Born 1919; commissioned as 2nd Lt, 1939; 2nd Lt, Indian Army, 1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Lt, 1941; temporary Capt, 1941-1942; transferred to Royal Artillery, 1943; Capt, 1946; temporary Maj, 1950-1952; Maj, 1952; served with 156 (East Africa) Independent Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery, Kenya during Mau Mau revolt, 1952- 1955; awarded MBE,1955; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, War Office, 1958- 1963; Lt Col, 1963; General Staff Officer 1, Army Department, Ministry of Defence, 1964-1966; Col, 1966; Col, General Staff, Headquarters British Army of the Rhine, 1969-1972; Central Defence Staff Officer, Ministry of Defence, 1974-1975; retired 1975.
Born in 1891; educated at Rugby and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery, 1911; posted to 80 Battery, Royal Field Artillery, Kildare, Ireland, 1911; participated in the Curragh incident, 1914; served World War One, Western Front and Italy, 1914-1918; served with the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) in 80 Battery, 15 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, 5 Div, 1914; wounded at Battle of Le Cateau, France, 1914; Lt, 1914; served with 5 Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, 2 Indian Cavalry Div, at Neuve Chapelle, Festubert and Aubers Ridge, France, 1915; temporary Capt, 1915; served with 10 Battery, Royal Horse Artillery and 4 Bde, Royal Flying Corps, 1916-1917; Capt, 1916; commanded A Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, 240 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, 1917; commanded C Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, 241 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, 48 (South Midland) Div, Territorial Force, at the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) and Vimy Ridge, 1917; served in Italy, 1917-1918; posted to UK with 1 Battery, Royal Field Artillery, 1919-1921; Adjutant, 36 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, Ireland, 1921-1922; Adjutant, 1924-1925; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, 1927; commanded 27 Battery, Royal Artillery, Allahabad, India, 1928; Maj, 1929; General Staff Officer, Grade 3, Headquarters Meerut District, India, 1929-1930; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, Headquarters Meerut District, India, 1930-1933; commanded 60 Battery, Royal Artillery, 1933; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, 47 (2 London) Div, Territorial Army, 1934-1936; Brevet Lt Col, 1935; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, 48 (South Midland) Div, Territorial Army, 1936-1938; substantive Lt Col, 1938; Col, 1938; commanded 6 Medium Regt, Royal Artillery, Muttra, India, 1938-1939; appointed acting Brig, Royal Artillery, Headquarters Eastern Command, Naini Tal, India, 1939; appointed General Staff Officer, Grade 1, and Military Assistant to Gen Sir (William) Edmund Ironside, Inspector General of Overseas Forces, 1939, and Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1939-1940; served World War Two, 1939-1945; commanded 4 Army, a fictitious unit employed in deceiving German forces on Allied strength and invasion targets, 1944; retired 1945; commanded Guildford Home Guard Bn, 1955; appointed literary executor to the estate of FM (William) Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside of Archangel and of Ironside, 1959; died 1984.
Publications: The Ironside Diaries (Constable, London, 1962), edited by Macleod and Denis Kelly.
Born in 1899; 2nd Lt, Lancashire Fusiliers, 1917; served in France and Belgium, 1918; Lt, 1919; served with Indian Signal Corps, 1924-1928; Capt, 1930; Staff Officer, India, 1930-1932; Adjutant, 1933-1936; Garrison Adjutant, 1937-1940; Maj, 1938; served in France, 1940.
Born in 1901; educated at St George's School, Harpenden and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; joined 3 Gurkha Rifles, [1923]; employed in Royal West African Frontier Force, 1928-1934; Staff Officer, Training Directorate, General HQ, India Command,1939; Instructor, Staff College, Quetta, 1940-1941; Bde Maj, Nowshera Bde, India, 1941-1942; worked in OperationsDirectorate, General HQ, India Command, 1942-1943, where he was closely involved in planning of Gen Orde Charles Wingate's first Chindit operation in Burma, 1943; Senior Administrative Assistant to Wingate, Special Force (Chindit) HQ, India Command, 1943-1944; killed in air crash, Burma, May 1944.
Born in 1887; served in World War One, 1914-1918, unofficially with Royal Scots Greys, later with French Army on reconnaissance work; served in World War Two, 1939-1945, in Home Guard and as personal Staff Officer to ACM Sir Arthur Travers Harris; appointed by Bomber Commander to help investigate the effects of British bombing raids on German towns, 1945; retiredfrom Army, 1945; established international reputation as painter; died in 1979.
Born 1909; educated at Imperial Service College, Windsor, Berkshire and Royal Military Academy,Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Artillery, 1929; service in India with 47/27 Field Bde, Royal Artillery, 34/16 Field Bde, Royal Artillery and G Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, 1929-1936; Lt, 1932; Instructor, School of Signals, Catterick, North Yorkshire, 1936-1940; Capt, 1938; served in World War Two in Western Desert, Sicily, Italy, North West Europe and Burma, 1939-1945; graduated from StaffCollege, Camberley, Surrey, 1940; appointed General Staff Officer 1, No 1 Close Support Bomber Control, 1941; temporary Maj, 1941-1943; awarded MBE, 1942; served in General Headquarters 8 Army and Headquarters 18 Army Group and 15 Army Group, Tunisia, Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944; temporary Lt Col, 1943-1945; General Staff Officer 1 (Air), Headquarters 21 Army Group, North West Europe, 1944-1945; Col General Staff (Air), Headquarters South East Asia Command, 1945; Instructor, School of Air Supply, Old Sarum, Wiltshire, 1945-1948; Commanding Officer, 1 Regt Royal Horse Artillery, 1948-1951; substantive Lt Col, 1951; Imperial Defence College,1952; Col, 1953; Secretary, Joint Planning Staff, Ministry of Defence, 1953-1954; Deputy Secretary, Chiefs of Staff Committee, Ministry of Defence, 1954-1955; temporary Brig, 1955-1957; Commander Royal Artillery, 2 Div, 1955-1958; Brig, 1957; Commandant, School of Artillery, Larkhill, Wiltshire, 1958-1960; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1958-1960; awarded CBE, 1959; Commander, British Army Staff, and Military Attaché, Washington DC, USA, 1960-1963; retired and awarded CB, 1963; Col Commandant Royal Artillery, 1964-1974; Principal Staff Officer to Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1964-1969; died 1996.
Born in 1899; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1919; Lt, 1921; Capt, 1930; Maj, 1938; served in World War Two in Malaya; held as POW by Japanese, 1942-1945; died in 1986.
Born in 1913; 2nd Lt, Black Watch, 1933; Lt, 1936; Maj, 1946; retired in 1948; died in 1984.
Born in 1915; educated at RAF College, Cranwell; served with Bomber Command Squadrons, 1936-1939; served with No 21 Sqn, 1939-1940; Flying Instructor, 1940-1941; served with No 15 Sqn, 1941-1942, Air Staff, No 3 Gp, Bomber Command, 1943, and Pathfinder Force, 1943-1945; attended RAF Staff College, 1946; posted to Air Ministry, 1947-1949; attended Imperial Defence College, 1950-1951; Deputy Director of Operations, Air Ministry, 1951-1954; attended US nuclear tests in Nevada, USA, 1955; commanded British Atomic Trials Task Forces, Monte Bello and Maralinga, Australia, 1955-1956; Commanding Officer, Bombing School, Lindholme, 1957-1958; Air Officer Administration, Aden, 1959-1960; Senior Air Staff Officer, HQ Bomber Command, 1961-1965;Commandant, Joint Services Staff College, 1965-1967; Director General, Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies (formerly Royal United Service Institution), 1968-1976; defence consultant, 1976-1987; published Countdown: Britain's strategic nuclear forces (Hale, London, 1980); died in 1987.
Served in North Sea, 1917-1919, Baltic 1919, and Mediterranean, Turkey and Black Sea, 1920; Lt, 1922; died in 1986.
Served with Royal Tank Regt and 23 Armoured Bde; tested TOG heavy tanks for Tank Design Department, Farnborough, [1940-1945].
Born in 1898; commissioned into Indian Army, 1916; served with 4th Bn (Prince of Wales's Own), 8 Punjab Regt; Assistant Commandant, Chin Hills Bn (later 3 Chin Rifles), Burma Frontier Force, 1925-1929; Officer Commanding Military Police, Naga Hills Expedition, 1928; Commandant, Chin Hills Bn, 1932-1934, 1937-1942; Maj, 1934; died in 1983.
Joined RAF in [1939]; took part in RAF expedition to establish an airbase in the Azores, Oct 1943; Sqn Leader, 1947.
Served in Royal Navy [1931]-1954; Sub Lt, 1932; service on HMS DECOY, 1 Flotilla, Mediterranean Fleet, 1933; Lt, 1933; served on HMS RENOWN, Battle Cruiser Sqn, Home Fleet, 1934-1935; HMS PEMBROKE, Gunnery School, Chatham, Kent, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945, in North Sea and Mediterranean on HMS JERVIS, 1940-1941; with CombinedOperations Command, Dieppe and Normandy, 1944; in Pacific, Japan and Australia, 1945-1946; HMS APPLEDORE, 1946; Cdr, 1947; Gunnery and Anti-Aircraft Warfare Division, Admiralty, 1947-1948; served on HMS HORNET, 1952-1953; retired 1954..
Born in 1874; educated at Cambridge University and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London; House Physician and Opthalmic House Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1900-1901; House Surgeon, Metropolitan Hospital, [London], 1901-1902; House Physician and Senior Resident Officer, Bristol Royal Infirmary, 1902-1906; Consulting Physician, BEF, France, 1918, and later Consulting Physician, Bristol Royal Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Bristol; died in 1951.
Born in 1896; attended Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1914; served in World War One in France and Belgium; Capt, 1917; transferred to Royal Signals, 1921; served in India, 1921-1926; Maj, 1927; Staff College, Camberley, 1928; War Office, 1929-1930; Bde Maj, Shanghai, 1931-1933; Lt Col, 1935; India, 1935-1939; North West Frontier, India, 1937; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Col, 1939; Maj Gen, 1941; Signal Officer in Chief, Middle East, 1941-1943; commanded 1 Infantry Div, Italy, 1943-1944; Director of Intelligence, HQ Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia, 1944-1945; Assistant Controller of Supplies (Munitions), Ministry of Supply, 1946-1949; Col Commandant, Royal Signals, 1947-1957; employed in London Communications Security Agency, Foreign Office, 1953-1957; died in 1964.
Born in 1889; educated at Repton School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; 2nd Lt, West Yorkshire Regt, 1909; Lt, 1910; seconded for service with Merehan Somali Expedition, Jubaland, Kenya, 1912-1914; served in East Africa, 1914-1918; Capt, 1914; commanded 3rd Bn, 2 King's African Rifles, 1916-1918, and Philcol Column, Portuguese East Africa, 1918; commanded 1 Bn, 1 King's African Rifles and Officer Commanding Troops in Nyasaland, 1919-1923; Maj, 1924; Lt Col, 1933; commanded 1 Bn, West Yorkshire Regt, 1933-1937; Commander, 146 (1 West Riding) Infantry Bde, Territorial Army, 1938; Commander, British Troops, Namsos, Norway, 1940, Northern Iceland, 1940-1941; Gambia, 1942-1943, and Sierre Leone, 1943-1944; Maj Gen, 1942; retired pay, 1944; died in 1982.
Served in World War Two with No 2 Inland Waterways and Port Construction Unit, Royal Engineers and was involved in the preparation of dossiers on enemy occupied ports for use by port construction and repair companies.
born 1900; educated at Manchester University and postgraduate at London, Capetown and Oxford; Surgeon Lt Cdr, 1929; Royal Naval Hospital, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 1931-1934; Surgeon Cdr, 1934; Medical Officer's Promotion Course, 1935; Medical Officer in charge, Royal Naval Sick Quarters, Weihaiwei, northern China, 1937-1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; awarded OBE, 1941; Surgeon Capt, 1944; Medical Officer in charge of Royal Naval Hospitals Simonstown, South Africa, 1946, Portland, 1948 and Bermuda, 1950; Surgeon R Adm, 1954; Queen's Honorary Surgeon, 1954-1957; Surgeon R Adm in charge of Royal Naval Hospital, Plymouth, 1954-1957; retired 1957; awarded CB, 1957; died 1984.
Born in 1834; served in 8 Hussars in the Crimean War, 1853-1856, and in India, [1857]; County Councillor, Whiteparish division, Wiltshire County Council, [1891-1894]; established freehold colony at Winterslow, Wiltshire, [1892]; died in 1918.
Born 1887; educated at Rugby School and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; served in Royal Field Artillery and Royal Horse Artillery in UK and India, 1906-1914; Lt, 1909; Capt, 1914; served in World War One, 1914-1918; acting Maj, 1916-1917; Bde Maj Royal Artillery, 17 Div, 1917-1919; Maj, 1917; awarded DSO, 1918; Bde Maj, School of Artillery, 1924-1925; General Staff Officer 2, Staff College, Camberley, 1926-1929; Brevet Lt Col, 1928; service on North West Frontier, India, 1930-1931; awarded Bar to DSO, 1931; Military Assistant Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1933-1935; Lt Col, 1935; Deputy Secretary, 1936; awarded CB, 1936; Brig, 1936; Commandant, School of Artillery, Larkhill, Wiltshire, 1936-1938; Maj Gen, 1938; Director of Military Operations and Intelligence, War Office, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Chief of General Staff, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), France, 1939-1940; created KBE, 1940; Inspector General of the Local Defence Volunteer Force (later the Home Guard), 1940; Commander-in-Chief, British Forces in Northern Ireland, 1940-1941; Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff, War Office, 1941; Commander-in-Chief Far East, 1941-1942; Lt Gen, 1942; Chief of Staff, ABDA (American, British, Dutch, Australian) Command, Far East, 1942; General Officer Commanding Ceylon, 1942-1943; Col Commandant Royal Artillery, 1942-1952; Commander-in-Chief Persia-Iraq, 1943; Chief of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command, 1943-1944; retired 1945; created KCB, 1945; Chairman, Friary Meux Limited; Member of the Committee of Lloyds Bank; Chief Commissioner, St John Ambulance Bde, 1947-1949; military consultant to Rt Hon Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill on the History of the Second World War (Cassell, London, 1948-1954); Chancellor, Order of St John, 1951; died 1961.
Ronald R Prentice, born [1913]; stationed at General Headquarters, Middle East Command, Cairo, Egypt, 1942; served in Special Operations Executive (SOE), Force 133, Greece, 1943-1944; served in Parachute Regt, [1946], died [1980]. Also, H Arthur Wickstead, born in Birmingham, West Midlands, 1913; scholar of St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Double First in Classics; Henry Fellow, Yale University; School Master, Bedford School, Bedfordshire; served in Gloucestershire Regt, 1940-1943; Allied Control Commission, Palestine, 1946; government official in Cornwall and Shropshire, 1952-1974; died 1989. Prentice and Wickstead were parachuted together into Mastroganni, Greece on 10 Aug 1943 as part of the Allied Military Mission, West Macedonia. There, they set up a base of operations at Pendalophos. Under the command of Lt Col Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Special Operations Executive (SOE) forces in the Balkans, or Force 133, they sabotaged German activities in Greece, often working alongside Greek partisan movements such as Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos (ELAS). Missions included actions against the retreating German Army, Operation NOAH'S ARK, Sep-Nov 1944.
Born 1860; service in Ireland, 1884-1885; served as Farrier Sgt, 5 (Royal Irish) Lancers, 1885; service in Suakin campaign, Sudan, 1885.
Born in 1881; cadet, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1898; 2nd Lt, Royal Field Artillery, 1899; joined 12 Battery, 1900; served in North China, 1900-1901; served in India, 1901-1914; commanded 7 Ammunition Column, 1901; Lt, 1901; commanded 12 Battery, 1902-1903; Range Officer, Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Field Artillery, Madras Command, 1903-1905; Capt, 1908; Instructor, Army School of Signalling, Poona, 1908; Assistant Inspector , Army Signalling, Southern Army, 1908; raised and commanded 5 Ammunition Column, 1909; raised and commanded 33 Indian Divisional Signalling Company, 1911; raised and commanded 36 Indian Divisional Signalling Company, 1914; Maj 1914; Deputy Director of Army Signals and Telegraphs, Mesopotamia, 1915; Director of Army Signals and Telegraphs, Mesopotamia, 1916; served with 112 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, France, 1918, and with 65 Battery and 28 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, Black Sea, 1920-1921; Lt Col, 1921; commanded 6 Reserve Bde, 1921-1922; commanded 16 Bde, India, 1922-1924; Commander Corps of Royal Artillery, Southern Command, India, 1924; Col, 1925; Commander, 28 Air Defence Bde, Tonbridge, 1925; retired pay, 1930; died in 1963.
Born 1921; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; joined RAF as an Aircraftman, Jul 1940; trained as a Wireless Operator/Air Gunner, 1940-1941; commissioned, Nov 1941; served in Anti Submarine Sqn, Coastal Command, and as an Instructor in RAF training units, 1942-1945; Flight Lt, Secretarial Branch, RAF, Sep 1945; RAF Staff College, Andover, Hampshire, 1952; Wg Cdr, 1959; Instructor, RAF Staff College, Andover, Hampshire, 1957-1960; employed in Intelligence, RAF Element, Allied Forces Southern Europe, Naples, Italy, 1960-1961; Wg Cdr, Administration, RAF Watton, Norfolk, 1965; Officer Commanding RAF Brampton, Technical Training Command, Huntingdonshire, 1966-1968; Gp Capt, 1969; Deputy Director, Directorate General of RAF Manning, Air Force Department, Ministry of Defence, London, 1969-1971; Director of Recruiting, RAF, Ministry of Defence, London, 1971-1973; Deputy Air Officer, Administration, Headquarters, Maintenance Command (later renamed Support Command), RAF, Andover, Hampshire, 1973-1975; Air Cdre, 1974; retired, 1976; died 1979.
Born 1902; educated at Wellington College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into the King's Own Scottish Borderers, 1923; served with 2 Bn, King's Own Scottish Borderers, in Egypt, Hong Kong, Shanghai and India, 1923-1932; Lt, 1925; Adjutant, 2 Bn, King's Own Scottish Borderers, 1929-1932; transferred to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's) and promoted Capt, 1935; temporary Staff Capt, Malta, 1935-1936; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, 1938; General Staff Officer 3, Scottish Command, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Maj, 1940; Bde Maj, 154 Bde, 51 (Highland) Div, France, 1940; awarded OBE, 1940; temporary Lt Col, 1941; Commanding Officer, 6 Bn, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's), converted into 93 Anti-tank Regt, Royal Artillery, Tunisia, 1942-1943; Commanding Officer, 8 Bn, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's), Tunisia, Sicily and Italy, 1943; awarded DSO, 1943; commanded 17 Indian Bde, 8 Indian Div, Italy, 1943-1944; temporary Brig, 1944; awarded Bar to DSO, 1944; commanded 167 (London) Bde, 56 Div, Italy, 1944-1946; awarded CBE, 1945; commanded 130 Bde, Germany, 1946; commanded 13 Bde, Trieste, 1946-1947; Deputy Director of Military Training, War Office, 1948-1950; Second in Command, 51 (Highland) Div, 1950-1952; Maj Gen, 1953; General Officer Commanding 51 (Highland) Div and Highland District, 1952-1956; awarded CB, 1954; Col, King's Own Scottish Borderers, 1954-1961; retired 1956; Councillor, Caerlaverock, Dumfriesshire County Council, 1958-1967; President, Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 1962-1965; Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries, 1962-1967; Member of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1965-1967; Member of the British Society of Dowsers, 1966-1975; died 1996. Publications: Dowsing, one man's way (Spearman, Jersey, 1977)
Born 1922; educated at St Bees School, Cumberland; served in ranks, Scots Guards, 1941-1942; Royal Military Academy, Dehra Dun, India, 1942; commissioned into 7 Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army, 1942; temporary Capt, 1943-1944; Lt, 1944; served in Burma, 1944-1945; temporary Maj, 1945; awarded MC, 1945; transferred to 2 Bn, Border Regt, 1946-1947; 1 Bn, 2 Gurkha Rifles, Malaya, 1948-1951; Capt, 1949; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1951; NATO Northern Flank, Norway, 1952-1954; 1 Bn, Border Regt, 1954-1956; Maj, 1956; Headquarters, 6 Bde, 1956-1958; attended Joint Services Staff College, 1959; Instructor, Staff College, Camberley, 1960-1963; brevet Lt Col, 1962; Ministry of Defence, 1963-1965; awarded OBE, 1965; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, King's Own Royal Border Regt, 1965-1967; Brig, 1967; commanded 19 Infantry Bde, 1967-1969; National Defence College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1969-1970; Maj Gen, 1970; Chief of Staff to Gen Sir (Richard) Michael (Power) Carver, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command, 1970-1972; appointed Col of the King's Own Royal Border Regt, 1971; Chief of Staff, Headquarters UK Land Forces, 1972; Director of Military Operations, Ministry of Defence, 1972-1975; Lt Gen, 1975; created KCB, 1975; Vice Chief of the General Staff, 1975-1978; Col Commandant, Army Physical Training Corps, 1976-1981; Gen, 1978; Commander-in-Chief, British Army of the Rhine and Commander, Northern Army Group, West Germany, 1978-1980; Aide de Camp General to the Queen, 1980- 1981; died 1981.
Joined RN, 1942; served in HMS BIRMINGHAM in convoy from Egypt to Malta (Operation VIGOROUS), June 1942; served on anti-submarine trawlers in the Bay of Bengal, Madagascar and South Africa,, 1942-1946; died in 1987.
Born 1871; educated at Stubbington House, Fareham, Hampshire, and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Artillery, and posted to 64 Field Battery, Royal Field Artillery, Ireland, 1889; Lt, 1892; service with A Battery (The Chestnut Troop), Royal Horse Artillery, India, 1893-1899; Capt, 1899; served with Egyptian Army, 1899-1900; reconquest of the Sudan, 1899; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, 1900-1902; Special Service, South Africa, 1900; Brevet Maj, 1902; service with O Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, India, 1903-1905; Maj, 1904; qualified as Army Interpreter in Modern Foreign Languages, 1905; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1906; Assistant Military Secretary to Gen Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Southern Command, 1907-1908; General Staff Officer 2, War Office, 1909-1910; General Staff Officer 2, Mediterranean Command and to Inspector General Overseas Forces, 1910-1911; posted to 5 Battery, Royal Field Artillery, Hilsea, Cosham, Hampshire, 1911; commanded A Battery (The Chestnut Troop), Royal Horse Artillery, South Africa, India and France, 1911-1915; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Lt Col, 1914; service on Western Front, 1914-1915; General Staff Officer 2, Headquarters, 2 Army, British Expeditionary Force, 1915; General Staff Officer 1, 48 South Midland Div, British Expeditionary Force, 1915; Brig Gen Royal Artillery, 29 Div, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1915; Brig Gen Royal Artillery, 8 Corps, Gallipoli, 1915; awarded CB, 1915; Brig Gen General Staff, East Africa Force, 1915-1916; Commander Royal Artillery, 60 London Div, Western Front, 1916; temporary Brig Gen, 1916; Brevet Col, 1917; Commander Royal Artillery, 60 London Div, Salonika, 1916-1917; General Officer Commanding Royal Artillery, 21 Corps, Egypt and Palestine, 1917-1919; served at Third Battle of Gaza and as General Officer Commanding Royal Artillery, Battle of Megiddo, Palestine, 1918; General Officer Commanding Royal Artillery, 20 Corps, Cairo, Egypt, 1919; created KCMG, 1919; retired 1920; Hon Brig Gen, 1920; died 1924.
Born in 1919; educated at Gordonstoun School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 1939; served in World War Two in Burma, 1939-1941, UK, 1941-1943, North Africa, 1943, and Italy, 1943-1944; commanded D Company, 2 Bn, Sherwood Foresters, Italy, 1944; Capt, 1946; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, 1948; Maj, 1952; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, HQ 1 Commonwealth Div and Commonwealth Contingent, Korea, 1955-1956; graduated from French Army Staff College, Paris, 1961; Military Attaché, Algiers, 1963-1965; Staff Officer Grade 1, War Office; retired, 1968; worked as stockbroker, [1968-1971]; investment manager for an international banking group, [1972]-1986; died in 1994.
Served with Northumbrian (County of Durham) (Howitzer) Bde, France and Belgium, 1915-1917.
Born in 1878; educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford; entered family merchant banking business, becoming a partner in 1904; Lt, Armoured Car Division, Royal Naval Air Service, 1914; Secretary, Landships Committee, Admiralty and War Office, 1915-1916; Chairman, Tank Supply Committee and Director, Tank Supply Department (later Mechanical Warfare Supply Department), Ministry of Munitions, 1916-1917; Lt Col 1916; British Commissioner, Inter-Allied Tank Bureau, 1917-1918; Commissioner for Mechanical Warfare (Overseas and Allies), Ministry of Munitions, 1917-1918; British Commissioner, Anglo-American Commission, 1918; publication of Tanks, 1914-1918: the log-book of a pioneer (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1919); returned to work as a banker, 1919-1939; Chairman, Special Vehicle Development Committee, Ministry of Supply, 1939-1943; member of Tank Board, 1941; died in 1966.
Born in 1861; educated at Dulwich College; entered Army, 1879; served with No 4 Section Telegraph Bn, Royal Engineers, Sudan and Egypt, 1885-1887; Capt, 1889; Maj, 1898; Lt Col, 1905; Col, 1910; Maj Gen, 1916; Assistant Director, Fortifications, Works, War Office, 1910; Director of Works, British Armies in France, 1914-1919; Director of Works and Buildings, Air Ministry, 1919-1924; Col Commandant, Royal Engineers, 1929-1931; died in 1936.
Born 1868; educated at University College School, Rugby School, Cheltenham, Blackheath Proprietary School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Corps of Royal Engineers, 1888; served in India, 1889-1894; Lt, 1891; Assistant Instructor in Fortification, School of Military Engineering, Chatham, Kent, 1896-1899; Capt, 1899; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, as Adjutant and later, Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Railway Pioneer Regt, 1899-1902; awarded DSO, 1900; Staff Capt, Army Headquarters, War Office, 1905-1907; Maj, 1906; Chief Instructor in Fortification and geometrical drawing, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1907-1910; Secretary, Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defence, employed on the British Official History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1910-1913; awarded the Chesney Gold Medal, 1913; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Deputy Director of Railway Transport, 1914; Assistant Secretary (Military), Committee of Imperial Defence and War Cabinet, 1914-1917; Lt Col, 1915; originator of tanks, 1915-1916; temporary Col, 1915-1917; raised Heavy Section, Machine Gun Corps, 1916; Brevet Col, 1917; awarded CB, 1917; lecture tour of USA, 1918; retired 1919; Honorary Maj Gen, 1919; Controller of Information Department of Civil Aviation, Air Ministry, 1919-1921; Director, Citroen Company, 1922-1951; created KBE, 1923; Chichele Professor of Military History, Oxford University, 1925-1939; Col Commandant Royal Tank Corps, 1934-1938; died 1951.Publications: Under the pseudonym of Backsight Forethought, The defence of Duffer's Drift. A few experiences in field defence for detached posts which may prove useful in our next war (William Clowes and Sons, London, 1904); The truth about Port Arthur by E K Nozhin, edited by Swinton (John Murray, London, 1908); under the pseudonym of Ole Luk-Oie, The great tab dope (W Blackwood and Sons, London, 1915) and A year ago: eyewitness's narrative of the war from March 30th to July 18th, 1915, with Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland [1916]; The Russian Army and the Japanese War, being historical and critical comments on the military policy and power of Russia and on the campaign in the Far East by Aleksei Nikolaevich Kuropatkin, edited by Swinton (John Murray, London, 1909); The tanks (Gill and Son, London, 1917); The study of war (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1926); translation of Albert, King of the Belgians in the Great War by Émile Joseph Galet (Putnam, London, 1931); Eyewitness. Being personal reminiscences of certain phases of the Great War, including the genesis of the tank (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1932); translation of An Eastern odyssey. The third expedition of Haardt and Audouin-Dubreuil by Georges Lefèvre (Victor Gollancz, London, 1935); Twenty years after. The battlefields of 1914-18, then and now (George Newnes, London, 1936); War commentary. Broadcasts delivered between October, 1939 and March, 1940 (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1940); The green curve omnibus (Faber and Faber, London, 1942); Over my shoulder. The autobiography of Major General Sir Ernest D Swinton (George Ronald, Oxford, 1951).
Born 1898; educated at Rosslyn House, Felixstowe, Suffolk, St Bees School, Cumberland, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery, 1916; service with 1B Reserve Bde, Royal Field Artillery, Forest Row, Sussex, 1916; service with C Battery, 93 Army Field Bde, Royal Artillery, Western Front, 1917-1918; wounded, Battle of Vimy Ridge, 1917; Lt, 1918; awarded MC, 1918; served with 31 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, Boyton Camp, Codford, Wiltshire, 1919-1920; service with 133 Battery, 20 Bde, Royal Field Artillery, Trimulgherry, India, 1920-1921; served with 41 Battery, 20 Field Regt, Royal Artillery, Trimulgherry and Bangalore, India, 1921-1924; service in Aldershot, Hampshire, 1925-1927; Adjutant, 5 Light Bde, Royal Artillery, Ewshot, Hampshire, 1927-1930; Capt, 1929; Second in Command, Z Battery, 21 Field Regt, Royal Artillery, Catterick, Yorkshire, 1930-1931; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1933; General Staff Officer 3, Ceylon, 1935-1937; Staff Capt, Southern Command Headquarters, Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1937-1939; Maj, 1938; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Chatham, Kent, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Headquarters 1 Corps, British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Belgium and France, 1939-1940; evacuated from Dunkirk, France (Operation DYNAMO), 1940; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, 61 Div, Ballymena, Northern Ireland, 1940-1942; Second in Command, 2 Regt, Royal Horse Artillery, 8 Army, Western Desert, 1942; Second Battle of El Alamein, Oct 1942; Commanding Officer, 121 (Self Propelled) Field Regt, Royal Artillery, 1942-1943; Deputy President, Middle East Officer Selection Board, Tripoli, Libya, 1943-1944; Deputy President, War Office Selection Board, Catania, Sicily, and San Giorgio Acrimona, Italy, 1944; General Staff Officer 1, 1 District, Foligno, Italy, 1944; Lt Col, 1945; Commandant, Z POW Camp, Perugia, Italy, 1945; Assistant Adjutant General, General Headquarters, 2 Echelon, Naples, Italy, 1945-1946; served at School of Artillery, Larkhill, Wiltshire, 1947; retired 1948; Deputy Commandant, Cambridgeshire Army Cadet Force, 1949-1952; Deputy Lieutenant, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, 1956; Chairman, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Territorial Army and Auxiliary Forces Association, 1957-1962; Vice Lieutenant, Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, 1965-1975; died 1998.
Born 1926; educated at Rugby School; service in World War Two, 1939-1945; served in ranks, 1943-1944; commissioned into the Grenadier Guards, 1944; service with 1 Bn, 2 Bn and 4 Bn, Grenadier Guards in the UK, Germany, Egypt, British Cameroons and British Guiana, 1944-1962; War Substantive Lt, 1945; Lt, 1947; temporary Capt, 1949-1953; Capt, 1953; temporary Maj, 1954; member of Sir William Penney's Scientific Party to UK Atomic Trials, South Australia, 1956; published playwright, 1958-1984; Bde Maj, 2 Federation Infantry Bde, Malaya, 1959-1961; Maj, 1960; General Staff Officer 2, Army Department, Ministry of Defence, 1965-1967; service in Aden, 1967; Lt Col, 1967; commanded Muscat Regt, Sultan of Muscat's Armed Forces, Muscat and Oman, 1967-1970; service in conflict against People's Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf (PFLOAG) rebel forces, Dhofar, 1967-1970; Assistant Quartermaster General, London District, 1970-1971; Col, 1971; Commander, British Army Staff, Singapore, and Governor, Singapore International School, 1971-1973; Senior Army Representative, UK National Cell, ANZUK (Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom) Joint Force, Far East Land Forces, 1972; Deputy Director, Defence Operational Plans (Army), 1973-1974; Brig, 1975; Head of Ministry of Defence Logistics Survey Team to Saudi Arabia, 1976; retired, 1977; Chairman, Joint Staff, Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces, Oman, 1977-1981; retired from Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces, 1981; Chairman, Individual School Direction Limited, 1981-1991; Chairman of the Hurlingham Polo Association, Fulham, London, 1982-1991; died 1991.
Born in 1907; educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford; served during World War Two with 59 (4 West Lancashire) Medium Regt and 11 (Essex) Medium Regt, Royal Artillery; commanded 85 (Essex ) Medium Battery, 1943-1945; commanded 47/49 359 (4 West Lancashire) Medium Regt, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army; MP for Wavertree, Liverpool, 1950-1974; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for War, 1951-1955, and Postmaster-General, 1957-1959; Chairman, Inter-Parliamentary Union, British Group, 1959-1962; Chairman, Conservative Commonwealth Council West Africa Committee, 1954-1962; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Minister of Transport, 1959-1962; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1962-1964, and for the Colonies, 1963-1964; Chairman, Merseyside Conservative MPs, 1964-1974; Treasurer, UK Branch, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1968-1970; died in 1994.
Born in 1915; educated at Malvern College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, 1935; served in India, 1936-1939, France and Belgium, 1939-1940; General Staff Officer Grade 3, HQ 4 Div, 1941-1942; Bde Maj, 1942-1943; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Long Range Penetration (LRP) force (Chindits), HQ Special Force, Burma, 1943-1945; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, General HQ, India, 1946; General Staff Officer Grade 2 War Office, 1947-1948; Maj, 1948; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Staff College, Camberley, 1949-1952; General Staff Officer Grade 1, HQ Northern Army Group, 1955-1957; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, 1957-1959; Commander, 130 Infantry Bde (Territorial Army), 1961-1963; Director of Administrative Planning (Army), 1963-1964; Brig Gen, General Staff (Operations), Ministry of Defence, 1965-1966; Maj Gen, 1966; General Officer Commanding Singapore District, 1966-1970; retired, 1970.
Born in 1883; served in RN, 1896-1912; rejoined RN and attached to Government Steel Inspection Unit, [1914-1918]; retired from RN and started a career in farming in Kenya, 1925; rejoined RN, 1940; Naval Officer-in-Charge, Mogadishu, Somalia, 1941; Sea Transport Officer, later Divisional Sea Transport Officer, Aden, 1941-1943; Divisional Sea Transport Officer, Port Said, Egypt, 1943; retired pay, 1943; died in 1964.
Born 1894; educated at Oundle School and Merton College, Oxford; served in World War One, 1914-1918; served on Western Front with 1/7 (Robin Hood) Bn, The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regt), Territorial Force, 1915-1918; temporary Capt, 1915; awarded VC for action at Hohenzollern Redoubt, Battle of Loos, France, 14 Oct 1915 (award gazetted, 18 Nov 1915); Lt, 1916; Maj, 1918; Second in Command, 1 Bn, The Lincolnshire Regt, 1918; admitted as a Solicitor, 1923; Partner, Slaughter and May, 1926-1945; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; re-commissioned as a Col; seconded as Deputy Director General, Ministry of Economic Warfare, in charge of economic intelligence; Member, Joint Intelligence Committee of Chiefs of Staff, 1941-1945; Member, London passenger Transport Board, 1941-1946; Member, Council of Law Society, 1944-1948; Knighted, 1946; Legal Adviser to National Coal Board, 1946-1948; Member of National Coal Board in charge of manpower, training, education, health and welfare, 1948-1955; Chairman, Research Committee of Mental Health Research Fund, 1951-1967; Member, Medical Research Council, 1952-1960; Director, Parkinson Cowan Limited, 1955-1965; died 1982. Publications: The undirected society. Essays on the human implications of industrialisation in Canada (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 1959); The art of judgement. A study of policy making (Chapman and Hall, London, 1965); Towards a sociology of management (Chapman and Hall, London, 1967); Value systems and social process (Tavistock Publications, London, 1968); Freedom in a rocking boat: changing values in an unstable society (Allen Lane, London, 1970); Making institutions work (Associated Business Programmes, London, 1973); Responsibility: its sources and limits [1980]; Human systems are different (Harper and Row, London, 1983); The Vickers papers, edited by Open Systems Group (Harper and Row, London, 1984); Policymaking, communication, and social learning: essays of Sir Geoffrey Vickers, edited by Guy B Adams, John Forester and Bayard L Catron (Transaction Books, New Brunswick, USA, 1987).
Born 1898; educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate, Kent, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Clare College, Cambridge; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commissioned into Royal Artillery, 1916; service in France, Italy and South Russia, 1916-1920; Lt, 1917; served with 94 Heavy Artillery Bde, Italy, 1918; awarded MC, 1918; attached to Signal Service, 1918-1920; served with 14 Corps Signals Company, 10 Army, Piave river, Italy, 1918; seconded to Royal Engineers, 1918-1921; served as Signals Officer on British Military Mission to South Russia, Odessa Detachment, 1919-1920; acting Capt, 1919-1920; transferred to Royal Corps of Signals, 1921; Instructor, School of Signals, 1924-1928; Capt, 1927; Royal Engineers Board, 1928-1930; Second Military Member, Royal Engineers Board, 1930-1932; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1934; Intelligence Staff Officer, India, 1935; Maj, 1936; General Staff Officer 3, Baluchistan and Western District, India, 1936-1937; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; General Staff Officer 1, General Headquarters, British Expeditionary Force (BEF), France, and General Headquarters, Home Forces, 1940-1941; temporary Lt Col, 1940-1941; awarded OBE, 1941; Lt Col, 1941; temporary Col, 1941; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, 2 Div, India, 1942-1944; Col, 1943; Maj Gen, 1944; commanded Madras Area, India, 1944-1947; awarded CB, 1946; Member of Indian Armed Forces Nationalisation Committee, 1947; General Officer Commanding Malaya District, 1947-1948; member of Nos 1 and 2 War Crimes Review of Sentences Boards, for German, Austrian, Italian and Japanese war criminals, 1948-1949; War Office, 1949; retired 1950; Telecommunications Attaché, British Embassy, Washington DC, USA, 1951-1954; Senior Planning Engineer, Independent Television Authority, 1954-1960; Chairman, Council of Royal Signals Institution, 1957-1963; Regional Officer, East Anglia, Independent Television Authority, 1960-1964; National Vice Chairman, Dunkirk Veterans' Association, 1962-1967; Technical Consultant, Inter-University Research Unit, Cambridge, 1965-1969; Chairman, South East Forum for closed circuit television in education, 1967-1973; National Chairman, Dunkirk Veterans' Association, 1967-1974; Technical Consultant, Women's Royal Voluntary Service Headquarters, 1970-1975; died 1996.
Temporary Instructor Lt, Apr 1937; Instructor Lt (Meteorological), HMS RODNEY, 2 Battle Sqn, Home Fleet, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service on HMS ILLUSTRIOUS, Mediterranean, 1940-1942; service on Crete and evacuated from Sphakia aboard HMS NAPIER, May 1941; served at Royal Naval Air Station, Hatston, Orkney, 1942-1943; Instructor Lt Cdr, 1943; Fleet Meteorological Officer, Eastern Fleet, and British Pacific Fleet, 1944-1945; acting Instructor Cdr, Fleet Education Officer and Fleet Meteorological Officer, HMS SHEFFIELD, Flagship of V Adm Sir William George Tennant, Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station, 1946-1948; HMS DRYAD, 1948-1949; Instructor Cdr, 1948; HMS EXCELLENT, 1952-1953; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1955; acting Instructor Capt, HMS DAEDALUS, Royal Naval Air Station, Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire, 1956-1958; Instructor Capt, 1958; Naval Education Service, Admiralty, 1958-1960; HMS COLLINGWOOD, Naval Electrical School, Fareham, Hampshire, 1960-1963; HMS VICTORY, Portsmouth Command Instructor Officer and Port Librarian, 1963-1966; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1966; Director of Studies and Dean of the College, RN College, Greenwich, 1966-1969; retired [1969]; died 1997.
Born 1894; commissioned into the Royal Marines, 1914; served in World War One, 1914-1918; service with Royal Naval Div, 1914; Special Service, HMS HYACINTH, Flagship of R Adm Herbert Goodenough King-Hall, Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, 1914-1915; Lt, 1915; Capt, Royal Marines Artillery, 1918; served on HMS IRON DUKE, Flagship of Adm Sir John Michael de Robeck, 1st Bt, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, Black Sea and Turkey, 1919-1920; service on HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH, Flagship of Adm Sir John Michael de Robeck, 1st Bt, Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet, 1922-1923; Capt, Royal Marines, HMS HAWKINS II, Colombo, Ceylon, 1931-1933; served in Chatham, Kent, 1933-1934; Maj, 1934; service in Deal, Kent, 1934-1935; Bde Maj, Deal, Kent, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; acting Lt Col, 1940; Lt Col, 1942; Col, War Service Rank, 1945; retired [1945]; died 1983.
Born in 1926; educated at King's College London; Aeronautical student, De Havilland, 1947; Divisional Manager, Electroflow Meters; Marketing Sales Manager, Honeywell Controls; General Marketing Manager, Crane Limited; Group Marketing Manager, Alenco Limited; Marketing Director, Charterhouse; Marketing and Sales Director, Bestobell Sales; Member of Economic Research Council [1972-1977]; Member of Management Centre, Europe [1980]; founded and managed financial consultancy business, 1984-1996; died 1997.
Served with Royal Artillery in Middle East, 1941-1943, and North West Europe, 1945.
Born 1904; educated at St Paul's School, and Trinity College, Dublin; Bachelor of Medicine, Dublin, 1926; commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1927; service in India, Malta and UK, 1927-1940; Doctor of Medicine, Dublin, 1932; Member of the Royal College of Physicians, Ireland, 1934; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service in UK, Madagascar, India, Middle East, Burma and Malaya, 1940-1946; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 31 Indian Armoured Div, Middle East, 1942; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 10 Armoured Div, 1944; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 5 Indian Div, Burma and Malaya, 1944-1945; awarded OBE, 1945; seconded to Ministry of Food as Chief Health Officer, East African Groundnut Scheme, 1946-1948; service with 2 Div, the Royal Army Medical Corps Depot, Headquarters London District, Headquarters 1 (British) Corps, West Germany, and Headquarters Southern Command, 1948-1956; Brig, 1956; Maj Gen, 1957; Queen's Honorary Physician, 1959-1961; awarded CB, 1960; retired 1961; Col Commandant, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1965-1969; President of the Command Standing Medical Board, Military Hospital, Tidworth, Hampshire, 1969-1970; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Ireland; died 1982.
Born 1885; educated at Eton and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Garrison Artillery, 1904; Lt, 1907; qualified as interpreter in French, 1907; transferred to 116 Mahratta Light Infantry, Indian Army, 1908; qualified as interpreter in Arabic, 1908; Capt, 1913; Adjutant, 1913-1914; served in World War One, 1914-1918; service on North West Frontier, India, 1915; Assistant Political Officer, Mesopotamia, 1915-1917; Deputy Director Local Resources, 1917-1918; General Staff Officer 2, Hejaz operations, Arabia, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1918; President, Local Resources Board, Damascus, Syria, 1918; awarded DSO, 1919, for gallantry during an attack by Arab forces on Turkish positions at Mezerib, Syria, Sep 1918; Foreign Office, 1919-1921; Assistant Secretary, Middle East Department, Colonial Office, 1921-1927; awarded CMG, 1923; Colonial Secretary, Gibraltar, 1927-1929; Counsellor to High Commissioner for Iraq, 1929-1932; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Baghdad, Iraq, Oct-Nov 1932; Knighted, 1932; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Nyasaland, 1932-1934; created KCMG, 1934; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Northern Rhodesia, 1934-1938; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Trinidad and Tobago, 1938-1942; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Assistant Secretary, Relief Department, 1943-1944; European Regional Office, UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 1944-1945; Liberal Party Parliamentary Candidate for Harrow West, 1945, and Edge Hill, 1947; died 1950.
When the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government which was supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain. This was led by the rebel Nationalists and supported not only by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners but by the fascist Falange. In contrast, the ruling Republican government was supported by workers, a large number of the educated middle class, militant anarchists and communists. Government forces successfully quelled the uprising in most regions except in parts of NW and SW Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named General Franco (1892-1975) head of state. During the Civil War, both sides repressed opposition, executing and assassinating a combined total of over 50,000 suspected enemies . The Republicans, who were also known as Loyalists, were largely provided with military material by the Soviet Union, and were further supported by the volunteer force of the International Brigade. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, with Madrid finally falling to the Nationalists on March 28. The war's end brought with it a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.