and composers could not be performed.
After the November pogrom of 1938 most unions were forced to close. Only the Berlin Kulturbund was given the permission by Joseph Goebbels, for propaganda reasons, to remain active. In 1939 the RJK was wound up and in its place the 'Jüdische Kulturbund in Deutschland e. V.', formed of the remnants of the Berlin Kulturbund, took responsibility for and organised all Jewish cultural performances thereafter. The emigration of many important Jewish artists had a detrimental effect on the quality and quantity of subsequent events. The union was finally closed down on 11 September 1941 by the Gestapo and many of its members and officials, including the founder, Kurt Singer, were deported and murdered.
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War Two. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency.
The Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände was founded at the end of 1932 and it was superceded by the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden as the first organisation to claim to be truly representative of all German Jews. Its principal achievement was the establishment of the Zentralausschuss für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee for Aid and Reconstruction) which was to become the main social and economic instrument of German Jewry. The Preussische Landes Verband (The Prussian State League) was the largest regional Jewish organisation but had no legal standing.
The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland was founded in 1933 and became the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden in 1935, and later the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland in 1939. It came into being shortly after the Nazi seizure of power as the successor to the Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände, a loose federation of Jewish organisations in Germany. Its main objective was to deal with the serious problems facing German Jewry from the new, antisemitic regime.
Rabbi Leo Baeck was elected president, and the driving force in the organisation was its chief executive officer, Otto Hirsch. The organisation's activities were to include all aspects of the internal life of the Jews of Germany, and it was to act as their representative before the authorities as well as Jewish organisations abroad. Its main spheres of operation, conducted through the Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee of German Jews for aid and reconstruction) were education, vocational training, support for the needy, economic assistance, and emigration.
The Reischsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (Reich Organisation of German Jews) came into being in February 1939 and, as far as its leadership and basic purposes was concerned, was a continuation of its predecessor, the Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland. As a result of the intensification of the Third Reich's anti-semitic policies, its aims were increasingly linked to Jewish survival, and in particular, emigration. It was put under the control of the Ministry of the Interior, in practice the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Main Office). It was the only organisation in Germany dealing with Jewish survival until its liquidation in July 1943 when its leaders, Leo Baeck and Paul Eppstein were deported to Theresienstadt.
The Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland was founded in 1933 and became the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden in 1935, and later the Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland in 1939. It came into being shortly after the Nazi seizure of power as the successor to the Reichsvertretung der jüdischen Landesverbände, a loose federation of Jewish organisations in Germany. Its main objective was to deal with the serious problems facing German Jewry from the new, antisemitic regime.
Rabbi Leo Baeck was elected president, and the driving force in the organisation was its chief executive officer, Otto Hirsch. The organisation's activities were to include all aspects of the internal life of the Jews of Germany, and it was to act as their representative before the authorities as well as Jewish organisations abroad. Its main spheres of operation, conducted through the Zentralausschuss der Deutschen Juden für Hilfe und Aufbau (Central Committee of German Jews for aid and reconstruction) were education, vocational training, support for the needy, economic assistance, and emigration.
The Council for German Jewry was established in 1936, in the aftermath of the Nuremberg race laws, with the objective of assisting German Jews to leave Germany through coordinated emigration. It succeeded the Central British Fund for the Relief of German Jewry, which was founded in 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power.
An agreement was reached between Zionists and non-Zionists for an emigration plan and in January 1936 a delegation of leading British Jews went to the United States in order to establish a partnership with American Jewry to raise $15 million to assist in the emigration of 100,000 German Jews aged 17 to 35. Whilst they succeeded to a certain extent, a number of factors combined to impede their efforts including British immigration policy in Palestine, emigration obstacles in Germany and the growing impoverishment of German Jewry. After the war the organisation became known as the Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation.
The Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten (RjF) was founded in 1919 to combat the resurgence of anti-Semitism during the First World War. From the outset it was both a defence organisation and a veterans' association. It endeavoured to be apolitical but was regarded as assimilationist when compared with other Jewish organisations such as the Zionist Centralverein. It became the second largest German Jewish organisation with 30-40,000 membership at its peak, publishing its own fortnightly newspaper, Der Schild.
By 1924, at its national congress the RjF resolved to include physical training for the young. Athletics and, in particular, boxing were promoted, the latter as a form of self-defence and a means to counter the claim that Jews were weak and cowardly.
As anti-Semitism increased during the Weimar years, links with other non-Jewish veterans' associations decreased. By the time the Nuremberg race laws had been brought into force, any privileges that the Reichsbund might have enjoyed, by virtue of members' service to the fatherland, were gone.
The Komitee ehemaliger politischer Gefangener was founded in the immediate post-World War Two years to represent the interests of former political prisoners. In 1947 it changed its name to the Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes to include all those who suffered under the Nazis. This anti-fascist organisation still exists with branches all over Germany.
Dr. George Bergmann was born the son of a salesman in Lissa (Posen) in 1900. He went to school in Lissa and then studied philosophy, economics and law in the universities of Heidelberg, Breslau and Munich. During this period he became a member of the Kartellverband jüdischer Studenten to which organisation he retained links for the rest of his life.
Gained his doctorate, oeconomiae publicae, at the Univeristy of Munich, 1922; became a lawyer, 1929; began working in the chambers of the lawyers Julius Heilbronner and Dr. Eugen Schmidt, 1930.
In June 1933 he went to France where in September he was struck off the register of lawyers as a consequence of the Nazi racial laws. Unable to obtain a work permit he supported himself through casual work. In 1935 he married F I Hilde Baum from Fulda.
At the outbreak of war he volunteered to serve in the French army. There followed periods of internment in a number of prison camps, service in the Foreign Legion and served in the British Army in North Africa, Italy and Austria, 1943-1947.
In January 1947 he was demobilised to Australia where he owned a delicatessen business, was one time secretary of the World Jewish Congress and having gained British and Australian nationality in 1950, became a permanent officer of the Commonwealth.
Fritz Gross was born in Vienna in 1897, the son of a Jewish dealer in precious stones, Herman Gross; fought in World War One, where he lost some of his closest friends, after which he moved to Germany where he worked at a variety of jobs in different places; joined the German Communist Party (KPD)in 1919 and was also an activist in various other left wing groups such as the 'Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe', of which he was the general secretary in 1923.
He married Babette Thüring, also an activist, in 1920 and they had a son in 1923; in 1929, after their separation he moved to Hamburg, and stayed in the house of Magda Hoppstock-Huth; after Adolf Hitler came to power he moved to England, eventually setting up home in Regent Square, London, where he built up a lending library for other refugees and the house became a meeting place. He spent much of his time working in the British Library where he produced most of his writing, without being able to publish much; died 1946.
In May 1960 Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped in Argentina by Israeli agents and handed over to the police authorities in Israel. The police investigation was put into the hands of a special unit (Bureau 6) which took 9 months to complete its task. The resulting indictment comprised 15 counts of crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, war crimes and membership of a hostile organisation.
The trial commenced on 10 April 1961 and Eichmann pleaded not guilty on all counts. Supported by more than 100 witnesses and 1600 documents the prosecution presented its case. The defence made no attempt to challenge the facts of the Holocaust or the authenticity of the documents that were evidence of it. The defence played down Eichmann's involvement and stressed the need to obey orders. The court found Eichmann guilty on all counts and sentenced him to death on 15 December 1961. Eichmann's lawyers lodged an appeal against the verdict and on 29 May 1962 the Israel Supreme Court rejected the appeal. Eichmann was executed on 31 May 1962.
Myer Jack Landa was born in Leeds in 1874. He was a British Jewish writer and long time sketch writer in the Press Gallery at the House of Commons. He married Gertrude Gordon, sister of Samuel Gordon, the writer. The two of them published a number of novels and plays together; she often under the pseudonym of Aunt Naomi. His principal interests seem to have been the portrayal of the Jew and Jewish life in theatre and the importance of Palestine as the centre of Jewish life.
George Brody and Irma, née Pauncz, and their children were a well-to-do, assimilated Jewish Hungarian family who were living in Budapest when the Nazis began to transport the Hungarian Jewish population to death camps in 1944. They survived the war and stayed on in Hungary until shortly after the Russian invasion in 1956 when George and Irma successfully attained refugee status in Switzerland and Judit came to England. Livia, the other daughter died in 1947.
This collection of documents and images came about as the consequence of an appeal made in the May 1962 issue of the AJR Information, by the Council for Jews from Germany, for memorabilia and documents of Germany Jewry, of historical and artistic value, for the Memorial Hall to German Jewry at the Wiener Library.
Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklarung nationalsozialistischer Gewaltverbrechen (Central Office of the Provincial Justice Authorities to Resolve National Socialist Violent Crime) in Ludwigsburg, Germany, was initially set up to investigate only those Nazi crimes committed outside the territory of the Federal Republic; in later years it assumed responsibility for investigating all Nazi crimes.
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Josef Reheis, a German citizen, was prosecuted for uttering 'unpatriotic' sentiments about the war. Having admitted to two strangers that he regularly listened to foreign radio stations for reliable news about the progress of the war and that he felt Germany was sure to lose, he was denounced by them, and sentenced to two years imprisonment.
In 1943 the occupation authorities in Salonika, Greece set up the Office for the Distribution of Jewish Property.
The Jewish Central Information Office, now known as the Wiener Library, was established in 1933. Alfred Wiener, a German Jew who worked in the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith, fled Germany in 1933 for Amsterdam and together with Professor David Cohen, set up the Jewish Central Information Office, collecting and disseminating information about events happening in Nazi Germany. The collection was transferred to Manchester Square, London in 1939 with Wiener making the resources available to British government intelligence departments. The Library soon became known as 'Dr Wiener's Library' and the name was adopted.
After the war the Library's academic reputation increased and the collecting policies were broadened. Funds were raised, a new board was formed and the Library was re-launched. Work continued in providing material to the United Nations War Crimes Commission and bringing war criminals to justice. During the 1950s and 1960s the library began gathering eyewitness accounts, a resource that was to become a unique and important part of the Library's collection. In 1956 the Library was forced to move from Manchester Square and temporary accommodation had to be found, with some material being put into storage. A new premises was found in Devonshire Street. The Weiner library is the world's oldest Holocaust memorial institution.
The pardon frees Thomas Moss, James Moss, Thomas Clements, John Walker and Henry Lubbett, Joseph Roberts and Mary Coran who were all awaiting transportation.
Robert Heelis, of no 14 Church Row, Limehouse, was a surgeon and apothecary.
Edwin Ashdown Limited took over the earlier output of smaller music publishing firms including Enoch and Sons (1927) and was based at 19 Hanover Square, W1.
B.B. Franklin FSI, architect and surveyor of King Street, Luton, carried out building work at various properties in Greater London.
The Gascherie and Gashry families were related by the marriage of Suzanne Gascherie, daughter of Estienne and Suzanne Gascherie to Francois Gashry, a parfumier, at the church of St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, London on 10 December 1696. Gashry appears to be an anglicised form of Gasherie, and it is possible that the two families are related but their connection is not apparent from the documents in this collection.
Francois and Suzanne Gashry had 12 children. The eldest, Susanne Gashry (Gascherie) returned to La Rochelle and died there in 1762 (see ACC/2079/A1). Her sister, Madeleine Gashry (Gascherie) brought the law suit to claim inheritance of lands in La Rochelle against more distant relatives, the Bonneau family (see ACC/2079/A1). Documents relating to the Gashry family were produced to prove Madeline's title to the lands, as a direct descendant of Estienne Gascherie through her mother Suzanne Gascherie, wife of Francois Gashry (see ACC/2079/A1) and to show that Gashry and Gascherie were variant spellings of the same name. As these documents refer principally to the Gascherie branch of the family they have been put with other documents relating to the legal case.
Francois and Suzanne Gashry's son Francis Gashry was a commissioner of the Navy in 1741 and Treasurer and Paymaster of His Majesty's Ordnance in 1751 (ACC/2079/B1/004). He married Martha ,whose will survives (ACC/2079/B1/007) and died in 1762 (ACC/2079/B1/002-003). A daughter, Margaret Gashry married Abraham Ogier in 1767 and her will also survives (ACC/2079/B2/001). Another daughter, Mary Martha married Henry Henrott, thus making the connection with the Hanrott family (see ACC/2079/C).
The Hanrott family is another Huguenot family. Jonas Hanrot came to England from Sedan. The Hanrott family name is a corruption of the original Henreau and is found in various forms including Henrott and Hanrot. Jonas Hanrot married Marie Anne Bocquet (Bauquer, Boque) in 1688 and their son Henry Hanrott married Marie Marthe Gascherie in 1724. They had two sons and a daughter. One of their sons, Francis Hanrott, (ACC/2079/C1/001) had seven children, including Francis Gashry Hanrott (ACC/2079/C2/001) and Philip Augustus Hanrott (ACC/2079/C3). Philip Augustus Hanrott was apprenticed as a solicitor's clerk to the firm of Dunn Lancaster and Dunn (see ACC/2079/D) and later formed his own firms, Hanrott and Metcalfe and Hanrott and Son (see ACC/2079/E,F). He married Caroline Cory and had several children including Henry Augustus Hanrott (ACC/2079/C5) with whom he had the solicitor's partnership, and Philip Augustus Hanrott Jnr. (ACC/2079/C6). Henry Augustus married his cousin Louisa Cory and had two sons, Howard Augustus, and Robert Cory (ACC/2079/C7) who married Julia Hanson and had several children, including Conrad Hanrott (ACC/2079/C8).
Philip Augustus Hanrott was articled to the firm of Dunn, Lancaster and Dunn in 1795 (ACC/2079/C3/001). The papers in this group relate to cases dealt with by Dunn, Lancaster and Dunn, and retained by P A Hanrott. The Penn papers (ACC/2079/D/003) include the Cremorne papers which do not appear to have a clear connection with the solicitor's firm, but which may have been kept with other Penn papers as the Penns were related to the Cremornes by marriage.
Philip Augustus Hanrott formed his own solicitors firm after leaving Dunn, Lancaster and Dunn. The first partnership was with a Mr Metcalfe and it broke up around 1837 (see ACC/2079/E6/005). The second partnership was with his son Henry Augustus Hanrott, and there seems also to have been a partnership with Charles Cory, Henry's brother-in-law. The last partnership was dissolved on Henry's death in 1852, although the settlement of accounts took until 1857 (see ACC/2079/E6/008).
The Archbishop of York held extensive estates in Battersea, Penge and Wandsworth partly derived from the Bridge Court Estate. Hanrott and Metcalfe acted as stewards for the Archbishop, collecting rents etc. In 1813 and 1837 the Archbishop of York applied for Acts of Parliament to allow him to sell off the Battersea and Wandsworth estates, to keep the revenue in trust for purchasing similar estates near the home estates of Bishopthorpe in Yorkshire (see ACC/2079/F1/008-012). Hanrott and Metcalfe were involved in valuing the land, calculating fines and arranging the sale of the estates to the tenants. The Archbishop also purchased a London house in 1809.
The documents relate to property in Paddington owned by a Frederick Mayner: 48 Cambridge Street [now Kendal Street] and 29 Torrington Mews.
The Metropolitan Electric Supply Company Limited provided electricity to the 'metropolitan' parts of Middlesex, which are now part of London. It was taken over by the Eastern Electricity Board in 1947 when electricty services were nationalised.
David Pocock was born in London in 1928. He studied at Cambridge and Oxford before becoming a lecturer at the Institute of Anthropology in Oxford. In 1966 he moved to the University of Sussex. While there he was Director of the Tom Harrisson Mass Observation Archive at the University of Sussex. He retired in 1987, and died in 2008 aged 79.
The collection listed here consists of his personal genealogical records. His ancestors inhabited the London and Middlesex areas.
The Dunlop Rubber Company takes its name from John Boyd Dunlop, the first person to put the pneumatic principle into everyday use by making an air filled tube tyre for bicycles. However, he was only involved with the company from 1889 to 1894, when he joined a rival firm, Tubeless (Fleuss) Pneumatic Tyre Company.
The original company was the Pneumatic Tyre and Booth's Cycle Agency Ltd, founded in 1888 in Dublin. The name Dunlop Rubber Company was first used in 1889 for a private company created to serve as one of the manufacturing units for the founder company. This founder company changed its name several times: in 1893 to the Pneumatic Tyre Company Limited: in 1896 to the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company Limited and in 1913 to the Parent Tyre Company Limited. In 1931 the founder company went into liquidation.
In the meantime, Harvey Du Cros (who had helped to form the Pneumatic Tyre and Booth's Cycle Agency Ltd.) was providing finance to Byrne Bros., a Birmingham business engaged in the production of general rubber goods. In 1896 Byrne Bros. underwent flotation of the stock market as the Rubber Tyre Manufacturing Company based at Para Mill with the intention of building a new factory, Manor Mills, alongside it. Du Cros purchased the Manor Mills and the Rubber Tyre Manufacturing Company in 1900 and 1901 respectively, and the two companies were amalgamated to form the Dunlop Rubber Company Limited. This company purchased the founder company in 1912.
In subsequent years Dunlop expanded into a vast multinational organisation. By 1946 there were 90,000 shareholders and 70,000 employees with factories in many different countries, sales outlets in nearly every country, and rubber plantations in Southeast Asia (from 1910). Apart from merely producing tyres, the Dunlop Rubber Company Limited made cycle rims and motor car wheels from 1906 and in 1914 developed a process of spinning and doubling cotton for a new tyre fabric. A collapse in trade in 1922 after the post World War I boom led to financial and administrative reorganisation, but the inter war period also saw the development of Latex foam cushioning (sold by the subsidiary, Dunlopillo) and expansion by way of new factories in South Africa and India.
After World War II (during which Dunlop played a major part as suppliers of tyres and rubber goods to the allied forces). Dunlop expanded further to produce sports goods, sponge rubber, precision bearings and adhesives. Dunlop Holdings Limited (encompassing the whole company) was bought by BTR plc in 1985.
Brookes and Studd (Auctioneers and Estate Agents) were based at 136a Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park, London.
Based at 64 Lincoln's Inn Fields, William Oliver was a solicitor involved in the development of land at Devonshire Road in Forest Hill, Lewisham.
William was trustee of the Wills of his father (Thomas) and brother (Arthur) and the Marriage Settlement of his sister (Mrs Sanders).
The property in Edmonton was situated adjacent to Green Lanes, bounded by the New River and Barrowell Green. Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
The Parish of Saint Thomas', Southwark was closely allied with Saint Thomas' Hospital and the Governors of the Hospital paid for the upkeep of the building and also appointed and paid the incumbent. The parish covered only eight acres and included the grounds of Saint Thomas' Hospital and much of Guy's Hospital and was therefore the parish church for the hospitals.
Th parish was not created until 1378 but there were certain parochial rights already in existance before then. The church was dedicated to Saint Thomas the Martyr until the reformation when the dedication was changed to Saint Thomas the Apostle. During the middle ages a substantial stone church was built and was granted to the corporation of the City of London with the hospital buildings at the refounding of Saint Thomas' hospital in 1551. This was rebuilt inbetween 1700 and 1702 with the interior work all being funded by the hospital.
In 1836 the parish was for poor law and other civil purposes united with Saint Olave's, Southwark and Saint John's, Horsleydown to form Saint Olave's Union. To this were added Saint Mary Magdelene, Bermondsey and Saint Mary, Rotherhithe in 1869. In 1898 Saint Thomas' Church was closed down and the parish incorporated into Saint Saviour's, Southwark for ecclesiastical purposes. The parish church of Saint Saviour later became Southwark Cathedral and Saint Thomas' church is now used as the Cathedral Chapter House. It also housed the Old Operating Theatre, Museum and Herb Garrett in the roof space of the church where an operating theatre was in use in 1821.
The Anchor Brewery in Southwark was established in 1616 by James Monger and taken over later by James Monger junior. It was bought by James (or Josiah) Child by 1670; who was joined by his son-in-law Edmund Halsey in 1693. Halsey became sole proprietor on Child's death. The brewery was bought in 1729 by Ralph Thrale, Halsey's nephew, and passed to his son Henry in 1758. It was sold on Henry Thrale's death in 1781 to David Barclay, Robert Barclay, Sylvanus Bevan and John Perkins. The name was later changed from "Thrale and Company" (later "H. Thrale and Company") to "Barclay Perkins and Company" on 1 Jan 1798. The company was incorporated as "Barclay Perkins and Company Limited" in 1896. Barclay Perkins took over Style and Winch with the Dartford Brewery Company and the Royal Brewery Brentford in 1929. In 1951 the company began to establish the Blue Nile Brewery in Khartoum.
John Courage of Aberdeen bought a brewhouse in Southwark in 1787. After his death it was managed by his wife Harriet and then the senior clerk John Donaldson. It was known as Courage and Donaldson from about 1800 until 1851, when John Courage junior and his sons removed the Donaldsons from management. The company was incorporated as Courage and Company Limited in 1888.
The Brewery was founded in Reading in 1768 by William Simonds. The brewery moved to Broad Street in 1782 and Bridge Street in 1790. By late nineteenth century the brewery had established overseas branches to supply army garrisons. The business was incorporated in November 1885 as H and G Simonds Limited.
Courage and Barclay Limited was formed in 1955 upon the merger of Barclay Perkins and Company Limited and Courage and Company Limited. Took over Charles Kinloch and Reffells Bexley Brewery in 1957 and Yardley's London and Provincial Stores and Santovin in 1959. Nicholson and Sons Limited was a wholly owned subsidiary by 1959.
Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited was created by the merger of Courage and Barclay Limited and H and G Simonds Limited in 1960. Courage Barclay and Simonds Limited changed its name to Courage Limited in 1970. In 1972 the firm was acquired by Imperial Tobacco Group Limited for £320 million, changed name to Imperial Brewing and Leisure Limited. In 1986 Imperial Group acquired by Hanson Trust plc, which sold Courage Limited as a separate concern to Elders IXL, the Australian conglomerate.
Originally the Chemists' Aerated and Mineral Waters Association Limited, a group of chemists established and incorporated in 1878. Based at 45 Gifford Street, Caledonian Road. By 1895 the company had factories in London, Bristol, Harrogate and Mitcham.
Acquired by Barclay Perkins and Company Limited in 1954. The company took over the operations of York Mineral Water Company Limited in May 1955; and merged with Cantrell and Cochrane in 1960 to form Cantrell and Cochrane (Southern) Limited. This company took over Mellersh and Neale Oct 1961 and acquired the factory and trade of R. Halley in September 1963. Finances used for Horselydown Property Investments (Developments) Limited 1967-1969.
The Red Lion Brewery in Brentford was founded in the 18th Century. By 1830 it was owned by Felix Booth who had the name changed to the "Royal Brewery" in consequence of a visit by King William IV and Booth's baronetcy.
The brewery was owned by Carrington and Whitehead in 1850 to 1875; and Gibbon and Croxford to 1880 (or 1890). It was subsequently bought by Montague Ballard and became a limited liability company in 1890. Royal Brewery Brentford Limited, was based at 23 High Street, Brentford, Middlesex.
A controlling interest in the brewery was acquired by Kent brewers Style and Winch Limited in 1922 and they jointly acquired the Dartford Brewery Company Limited in 1924. The company ceased to brew. Style and Winch Limited was acquired by Barclay Perkins and Company Limited in 1929. The brewery went into voluntary liquidation in 1970.
Courage (Export) Limited, of Anchor Brewhouse, Southwark, was probably incorporated in 1963 to consolidate export functions and supervise overseas interest of the Courage Group. The company was based in London. It probably ceased to operate in 1984.
The Kingston Brewery, on Brook Street, Kingston-upon-Thames, was established about 1610. It was owned by Charles Rowlls in 1854 when it was acquired by the Hodgson brothers, wine merchants, of St Mary Axe. The company was incorporated in 1886.
They acquired Fricker's Eagle Brewery, Kingston-upon-Thames, in 1903, and F.A. Crooke and Company Limited, Guildford Brewery, Guildford, in 1929. The company was itself acquired by Courage and Company Ltd in 1943; and went into voluntary liquidation in 1965.
Nevile Reid acquired the Windsor Brewery, Thames Street, Windsor, from Baverstock and Ramsbottom in about 1810. Some time before 1900 they also took over John Jennings and Company. The company was incorporated in 1915. It was acquired by Noakes and Co Ltd, in 1918. Brewing ceased in 1930.
Yardley's London and Provincial Stores Limited were incorporated in 1919; and acquired by Courage and Barclay Ltd in 1959 in order to expand their off-licences interests, as Yardley's had over 60 off-licences. The company was in liquidation in 1964. The company was based at 3/4 Chivalry Road, Battersea Rise, London SW11.
The Eagle Brewery, Witney, Oxfordshire, was established by William Clinch in 1840. It was taken over by William Clinch and Company in 1877. The company was incorporated in 1950. It was taken over by Courage, Barclay and Simonds in 1962; and was in voluntary liquidation in 1967.
The brewery was established in 1865 on the High Street, Slough, Berkshire. It was incorporated as R Halley Limited in 1947. A controlling interest was taken by Harman's Uxbridge Brewery in 1954. The brewery ceased trading in August 1963, and entered into voluntary liquidation in January 1967.
Horselydown Property Investment Company (Developments) Limited, was a wholly owned property dealing subsidiary of Horselydown Property Investment Company Limited formed in 1969. It is not known if it ever traded.
London and Provincial Shop Centres (Slough) Limited was set up jointly by Horselydown Property Investment Company Limited and London and Provincial Shop Centres (Holdings) Limited to develop the site of the Royal Oak, High Street, Slough, Bucks (later Erin House). The company was incorporated in July 1963.
Kingston Brewery Property Company Limited was set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Limited and City and Central Investments Limited in 1963 to develop site of Hodgson's Kingston Brewery, Brook Street, Kingston-upon-Thames. The company was incorporated in 1963.
McManus-Horselydown Limited was set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Ltd and McManus and Company Limited in 1963 to develop parcels of land in brewery ownership for residential use.
Shepton Mallet Town Street Investments Limited was set up by Horselydown Property Investment Company Limited and Regents Park Land Company Limited in 1963 to develop the Town Street area of Shepton Mallet, Somerset. In liquidation 1968.
Slough Retail Centre Limited was set up by the Slough Chamber of Commerce and Courage Barclay and Simonds Limited in 1963 to enable business concerns displaced by the re-development of Slough to re-establish themselves on favourable terms.