Frank Steward Howes, born 1891; educated at Oxford High School, St John's College, Royal College of Music; joined the staff of The Times in 1925 and succeeded H C Colles as chief music critic, 1943-1960; lectured on musical history and appreciation at the RCM, 1938-1970.
Sir Charles Santley, born Liverpool, 28 Feb 1834, son of William Santley, a music teacher; sang as a chorister and an amateur singer; studied with Gaetano Nava, Milan, 1855; made his debut at Pavia in 1857 as Dr Grenvil in La traviata; made his first professional English appearance at St Martin's Hall, London, singing Adam in Haydn's Creation, 16 November 1857; thereafter enjoyed a successful career as a baritone, appearing in major opera productions in England, Italy, Spain and the USA; after 1877 he was heard only in concert and oratorio; made Commander of St Gregory by Pope Leo XIII, 1887; celebrated his golden jubilee as a singer at the Royal Albert Hall, 1 May 1907; knighted, 1907; made his farewell appearance at Covent Garden, 23 May 1911; emerged from retirement to sing at the Mansion House, London, in a concert in aid of Belgian refugees, 1915; died London, 22 Sept 1922. Publications: Method of Instruction for a Baritone Voice, edited by G Nava (London, c1872); Student and Singer (London, 1892, 1893); Santley's Singing Master (London, c1895); The Art of Singing and Vocal Declamation (London, 1908); Reminiscences of my Life (London, 1909). Santley wrote a number of religious works for the Roman Catholic Church, and also composed several songs under the pseudonym of Ralph Betterton.
Tom Haigh was a student at the Royal College of Music in organ and piano, 1894-1898.
Stephen Moore was a student in percussion at the Royal College of Music, 1923-1926, and then Secretary of the Worcestershire Association of Music Societies.
Joseph Joachim (1831-1907) was an Austro-Hungarian violinist, composer, conductor and teacher. After education in Pest and Vienna, he studied under Mendelssohn in Leipzig and was an ardent advocate of Mendelssohn's works throughout his life. He later studied under Liszt in Weimar, but came to reject composition in the 1860s and concentrate on performance and instruction. He established a school of instrumental music in the Konigliche Hochschule fur Musik in Berlin, as well as giving concerts internationally over the next forty years. He was particularly renowned for his individual performances of the violin works of J S Bach and Beethoven, as well as the regular concerts given with colleagues from the Hochschule, who formed the Joachim Quartet which Joachim had established in 1869. For further details on Joachim and the Joachim Quartet see Grove Dictionary of Music. Anne Isabella Ritchie was born in 1837, and was the eldest daughter of the author William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863). She was married in 1877 to the civil servant Sir Richmond Thackeray Willoughby Ritchie (1854-1912), and was a novelist, biographer and renowned society hostess. She died in 1919. For further details on the Ritchies see the Dictionary of National Biography.
It is thought that some of this material may have been acquired by Sir George Grove on one of his research trips to Austria and Germany, particularly for material relating to his 'favourite trio', Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schubert. He wrote significant monographs on the three composers for the first edition of the Dictionary of Music and Musicians, first published in 1879. Two occasions are particulary likely to have provided him some of these letters. In 1867 he made a memorable journey to Vienna with the composer Arthur Sullivan to search for material on Schubert's life and works, and visited Berlin and Leipzig in the autumn of 1879 for research on Mendelssohn.
The original idea for a national music school based in London's South Kensington estate had been that of Albert, the Prince Consort. Shortly after the Prince's death, Henry Cole, the creator of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition had decided to create a scheme for its establishment by the Society of Arts (of which he was Honorary Secretary) on land at South Kensington provided by the Commissioners. The National Training School for Music (NTSM) opened on 17 May 1876 after a three-year planning period, with Arthur Sullivan as its first Principal (he was succeeded in 1881 by John Stainer). It was instituted as a five-year experiment supported by public subscription after which it was hoped to transfer management and funding to the State. Initially Cole had hoped to remodel the Royal Academy of Music (RAM) into a national free musical school in the mould of European conservatoires but this attempt had failed and the NTSM was instituted separately. It had been established with the grand intention of providing 300 free scholarships but this quickly proved impossible and a compromise was reached to provide 100 free scholarships for five years. When it opened there were only 70 scholarships and by 1878 it appeared the limited funding provided by private founders and corporate bodies would not suffice to enable the continuation of the School without government assistance. The School would have to seek some sort of alliance with the RAM in taking fee-paying students.
The Prince of Wales summoned a meeting in July 1878 to promote the establishment of a Royal and National College of Music, whose students, admitted on merit by examination, would enjoy full or partial scholarships. It was proposed that the College should emerge from an amalgamation of the RAM and the NTSM. The RAM initially seemed favourable to the union, and undertook negotiations with the Sub-Committee, under Prince Christian, of the Executive Committee appointed to oversee the establishment of the College. However in the same month the RAM rescinded its approval of the amalgamation, as the Honorary Secretary of the committee established at the RAM to look into the merger stated that according to its charter the RAM could not amalgamate with any other body. The NTSM was left to continue under difficult and uncertain circumstances, and took its first fee-paying students in autumn 1881. The Prince of Wales convened a national meeting of dignitaries at St James's Palace in February 1882 to promote the creation of a public fund to establish the Royal College of Music, which would become the state supported successor to the NTSM.
Since the opening of the Royal College of Music (RCM) building in 1894, the College has undergone a series of extensions and additions. Of particular note are the extension block, constructed 1963-1964, and officially opened in November 1965, and the new Dining Room, Library, and Britten Opera Theatre designed by the Casson Condor Partnership, 1982-1986. The bulk of the plans held by the RCM pertain to this latter scheme, but also represented are drawings by Norman and Dawbarn of the Concert Hall, existing floor plans and plans of extensions to the RCM, squash court [proposed but never built], vault practice rooms and Parry Opera Theatre, opera school and students' recreation room, 1960-1973; a new Opera School staircase by Building Design Workshop North West, 1979; the refurbishment of the RCM Concert Hall by the Essex Goodman Design Company, 1990.
The first Registrar of the Royal College of Music (RCM), George Watson, was appointed in 1882, to manage student admission, administration and awards. The post has since been held as follows: Frank Pownall, 1896-1913; Claude L C Aveling, 1914-1935; Basil C Allchin, 1935-1939; Hugo V Anson, 1939-1958; John R Stainer, 1959-1975; Michael Gough Matthews, 1976-1984; Jasper L Thorogood, 1984-1988. The registers of students of the RCM form the chief source of information on students for the period prior to 1977, giving details of student's background and academic progress and accomplishments. The registers of Scholarship applications give details of name, address, age, subject, and results of those who competed for open scholarships of the RCM. The registers of student applications give details of those who applied for admission as students of the RCM, and give addresses, subject of examinations taken and application fees.
The Sacred Harmonic Society was founded in London as an amateur choral society in 1832 for the weekly practice of music of an exclusively sacred character. The first home of the Society was the Gate Chapel in Lincoln's Inn Fields. In 1836 it was granted the use of the larger Exeter Hall, focus of London's dissenting community and designed for religious and charitable meetings. The works of Handel were part of its core repertoire and the society also performed the major new works of Spohr and Mendelssohn, including the London première of Elijah in 1847. At the Handel Festival of 1859 the Sacred Harmonic choir numbered 2765. The Sacred Harmonic Society provided the nucleus for the nationally represented choir of the Trial Festival of 1857 (numbering 2000, with an orchestra of about 400), prior to the Centenary Festival of 1859, which inaugurated the triennial Handel Festival. In 1882, the Society disbanded after losing the use of its Exeter Hall base.
The Society of Women Musicians was founded in London in 1911 by the singer Gertrude Eaton, the composer Katharine Eggar and the musicologist Marion M. Scott. It aimed to provide a focal point for women composers and performers to meet and enjoy the benefits of mutual cooperation. The 37 women at the inaugural meeting included musicians such as Ethel Barns, Rebecca Clarke, Agnes Larkcom, Anne Mukle and her sister, May Mukle, and Liza Lehmann, who became the society's first president. Later presidents included Cécile Chaminade, Fanny Davies, Rosa Newmarch, Myra Hess, Astra Desmond and Elizabeth Poston. Early members included Florence Marshall, Maude Valérie White and Ethel Smyth, who was honorary vice-president from 1925 to 1944. Among subsequent honorary vice-presidents were Nadia Boulanger, Imogen Holst, Elisabeth Lutyens, Elizabeth Maconchy and Fanny Waterman. By the end of its first year the society had formed a choir and a library, given several private concerts and a public concert of members' works (which included the première of the first two movements of Smyth's String Quartet in E minor), hosted a variety of lectures, held a composers' conference and attracted 152 female members and 20 male associates, including Thomas Dunhill and W W Cobbett, who donated the Cobbett Free Library of Chamber Music to the Society in 1918. By 1913 the Society had also formed an orchestra.In the 61 years of its existence, the society campaigned vigorously for the rights of women musicians, especially as members of professional symphony orchestras, and awarded prizes to composers and performers, as well as continuing to organize concerts and meetings. In 1972, the year after its Diamond Jubilee had been celebrated at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, the organization disbanded.
Betty Kurth was born 1878 and educated at the University of Vienna, where she was one of the earliest women students to be admitted; she studied art history and medieval literature and was awarded her doctorate in 1911. After moving to England, her research focused on English medieval art and she became an authority on medieval tapestry and embroidery. She died in an accident in 1948.
Ernst Hans Gombrich was born, 1909 and studied in Vienna. He moved to London in 1936, becoming a Research Assistant at the Warburg Institute. During the Second World War he worked for the BBC, before returning to the Warburg Institute as Senior Research Fellow (1945-1948), Lecturer (1948-1954), Reader (1954-1956), Special Lecturer (1956-1959) and eventually Director (1959-1976). Gombrich also held a chair at University College London (1956-1959), and numerous other appointments. He received a CBE in 1966 and a knighthood in 1972. After his retirement he was an Honorary Fellow of the Warburg Institute until his death in 2001.
Frances Yates was born in Hampshire, 1899 and studied at the University of London, receiving her MA in 1926. She spent 15 years as a private scholar before becoming successively Editor of Publications (1941-1944), Lecturer (1944-1957) and Reader (1956-1967) at the Warburg Institute. After her retirement she was an Honorary Fellow of the Institute until her death in 1981. Her wide research interests included Shakespeare, Renaissance thought, and many other aspects of European literature and culture. She was created OBE in 1972 and DBE in 1977.
Herbert Horne was born in London, 1864 and worked there as an architect, in partnership with A H Mackmurdo, during the 1880s and early 1890s. From the mid 1890s onwards he worked more on Italian art history, moving to Florence permanently in about 1904. He died in 1916.
Karl Krafft was born in Basel, Switzerland, 1900 and studied mathematics at university before becoming a well-known astrologer in the German-speaking world. From the mid-1930s he became popular with the leaders of the Nazi regime and moved to Germany, becoming personal astrologer to Rudolf Hess. He later published a pro-German interpretation of Nostradamus. Krafft fell out of favour during the early 1940s and died of typhus in January 1945.
Roberto Weiss was born in Milan, 1906 and studied at the University of Oxford, receiving his DPhil in 1938; excepting a period of military service, he taught in the Italian Department at University College London from 1938 (as Professor from 1946) until his death in 1969. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1934.
In 1899 a large number of wallpaper firms came together under the umbrella title of Wallpaper Manufacturers' (WPM) and subsequently some of their products were sold under the trademarkCrown'. The archive therefore consists largely of wallpaper pattern books by a variety of manufacturers, collected as part of the group's working records.
The King Edward VII Nautical School was founded in 1902 by the British Sailors' Society. The Directors of the Society acted as the first governing body of the School, which was based over a seamen's hostel at 680 Commercial Road, Stepney, London. In 1926 the school became a recognised school of technical instruction aided by the London County Council (LCC). In 1949 the LCC implemented a further education development plan for nautical education. Under this scheme, senior courses would be established at Sir John Cass College, while junior courses would be run at the King Edward VII School (and later at a new college at Greenhithe). Further rationalisation occurred in the 1960s when the Department of Navigation of Sir John Cass College merged with the King Edward VII Nautical College in 1969 and moved to a new building at Tower Hill, London.
The first Theatre Royal, Covent Garden was built by actor-manager John Rich, designed by the architect Edward Shepherd, and opened on 7 December 1732. It operated under the auspices of letters patent initially granted to Sir William Davenant, as one of only two recognised play houses in London.
It was mainly a playhouse, but music and dance were also performed there. George Frederic Handel wrote a number of operas and oratorios for this theatre, as well as bequeathing his organ to it. In 1791, Thomas Harris took over the management of the theatre and redesigned its interior several times before the building was accidentally burnt down in September 1808. A new theatre was constructed and opened in September 1809, under the joint management of Harris and John Kemble, designed by Robert Smirke.
The Theatres Act of 1843 ended the Theatre Royal's monopoly on drama production. In 1847, it became the Royal Italian Opera when the conductor Michael Costa, along with a number of singers including Giuseppe and Fanny Persiani, and Giulia Grisi, left the Italian Opera at the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket, to establish a rival company. The building was redesigned as an Italian opera house and the Royal Italian Opera was opened. In 1856 the theatre again burnt down. A new theatre was designed by E M Barry, with a glass and iron arcade - the Floral Hall. It opened in May 1858, and its popularity grew, despite the poor access to the auditorium, which meant that the audience took so long to find their seats that the final act of the first performance was cancelled. The Italian Opera ceased in 1892, and the theatre became the Royal Opera House. The building underwent a number of alterations. In 1899, the Conservatory bar was added to the terrace above the portico, and later the stage was remodelled by Edwin O Sachs. Profits declined however, such that during World War 1, the building was used as a warehouse. In 1919, it was sold to the family company of Sir Thomas Beecham, interest revived and the Royal Opera House Company renovated the building in 1933, however the declaration of World War 2 had an adverse effect. During this period, no opera was staged, instead the building was lease to Mecca Cafes Ltd, who converted it for use as a ballroom, which proved very popular.
After the War, the music publishers Boosey and Hawkes acquired the lease of the building. Funding was secured from the Arts Council of Great Britain for the establishment of resident companies - the Covent Garden Opera Company, the Sadler's Wells Ballet Company under the direction of Ninette de Valois. The ballet company obtained its royal charter in 1956, and the opera company in 1968. The Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet remained as a company of the ROH performing at various theatres, until 1991, when it became the Royal Birmingham Ballet.
The building continued to undergo modification, in 1953, the floor was relayed and the angle altered, in 1964 the amphitheatre and gallery were combined into one space, and an extension was built in 1982. Major development undertaken in 1996, with the addition of a new wing along Russell St, and major development of the theatre and site was undertaken between 1996-1999
In 1980, the freehold of the building passed to the Government for the Royal Opera House Covent Garden Ltd, which is the parent company of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, and the Orchestra of the ROH.
John Clarke was a Baptist missionary who spent time in Fernando Po (Bioko, Equatorial Guinea), 1841-1847 and Havanna la Mar, Jamaica, 1854.
Born 1907; read history, Emmanuel College, Cambridge; Indian Civil Service, 1930; Deputy Commissioner of the Santal Parganas, 1942-1946; editor of Man in India, 1942-1949; Keeper of the Indian section of the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1949; Royal Asiatic Society's Burton Memorial Medal, 1978; died, 1979.
Born, 1881; educated: Stirling high school; joined the Imperial Yeomanry at the outbreak of the South African War, 1899; joined Central African trading company, the African Lakes Corporation, 1902; posted Blantyre, Nyasaland and later Lilongwe; joined customs service of the West African colony of the Gold Coast, 1906; studied anthropology at Exeter College, Oxford: diploma, 1914, BSc, 1925, and DSc, 1929; assistant district commissioner in Ejura, in the northern region of Asante, 1913; captain in the Gold Coast regiment, 1914; saw action during the invasion of the German colony of Togoland; called to the bar in 1918; assistant colonial secretary and clerk to the legislative assembly, Accra, 1919; special commissioner and the first 'government anthropologist', Asante, 1920; retired from the colonial service, 1928; died, 1938.
Publications:
Folklore, Stories and Songs in Chinyanja (1907)
Hausa Folklore
Elementary Mole Grammar (1918)
Ashanti Proverbs (1916)
Ashanti (1923)
Religion and Art in Ashanti (1927)
Ashanti Law and Constitution (1929)
Akan-Ashanti Folk-Tales (1930)
Tribes of the Ashanti Hinterland (1932)
Born, 1801; in the summer of 1820, while still a student, he made a voyage to the Arctic regions in the capacity of surgeon to a whaling ship; qualified LSA, 1823; medical officer for the Stoke upon Trent district; parish medical officer in Shelton; MRCS, 1843; FSA, 1854; graduated MD at St Andrews, 1862; member of the Anthropolical Society, 1863; for many years Davis devoted himself to craniology, and gradually accumulated a huge number of skulls and skeletons of various races, most with carefully annotated histories; joint editor of the Journal of the Anthropological Institute and of Anthropologia; FRS, 1868; died, 1881.
Publications:
Crania Britannica (1865)
Thesaurus Craniorum (1867)
Born 1840; member of the Essex Field Club; Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute (RAI), 1881-1923; RAI Council member, 1887-1901; died, 1923.
Born in Budapest, Hungary, 1875; educated in Hungary and Germany; worked for a time in a bank in Brussels; travelled and worked in equatorial Africa, 1900-1910; colonial administrative post at Lake Mweru in the south-east of Congo Free State, 1900-1904; employee of the Compagnie du Kasai, Belgian Congo; increasingly came to act as an agent of the British Museum; undertook ethnographic surveys of the people of the Kwango-Kwilu river basin and of the Kasai, formed comprehensive ethnographic collections, and created photographic and phonographic records; the centre point of Torday's ethnographic work was his engagement with the Kuba peoples; Torday was an excellent linguist who learned to speak fifteen languages, eight of them African; mounted his own expedition in the Belgian Congo, 1907; returned to Europe, 1909; awarded the Imperial gold medal for science and art by the Emperor of Austria, 1910; died, 1930.
Publications:
On the Trail of the Bushongo (1925)
Descriptive Sociology: African Races (1930)
Born, 1854; educated at Rugby; read law and qualified as a solicitor, but never practised; voyage in the Pacific, 1879-1881, where he visited Fiji, Tonga and Samoa and collected a large number of artefacts - he thus became interested in ethnography; worked as a supernumerary in the Ethnological Collections of the British Museum; second Pacific voyage, 1895; died, 1930.
Publications:
An Album of the Weapons, Tools, Ornaments, Articles of Dress of the Natives of the Pacific Islands, Drawn and Described from examples in public and private collections in England
Unknown
Aliston Blyth went on an expedition in Papua New Guinea with Mr Lyons in search of Drexler and Bell, 1920. Nothing further is known about him.
Born, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1849; educated at Kidd's school, Aberdeen, and at the Insch Free Church School; migrated to Queensland, Australia, 1864; became familiar with the language and culture of the Kabi and Wakka peoples; gold-digger at Imbil and Ravenswood, 1864-1866; teacher for Queensland Department of Public Instruction at Dalby, 1872-1875, and the Brisbane Normal School, 1875-1876; called to the priesthood; matriculated and graduated from the University of Melbourne (BA, 1884; MA, 1886); inducted to the parish of Ballan,1887; minister at the suburban charge of Coburg, 1889-1923; lifelong interest in Aboriginal ethnography, publishing two books and numerous papers and articles on the subject; died 1929.
Publications: Eaglehawk and Crow (1899)
Two Representative Tribes of Queensland (1910)
Born 1846; educated, Christ's College, Cambridge; Assistant Commissioner of Kachar, India, 1876; Deputy Commissioner of the Garo Hills, India, 1877; Political Officer of the Naga Hills, India; died 1879.
There was a clear need for a London exhibition gallery as early as 1949 to accommodate large international exhibitions, which other European capitals were able to do with ease. The Arts Council of Great Britain (ACGB) founded 1945, the incorporated successor of the Council for Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), had made use of other galleries for large exhibitions.
In 1958, the London County Council announced its intention to build an exhibition gallery on the South Bank to provide a space for large exhibitions. They generously agreed to lease the gallery to the Arts Council at a peppercorn rent. The Gallery was designed by the Greater London Council's Department of Architecture and Civic Design led by Geoffrey Horsefall. It was completed by the end of 1967, and the Greater London Council (successor to the London County Council) named it the Hayward Gallery in honour of Sir Isaac Hayward whose personal initiative and was largely responsible for the complex of buildings devoted to the arts on the South Bank.
The Queen opened the Hayward Gallery and its first exhibition - a retrospective of paintings of Henri Matisse - on 9 July 1968.
In 1987 responsibility for managing the Hayward was transferred from the Arts Council to the South Bank Centre, along with the Council's Visual Arts Exhibition Department and the Arts Council Collection, and the Hayward became a client of the Arts Council. The Hayward continued to house and administer the Arts Council Collection, begun in 1946 and comprising more than 7000 works by British artists, on behalf of the Arts Council.
The Hayward's programme concentrates on four areas, including single artist shows, historical themes and artistic movements, art of other cultures and contemporary group shows, as well as running programmes of educational activities including tours, lectures and workshops. The Hayward also organises National Touring Exhibitions with about 25 shows annually touring all over Britain, and every five years mounts a large-scale exhibition known as The British Art Show.
Hayward exhibitions include: Matisse (1968); Frescoes from Florence (1969); Rodin (1970 & 1987); Bridget Riley (1971 & 1992); Lucian Freud (1974 & 1988); the series of Hayward Annuals (1977-1986); Dada & Surrealism Reviewed (1978); Thirties (1980); Edward Hopper (1981); Picasso's Picassos (1981); Renoir (1985); Leonardo Da Vinci (1989); Andy Warhol (1989); The Other Story: Afro-Asian artists in post-war Britain (1989); Art in Latin America (1989); Richard Long (1991); Toulouse-Lautrec (1992); Magritte (1992); The Art of Ancient Mexico (1992); Yves Klein (1995); Howard Hodgkin (1996); Art and Power (1995); Anish Kapoor (1998); Bruce Nauman (1998); Lucio Fontana (1999); Paul Klee (2002)
James Theodore Bent; born Baildon, Yorkshire, 1852; educated at Malvern Wells, Repton School and Wadham College Oxford (BA 1875); married 1877 Mabel Virginia Anna, daughter of Robert Hall-Dare. Between 1877 and 1897 the Bents travelled extensively in Greece, Italy, Turkey, Russia, India the Persian Gulf, Central Africa, Abyssinia and the Arabian peninsula. Bent died in London in 1897, from pneumonia following on malarial fever, which developed after his return from Aden.
Publications: Theodore Bent:The Life of Garibaldi, 1881; The Cyclades, or Life amomg the Insular Greeks, 1885; The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, 1892; The Sacred City of the Ethiopians, 1893; articles in the Archaeological Journal, the Journal of Hellenic Studies, the Journal of the Anthropological Institute. Mabel Bent: Southern Arabia, 1900 (contains extensive material from Theodore Bent's journals).
Arnold Hugh Jones was educated at New College Oxford. He was reader in ancient history from 1929 to 1934 at the Egyptian University of Cairo before returning to Oxford. He was appointed professor of ancient history at University College London in 1946 and then at Cambridge five years later. Among Jones' books were A History of Abyssinia (1935), Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (1948) and Athenian Democracy (1957).
George Qvist was born in 1910 and educated at Quintin School and University College Hospital, London (MB, BS, 1933). He was appointed Surgical Registrar at the Royal Free Hospital, London, (RFH), 1939-1941. During World War Two he served as a Surgeon in the Emergency Medical Service, 1941-1944, and as a Lt Col (Surgical Specialist) in the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving in Europe and the Middle East, 1944-1946. He returned to the RFH as Surgeon, 1946-1961 and Senior Surgeon, 1961-1975 and acted as Surgical Tutor at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, 1946-1975. He also held Consultant posts at Willesden General Hospital, 1956-1975 and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, 1950-1975. He was a member of Court of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons, 1951-1957. He married Frances Valerie Gardner, Consultant Physician, RFH in 1958. He was appointed a Fellow of University College London, in 1975 and died in 1981. Publications: Surgical Diagnosis, 1977, various papers on surgical subjects.
Frances Valerie Gardner was born in 1913 and educated at Headington School, Oxford, Westfield College London (BSc, 1935) and the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women (MB, BS 1940, MD 1943). She was appointed Medical Registrar, at the Royal Free Hospital, 1943-1945; MRCP 1943; Clinical Assistant, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford, 1945-1946, Fellow in Medicine, Harvard University, USA, 1946 and Consultant Physician at the RFH, 1946-1978. She also held consultant posts at the Hospital for Women, Soho Square, London, the Mothers' Hospital, London, and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital. FRCP 1952; She married George Qvist, Consultant Surgeon, RFH, in 1958. She served as Dean of the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (RFHSM), 1962-1975 and President, RFHSM, 1979-1989. She was Chairman, of the London/Riyadh Universities Medical Faculty Committee, 1966. She was awarded the DBE 1975 and FRCS 1983. Publications: Papers on cardiovascular and other medical subjects in the British Medical Journal, The Lancet and the British Heart Journal.
The central themes of the collection are the views of Judge N W Rogers, a virulent anti-semite, who believed in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and that the financial world was controlled by international Jewry. He sent one of his pamphlets and two others of a similar nature to Hugo Valentin in Sweden, with a letter in which he reasserts his antisemitic arguments. Evidently, they had already corresponded although it is not clear why. In addition there is correspondence between the Jewish Central Information Office and Valentin. Whilst little is known about Rogers, save for the fact that he had published a number of antisemitic tracts, the following information on Valentin was taken from Encyclopoedia Judaica.
Hugo Maurice Valentin, 1888-1963, was a historian and Zionist leader. Born in Sweden, Valentin first served as a teacher of history at a high school in Falun, but in 1930 was appointed lecturer and in 1948 professor at the University of Uppsala. Topics: European/ Prussian history and history of Jews in Sweden. In 1925 he became a Zionist, and from then on dedicated himself passionately to spreading Zionism to Swedish Jews. He became president and later honorary president of the Zionist Federation. He died suddenly preparing an argument against an anti-Zionist in a Stockholm radio station.
Joseph Langland, was born in 1917; educated at University of Iowa gaining a bachelor's degree, 1940 and a master's degree, 1941; was a soldier in the US Army in World War Two, stationed close to Buchenwald shortly after its liberation. He became a poet and published poems including two about Buchenwald and one about Hiroshima. Langland died in 2007.
Jonni Hirsch was a Jewish 'Mischling', a term used during the Third Reich for a person deemed to have partial Jewish ancestry. He and certain members on the Jewish side family were from Kiel. These papers are evidence of the way in which the lives of Jews in a German city became ever more difficult as a consequence of growing antisemitism. The Hirsch family was an old established Jewish family emanating from Denmark. Jonni Hirsch's grandfather, Wolf Hirsch, was president of the local Jewish community and instrumental in the building of a Kiel synagogue. Jonni Hirsch was imprisoned on 12 November 1938, 2 days after Kristallnacht, and described as a Jew. Little is know about the family after 1938, however in 1957 Jonni Hirsch lived in Kiel and it is believed that his earlier home in Fischerstr was bombed during the war.
Little information exists regarding the administrative history of this collection, although there is a note at the beginning of the list which states that it is by no means comprehensive and that it was created from names discovered in an unidentified card index, the facts of whose deaths were corroborated. The note also states that it was far more difficult to find the names of those doctors who committed suicide or were murdered in the early years of the Nazi era.
Little is known about the family beyond the following details:
Sophie Scharvogel, grandmother of E Ohly, was born on 24 Dec 1859 in Mainz; was transported to Terezin on 1942 and died there, 16 Nov 1942. She was the widow of Professor J J Scharvogel.
Karl Traumann writes from Gurs concentration camp in the French Pyrenees, Feb 1941. He was a patent lawyer from Karlsruhe, first cousin of Gertrud Ohly and nephew of Sophie Scharvogel, born Mannheim c1880, died at Gurs in 1942. He had a brother, Ernst, living in the US at the time.
Lotte Pariser, writes from Terezin in May and June 1944, born on 7 Sep 1885, transported to Terezin on 6 Jun 1942, evacuated to Auschwitz to 28 Oct 1944.
Anna Ansbacher, a friend of Sophie Scharvogel, was one of the lucky few to have been sent to Switzerland in exchange for lorries.
E E Ohly came to Great Britain in 1945 to join his father, who had returned to Britain in 1934. Since he was half Jewish he could no longer work in his profession as a sculptor in Germany. As he was born in Great Britain he was able to escape. E Ohly left Germany in 1934 for school in Switzerland and lived there until 1945. His mother, Gertrud, being half Jewish, survived World War Two and died in Munich on 20 March 1951.
Siegfried Grossbard was a Jewish refugee from Vienna who eventually became resident in Great Britain, after having spent time as an inmate of Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps.
This collection contains mostly copy documents from the US legation in Stockholm to the US Department of State and concerns the possibility of saving Hungarian Jews during the Nazi era. The depositor was co-chairman of Brookline, the Holocaust Memorial Committee, based in Massachusetts, USA, and former inmate of Drancy concentration camp.
Eric Walters-Kohn was born in Vienna in 1906; incarcerated in Dachau and Buchenwald, and came to Great Britain in 1939. Many of his family members died in the Holocaust including his mother.
Wolfgang Josephs, a German Jew from Berlin, came to Great Britain sometime in the mid 1930s. He was interned as an enemy alien at the outbreak of war and later transported on the 'Dunera' to Hay Internment Camp, Australia. On his return to Great Britain in 1941 he enlisted in the Pioneer Corps, later changing his name to Peter Johnson. He was a military interpreter for the British occupying forces in Germany at Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, May 1945-Oct 1946 where he was involved with the denazification process. Whilst there he also took an interest in the returnees from concentration camps, arranging correspondence between them and their families all over the world. The Wiener Library has a copy of a tape recorded interview with him, the original being produced for the Imperial War Museum, which details his life as an internee in Great Britain and Australia.
'The Hyphen' was founded in 1948 by a group of younger continental Jewish refugees (between the ages of 20 and 35), many of whom were the children of members of the Association of Jewish Refugees, who having settled in Great Britain, found that owing to their similar background and experiences they had interests and problems in common. The group was to have no particular religious or political bias. The intention was to provide cultural, social and welfare activities in a way that would enable them to feel at home in their newly adopted country. The name 'The Hyphen' was chosen because it symbolized the gap between the older generation of refugees who had no intention or desire to integrate into British society, and the ideal of seamless integration which the younger generation aspired to but could not immediately realise.
One of the group's first activities was the setting up of a study and discussion group, which covered topics such as immigration in general, as well as German-Jewish immigration into Britain; German-Jewish history, and British cultural and political topics. Its most popular functions became the social gatherings, dances, and rambles in the Home Counties. 'The Hyphen' never had more than 100 members at any one time but there were between 400 and 500 names on its mailing lists. The activities eventually petered out and the group was wound up in 1968. Compared with other German-Jewish institutions it was rather marginal, but for the members it fulfilled a very important function by giving them a sense of belonging during a difficult period of settling in to a new society.
Alice Fink (née Redlich), was born in Berlin in 1920. She came to England in November 1938 where she did her nurse's training at a hospital in Greenwich. She joined the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad and went to Bergen Belsen with the Jewish Relief Unit in September 1946. She married Hans Finke in June 1948 and moved to Chicago in 1949.
Her family, with whom she communicated via the Red Cross, remained in Berlin until they were deported and ultimately perished in the Holocaust. They were transported at different times. The only reference to the deportations in the correspondence is a Red Cross Telegram reply dated 9 December 1942, signed by her mother and Heinz (brother?), in which they ask Alice whether she informed 'Tante Hedwig' [herself already deported by this time] that her father had gone to Adi's. He had in fact already been deported to the East by this time.
On June 10, 1940, the Gestapo took control of Terezín (Theresienstadt), a fortress, built in 1780-1790 in what is now the Czech Republic, and set up prison in the Small Fortress (Kleine Festung). By 24 November 1941, the Main Fortress (grosse Festung, ie the town Theresienstadt) was turned into a walled ghetto. The function of Theresienstadt was to provide a front for the extermination operation of Jews. To the outside it was presented by the Nazis as a model Jewish settlement, but in reality it was a concentration camp. Theresienstadt was also used as a transit camp for European Jews en route to Auschwitz and other extermination camps.
The Austrian branch of the SS developed in 1934 as a covert force to influence the Anschluss with Germany which would occur in 1938. The early Austrian SS was led by Ernst Kaltenbrunner and Arthur Seyss-Inquart. The Austrian SS was technically under the command of the German SS and Heinrich Himmler but acted independently concerning Austrian affairs.
Austrian SS men served under the same manner as the Allgemeine-SS but operated as an underground organisation, in particular after 1936 when the Austrian government declared the SS an illegal organisation. The Austrian SS used the same rank system as the regular SS, but rarely used uniforms or identifying insignia. Photographic evidence indicates that Austrian SS men typically would wear a swastika armband on civilian clothes, and then only at secret SS meetings.
After 1938, when Austria was annexed by Germany, the Austrian SS was completely incorporated into the regular SS. Most of the Austrian SS was folded into Oberabschnitt Donau with a new concentration camp at Mauthausen opened under the authority of the SS Death's Head units.
The Warburg family is a German-Jewish family of bankers. The Warburgs moved from Bologna to Warburg in Germany in the 16th century before moving to Altona, near Hamburg in the 17th century. Their first known ancestor was Simon von Cassel, who died c 1566. They took their surname from the city of Warburg. The brothers Moses Marcus Warburg and Gerson Warburg founded the M M Warburg and Co banking company in 1798 that is still in existence. Moses Warburg's great-great grandson, Siegmund George Warburg, founded investment bank S G Warburg & Co in London in 1946. Siegmund's second cousin, Eric Warburg, founded Warburg Pincus in New York in 1938. Eric Warburg's son Max Warburg is currently one of the three partners of M M Warburg & Co.