Born in [1906] into farming family; educated at Berkhamstead School; joined Wiltshire Regt, Territorial Army, 1924; studied agriculture at Reading University, 1924-1925, and in Argentina, 1936-1937; served with Wiltshire Regt in UK, 1939-1943, and India and Burma,1943-1945; died in 1982.
Born in 1922; educated at Christ Church, Oxford; served in Coldstream Guards, 1942-1945; Assistant Lecturer in History, King's College London, 1947; Lecturer, 1950; Lecturer in War Studies, 1953-1961; co-founder of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1957; Professor of War Studies, 1963-1968; Visiting Professor of European History, Stanford University, 1967; Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1968-1980; Ford's Lecturer in English History, Oxford, 1971; Radcliffe Lecturer, University of Warwick, 1975; Trevelyan Lecturer, Cambridge, 1977; Chichele Professor of History of War, Oxford, 1977-1980; Regius Professor of Modern History and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, 1980-1989; Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University,1989-93; Emeritus Professor of Modern History, Oxford University since 1989.
Publications: The Coldstream Guards, 1920-1946 (with John Hanbury Angus Sparrow) (Oxford University Press, London, 1951; Disengagement in Europe (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1958); Wellingtonian studies (editor) (Wellington College, Wellington, Somerset, 1959); The Franco-Prussian War (Rupert Hart Davis, London, 1961); The theory and practice of war (editor) (Cassell,London, 1965); The Mediterranean strategy in the Second World War (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1967); Studies in war and peace (Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1970); Grand strategy (Vol 4, Official History of the Second World War, Military Series) (HMSO, London, 1971); The continental commitment (Temple Smith, London, 1972); War in European history (Oxford University Press, London, 1976); War and the Liberal conscience (Temple Smith, London, 1978); Restraints on war (editor) (Oxford University Press, London, 1979); The causes of war (Maurice Temple Smith, London, 1983); Clausewitz (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983); Strategic deception in World War Two (Pimlico, London, 1990); The lessons of history (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991).
Born in 1874; House Surgeon and House Physician at Charing Cross Hospital, London, 1897-1898; entered Indian Medical Service, 1899; Medical Officer 2nd Queen's Own Rajput Light Infantry, 1899-1907; served in China, 1900-1902; Capt, 1902; served in Somaliland Field Force, 1903-1904; Staff Surgeon, Bangalore, 1908-1912; Maj, 1910; served in Balkan War, 1912-1913; Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services, 1 Indian Cavalry Div, 1914-1916; Medical Officer, 11 King Edward's Own Lancers, 1916-1917; Lt Col, 1918; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Wazaristan Field Force, 1919-1920; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Wana Column, 1920-1921; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Razmak Field Force, 1922-1923; Director of MedicalOrganisation for War, Army HQ, 1924-1925; Col, 1925; Maj-Gen, 1928; Deputy Director of Medical Services, Eastern Command, 1928-1932; Honorary Surgeon to King George V, 1928-1932; died in 1958.
Commissioned, RAF, 1940; service in Fighter Command and Middle East, World War Two, 1939-1945; Director of Guided Weapons (Air), Ministry of Aviation, 1962-1965; Air Officer Engineering, RAF Germany, 1965-1967; Air Officer Commanding No 20 Group, RAF, 1967-1970; Air Marshal, 1971; Head of Engineer Branch and Director General of Engineering (RAF), 1970-1973; retired, 1973.
Born, 1893; served in World War One, 1914-1918; mobilised with Special Reserve, 1914; commissioned into the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 1915; served on Western Front, 1916; commanded 11 Platoon, C Company, 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Battle of the Somme, Picardy, France, 1916; Lt, 1917; transferred to Gloucestershire Regt, 1917; service in Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and German and Portuguese East Africa, 1917-1918; served with West African Frontier Force, 1917-1919; service in operations against the Egba, Nigeria, 1918; served with 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Turkey and India, 1920-[1922]; Capt, 1927; transferred to Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, 1927; Staff Capt, Northern Ireland District, 1929-1933; Maj, 1938; service in Singapore and India, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1940; Officer Commanding Troops, Falkland Islands, 1942-1944; commanded 9 Line of Communications Sub Area, British Liberation Army, North West Europe, 1944-1946; retired as Hon Brig, 1946; awarded CBE, 1946; service with United Nations (UN), 1947-1953; died 1972.
Born 1918; student, RAF College Cranwell, 1936-1938; pupil, School of Army Co-operation, 22 (Army Co-operation) Group, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1938; pilot, 20 Sqn, North West Frontier, India, 1939-1940; ADC to Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Headquarters, India, 1941; 155 Sqn, Risalpur, North West Frontier, India, 1942; Officer Commanding B Flight, 5 Sqn, Dum Dum, India, 1942; Sqn Ldr, 67 Sqn, Alipore, India, 1942; Commanding Officer, 17 Sqn, Bengal, India, 1942; on staff, 224 Group Headquarters, Chittagong, 1942, India, 1942-1943; Sqn Ldr, 197 Sqn, RAF Tangmere, 1943-1944; Commanding Officer, 486 (New Zealand) Sqn, Fighter Command and Tactical Air Force, 1944; 83 Group, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 1944-1945; Wg Cdr, 83 Group Headquarters, Germany, 1945; student, RAF Staff College, Bracknell, 1945-1946; Fighter Command Headquarters, 1946-1948; Sqn Ldr, Central Fighter Establishment, West Raynham, 1948; Personal Staff Officer to Commander-in-Chief, Fighter Command Headquarters, 1948-1949; Air Ministry, 1949-1951; RAF Kabrit, Egypt, 1951-1954; Senior Air Staff Officer, British Forces Aden Headquarters, 1954; Fighter Command Headquarters, 1954-1955; Commander, RAF Horsham St Faith, 1955-1958
Born 1872; educated at King's School, Canterbury, Kent, and Royal Military College, Sandhurst;commissioned into The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment), 1892; served with Malakand Field Force, North West Frontier, India, 1897-1898; Second Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1902; Capt, 1902; Brevet Maj, 1902; General Staff Officer 2, War Office, 1910-1912; Maj, 1912; Brevet Lt Col, 1913; Staff College, Quetta, India, 1913-1914; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Meerut Div, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1914-1915; General Staff Officer 1, 14 Div, 1915-1916; awarded CMG, 1915; Director of Staff Duties and Training, Army Headquarters, India, 1916-1920; Col, 1917; awarded CSI, 1919; Bde Commander,India, 1920-1923; awarded CB, 1922; Maj Gen, 1923; District Commander, India, 1925-1927; commanded 56 (1 London) Div, Territorial, Army 1927-1931; retired 1931; died 1943.
Born 1903; educated at RN College, Osborne, Isle of Wight, and RN College, Dartmouth, Devon;Midshipman, 1921; served on HMS VALIANT, Devonport, 1921-1922; acting Sub Lt, 1923; Promotion Course, RN College, Greenwich, 1924; Sub Lt, 1924; HMS IROQUOIS, China Station, 1925-1926; Lt, 1925; Specialist Navigation Course, 1928; HMS ROSEMARY, FisheryProtection Flotilla, 1929-1930; HMS BIDEFORD, Persian Gulf, 1932; Navigating Officer, HMS ENTERPRISE, 4 Cruiser Sqn, East Indies, 1932-1934; Lt Cdr, 1933; Navigating Officer, HMS KEMPENFELT, Flotilla Leader, 2 Flotilla, Home Fleet, and Mediterranean Fleet,1934-1937; Navigating Officer, HMS NEWCASTLE, 2 Cruiser Sqn, Home Fleet, 1937-1939; participated in Operation FISH, the transfer of stocks of gold bullion and securities from the UK to Canada on board HMS REVENGE, Jul 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945;Cdr, 1939; Navigating Officer and Executive Officer, HMS REVENGE, Home Fleet, Force H, and Eastern Fleet, 1939-1944; commanded 5 Minesweeping Flotilla, HMS LARNE, HMS WELFARE and HMS FLY, Mediterranean, Adriatic and Aegean, 1944-1946; commanded mine clearance operations for bombardment vessels, Operation DRAGOON, the Allied invasion of southern France, Aug 1944; served at HMS LOCHINVAR, Minesweeping Base, Port Edgar, Fife, 1946-1948; Commander of Dockyard and Assistant King's Harbour Master, HM Dockyard, Portland, Dorset, 1948-1949; Commander of the Dockyard and Deputy Superintendent and King's Harbour Master, HMDockyard, Gibraltar, 1949-1950; Superintendant of the Dockyard, HMNZS PHILOMEL, Auckland, New Zealand, 1952-1953; retired 1953; awarded OBE, 1954; died 1993.
Born, 1966; educated, Mold Alun High, University College Of Wales Aberystwyth, Christian Albrechts Universitat Kiel Germany, King's College University of London; Information Officer Greenfield Valley Heritage Trust, 1992-1995; Lecturer Liverpool Hope University College, 1995-1998; Liverpool University, 1996-1998; Liverpool John Moores University, 1996-1997; member of Study Group on Intelligence; news editor Record Collector magazine; 1998-.
Publications:
Postwar counterinsurgency and the SAS, 1945-52: a special type of warfare (Frank Cass, London, 2001)
SAS, the first secret wars: the unknown years of combat and counter-insurgency (I B Tauris, London, 2005)
SAS: Zero Hour: the Secret Origins Of The Special Air Service (Greenhill, 2006)
The Holywell Workhouses (1995)
Living Conditions In 19th Century Holywell (1995)
Rioting In N. E. Wales 1536-1918 (Bridge Books, 1997)
Born Oldham, Lancashire, 1922; worked as a coal miner, joined King's Own Royal Border Regiment; volunteered for Special Service; served with Troop 3, No 6 Commando, Normandy, 1944-1945; returned to King's Own Royal Border Regiment, Nov 1945; Company Quartermaster Sergeant, 1946; Colour Sergeant, 1946; demobilised, 1947, died 2004.
Born in 1893; educated at Stranraer and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; entered Royal Navy, 1911; commissioned into Royal Garrison Artillery, 1915; served in World War One, on the Western Front, in France and Belgium, 1916-1918; served in 130 Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, at the Battle of the Somme, 1916; wounded Aug 1916; served in 119 HeavyBattery, 9 Bde Royal Garrison Artillery, 1916-1917; at the Battle of the Ancre, 1916; Headquarters, 9 Bde Royal Garrison Artillery 1917; Lt 1917; commanded 242 Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, 1917; acting Maj 1917; acting Capt, 1917; Reconnaissance Officer - Staff Lt 1 Class, with Australian Corps Heavy Artillery, 1917-1918; acting Capt (special appointment grade FF for intelligence duties) 1918; Acting Bde Maj (temporary Capt), France, 1918-1919; Acting Capt, commanded 70 Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Germany 1919; served with British Military Mission to South Russia, 1919-1920; Special Appointment (Class HH), Allied Police Commission,Constantinople, Turkey; General Staff Officer, Grade 3, War Office, 1923-1924; Bde Maj Royal Artillery, Southern Command, UK, 1925-1926; specially employed, War Office, 1926-1927; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, War Office, 1927-1929; Capt 1927; Brevet Maj 1930; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Staff College, 1931-1934; local Lt Col 1931-1933; General Staff Officer Grade 2 War Office, 1934-1936; Brevet Lt Col 1934; Maj 1936; Brevet Col 1938; substantive Col 1938; Deputy Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1938; temporary Brig 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Director of Plans, 1939; commanded 52 Div, Royal Artillery, France, 1940; BrigadierGeneral Staff, Northern Ireland, 1940; temporary Brig 1940; Director of Military Operations and Plans, War Office, 1940-1943; acting Maj Gen 1940; Maj Gen 1941; Assistant Chief of the Imperial General Staff, War Office, (Operations and Intelligence), 1943-1945; retired 1946; Governor of Southern Rhodesia, 1946-1954; Chairman, Central African Council, 1946-1953; Col Commandant, Royal Artillery, 1948-1958; Chairman, Central African Defence Committee, 1950-1953; Chairman, National Convention of Southern Rhodesia, 1960; died 1970.Publications: The business of war (Hutchinson, London, 1957).
Born 1884; educated Merchant Taylors' School and St John's College, Oxford; Sudan Civil Service, 1907-1916; Private Secretary to the High Commissioner for Egypt, 1917-1919; Oriental Secretary to the High Commissioner for Egypt, 1919-1922; Director General, Foreign Affairs, Egyptian Government, 1922; Director General, European Department, Ministry of the Interior, Egyptian Government, 1923-1937; died 1954.
Born in 1862; educated in Ireland and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; entered Royal WarwickshireRegiment, 1882; adjutant of 2 Battalion, 1886-1890; Staff College, 1893-1894; Instructor at Royal Military College, 1895-1897; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, South Eastern District, 1897-1899; served in Boer War on staff of Sir Redvers Buller, on HQ Staff at Pretoria, and as Assistant Adjutant General, Harrismith District and Natal, 1899-1902; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Staff College,1904-1907; revised Operations of War by Sir Edward Bruce Hamley (William Blackwood and Sons, London, 1866 revised 1907); General Staff Officer Grade 1 at Army HQ, 1907-1909; Brig Gen in charge of administration, Scottish Command, 1909; Director of Staff Duties, War Office, 1909-1913; Commandant, Staff College, Camberley, 1913-1914; Director of Home Defence, War Office, 1914-1915; Chief of General Staff, British Armies in France, 1915-1918; Lt Gen, 1917; General Officer Commanding and Lt Governor, Guernsey, 1918-1920; retired, 1920; died in 1954.
Born 1895; educated at Bedford School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commissioned into the Royal Artillery, 1915; service on Western Front and Italy, 1915-1918; awarded MC, 1918; service in Egypt, Palestine, Malta and India, 1919-1930; attended Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1931-1932; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Commanding Officer, 65 Medium Regt, Royal Artillery (Territorial Army), 1940-1941; Brig, 1941; Commander Royal Artillery, 56 Div, UK, 1941; awarded OBE, 1941; Commander Royal Artillery, 12 Corps, South Eastern Command, 1941-1942; Brig, Royal Artillery, 8 Army, Western Desert, 1942; awarded CBE, 1943; Brig, Royal Artillery, 18 Army Group, North Africa, 1943; General Officer Commanding 50 (Northumbrian) Div, 8 Army, Sicily and Italy, 1943; awarded CB, 1944; General Officer Commanding 13 Corps, Italy, 1944; created KBE, 1945; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command, 1945; General Officer Commanding 1 Corps, British LiberationArmy, North West Europe, 1945; Member of Army Council, 1945-1950; Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff, War Office, 1945-1947; Quartermaster General to the Forces, 1947-1950; Col Commandant, Royal Artillery, 1947-1957; created KCB, 1949; retired 1950; appointed GCB, 1951; Special Financial Representative in Germany, 1951-1952; Director General of Civil Defence, 1954-1960; Chairman, Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council for England and Wales, 1957-1960; died 1982.
Born in 1911; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers, 1931, Lt, 1934; employed under Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1936; Capt, 1939; served in South East Asia in World War Two; died in 1985.
Born 1907; educated at Eton College and Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst; joined Royal Horse Guards, Mar 1927, 2nd Lt, 1927; Lt 1930; Capt 1934; married Angela Claire Louise (née Dudley Ward), 1935; instructor on anti-gas and air defence measures, School of Military Engineering, Chatham, Dec 1937; General Staff Officer, Grade 3 (passive air defence) in department of Chief of Imperial General Staff, Dec 1938; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, chemical warfare section, British Expeditionary Force Headquarters, France, 1939-1940; joined Combined Operations, 1940; Lt Col 1941; commanded Special Service Brigade LAYFORCE, Feb-Aug 1941 and Middle East Commando, Aug 1941-Aug 1942; Brig, 1942; commanded Special Service Brigade, organizing and training all commandos in Britain, 1942-1943; Maj Gen 1943; Chief of Combined Operations, Oct 1943-1947; retired 1947; Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Malta, 1954-1959; Col Commandant, Special Air Service (SAS) and Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry, 1960-1968. Died 1968.
Born in 1901; 2nd Lt, Irish Guards, 1922; Lt, 1924; Capt, 1930; ADC to General OfficerCommanding London District, 1932-1934; Adjutant, 1934-1936; Maj, 1939; served as Commander, RAF Regt, North West Europe, 1944-1945; Staff Officer Grade 1 (Education), London District, 1947-[1949]; died in 1981.
Born 1915; Clerk for local government, Shrewsbury, 1930-1937; Assistant to Air Raid Precautions Controller, Shropshire, 1937-1940; engaged in civil defence activities, Shrewsbury, May 1940; service in Special Operations Executive (SOE); Palestine [1942]; parachuted into Greece as part of the Allied Military Mission to Greece, 1943; Liaison Officer commanding sub area of Grevena aerodrome, Greece 1943-1944; parachuted into enemy territory in Italy as part of Operation GELA BLUE (political and military liaison mission to the Italian partisans in Vittorio Veneto, including the Nino Nannetti Garibaldini Division, led by Col Francesco Pesce 'Milo', Mar-Apr 1945; engaged in establishing Allied Military Government in North East Italy, 1945-1946; Local Military Governor of Riva Zone, Trent, under American 5 Army, Jun 1945; on closure of zone controls transferred to Venice Region Headquarters, Padua and later to Milan to organise transport. Decorated by Italian Ministry of War, 30 Sep 1945, died 1974.
Descriptions of Greek resistance groups (Greek: andartes) related to this collection:
AAI: The National Liberation Front (Greek: Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo) led by Georges Siados was a Communist group affiliated with the KKE - the Communist Party of Greece (Greek: Kommounistiko Komma Elladas).
The military arm of EAM was ELAS, The National People's Liberation Army, (Greek: Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos), led by Ares Velouchiotis (real name Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras).
EDES: The National Republican Greek League (Greek: Ethnikos Demokratikos Ellenikos Syndesmos), was an anti-Communist, Republican group, led by political leader Nikolaos Plasteras and military leader Gen Napoleon Zervas.
EKKA: National and Social Liberation (Greek: Ethnike kai Koinonike Apeleftherosis) led by Demetrios Psarros was a liberal, anti-Communist, Republican group.
Served in RAF, [1939-1965]; Flight Lt, 1942; died in 1985.
Born in 1891; educated at Winchester College and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; 2nd Lt, RoyalArtillery, 1911; Lt, 1914; served in France and Belgium with Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Field Artillery, 1914-1918; Capt, 1916; ADC to Gen Sir Henry Seymour Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson of Trent when Commander-in-Chief, North Russia, 1919, Commander-in-Chief, Aldershot Command, 1919-1920, and Commander-in-Chief, India, 1920-1923; Assistant Military Secretary, EasternCommand, India, 1923-1924; Staff College, Camberley, 1924-1925; General Staff, Aldershot Command, 1926-1927; Bde Maj, 2 Infantry Bde, 1928-1930; Maj, 1929; General Staff Officer Grade 2, Staff College, Camberley, 1931-1934; Col, 1934; Military Assistant to Chief of Imperial General Staff, War Office, 1934-1936; Imperial Defence College, 1936; General Staff Officer Grade 1, War Office, 1937-1937; British Military Mission to Turkey, 1939; Deputy Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1939-1940; Maj Gen, Royal Artillery Home Forces and Maj Gen, 21 Army Group, 1940-1944; Director, Royal Artillery, War Office, 1944-1946; General Officer Commanding-in-Chief,Anti-Aircraft Command, 1946-1948; retired, 1948; died in 1956.
Born 1919; educated Hillhead High School; Captain, Highland Light Infantry, 1939-1947; medical studies, University of Glasgow, 1952; recommissioned as Captain, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1954; Senior Medical Officer and Lieutenant Colonel, 44 Independent Parachute Brigade Group, Territorial Army, 1961-1966; Brevet Colonel, 1966; Director, Nuffield Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Leeds, 1962-1980; died 1982.
Born 1907; educated at King William's College, Isle of Man; commissioned into the Royal Marines, 1926; served at Deal, Kent, 1926-1927; Lt, 1929; served on HMS RODNEY, 2 Battle Sqn, Atlantic Fleet, 1929-1931; served at Chatham, Kent, 1932; HMS ROYAL OAK, 1932-1934; Aide de Camp to the Governor of Madras, India, 1934-1938; Capt, 1936; HMS COURAGEOUS, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Royal Marines Mobile Naval Base Defence Organisation 1 (MNBDO 1), UK, Egypt and Crete, 1940-1941; POW, 1941-1945; Instructor, Officers' School, Royal Marines, 1946; attended Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1947; local Lt Col, 1948; Instructor, School of Combined Operations, 1948; HMS VANGUARD, 1948-1949; Lt Col, 1950; CommandingOfficer, 42 Commando, Royal Marines, Malaya, 1950-1951; awarded OBE, 1951; Commanding Officer, Commando School, Royal Marines, Lympstone, Devon, 1952-1953; Col, 1953; Chief Instructor, School of Amphibious Warfare, Fremington, Devon, 1953-1955; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1955-1957; acting Brig, 1956; commanded 3 Commando Bde, Royal Marines, Malta and Cyprus, 1955-1957; commanded 3 Commando Bde, Royal Marines, during assault on Port Said, Suez Crisis, Egypt, 1956; awarded DSO, 1957; Maj Gen, 1957; Maj Gen, Plymouth Group, Royal Marines, 1957-1959; awarded CB, 1959; Maj Gen, Portsmouth Group, Royal Marines,1959-1961; retired, 1961; Col Commandant, Royal Marines, 1967-1968; Representative Col Commandant, Royal Marines, 1969-1970; died 1986.
Born in Zomba District, Nyasaland (Malawi), 1926; conscripted into 2 Bn, D Company, Nyasaland King's African Rifles, 1939; stationed in Egypt, 1940-1943; Corporal, 1942; stationed in India, 1943-1945; Sergeant, 1943; Staff Sergeant, 1944; discharged, 1945; trained as a teacher, 1958.
Born 1906; service with Territorial Army [1926-1927]; commissioned into Royal Artillery, 1927; service with 3 Light Battery, Royal Artillery, India, 1928-1931; Lt, 1930; served in India, [1931-1940]; service with 14 (Rajputana) Mountain Battery, Royal Artillery, India, 1935; service on North West Frontier, India, 1936-1937; Capt, 1938; Adjutant, 21 Mountain Regt, Royal Artillery,Peshawar, India, 1938-1940; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service in Greece, 1941; Commanding Officer, 74 Field Regt, Royal Artillery, 50 (Northumbrian) Div, Sicily, Jul-Aug 1943; awarded MC, 1943; Maj, 1944; temporary Lt Col, 1948; served with British Troops in Berlin, Germany, during Berlin airlift, 1948; awarded OBE [1948]; Lt Col, 1949; Commanding Officer, 62 Heavy Anti Aircraft Regt, Royal Artillery, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, 1951; Col, 1952; retired as Hon Brig, 1953; died 1988.
Born 1926; Second Lieutenant, 1946; Lieutenant, Royal Engineers, 1947; Captain, 1953; Lieutenant Colonel, 1970; Chief Instructor and Deputy Commandant, Army Apprentices College, Chepstow, 1970-1972; Assistant Adjutant General, Army Recruiting, Ministry of Defence, 1972-1976; Camp Staff Commandant, Northern Ireland Headquarters, 1976; died 1998.
Born in 1899; Deputy Assistant Provost Marshal, 1 Div, 1939; Assistant Provost Marshal, 2 Corps, France and Belgium, 1940; Deputy Provost Marshal, HQ Southern Command, 1941-1945; retired, 1945; died in 1994.
Born in 1911; studied Medicine and Surgery at University of Glasgow; Lt, Indian Medical Service, 1939; posted to Indian Medical Hospital, Rawalpindi, India, 1939; appointed Anti-Malaria Officer, Rawalpindi, 1940; Medical Officer-in-Charge, Indian Medical Hospital, Abbottabad, 1941; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Iraq, 1941-1942; Deputy Assistant Director ofHygiene, Kermanshah, Persia, 1942-1943; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Persia, 1943-1944; Deputy Assistant Director of Hygiene, Iraq, 1944; Assistant Director of Hygiene, later Deputy Director of Hygiene, Agra, India, 1944-1945; Maj, 1945; Assistant Director of Hygiene, South East Asia Command, 1945; Assistant Director of Hygiene, General HQ, India, 1945-1946; Deputy AssistantDirector of Medical Services, Delhi District, India, 1946-1947; transferred to Royal Army Medical Corps, 1947; Deputy Assistant Director of Army Health, South West District, UK, 1947-1949; posted to HQ Canal South District, Egypt, 1949; posted to HQ 17 Infantry Bde District, 1949-1952; Lt Col, 1954; Assistant Professor in Army Health, Royal Army Medical College, 1954-1957; attended 'Buffalo' British nuclear weapons tests, Maralinga, Australia, 1956; entomologist, School of Health, Far East Land Forces, Singapore, 1957; Senior Instructor, Army School of Health, Ashvale, 1961; Col, 1961; Consultant in Army Health, 1963; Chief Medical Officer, Cyprus, 1964;Deputy Director of Army Health, Far East Land Forces, Singapore, 1965; Assistant Director of Army Health, Ministry of Defence, 1967; retired, 1971; died in 1983.
Educated at Wellington College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1925; service in Khajuri Plains operations, North West Frontier, India, 1930-1932; E Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, India, 1932; Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1938; General Staff Officer Grade 1, 4 Infantry Div and War Office; Commanding Officer 1 Air Landing Light Regt, Royal Artillery, North Africa and Sicily, 1943; Deputy Commanding Officer, 1 Parachute Bde, 1943; Commanding Officer Special Air Service (SAS) Bde, 1944-1945; Director of Military Operations in India, 1945-1947; Imperial Defence College, 1947; Assistant Commandant, Staff College, Camberley, 1948-1949; Commanding Officer, Royal Artillery, 7 Armoured Div, British Army of theRhine, 1950; Director of Military Operations, War Office, 1951-1954; General Officer Commanding 6 Armoured Div, 1955-1956; Chief Army Instructor, Imperial Defence College, 1957; Deputy Chief of Staff to the Ministry of Defence, 1957-1960; General Officer Commanding, British Forces, Hong Kong, 1961-1962; General Officer Commanding, Eastern Command, 1963-1965.
Hugo Meynell was aide de camp to Gen Sir Hugh Stockwell, Suez, 1956.
The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) was established by Act 22 USC 2521 on 26 Sep 1961 in response to US Congressional pressure to centralise arms control and disarmament responsibilities for the purposes of US national security. The Act also provided for the establishment of a General Advisory Committee, appointed by the President to advise the President, Secretary of State, and the Director of the ACDA on matters affecting arms control and disarmament. ACDA formulates, implements, and verifies arms control, non- proliferation, and disarmament policies, strategies and agreements that promote the national security of the United States. ACDA also prepares and participates in discussions and negotiations with foreign countries on issues including strategic arms limitations, conventional force reductions in Europe, prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons, prohibition on chemical weapons, and the international arms trade. Its main objectives are to prepare for and manage US participation in negotiations on arms control and disarmament; to conduct and co-ordinate arms control research; and to ensure that the US can verify compliance with existing agreements through on-site inspections.
Throughout the Cold War, the US Department of Defense issued official statements to the general public and the media. Also, speeches were made by the Secretary of Defense and official press conferences were devised to relay imperative national security information and to keep the American public abreast of national and international affairs. This was standard policy for successive Secretaries of Defense, designed both for purposes of increased public relations coverage and for the dissemination of reliable defence information. In an era of potentially contentious defence-related issues, the Pentagon considered such public statements essential. Increased military spending, increased US-Soviet rivalry, the steady rise in the lethality of nuclear technology, the perceived spread of communism, US interventions abroad, and the war in Vietnam, all provide the backdrop to Public Statements by the Secretaries of Defense, 1947-1981. Over the span of 35 years, the US Department of Defense compiled statements and press releases issued by the following Secretaries of Defense: James Forrestal, 17 Sep 1947-27 Mar 1949; Louis Arthur Johnson, 28 Mar 1949-19 Sep 1950; George Catlett Marshall, 21 Sep 1950-12 Sep 1951; Robert Abercrombie Lovett, 17 Sep 1951-20 Jan 1953; Charles Erwin Wilson, 28 Jan 1953-8 Oct 1957; Neil H McElroy, 9 Oct 1957-1 Dec 1959; Thomas S(overeign) Gates, Jr, 2 Dec 1959-20 Jan 1961; Robert Strange McNamara, 21 Jan 1961-29 Feb 1968; Clark McAdams Clifford, 1 Mar 1968-20 Jan 1969; Melvin Robert Laird, 22 Jan 1969-29 Jan 1973; Elliot Lee Richardson, 30 Jan 1973-24 May 1973; James Rodney Schlesinger, 2 Jul 1973-19 Nov 1975; Donald H Rumsfeld, 20 Nov 1975-20 Jan 1977; Harold Brown, 21 Jan 1977-19 Jan 1981.
The US Department of State is the lead US foreign affairs agency. It advances US objectives and interests through formulating, representing, and implementing the foreign policy of the President of the United States. The US Secretary of State, the ranking member of the Cabinet and fourth in line of presidential succession, is the President's principal adviser on foreign policy and the person chiefly responsible for US representation abroad. The 1947 National Security Act created the National Security Council, which assisted the President on foreign policy and co-ordinated the work of the many agencies involved in foreign relations. During the Cold War, new foreign affairs agencies were placed under the general policy direction of the Secretary of State: the US Information Agency, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the US Agency for International Development. US Department of State country missions assist in implementing the President's constitutional responsibilities for the conduct of US foreign relations. The Chief of Mission, with the title Ambassador, Minister, or Charge d'Affaires, and, the Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) are responsible for and head the mission's "country team" of US Government personnel. The Country Team includes diplomatic officers representing consular, administrative, political, economic, cultural, and legal affairs, as well as all the representatives from agencies other than the Department of State. These are the people responsible for the day to day work of the mission. Department of State employees at missions comprise US-based political appointees, career diplomats, and Foreign Service nationals. The last are local residents, who provide continuity for the transient American staff and have language and cultural expertise. The Confidential US State Department Central Files, Soviet Union, Foreign Affairs, 1945-59 microfilm collection includes files relating to Soviet foreign affairs prepared for the President of the United States by this field of State Department regional experts.
Memos of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs: McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, 1963-1966 are microfilmed copies of memoranda, minutes, correspondence, press releases, and published articles relating to the national security and foreign policy of the United States from Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, McGeorge Bundy. Bundy was formerly a political analyst with the Council on Foreign Relations, 1948-49; Harvard University Visiting Lecturer, 1949-51, Associate Professor of Government, 1951-54, Professor, 1954-61, and Dean Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 1953-61. As Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 1961-66, he advised President Lyndon Baines Johnson on US foreign policy, by acting as a liaison officer between national security offices such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense and the White House
The National Security Act of 1947 and the Reorganization Plan of 1949 defined the composition and function of the National Security Council (NSC). Chaired by the President of the United States, the NSC consists of statutory members (the Vice President and the Secretaries of State and Defense), statutory advisers (the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency), the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and professional staff members who are on temporary assignment from the armed forces, the Central Intelligence Agency, elsewhere in the government, or who have been recruited from universities and think tanks. The statutory function of the NSC is to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to national security. Since 1947 the NSC has evolved as a key foreign policy making arm of the president. Minutes of the Meetings of the National Security Council: First Supplement contains three separate types of materials: minutes of meetings, document associated with such meetings, and summaries and discussions held during the meetings. This collection relates to a period during the administrations of Presidents Harry S Truman and Dwight David Eisenhower (1947-1956), during which the National Security Council (NSC) met on a regular weekly basis. The NSC met more frequently during times of foreign crisis, less frequently when the president was travelling or pre- occupied with domestic issues. During the administrations of Harry S Truman and Dwight David Eisenhower, the NSC produced a series of formal policy papers whose purpose it was to analyse current and potential national security issues and make policy recommendations to deal with those issues. These policy papers were prepared by the NSC staff and occasionally by members of the NSC in response to requests by the NSC to study specific issues. When completed, these policy papers (NSCPP) were distributed to the NSC for study and comment. If the NSC decided to alter a policy paper, a revised draft would be produced. Once approved, the paper became the official (and usually secret) policy of the United States government. In contrast to Truman and Eisenhower, Presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson held few NSC meetings, relying less on the formally structured NSC and more on ad hoc committees to discuss national security policy.
From 1918 to 1941, the US military attaché, US Military Intelligence Division (MID), Japan, produced reports relating to Japanese military, political, social, and economic development. During this period the Japanese Empire consisted of the home islands, the former Kingdom of Korea, which was annexed in 1908, portions of Siberia, the former German Pacific island possessions seized by Japan following World War One, the dependent Kingdom of Manchukuo (Manchuria), and the occupied territories of northern China seized after 1931. The major function of the MID was the collection of military information about foreign nations. Military attachés and observers assigned to foreign countries were the principal means by which the MID collected such information. The main duties of the military attaché were to observe and report on the training, organisation, equipment, doctrine, and operations of foreign armed forces. Although the US first dispatched military attaches to foreign countries in 1889, it did not accredit an attaché to Japan until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894. Two years later a second military attaché was sent out, but the Spanish-American War cut short his tenure. A permanent military attaché was finally assigned in 1901 when the US and Japan were co-operating closely in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China. For the subsequent forty years, until the Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, a US military attaché was assigned to Japan. During the period 1918-1941, the military attaché's office in Tokyo usually had two assistants and a number of 'language officers'. The latter were assigned specifically to learn Japanese whilst attached to Japanese Imperial Army regiments as observers. While the military attaché advised the US Ambassador to Japan on military matters, acted as a liaison between US Army and the Japanese Imperial Army Headquarters, and gathered and disseminated intelligence, the 'language officers' translated training and technical manuals and reported on conditions in Japanese military units.
The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the approximate US counterpart of the British Secret Intelligence Service, MI6, and Special Operations Executive (SOE), with which it co-operated throughout World War Two and its immediate aftermath. The OSS was created by Presidential Military Order on 13 Jun 1942 and it functioned as the principal US intelligence organisation in all operational theatres during the war. Its primary function was to obtain information about enemy nations and to sabotage their war potential and morale. From 1940-1942, the US had no central intelligence agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information bearing on national security, these services having been dispersed amongst the armed services and regional desks in the US State Department. In Jul 1941 Maj Gen William Joseph Donovan was appointed by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the civilian post of Co-ordinator of Information (COI) and was instructed to consolidate a regular channel of global strategic information. The overt propaganda functions of the COI were eventually severed and the COI was re-organised as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1942. The OSS was instructed by the President to collect and analyse such strategic information as might be required to plan and operate special military services in theatres of operation directed by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The OSS was terminated by Executive Order 9620 on 20 Sep 1945, its functions later assumed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The US State Department's primary function immediately following World War Two was to provide the US President and the US Joint Chiefs of Staff with intelligence relating to the civil structure of foreign states and the impact of communism on post-colonial countries. In addition, the State Department provided the US Executive Branch with key intelligence concerning the economic and civil stability of nations weakened by Japanese occupation during World War Two. This enabled US policy planners to formulate long-term strategic goals in the Far East. During the war, the US State Department relied on OSS intelligence to prepare summary research reports concerning the social structure, strategic interests, resources, government, and economic stability of countries of the Far East. After the war, US embassies, State Department field offices and US foreign service personnel provided the White House with the majority of strategic intelligence relating to the Far East.
The Joint US Public Affairs Office (JUSPAO) was an interagency organisation created in 1965 by the US Embassy, Saigon, the US Operations Mission, and the US Information Agency as part of the US Mission in South Vietnam. JUSPAO co-ordinated all US psychological and information programs in South Vietnam. These programs explained and interpreted US policies to Vietnamese audiences. JUSPAO was also responsible for providing overall policy guidance to and co-ordination of US psychological operational efforts through analyses of captured Viet Cong and North Vietnamese papers. From these sources, they developed, advised, and supported countrywide psychological operations (PSYOPS) that involved the Vietnamese national media and the Vietnamese Ministry of Information. In the field, the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) executed PSYOPS with JUSPAO providing support, especially for pacification and development programmes. Ultimately, JUSPAO was responsible for evaluating through captured papers PSYOP activities in the field and on the national level in order to determine their validity and effectiveness. These captured papers were compiled and distributed by the North Vietnam Affairs Division of the JUSPAO in the US Embassy. After Dec 1967, these notes were distributed by the Minister-Counsellor for Information, and after Oct 1972, by the US Information Service Branch of the US Embassy.
Born 1861; educated Clifton, Bristol, Gloucestershire, 1875-1880, Brasenose College, Oxford, 1880-1884, Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1884-1885; commissioned into 7th Queen's Own Hussars, 1885; Lt, 1885; Adjutant, 1888; Capt, 1891; served in Sudan, including Atbara and Khartoum, 1898; Chief of Staff to Brevet Lt Col Robert George Broadwood, Egyptian Cavalry; Brevet Maj 1898; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1902; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Cavalry, Natal, South Africa, 1899; Chief Staff Officer to Maj Gen John Denton Pinkstone French during the Colesberg operations, South Africa, 1899; Assistant Adjutant General, Cavalry Division, 1900-1901; Lt Col, Commanding Officer, 17th (Duke of Cambridge's Own) Lancers, 1901-1903; Brevet Col, 1902; Aide de Camp to HM King Edward VII, 1902-1904; Inspector Gen of Cavalry, India, 1903-1906; Maj Gen, 1904; Director of Military Training, Headquarters, British Army, 1906-1907; Director of Staff Duties, Headquarters, British Army, 1907-1909; Director of Staff Duties, War Office, 1907-1909; Chief of Staff, India, 1909-1912; Chief of General Staff, India, 1909-1912; Lt Gen, 1910; created KCIE, 1911; General Officer Commanding, Aldershot, 1912-1914; Aide de Camp to HM King George V, 1914; Gen, 1914; General Officer Commanding 1 Army, British Expeditionary Forces (BEF) in France and Flanders, 1914-1915; Commander- in-Chief of British Armies in France, 1915-1919; appointed GCB, 1915; appointed GCVO, 1916; Lord Rector, St Andrews University, Scotland, 1916-1919; FM, 1917; created KT, 1917; Commander-in-Chief Forces in Great Britain, 1919-1920; Col of Royal Horse Guards, King's Own Scottish Borderers, and 14th County of London Bn (London Scottish), The London Regt, Territorial Army, 1919-1928; Chairman of the Council of the United Services Fund, 1921-1928; President British Legion, 1921-1928; Chancellor of St Andrews University, Scotland, 1922; died 1928.
Documents included in the collection relate to the US government's internal decision making process during the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962. The collection is primarily a record of executive decision making during the presidential administrations of Dwight David Eisenhower and John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and includes material generated by a broad range of agencies within the US national security bureaucracy. Particularly significant are those materials that chronicle the actions of the primary decision making bodies in the US government during the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962, the Office of the White House, the US Department of State, the US Department of Defense, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During the Eisenhower administration the Department of State played a central role in policy making because of the president's close working relationship with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his successor, Christian Archibald Herter. During the Kennedy administration, the State Department's role became more operational while the direction of Berlin and German policy shifted to the White House and the national security adviser, McGeorge Bundy. As the co-ordinating and policy making structure for the US military, the US Department of Defense was responsible for developing US nuclear and conventional force structures. During the Eisenhower administration, Secretaries of Defense Neil McElroy and Thomas S(overeign) Gates worked with the Joint Chiefs of Staff in providing recommendations on contingency planning which the President and the Secretary of State could synchronise with budget priorities. Under the Kennedy administration, Secretary of Defense Robert Strange McNamara worked to integrate conventional forces options into Allied military planning on Berlin as well as to ensure more centralised control over US nuclear weapons in Western Europe in order to prevent accidental use. After the US occupation of West Berlin, the Central Intelligence Agency used the city as a base for intelligence operations and covert activities aimed at the Soviet bloc. The CIA tasked its Office of National Estimates (ONE) and Office of Current Intelligence (OCI) with analysing and reporting on German and Berlin developments. ONE prepared National Intelligence Estimates and Special National Intelligence Estimates on the Berlin situation which were circulated among senior officials at the Departments of State and Defense and the White House. OCI prepared weekly intelligence reports that were less analytical and included reporting on recent Berlin-related developments.
The documents included in the collection were generated by a broad range of agencies within the US national security bureaucracy. Particularly significant are those materials that chronicle the actions of the primary decision making body in the US government during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (NSC). Reports describing world-wide military and political developments originating from the US State Department, US embassies abroad, the Central Intelligence Agency, the armed forces intelligence organisation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the US State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are also prominent in the collection. In addition, US Defense Department, US Joint Chiefs of Staff, and US armed forces internal military reports are included. Finally, records from independent organisations involved in the events of 1962 form a part of the collection, and include papers from the UN and the Organisation of American States (OAS).
Geoffrey Francis Andrew Best: born 1928, educated at St Paul's School, London, Trinity College Cambridge (MA, PhD); served in Royal Army Education Corps, 1946-1947; Choate Fellow, Harvard University, 1954-55; Fellow of Trinity Hall, and Asst Lecturer, Cambridge University, 1955-1961; Lecturer, Edinburgh University, 1961-1966; Prof. of History, Edinburgh University, 1966-1974; Prof. of History, University of Sussex, 1974-1985; Senior Associate Member, St Anthony's College, Oxford, 1988-date
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an alliance based on political and military co-operation among member countries, established in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. NATO was established by the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty, commonly referred to as the Treaty of Washington. The North Atlantic Alliance consists of the transatlantic partnership between the European members of NATO and the United States and Canada, and is entrusted to support peace and stability throughout Europe. The objectives of the partnership between the European and North American members of the Alliance are primarily political, underpinned by shared defence planning and military co-operation and by co- operation and consultation in economic, scientific, environmental and other relevant fields. Throughout the years of the Cold War, however, NATO focused primarily on the development and maintenance of collective defence and on overcoming the fundamental political issues dividing Europe. Today its focus is on promoting stability throughout Europe through co-operation and by developing the means for collective crisis management and peacekeeping