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Sir Percy Zachariah Cox was born on 20 November 1864 at Herongate, Essex; educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Cox obtained a commission with the 2nd Cameronians, stationed in India in 1884 and in 1889 joined the Indian Staff Corps. In 1893 Cox left India for the protectorate of British Somaliland; was appointed assistant political resident at Zeila, transferred to the principal port of Berbera in 1894, and in May 1895 was made Captain of an expedition against the Rer Hared clan, which had blocked trade routes and was raiding coastal groups. Given the expedition's success, he was promoted assistant to the viceroy's agent in Baroda.

In 1899 the new viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, offered Cox the chance to become political agent and consul at Muscat. In 1904 Cox was promoted as Acting Political Resident in the Persian Gulf as well as Consul-General for the Persian provinces of Fars, Lurestan, and Khuzestan. He became resident in 1909.
Cox became Secretary to the Government of India early in 1914, but the outbreak of war saw his dispatch back to the Gulf as chief political officer with the Indian expeditionary force. He was promoted to honorary Major-General in the course of the war, and saw some action with Major-General Charles Townshend, but his main role was administrative and political. In November 1918 Cox became acting-minister in Tehran, where he negotiated an Anglo-Persian treaty, but in June 1920 was made high commissioner in Iraq. Cox arrived in Baghdad in October 1920 to replace Sir Arnold Wilson and embarked on the most important work of his career, setting up a council of state under the venerable naqib of Baghdad.

In 1902, Cox was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire; Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1911; Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India, 1915; Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1917 and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, 1920. Cox received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, 1925 and Manchester, 1929; was Fellow of Royal Geographical Society, 1895-1937; President of the Royal Geographical Society, 1933-1936 and chairman of the Mount Everest committee. He died on 20 February 1937 while hunting.

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1928-1931.

Born, 1918; educated Shrewsbury School, 1931-1937; University College, Oxford; climbed in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the Alps; graduated in medicine, 1942; Royal Army Medical Corps before serving in India, Burma, Vietnam, and Borneo, Second World War; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1946-1995; surgical and neurosurgical registrar in Liverpool, 1947-1957; expeditions in the Himalayas; Deputy leader of the 1953 Everest expedition; led the Kangchenjunga expedition, 1955; expedition, to Annapurna IV, 1957; Principal of Bangor University, 1958-1984; died, 1995.

Richard Cobden Phillips was a trader on the Congo river.

Robert Ernest Cheesman was born at Westwell, Kent, on 18 October 1878. His younger sister, (Lucy) Evelyn Cheesman (1881-1969), became a well-known entomologist, traveller, writer, and broadcaster. Cheesman was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, London, and Wye Agricultural College; worked for Sharpe and Winch, brewers, of Cranbrook, Kent and was a keen ornithologist. He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Union in 1908, and in 1912-1914 contributed notes to British Birds.

In 1914 Cheesman enlisted in the Buffs, served in India and in the attempted relief of Kut. In 1916 he met Sir Percy Cox, who shared his enthusiasm for birds. Together they undertook to collect the avifauna of Iraq. Cox wanted to organise the growing of vegetables for the troops and persuaded Cheesman to take a commission (1916) in the Indian army reserve of officers. Cheesman then became assistant to the deputy director of agriculture. While Cox was high commissioner in Iraq, Cheesman was his private secretary (1920-1923). He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Club in 1919, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1920, and a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London in 1921.

In 1921 Cheesman mapped the Arabian coast from Uqair to the head of the Gulf of Salwa. He was appointed OBE in 1923. In 1923-1924 he spent eleven weeks at Hufuf and then travelled to Jabrin, receiving the Royal Geographical Society's Gill memorial award in 1925 for this journey. In 1925 he became consul for north-west Ethiopia, resident at Dangila, as a member of the Sudan political service. He visited the source of the Blue Nile several times, first in March 1926. He mapped the river from Tisisat to Wanbera in January-April 1927, returning to Dangila through little-known country. He completed the map from Wanbera to the frontier in February-April 1929 and explored the river from its source to Lake Tana, correcting many cartographical errors, in 1932. He circumnavigated the lake, landing on all the bigger islands and making a compass traverse of the coast, in November 1932-April 1933. He retired in 1934, was made a commander of the Star of Ethiopia, and was appointed CBE, 1935. He received the Royal Geographical Society's patron's medal in 1936 for his explorations, which he described in Lake Tana and the Blue Nile (1936) and was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1920-1962.

In 1940, at the request of the Governor-General of Sudan, Cheesman became head of the Ethiopian section of Intelligence, Sudan Defence Force, first as bimbashi, then as colonel. In 1942 Cheesman became oriental counsellor at the legation, Addis Ababa. In 1944 he retired finally to Cranbrook, having been mentioned in dispatches in both wars. He died on 13 February 1962 in Tunbridge Wells.

Born, 1905; educated, Upholland Grammar School; Leeds University, 1922-1925; diploma in education, 1926; assistant lecturer, Exeter University College, 1926-1928; assistant lecturer, University College London, 1928-1932; Rockefeller Fellowship, 1931-1932; lecturer, 1932-1941; reader, 1941-1947; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1946-1981; Professor, Syracuse University, 1947-1958; University of Leeds, 1958-; Visiting Professor to California, 1960-1961; Washington, Nebraska, 1963; Kansus State, 1964; Arizona, 1967; remained in the USA until his retirement, 1975; died, 1981.

Born in Pennsylvania, 1856; educated Bowdoin College, Maine; land surveyor; Civil Engineer Corps Officer in the United States Navy, 1881; engaged on the survey of the projected Nicaragua Ship Canal, 1885-1887; attempted to cross Greenland, 1886; naval dock construction in the US; second expedition to Greenland, 1891-1892; third expedition to Greenland, 1893-1895; expedition to the North Pole where he reached the northern limits of the Greenland archipelago, 1898-1902; second attempt to the North Pole, achieving a Farthest North world record at 87°06'; reached the North Pole, 1908-1909 (although this claim has been subject to doubt); awarded a special Gold Medal by the Royal Geographical Society; died, 1920.

Sir Richard Francis Burton was born 19 March 1821; he matriculated from Trinity College, Oxford in 1840. Colonel Burton purchased a commission for Burton in the Bombay army and he arrived in India in October 1842, serving as a staff interpreter, surveyor, and intelligence officer as well as carrying out infantry duties. Burton demonstrated proficiency in the East India Company's language examinations and during his life mastered more than forty languages and dialects. Burton also mastered cultures, enabling him to 'pass among native peoples in disguise'. Following a bout of cholera Burton returned to England and began to write, publishing dozens of books.

In 1852 Burton proposed to the Royal Geographical Society that he make the hajj, or pilgrimage, to the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Forbidden to non-Muslims, Burton intended to make the pilgrimage in complete disguise as a Muslim native of the Middle East. With the RGS's support, Burton set off in 1854, taking notes and A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah, 1855-1856 became a classic piece of travel literature. Following this on 29 October 1854, disguised as a Turkish merchant, Burton began an expedition to Harar, an area no European had ever entered. On his return to England Burton was awarded the RGS's gold medal. Burton continued to travel to places including Damascus and North America and to write and died 20 October 1890.

Born, 1868; education, Exmouth House School, Stoke Damerel, and Stubbington House, Fareham, 1879, to be crammed for the Royal Navy; joined the training ship HMS BRITANNIA, 1881; passed out in 1883; served in turn aboard the BOADICEA, the MONARCH, and the ROVER, 1883-1887; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1887-1888; sub-lieutenant in the SPIDE; posted to the DAPHNE and then to the AMPHION for service on the Pacific station at Esquimalt, British Columbia, 1889; returned to England to serve briefly on the CAROLINE in the Mediterranean, 1891; transferred to the VERNON (shore establishment) to specialise in torpedo work; qualified as torpedo lieutenant, first class, and was appointed to the VULCAN, 1893; 1895 to 1896 Scott served in the torpedo school Defiance, 1895-1896, the battleship EMPRESS OF INDIA, 1896-1897 and the MAJESTIC; appointed commander of the British National Antarctic expedition, 1900; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1900-1913; British National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904; patron's gold medal, Royal Geographical Society, 1904; returned to active service, commanding in turn the VICTORIOUS, 1906, the ALBEMARLE, 1907, the ESSEX, 1908, and the BULWARK, 1909; naval assistant to the Second Sea Lord, 1909; British Antarctic expedition, 1910-1912; died, 1912.

Publications: The Voyage of the 'Discovery' (1905)

Born in Freiburg in Saxony, 1804; educated in Germany; entered business with his uncle and in 1826 went to the USA; West Indies, 1830 and surveyed, at his own cost, the littoral of Anegada, one of the Virgin Islands, 1831; explored the rivers Essequibo (the sources of which he was the first European to reach), Corentyn, and Berbice, and investigated in detail the capabilities of the colony of British Guiana under the direction of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839; commissioner for surveying and marking out the boundaries of British Guiana, 1840-1844; Director of the Barbados General Railway Company; gazetted British consul in Santo Domingo, 1848; made a plenipotentiary to conclude a treaty of amity and commerce between Great Britain and the Dominican Republic,1849; British consul at Bangkok, Siam, 1857; undertook an important journey from Bangkok to Chiengmai, the capital of the tributary Kingdom of Laos, and then across the mountains to Moulmein on the Gulf of Martaban, 1859-1860; retired from the public service, 1864; died, 1865.

A Robert Jarratt Money was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1891-1949, this may be the same person as Robert I Money.

Publications: 'The Hindiya Barrage, Mesopotamia' by Robert I. Money, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Sep., 1917), pp. 217-222.

Dr Richard Julius Cyriax was born in Canonbury in 1885; educated at University College School, University College London and St Mary's Hospital and qualified in 1908 as Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London with the DPH in 1917. Cyriax entered the public health service in 1920 as an Assistant Tuberculosis Officer for the Warwickshire and Coventry Joint Committee for Tuberculosis in Nuneaton, later moving to Leamington Spa. Cyriax was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1944-1967. He retired in 1951 and died in 16 January 1967.

Born in Australia, 1859; big game expedition to Portuguese East Africa, 1900-1903; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1904-1914; employed by the Belgium Government to chart mineral and other resources between the Congo and the Nile, [1904-1909], producing a map of Aruwimi river and with his brothers, C A and A E H Reid, a map of the region North of the Aruwimi; Portuguese East Africa, 1910-1911; RGS Cuthbert Peek Grant, 1911; Nigeria, 1912-1913; died, 1914.

Born, 1807; educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; entered the navy, 1824; passed his examination, 1830; mate of the HMS TERROR in her Arctic voyage under Captain George Back, 1836-1837; served on board HMS NIAGARA, the flagship of Commodore Sandom, on the Great Lakes in Canada during the uprising, 1838-1839; in the HMS PILOT in the West Indies, 1839-1842; commanded the HMS ROMNEY, receiving ship at Havana, 1842-1946; coastguard, 1846-1848; first lieutenant of the HMS INVESTIGATOR with Captain Bird in the Arctic expedition of Sir James Clark Ross, 1848-1849; command of HMS INVESTIGATOR in the search for Sir John Franklin by way of the Bering Strait, 1849-1854; appointed to HMS ESK for service on the Pacific station, 1856; brought HMS ESK to China to reinforce the squadron there, 1857 and in December commanded a battalion of the naval brigade at the capture of Canton (Guangzhou); senior officer in the Strait of Malacca; returned to England in 1861; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1855-1873; died, 1873.

Born, 1858; educated, Glasgow University; mining expert, Spain, 1878; mining expert, Greece, 1879-1886; cartographic work on expedition to Mashonaland, 1891; Royal Geographical Society Murchison Grant, 1892; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1904; expedition to South Africa, 1893-1895; examined the mining districts of Western Australia and Tasmania, 1896; examined the mining districts of Siam, 1898; mining work in the Malay peninsular, 1896-1904; died, 1904.

Richard Routley Adams Richards was Chief Paymaster on board HMS CHALLENGER. He was uncle of Herbert Arthur Richards, (1866-1957).

Robert Shedden entered the Royal Navy and served throughout the [British attack on China, (the Opium War), 1840-1842] in which he was severely wounded; bought a schooner yacht, the 'Nancy Dawson', in which he accompanied the search for Sir John Franklin; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1844-1850. Died in Mexico, 1850.

Born, 1816; master in St Peter's School, York; botanical field work in the Pyrenees, 1845; botanical and geographical work in the Amazon basin, 1849-1864; returned to England, 1864; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1866-1893; died, 1893.

Born in Cape Town, South Africa, 1892; taught himself topographical and hydrographical surveying, 1910-1915; served in the First World War in France, 1914-1919; returned and continued his career in mapping South Africa, 1919; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1916-1932; worked in the Orange Free State, South Africa; reconnaissance in Basutoland; privately published the Gazetteer of Basutoland for which he was honoured by the Queen of England; awarded a prize by the Royal Geographical Society; fought to verify the traditional land claims of the Basotho people who lived near the Orange Free State, the Eastern Cape Colony, and Southern Transvaal. In 1955, he was evicted from his home, and 89 percent of his property was appropriated by the State.

Born, 1944; educated, Eton, Liveryman, Vintners' Company, 1960; French Parachutist Wings, 1965; Lt, Royal Scots Greys, 1966; Capt, 1968; attached 22 SAS Regiment, 1966; Sultan of Muscat's Armed Forces, 1968; Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve, 1971; Capt, Royal Armoured Corps; leader of British expeditions: White Nile, 1969; Jostedalsbre Glacier, 1970; Headless Valley, 1971; (towards) North Pole, 1977; leader of the Trans Globe Expedition: first to journey around the world on its polar axis using surface transport only, 1979-1982; North Polar unsupported expeditions, 1986 and 1990; South Polar unsupported expedition: first crossing of the Antarctic continent and longest polar journey, 1992-1993; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) from 1970; awarded the RGS Founder's Medal, 1984.

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society from 1964.

Born 1827; joined the merchant service, 1842; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1857-1915; volunteered for the Franklin search expedition of Captain Francis L McClintock, 1857-1860, and was sailing-master of the Fox during the voyage and commander of a sledge party, Feb-July, 1859, discovering 400 miles of new coast. Commanded an expedition to survey a route for a cable telegraph under the Atlantic ocean by way of Iceland and Greenland, 1860; assisted Admiral Sherard Osborn in equipping the Chinese navy and captain of the man-of-war Kwangtung during the Taiping rebellion, 1862-1864; attempted the northwest passage, and endeavoured to find the records of the lost Franklin expedition on King William's Land, in his yacht Pandora, 1875; refitted the Pandora for a second voyage with the same object and landed dispatches for Nares at Cape Isabella and Littleton Island, 1876; commanded the whaler Hope, chartered with government help, in order to search for the explorer, Benjamin Leigh Smith, 1882; died, 1915.

Studied at University College London and appointed lecturer at the London School of Economics in 1929. Served in the Geographical Intelligence Division of the Admiralty during World War Two, specialising in railways and south east Europe. In 1950 became founding Professor of Geography at Keele. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1930-1984. Member of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1943-1947. Received the Murchison Grant in 1962.

Ashburnham served in the British Army in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858, the Second Afghan War, 1878-1880, the first Boer War, and in Egypt and the Sudan from 1882-1884. He was an ADC to Queen Victoria and awarded the KCB in 1882. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society,1897-1917.

Born 1835; educated Edinburgh, Cambridge and Heidelberg Universities; Scottish Member of Parliament for South Ayrshire, 1868-1874 and for Haddington Burghs, 1879-1882; lectured and wrote on his extensive travels including in Europe, North America, India, North Africa, South Africa, Indonesia, China, Japan, Middle East; Australia, New Zealand and Russia; died 1882.

Sir Edward Belcher, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 27 February 1799. Belcher entered the navy in April 1812, and after serving in several ships in the channel and on the Newfoundland station was a midshipman of the Superb (Captain Charles Ekins) at the bombardment of Algiers in August 1816. He was made lieutenant on 21 July 1818; appointed assistant surveyor to the Blossom, and in May 1825 sailed for the Pacific Ocean and Bering Strait on a voyage of exploration of more than three years. He was made commander on 16 March 1829, and from May 1830 to September 1833 commanded the Aetna, surveying parts of the west and north coasts of Africa.

Following this Belcher was employed for some time on the home survey, principally in the Irish sea, and in November 1836 was appointed to the Sulphur, a surveying ship. After visiting several of the island groups in the south Pacific and making such observations, Belcher arrived at Singapore in October 1840, where he was ordered back to China, due to war; during the following year he was actively engaged, especially in operations in the Canton River. He returned to England in July 1842, after a commission of nearly seven years. Belcher had already been advanced to post rank (6 May 1841) and was made a CB (14 October 1841); in January 1843 he was made a knight.

In November 1842 Belcher was appointed to the Samarang for the survey of the coast of China, which the recent war and treaty had opened to British trade. More pressing necessities, however, changed her field of work to Borneo, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and on these and neighbouring coasts Belcher was employed for nearly five years surveying and fighting pirates. In 1852 he was appointed to command an Arctic expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. The appointment was unfortunate; for Belcher, though an able and experienced surveyor, had already demonstrated that he had neither the temper nor the tact necessary for a commanding officer under circumstances of peculiar difficulty. Belcher was never employed again, though he attained his flag on 11 February 1861, became vice-admiral on 2 April 1866, and admiral on 20 October 1872. Belcher was a Fellow of Royal Geographical Society 1830-1877. He was made a KCB on 13 March 1867. He died on 18 March 1877.

Born, 1796; entered the navy as midshipman, 1808; taken prisoner by the French at Deba, 1808; midshipman to the Akbar, 1814; Admiralty mate of the Bulwark, 1817; volunteered for service in the Trent, under Sir John Franklin, who was then entering on the first modern voyage of discovery in the Spitsbergen seas, 1818; expedition with Franklin by land to the Coppermine River,1819-1821; appointed to the Superb, 1823; join Franklin's expedition to the Mackenzie River, 1824-1826; expedition to find Captain Ross, 1833-1835; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1836-1878; Vice President and member of the RGS Council; RGS Gold Medallist - Royal award, 1835; commander of an expedition to complete the coast line between Regent's Inlet and Cape Turnagain, 1836; President of the Raleigh Club, 1844; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1847; employed by government to report on the harbour of Holyhead; died, 1878.

The Survey of India Reunion was set up in Nov 1954 and was originally chaired by Brig Sir Clinton Lewis. Its inaugural party was held in the Overseas Club, 11 Feb 1955. The purpose of the Reunion was chiefly to serve the needs of those who had worked on the Survey of India previous to the partition of India, especially in making contact with former colleagues, but also served to keep in touch with the successor departments: Survey of India and Survey of Pakistan. The organisation was wound up in 1988.

Born, 1786; educated at a preparatory school in St Ives, Huntingdonshire and at Louth grammar school; first-class volunteer in the Royal Navy; joined the Polyphemus, 1800; midshipman on Investigator; served aboard HMS Bellerophon at the Battle of Trafalgar, 1805; served at the Battle of New Orleans; first Arctic expedition, 1918-1822; second Arctic expedition, 1825-1827; Member of the Raleigh Club, Vice-President, 1830; Founder member of the Royal Geographical Society and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1830-1847; Lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land, 1836-1843; Northwest Passage expedition, 1845; died on the expedition, 1845.

Henry and Brigitte Spiro were living in New York, 1984.

Born, 1909; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1927-1930; Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich; Royal Academy Schools in London; held his first one-man exhibition at Ackermann's Galleries in London, 1933; made his living as a painter of wildfowl, producing his first book, Morning Flight, (Country Life, 1935) followed by Wild Chorus (1938); won a bronze medal in the 1936 Olympic games, for single-handed yachting; Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, 1939; founder and honorary director of the Severn Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, (later known as the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust) 1946; conducted scientific research in Iceland, 1951 and the Perry River region of northern Canada, 1949; helped to establish the natural history unit at the BBC Television Centre in Bristol; hosted the natural history programme 'Look' for seventeen years; became involved with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, early 1950s; helped build up the species survival commission of the Union and was chairman, 1962-1981; founded the World Wildlife Fund (later the World Wide Fund for Nature), 1961; rector of Aberdeen University, 1960-1963; appointed Chancellor of Birmingham University, 1974-1983; CH and a fellow of the Royal Society, 1987; died, 1989.

Sir Joseph Banks was born in London in 1743; educated at Harrow School, 1752-1756 and Eton College, 1756-1760, where he showed an interest in botany. Banks matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford and following his father's death in 1761 chose to devote himself to natural history. He was elected a Fellow of Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries, 1766 and in the same year undertook his apprenticeship as a scientifically trained Linnaean naturalist on an expedition to Labrador and Newfoundland. He later undertook the Endeavour voyage of 1768-1771 with James Cook. On his return in 1771, Banks was introduced to King George III, later becoming his friend and advisor on matters concerning science and agriculture.

Banks was president of the Royal Society from 1778 to 1820 and Virtual Director of Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, 1773. Banks was one of the founders of the Africa Society and promoted greater British involvement in the exploration of Africa. He was made a knight in Order of the Bath, 1795 and died in 1820.

Brant served as HM Consul in Erzerum, Turkey, from 1836-1840 and in Damascus during the late 1850s. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1857-1861.

The British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA) was founded in York on 27 September 1831. The organisation's initial purpose as expressed through its annual meetings held in different towns and cities throughout the UK was: 'to give a stronger impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry; to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate Science in different parts of the British Empire with one another and with foreign philosophers; to obtain more general attention for the objects of Science and the removal of any disadvantages of a public kind that may impede its progress.'

Notable events at early meetings include the coining of terms such as 'scientist' and 'dinosaur, 1841, also the debate on Darwinism between Huxley and Wilberforce, 1860, Joule's experiments, 1840s and the first demonstration of wireless transmission, 1894.

The BA organises major initiatives across the UK, including the annual BA Festival of Science, National Science and Engineering Week, programmes of regional and local events, and an extensive programme for young people in schools and colleges. The BA is a charity established under Royal Charter and governed by a Council which forms the Board of Trustees.

Winifred May A Brooke was an artist and botanist and was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1969-1981.

James Bruce, was born at Kinnaird House, Kinnaird, Stirlingshire, on 14 December 1730, son of David Bruce (d 1758), laird of Kinnaird; educated in the family of Councillor William Hamilton in London, and Harrow School in 1742. Although inclined to become an Anglican clergyman on leaving school in 1746, he enrolled in the law faculty at Edinburgh University, May 1747. In 1753 he left Kinnaird for London, intending to embark as a 'free trader' with the East India Company; a year later he married, though his wife died in the same year of consumption.

In July 1757 he embarked for Spain and Portugal, travelled through France, the German states, and the Netherlands. In 1758 Bruce's father died, and he returned to Scotland to assume his responsibilities as laird of Kinnaird. He signed a contract on 4 November 1760 to supply the Carron ironworks with coal from his mines at Kinnaird providing him with the capital and the leisure to travel the world.

Bruce travelled on expeditions to the Algiers and Tunis, Abyssinia and the source of the Nile, returning to England in 1774. He postponed the composition of his Travels for sixteen years and anxious to emulate the form of James Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (one of the best-selling travel books of the century), Bruce published his 3000-page Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in five quarto volumes in 1790. Bruce died in his home in 1794. Much controversy surrounded Bruce' work and although subsequent travellers did much to restore Bruce's credit, his reputation never fully recovered.

Arthur Douglas Carey passed into the Indian Civil Service in 1864; serving in the Bombay Presidency; became interested in Central Asia and planned an excursion to Northern Tibet which came to fruition in 1885. Much of the route had not been travelled by Europeans and consequently a great deal of information concerning areas such as the Tarim basin was collected. Carey received the RGS's Founder's Medal for this journey in 1889; retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1893, spending the remainder of his life in Switzerland until he died in 1936.

Alan Cawley was a Geological Surveyor in the Department of Lands and Mines, Tanganika in late 1930s and became a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1936-1949.

Paul Belloni du Chaillu was born in France on 31 July 1835. He accompanied his father to Gabon at a young age and in 1852 travelled to United States and was entrusted by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia with a mission to West Africa, setting out in 1855 to Gabon. Du Chaillu was, or claimed to be the first European to kill a gorilla in the wild. In 1867 he again travelled to Africa and hoped to reach the Congo and the Nile. The map accompanying the account of the expedition 'A journey to Ashango Land' (London, 1867) is based upon 15 observed latitutes and 7 longitudes and until his obituary was published in 1903, was the only authority on the geography of the greater part of the country delineated. He was rewarded with honorary membership of the Royal Geographical Society. Following this he spent a few years in United States and wrote books for children including 'Stories of the Gorilla Country' (1867), he died in 1903.

Margaret A Chambers was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1913-1928.

No biographical information available at time of compilation.

David Bannister was elected to a Fellowship of the RGS in 1979. Bannister and Moreland wrote Antique Maps: A Collector's Guide, published by Phaidon.

Little was known about J M Clayton at the time of compilation of this description, other than that he belonged to the 18th Hussars, travelled to Djibouti in January 1910 and then to Abyssinia returning via Khartoum early in 1911.

Publications by Coleman include The 1766 Navy List, Captain Vancouver and The Royal Navy and Polar Exploration: From Franklin to Scott.

Cape Coast Castle, a fortification in Ghana, was built to secure the trade in timber and gold and later used in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. It was first built in 1653 in timber for the Swedish Africa Company; later rebuilt in stone and seized by the Danes before being conquered by the British in 1654. It was extensively rebuilt by the 'Committee of Merchants' and in 1844 became the seat of the colonial Government of the British Gold Coast.

The Royal African Company was established by the Stuarts and London Merchants for slaving following the Restoration in 1660. The Company was led by James, Duke of York and brother to King Charles II, and was originally known as the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. The company abandoned slaving in 1731 and began trafficking ivory and gold dust. Charles Hayes was the sub-governor of the Company until 1752 when it was dissolved and succeeded by the Africa Company. The Company's logo was of an elephant and a castle; the Royal Africa Company provided gold to the English mint, 1668-1772 and coins made from this gold bore a depiction of an elephant below the bust of the monarch and were named the 'guinea'.

William Martin Conway, was born on 12 April 1856 at Rochester; educated at Repton School and from 1875 at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, graduating BA in 1879 and MA in 1882. He was a Cambridge University extension lecturer from 1882 to 1885. Conway climbed extensively in the Alps as an undergraduate, and was elected to the Alpine Club in 1877. In 1881 he published the Zermatt Pocketbook, the model for a series of Conway and Coolidge's Climbers' Guides. Conway was responsible for many beautiful mountain names, such as Wellenkuppe, Windjoch, and Dent du Requin.

Conway became Roscoe Professor of Art at University College, Liverpool, in 1885; published books on Reynolds, Gainsborough, early Flemish artists, and Albrecht Dürer; later resigning from his Liverpool position in 1888, moving to London, where he frequented the Savile Club, gave lectures, and published a book on the art of the ancient world.

In 1892 Conway led a large-scale mountaineering expedition to the Karakoram Conway's large party surveyed the Baltoro glacier and the region around K2, and ascended Pioneer Peak on Baltoro Kangri, which at 6890 metres may have constituted an altitude record at the time.

After publishing a book about the Karakoram in 1894, he walked the length of the Alps with two Gurkha soldiers, forming the basis of a popular book, The Alps from End to End,1895. He received a knighthood in 1895 and shortly afterwards made an unsuccessful bid to win a seat in Parliament as a Liberal. In 1896 Conway surveyed in Spitsbergen, In 1898 Conway travelled south to climb Illimani in Bolivia and Aconcagua in Argentina with two alpine guides.

In 1901 he was offered a term as the Slade Professor of Fine Arts at Cambridge; resumed writing art history, including works on Tuscan art, the great masters, the Van Eycks, and Giorgione. He resigned the Slade Professorship in 1904. He served as President of the Alpine Club from 1902 to 1904; first President of the Alpine Ski Club in 1908; was a Fellow of Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1937 and was awarded the Founders Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1905.

In 1917, Conway was appointed Director-General of the Imperial War Museum, an honorary post which he retained until his death. He received an honorary LittD from both Durham and Manchester in 1919.

Conway served as a trustee of the Wallace Collection and the National Portrait Gallery and was active in the Society of Authors and the Society of Antiquaries. He was one of the first to realize the value of the systematic and comprehensive collection of photographic records of architecture and art and he presented his own collection of 100,000 photographs to the Courtauld Institute of Art. In later years he published several autobiographical works: Mountain Memories, 1920, Episodes of a Varied Life, 1932, and A Pilgrim's Quest for the Divine, 1936. He died on 19 April 1937.

James Cook was born on 27 October 1728 in the village of Marton in Cleveland, North Riding of Yorkshire; attended Postgate School, Great Ayton; later signing an apprenticeship agreement with John Walker, a highly respected Quaker shipowner, whose ships, based on Whitby, were employed in the North Sea coal trade; in 1755 Cook was offered the command of one of Walker's ships, but instead enlisted in the Royal Navy as an able seaman. In 1757, he passed the examination for master and becoming responsible for the navigation and handling of ships of the Royal Navy. Cook spent most of the Seven Years' War in North American waters and after meeting Major Samuel Holland, took an active interest in hydrographic surveying. During a raid on French settlements in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Cook surveyed the Bay of Gaspé; the chart was published by Mount and Page the following year.

On 19 April 1763, Cook took passage for Newfoundland in Graves's ship the Antelope; on arrival Graves sent Cook to survey the islands of St Pierre and Miquelon which were to be restored to France; over the next four years Cook surveyed the whole of the west and south coasts of the island, returning to England each autumn to draw his charts and refit the schooner. In 1766, with permission from the Admiralty, Cook began publishing his surveys and sailing directions; his surveys were published in 1769 in a folio atlas by Thomas Jeffreys, who republished Cook's sailing directions in the same year in The Newfoundland Pilot. These were incorporated in the famous North American Pilot published by Sayer and Bennett in 1775. Cook returned to England on 15 November 1767 and was appointed by the Royal Society for an expedition to the South Pacific to observe the transit of Venus across the face of the sun, which would enable the distance between the earth and the sun to be calculated. The astronomer Charles Green was appointed by the Royal Society to observe the transit of Venus, with Cook as the second observer. The Endeavour set sail in 1768 and, after calling at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro and rounding Cape Horn, anchored in Matavai Bay on the north coast of Tahiti on 13 April 1769. The east coast of New Zealand was sighted on 6 October and Cook spent the next six months carrying out a running survey of New Zealand's North and South islands; next carrying out a running survey of the unknown east coast of Australia. The voyage was judged a success and Cook was promoted to commander on 29 August 1771.

In spite of the achievements of Cook's first voyage there were vast areas in the Southern Ocean where a great land mass might yet be found and Cook therefore proposed that a search for it should be made by circumnavigating the globe from west to east in a high southern latitude. Cook sailed the Resolution from Plymouth on 13 July 1772 and in 1773 became the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle. On his return to England Cook was promoted to post captain on 9 August 1775 and appointed fourth captain of Greenwich Hospital. In March 1776, Cook was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and at the same time awarded the society's Copley medal for his work on the prevention of scurvy. Cook commanded a further expedition to the Pacific, 1776-1779 in October 1776, the ship anchored in Table Bay, where Cook was joined by the Discovery. On crossing the Indian Ocean, Cook fixed the position of Prince Edward and Marion islands and carried out a running survey of the north coast of Kerguelen, establishing the island's longitude accurately with the aid of K1; later sighting Oahu and Kauai, at the western end of the Hawaiian Islands, 1778. After carrying out a running survey of the easternmost of the Hawaiian Islands, Cook anchored in Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawaii on 17 January 1779. At first he was well received, however an extended stay was not welcomed, resulting in the theft of the Discovery's cutter. Cook landed with an escort of marines in an attempt to persuade the local chief to return on board where he intended to hold him as a hostage against the return of the cutter. This resulted in an altercation, with Cook and four others being killed. Cook died 14 February 1779.

Bolton Glanville Corney was born 10 December 1851; educated privately in France, England and Germany and eventually at St Thomas' Hospital. In 1876 he travelled to the new Crown Colony in Fiji and was appointed Chief Medical Officer of Fuji in 1887. Corney reported upon the decrease in the Fijian native population and wrote papers concerning Dengue Fever and Leprosy etc. Corney joined the Royal Geographical Society in 1912, served on its council and was awarded the Back Grant in 1923. He died in 1924.

William Bensley Cotton was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1921-1944.

Augustine Courtauld was born on 26 August 1904 at Bocking, Braintree, Essex; educated at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read engineering and geography, graduating in 1926. In 1926 he joined James Wordie's summer expedition to east Greenland as photographer and in 1927 Courtauld travelled with Francis and Peter Rodd to the mountains of Aïr in the southern Sahara. Courtauld attempted unsuccessfully to become a stockbroker and consequently returned to Greenland in the summer of 1929 on another expedition with Wordie.

In 1930 Courtauld met H. G. Watkins, who was planning an expedition to Greenland to explore the possibilities of an air route from the United Kingdom to western Canada over the ice cap. Part of the meteorological programme was the establishment of the ice-cap station some 140 miles north-west of the base camp manned continually by two men who would be relieved at approximately monthly intervals by dog sledge or aircraft. However, it took six weeks to reach the ice-cap station from the base camp and it became clear there was not enough food for two men to be left safely at the camp. Courtauld persuaded the party to allow him to man the station alone and he was left there on 5 December 1930. Courtauld spent five months alone, part of the time imprisoned beneath the snow and in darkness. In 1932 he was awarded the polar medal by George V.

Before World War Two Courtauld joined the organisation which was to become the Special Operations Executive, and in the summer of 1939 was asked by naval intelligence to take Duet up the Norwegian coast from Bergen to Trondheim gathering as much intelligence as he could. Courtauld served throughout World War Two in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve as sub-lieutenant, 1939, and lieutenant, 1940-1945.

After the war, he devoted himself to local government and community service, serving on Essex County Council from 1945 to 1955; becoming a JP and Deputy Lieutenant in 1946 and High Sheriff of Essex in 1953. He was a governor of Felsted School, chairman of Essex Association of Boys' Clubs, and vice-president of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, 1957. He served three times on the council of the Royal Geographical Society; was Honorary Secretary between 1948 and 1951 and served on the committee of management of the Scott Polar Research Institute. Courtauld died in hospital in London on 3 March 1959.