Jekaterina Vaitsenberg-Schwetje was a postgraduate student at Georg-August University, Göttingen, 1995.
Jüdische Nachrichten (Jewish News), was founded by the Schweizerischer Israelitischer Gemeindebund (Swiss Association of Jewish Communities), Zürich, as its press office in 1936, to confront Nazism but also to address growing anti-semitism in Switzerland. To this end it produced news bulletins in German and French and distributed them to numerous editorial offices throughout Switzerland.
Under the leadership of Dr. Benjamin Sagalowitz (1938-1964) JUNA amassed a large archive of documentation concerning the Holocaust and the fate of Jewish refugees and other related subjects. Parts of this archive were used to create the three dossiers in this collection.
The fortnightly anti-Semitic periodical, Weltdienst, was founded by Ulrich Fleischauer, a retired German lieutenant, in Erfurt on 1 December 1933. August Schirmer, who, having already been employed at Weltdienst in the 'American Section', took over publication of the periodical in July 1939. Shortly afterwards he announced the relocation of the offices to Frankfurt am Main, where all anti Jewish 'research establishments' under Alfred Rosenberg's direction were concentrated. Schirmer resigned in August 1943, at which time Weltdienst was published in 18 languages.
Weltdienst continued well into 1944. Kurt Richter, the new publisher, was also director of an 'International Institute for the Enlightenment of the Jewish Question', also called 'Weltdienst'. This institute organised gatherings of European antisemites 'with a view to securing an exchange of ideas and experiences designed to steadily strengthen the common European defence action against Jewry'.
In 1934 Weltdienst was given the task of rounding up Russian émigré experts to defend the veracity of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, at Bern. This anti-Semitic forgery came under public scrutiny in June 1933, when a right wing Swiss nationalist organisation known as the National Front began distributing it during a demonstration in Bern. A group of leading Swiss Jews filed a suit against the distributors, contending that the document, which described a Jewish plot to take over the world, fell under the ban on 'indecent writings'.
Ferdinand Schwarz was a resident of Frankfurt am Main. He applied to work for a company called J Wolfin in England.
Son of Francis Joseph Schuster of Frankfurt who in 1869 transferred his business in cotton goods to Manchester to escape Prussian nationality when Frankfurt annexed by Prussia. Left the Gymnasium in Frankfurt in 1868 to learn French at Geneva, where he also studied chemistry under Marignac, physics under Soret, and astronomy under Plantamour at the Geneva Academy. In 1870 he joined his family in Manchester, initially joining the firm of Schuster Brothers as an apprentice, but also attending evening classes in chemistry at Owen's College. He entered Owen's College as a day student in 1871, where he turned to spectrum analysis for special study, the Royal Society publishing his first paper 'On the Spectrum of Nitrogen'. In 1872 under Roscoe's guidance he went to Heidelberg to study under Kirchoff, and obtained his Ph.D 'magna cum laude'. he was appointed by the Royal Society to lead the expedition to observe the total solar eclipse off the coast of Siam, although the photographic plates being used were much too slow to be successful. He then worked at the Cavendish Laboratory 1876-1881 with Clerk Maxwell, and collaborated with Lord Rayleigh on the value of the ohm. He also took part in his second eclipse expedition to Colorado in 1878.In 1878 he was also appointed to the Professorship of Applied Mathematics at Owens College in Manchester, where he again took up spectrum analysis research. He still remained fascinated by eclipses, and was at last successful in photographing the spectrum of the solar corona on an expedition to Egypt in 1882, and went on his fourth and last eclipse expedition to the West Indies in 1886. He performed pioneering work on the discharge of electricity in gases, this being the subject of both Bakerian lectures. In 1888 he was appointed Professor of Physics in Owen's College on the death of Balfour Stewart. His own interests moved on to terrestrial magnetism, optics, solar physics, and the mathematical theory of periodicities. In 1896 Roentgen communicated to him his discovery of X-rays, experiments which Schuster repeated successfully, his laboratory subsequently being inundated with requests from the medical profession for aid in the introduction of X-ray practice. In 1900 the Royal Society, then the governing body of the Meteorological Office which was making difficulties for the Society with its ever-increasing demands for funds, appointed him to the Meteorological Council. In 1905 the Council was replaced by a Meteorological Committee under direct Treasury control, with Schuster one of the two Royal Society Representatives on the Committee. He served for thirty two years, taking a leading part in its work and acting as Vice- Chairman after the Office was transferred to the Air Ministry in 1919. He was also responsible for introducing meteorology as a university subject in England, funding a small department of meteorology as part of the Physics Department of Manchester University in 1905, and funding the Readership in Meteorology at Cambridge University at his own expense from 1907. Administratively his work was very varied, and included work for the College and University, such as building new physical laboratories at Manchester, for the Royal Society and Government, and above all for international science, particularly the International Research Council, of which he became the first secretary from 1919 to 1928.
Norah Schuster (1892-1991) qualified as a doctor at the University of Manchester in 1918. After working in the pathology departments of the Queen's Hospital for Children, Hackney Road, St George's Hospital, Hyde Park Corner, and the Infants Hospital, Vincent Square, in 1927 she was appointed pathologist to the Royal Chest Hospital, City Road. Apart from a period in the Emergency Medical Service from 1939 to 1943, she remained at the Royal Chest Hospital until its closure and demolition in 1954. She then worked at Pinewood Hospital, Wokingham, until her retirement in 1959. She was a founder fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists and in 1950 she was elected to the presidency of the Association of Clinical Pathologists.
The closure of the Royal Chest Hospital in 1954 prompted her to investigate the origins of what was the oldest chest hospital in Europe, founded in 1814, and to rehabilitate the reputation of its founder, Doctoor Isaac Buxton, unjustly attacked in E.W. Morris's History of the London Hospital.
See H33/RCH for a detailed history of the Royal Chest Hospital.
Jaques Frederic Alexandre Schupbach was born in London on 11 July 1906, the son of Alexandre Schupbach, a Swiss working for the Credit Lyonnais in London, and Marguerite nee Ulliac, a member of a Breton family removed to Neuchatel. He was educated at Wycliffe College in Gloucestershire, a vegetarian establishment. In the 1930s he worked for various government organisations. The stages in the development of his medical interests and practice are unknown. He was a member of the Astrological Lodge, the Theosophical Society, the British Phrenological Society, the British Dowsing Society, and the Fraternite Blanche Universalle. He was a member of several orchestras in which he played the violin and the viola. He lived in Church Road, Barnes, from the 1940s to his death in June 1989. At his death, his large library of books on social psychology, occult sciences etc was dispersed: the bulk of the medical books are now in the Wellcome Library. These papers form a small selection, made virtually at random, from a vast collection of letters, notes, etc, of which the remainder were destroyed. Some of the case-notes revealed that he had treated certain patients over many years.
Unknown
Otto Ernst Schüddekopf (1912-1984), historian, gained his doctorate in 1938 and became an English contributor to the Auslandsnachrichtendienst (foreign news service) and member of the Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (Reich security main office) with the rank of SS-Obersturmführer. From 1953 he worked as a history lecturer and co-edited the International Jahrbuch für Geschichts- und Geographieunterricht. In 1973 he was awarded the cultural prize of the federation of tradesunions. He died in 1984.
The 'Hielscher Group' was named after Friedrich Hielscher, an anti-Nazi, who encouraged those sympathetic to his cause to oppose the Nazis from within the party. He was arrested after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler.
Karl Schreiner and his wife Katharina, from Trier, were resisters of the Nazi regime. Karl was a lawyer, he was forced to retire from his post Sep 1935 for being 'politically unreliable' and Katharina was imprisoned in 1942 for 4 months for making inflammatory remarks against the state.
No information available at present.
A charitable Trust, the Schools Curriculum Award was established in 1982 by the Society of Education Officers and the editorial advisory panel of Education 'to celebrate curriculum design and teaching'. With an emphasis on the achievements of the individual school, it aims to put 'the school at the heart of the community' and 'to identify and celebrate schools which have established a broad and balanced curriculum enriched from the local community and environment'. It is open to all schools in the United Kingdom, those put forward being visited by voluntary assessors, and has held five rounds to date. Works of art were commissioned by the Trustees from which successful schools could make their choice of award. It also administers the Jerwood Award for individuals or institutions who had made a significant contribution to the theory and practice of education.
The Schools Council was established in 1964 by the Secretary of State for Education. It took over responsibility for curriculum and examinations previously undertaken by the Secondary Schools Examination Council and the Curriculum Study Group. In 1969, with a revised constitution, it became a registered charity and, in 1970, an independent body financed in equal parts by government and local education authorities. A wide range of educational bodies, including teachers' organisations, were represented on the Council. In 1983-1984 its work was taken over by the Schools Curriculum Development Committee and the Secondary Schools Examination Council. In 1984 it went into voluntary liquidation. It was a non-directive body intended to provide leadership in curriculum, examination and assessment development. Its work was undertaken by committees and working parties responsible for different programmes. It commissioned much research into these areas and published a large quantity of reports.
The School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London began life as the School of Slavonic Studies, Kings' College in 1915. In 1932 the School became a self governing department of the University of London. In the post Second World War period the School expanded.
The Committee of Heads of University Law Schools (CHULS) sees its role as representing law schools and their management to the funding councils and other established committees in the legal sector, promoting mutual respect and active co-operation between law schools regionally, nationally and internationally, considering and advising relevant bodies on the structure, development and resourcing of legal education, disseminating information and good practice concerning legal education, assisting in the promotion of good management practice in law schools and liaising with the Association of Law Teachers (ALT), Society of Public Teachers of Law (SPTL) and other bodies on matters of mutual interest. CHULS began its active life as an SPTL committee concerned with specific issues relating to law schools and law teaching in universities. Its first meeting was held under SPTL auspices at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) on 27th September 1974, when the President of SPTL, Professor C F Parker, was appointed to the Chairmanship of CHULS. At its fourth meeting on 28th November 1975, it was agreed that CHULS should cease to be a committee of SPTL but should be constituted instead as an autonomous body, though close links with SPTL were still to be maintained. CHULS developed initially as a committee whose members represented all law schools in universities financed by the University Grants Committee which taught a law degree. Representatives of polytechnics, the Inns of Court School of Law and the College of Law were thus excluded. In September 1984 the Committee agreed on the desirability of holding joint meetings with the Heads of Polytechnic Law Schools, who had formed their own Committee to represent institutions offering Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) degrees carrying exemption from the academic stage of professional education. On February 11 1992 a meeting was held to discuss a merger of the two Committees. The merger finally took place on 30 November 1992, with the creation of a newly constituted CHULS consisting of an Executive Committee with powers to appoint sub-committees as required. Membership was open to all institutions currently in membership of the two earlier committees, and other institutions of higher education which were in receipt of funding from a higher education funding council and which offered their own law degrees recognised by the professional bodies as giving exemption from the academic stage of legal education were made eligible to apply. Officers of the reconstituted Committee consisted of a Chairman, Vice-chairman, Secretary and Treasurer. In 1996 the two latter offices were amalgamated. CHULS' activities have included gathering information on staff recruitment and student admission procedures, monitoring the impact of Law Society and Council of Legal Education (CLE) regulations and of new teaching courses, reporting on funding for legal research and law libraries, examination of copyright on legal materials and provision of advice to bodies such as the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committees on Legal Education. Some of its findings have been published.
The School had its origin in the Physical Exercises Department which was set up in 1898. Dr Timberg was appointed in 1906 and in 1911 the School of Physiotherapy was established with two students under a St Thomas' Sister, Miss Minnie Randell. At this time she prepared students for the examination of the Incorporated Society of Trained Masseuses. Dr J.B. Mennell and Dr Rowley Bristow were appointed in addition to Dr Timberg in 1916, when the department was renamed the Physico-Therapeutic Department. The Department has been known by a number of other names since it was established, these include: The School of Massage Medical Gymnastics, Medical Electricity and Actino-Therapy in the 1920's, the School of Massage, Medical Gymnastics, Electro-Therapy and Light-Therapy.
In the years following the First World War much work was done by the department in the design and use of artificial limbs, this included popularising the use of lightweight aluminium limbs rather than the heavy wooden limbs officially issued to amputees. During the Second World War the department was evacuated to the countryside and did not return to London until 1945. By this time instead of the five months training the first students had received the physiotherapy course lasted two and a half years. Miss Randell remained as Principal until 1945 when she was succeeded by Mrs Vidler. In 1946 the School was partly reorganised when the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy drew up a new syllabus for their examination, requiring three years training.
Since 1943 there has been close co-operation between the Physiotherapy department and the Occupational Therapy department operating from the Royal Waterloo Hospital.
Massage was first taught to nurses at Guy's in 1888. In 1913 the School of Physiotherapy was founded, with backing from Sir Cooper Perry, Superintendant and Mr William Henry Trethowan, Senior Orthopaedic surgeon. The School quickly outgrew its accomodation and spread into additional rooms in Hunt's House and across the hospital. In 1918 the decision was reached to bring the School together in its own building, this was completed in 1921 with money provided by Sir Percy Shepherd. The School of Physiotherapy remained in Shepherd House until its closure in 1992.
The School of Oriental Studies (later the School of Oriental and African Studies) was founded as part of the University of London to address inadequacy of teaching in Asian languages in London - hitherto dispersed among various colleges of London University and other institutions - and to cater for the study of Asian history, geography, culture, law and literature, as well as including a library. It opened in 1917, occupying premises in Finsbury Circus formerly occupied by the London Institution (which had amalgamated with the Society of Arts in 1906). Its library received substantial collections of books transferred from other London institutions.
In the early 20th century teaching of Asian and African languages in London was inferior to provision in other European capitals, being distributed among the colleges of London University and other institutions. This unsatisfactory situation was addressed by the Reay Committee which reported in 1908 recommending that the teaching should be concentrated in a single school and should be broadened to include the history, geography, culture, law and literature of Asia and Africa as well as including a major library. The Report also recommended that the proposed school should be part of the University of London. A Committee of Management was established in 1913 and the School of Oriental Studies received its Royal Charter in June 1916, admitting its first students in the following year. At that time it was housed in Finsbury Circus in the former building of the London Institution. Construction of the first phase of the current premises, within the main University of London campus, began in 1938, when the present name of the School of Oriental and African Studies was adopted, and they were fully occupied by 1946. This move reinforced the importance of the academic role of the School which in the early years had been secondary to the practical teaching also required by the School's Charter, although a Departmental system had been introduced in 1932. War with Japan in 1941 had also shown the need for training in Asian languages and the School responded by inventing and delivering crash courses for service personnel. This influenced the establishment of the Scarborough Commission which reported in 1946 recognising the School's central position in Asian and African Studies and recommending a programme of expansion. However the School's post-war development was curtailed by public economies.
During the later 1950s the School concentrated on extending its accommodation, increasing its undergraduate numbers and developing the study of modern Asia and Africa with the establishment of new Departments of Geography, Economics and Politics. An Extramural Division was also established which took Asian and African Studies into schools and teacher training. Another innovation in the 1960s was the creation of five Area Centres to facilitate cross-disciplinary research and organise the new one-year taught MA courses. Development of postgraduate courses offset the decline in undergraduate numbers due to the development of higher education in Asian and African countries and a reorganisation of the undergraduate courses ensured that the 1960s was a period of growth. The new building, with the Library as its central feature, opened in 1973 but the following decade brought cuts in university funding and the School was further hit by the implementation of full-cost fees for overseas students which necessitated a major restructuring. Eventually the University Grants Committee (UGC) were persuaded to commission a report on the needs of business and government for Asian and African Studies. The resulting Parker Report of 1986 highlighted the decline in provision in the university sector but the increasing demand from government and business for expertise and proposed measures to redress the balance. A further boost for the School was the introduction of non-formula funding to protect its work in the early 1990s. In 1995 the Brunei Gallery and Teaching Block was opened; the School also acquired the former Faber & Faber building in Russell Square and opened its first student residence in 1996. By this time the School had a student population of more than 2,500 and considerable distance learning provision.
The School of Oriental Studies (later the School of Oriental and African Studies) was founded as part of the University of London to address inadequacy of teaching in Asian languages in London, and to cater for the study of Asian cultures. It opened in 1917. Its library received substantial collections of books transferred from other London institutions.
The philologist Sir George Abraham Grierson (1851-1941) joined the Indian Civil Service in 1873 and was in charge of the Linguistic Survey of India from 1898. He was a Fellow of the British Academy and member of several Asiatic, Oriental and linguistic societies. His numerous publications on the languages of India included The Linguistic Survey of India.
The Restatement of African Law Project was a research initiative based at the Department of Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), active from the 1950s to the 1970s. Dr Antony N Allott (1924-2002), successively Lecturer, 1948, Reader, 1960, Professor, 1964, and Emeritus Professor, 1987, of African Law at SOAS, was involved in the project and edited the resulting series of publications (published by Sweet and Maxwell from 1968).
The British in India Oral Archive Project, under the British in India Oral Archive Committee at the School of Oriental and African Studies, continued the work of recording the experiences of inhabitants of India begun for the BBC Radio 4 series 'Plain Tales from the Raj' (1974). The bulk of the interviews were carried out in 1975-1976, with a few additional interviews in 1984 and 1987.
The Governesses Benevolent Institution was founded in London in 1841 to assist governesses during illness, poverty and old age. It was renamed the Schoolmistresses and Governesses Institution in 1952 and was still in existence in 2004.
1829-1843:
The Governesses Mutual Assurance Society was formed in 1829 to help alleviate the hardship suffered by governesses, especially in illness and old age. It planned to make grants in cases of illness and assist governesses to purchase annuities from funds subscribed to by the general public. The Society did not prosper, however, and ended in 1838. An attempt was made in 1841 to resurrect the Society and at a public meeting in May 1841, a two-fold institution comprising the Governesses' Benevolent Institution and the Governesses' Provident Fund was proposed. Fund raising was very slow and the institution's committee decided in 1843 that reorganisation was necessary.
1843-1860:
The modified institution concentrated initially on providing immediate relief for needy governesses. The Ladies' Committee began administering temporary payments in 1843. The Provident Fund was established soon after to encourage governesses to purchase annuities that would mature on their retirement. The Institution began investing in Government securities and private enterprise for financing annuities. Annuities were allocated to applicants elected to receive them by the Institution's membership and the first was given in 1844.
In 1845, the Institution established a home for unemployed governesses in Harley Street. It moved to Cavendish Street in 1927 and closed in 1930. The Institution opened an Asylum for Aged Governesses in Prince of Wales Road, Kentish Town in 1849. Queen's College in Harley Street was set up in 1848 with funding from the Institution to provide an education for school mistresses and governesses. The Institution received its Royal Charter in 1848 and Queen's College received its own charter in 1853. These early achievements occurred during the tenure of Reverend David Laing (1800-1860), the Institution's first Honourary Secretary who served from 1843 until his death.
1861-1939:
The Asylum was sold in 1870 and the funds were used to purchase land at Chislehurst, Kent where a terrace of 12 houses were opened in 1872. These houses were renamed 'The Home for Retired Governesses' in 1911 and then 'The Queen Mary Homes for Governesses' in 1946. In 1905, the Institution was given 'Fairmont', a cliff-top house at Shanklin, Isle of Wight and it was opened in the same year as a holiday home for working governesses. Fairmont was sold in 1937 and the funds were used to establish the Assisted Holiday Scheme. In 1908, Mrs Ada Lewis-Hill bequeathed half of her estate to the Institution for building another governesses home. A scheme was set up to invest the funds for this purpose in 1917, and in 1924 'The Ada Lewis Governesses Homes' were opened at Beckenham, Kent.
In 1913, a private Act of Parliament gave the Institution wider powers for managing its investments and a reorganisation occurred in 1934 when a separate Executive Committee was formed to assist the Board of Management. The Almoner's Department was formed in 1930 to arrange visits to applicants and receivers of temporary assistance and annuities. The Clothing Department was formed soon afterwards to supply items of clothing and blankets to applicants and the Employment Department was incorporated in 1934 to continue provision of training and an employment agency for governesses. The Provident Department advised governesses and schoolmistresses on purchasing annuities for their old age but it was replaced in 1937 when members of the Institution's board set up the Governesses Mutual Provident Fund, an independent association for providing pensions. The company was renamed the Women Teachers Thrift Association in 1944. The Jubilee Memorial Fund for Aged and Destitute Governesses, founded in 1887 by Miss M.C. Westall, was amalgamated with the Governesses Benevolent Institution in 1938.
1940-1991:
In 1946, Queen Mary gave a substantial gift to the Institution. The gift was the endowment that the Queen had provided for the Holiday Home for Governesses between 1902 and 1944.
The decline in the numbers of governesses requiring financial assistance or employment services led to widespread changes to the structure and responsibilities of the Institution. The Governesses Benevolent Institution Act of 1952 amended the charter to permit eligibility for women teachers in independent schools and changed the Institution's name to the 'Schoolmistresses and Governesses Benevolent Institution' to reflect this. The Charity Commissioners allowed the Institution to admit elderly women from non-teaching professions to enter its residential accommodation in 1982 although its funds could not be used to help them financially.
The Institution purchased and converted 'Northwood', a house in Chislehurst, in 1955 for use as a nursing home for invalids. The Queen Mary Homes in Chislehurst were demolished in 1966 to make way for the construction of Queen Mary House, a purpose built residential home for accommodating 44 residents. Queen Mary House opened in June 1967, causing the closure of Ada Lewis Homes and Northwood. An additional wing was erected in 1972 for less active or temporarily sick residents.
In 1991, the Institution still offered free annuities, a residential home, visiting, grants for many special needs, help with holidays, and confidential advice to eligible women. Applicants must have been employed for the major part of their working lives in the private sector of education as governesses, schoolmistress, self employed teachers of language or music etc., matrons, secretaries, and teachers in adult, further and higher education. Applications were mainly invited from British subjects but under some circumstances, non-British nationals were assisted. Queen Mary House accepted applications for residence from women from comparable careers or professions.
The Institution was still in existence in 2004.
Offices of the Schoolmistresses and Governesses Benevolent Institution:
1843-1912 32 Sackville Street, London W
1912-1916 Walter House, 418-422 Strand, London WC
1916-1934 Dacre House, 5 Arundel Street, Strand, London WC2
1934-1959 58 Victoria Street, London SW1
1959-1981 39 Buckingham Gate, London SW1
1981- Queen Mary House, Manor Park Road, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5PY.
Honorary Secretaries and Secretaries of the Institution:
Reverend David Laing 1843-1860 (Founder and Honorary Secretary)
C.W. Klugh 1845-1902
Reverend Alfred Buss (Honorary Secretary) 1886-1912
A. Wesley Dennis 1902-1921
A.F. Mullins 1921-1933
Colonel Sir Geoffrey Codrington 1933-1946
J.W. Beattie 1946-1972
F.G. Waters 1972-1974
R.W. Hayward 1974- .
The Rolls Liberty constituted the Middlesex part of the parish of Saint Dunstan in the West (P69/DUN2), situated around Chancery Lane. A chapel is first recorded here in 1232, known as the Rolls Chapel from 1377. It was constituted as a separate ecclesiastical parish, known as Saint Thomas in the Liberty of the Rolls, in 1842; and as a civil parish, in 1866. The chapel became part of the Public Record Office building, now the library of King's College London. The chapel survives and includes some monuments.
Saint Martin's le Grand was a monastery and college, founded in 1068. The monks were granted the right to hold their own court by Henry II. The monastery was supressed in 1540. Nothing remains of the building.
Saint Saviour's Poor Law Union was formed in February, 1836. Its constituent parishes were Saint Saviour's and Christchurch, both in Southwark. Saint Saviour's Workhouse was situated on Marlborough Street.
The School Board for London was set up under the Public Elementary Education Act of 1870 for the whole of the 'metropolis', the latter being defined as the area coming within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works. The School Board was closed in 1903 and its powers passed to the London County Council.
The School Board for London was set up under the Public Elementary Education Act of 1870 for the whole of the 'metropolis', the latter being defined as the area coming within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works. For electoral and administrative purposes the area was split into ten divisions. The franchise was extended to all ratepayers (including women) who were entitled to vote in the vestry elections; the Board was therefore the first of the Metropolitan authorities to be directly elected on a democratic basis.
Though in its early years the Board has great difficulty in carrying out even the minimal requirements of the Act, it was by the 1880's trying to extend its functions to fill the obvious need for education beyond the three R's and to improve the physical conditions of the children. The School Board was closed in 1903 and its powers passed to the London County Council.
The School Board for London was set up under the Public Elementary Education Act of 1870 for the whole of the 'metropolis', the latter being defined as the area coming within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Board of Works. For electoral and administrative purposes the area was split into ten divisions. The franchise was extended to all ratepayers (including women) who were entitled to vote in the vestry elections; the Board was therefore the first of the Metropolitan authorities to be directly elected on a democratic basis.
Though in its early years the Board has great difficulty in carrying out even the minimal requirements of the Act, it was by the 1880's trying to extend its functions to fill the obvious need for education beyond the "three R's" (reading, writing and arithmetic) and to improve the physical conditions of the children. Its tasks included building schools and training teachers for a very large and steadily increasing number of children as well as enforcing school attendance. The School Board was closed in 1903 and its powers passed to the London County Council.
Born in Freiburg in Saxony, 1804; educated in Germany; entered business with his uncle and in 1826 went to the USA; West Indies, 1830 and surveyed, at his own cost, the littoral of Anegada, one of the Virgin Islands, 1831; explored the rivers Essequibo (the sources of which he was the first European to reach), Corentyn, and Berbice, and investigated in detail the capabilities of the colony of British Guiana under the direction of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839; commissioner for surveying and marking out the boundaries of British Guiana, 1840-1844; Director of the Barbados General Railway Company; gazetted British consul in Santo Domingo, 1848; made a plenipotentiary to conclude a treaty of amity and commerce between Great Britain and the Dominican Republic,1849; British consul at Bangkok, Siam, 1857; undertook an important journey from Bangkok to Chiengmai, the capital of the tributary Kingdom of Laos, and then across the mountains to Moulmein on the Gulf of Martaban, 1859-1860; retired from the public service, 1864; died, 1865.
Alfred Schnittke was a Russian composer. The music of Alfred Schnittke has an established place in concert repertoires around the world. It is regularly performed by major opera companies, orchestras and leading soloists at every important music festival and is studied by performance students at music schools and conservatories in many countries. His music has been recorded on hundreds of compact discs for leading labels worldwide.
The author is mainly distinguished for his association with the Wiener medicinisches Doctoren- Collegium, of which he became the head. He was later raised to the nobility and became K.K. Ober- Sanitätsrath and K.K. Medicinalrath. His chief publication was the Arzneimittellehre ... des Kindlicher Alters (Vienna, 1857).
Born Maximilian Schmitthoff in Berlin, 1903; classical education at the Friedrichsgymnasium, Berlin; read law at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau and later at the University of Berlin; doctorate in law at Berlin, 1927; joined his father's flourishing law practice and became a successful advocate in the Berlin Kammergericht (court of appeal); forced to leave Germany for England, 1933 where he assumed the name Clive Macmillan; obtained an LLM degree at the London School of Economics, 1936; called to the bar in Gray's Inn, becoming a tenant in the chambers of Valentine Holmes, where he had served his pupillage; part-time lecturer in German at the City of London College (later the City of London Polytechnic); wrote books on commercial German and German poetry and prose; married Ilse, daughter of leading Frankfurt lawyer, Ernst Moritz Auerbach, 1940; wartime service in the Pioneer Corps and Canadian Engineers as a warrant officer; naturalised, 1946; returned to City of London College, initially in the language department but later becoming a lecturer in law in the Department of Professional Studies, lecturer 1948-1958, senior lecturer 1958-1963, principal lecturer 1963-1971; retired, 1971; Gresham chair in law at City University, London, 1976-1986; became joint vice-chairman of the Centre for Commercial Law Studies at Queen Mary College, University of London, 1985, where he introduced and co-taught an LLM course on international trade law, at the same time establishing and organising a series of annual conferences on international commercial law; died, 1990.
This collection documents the experiences of a Jewish family in Vienna and Budapest during the Nazi era. One of the correspondents, Mitzi, was a close friend of the depositor's mother in Vienna, where they were both born before 1900. When the war began she, her husband, Lutz, and their daughter, Eva, were living in Budapest. After the war the family emigrated to Israel. The Schlesinger family had emigrated to Great Britain, but the two families remained in contact for 40 years. The depositor provided the translation.
Born 1907; member of the Nazi party, 1925; leader of the Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund (NSDStB, National Socialist German Students' League), 1928; Reichsjugendführer (youth leader) in the Nazi party, 1931; head of the Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend) and given an SA rank of Gruppenführer, 1933; state secretary, 1936; organized the evacuation of 5 million children from cities threatened by Allied bombing, 1940; joined the army and served in France, 1940; Governor of the Reichsgau, Vienna, 1940-1945, responsible for moving Jews from Vienna to concentration camps in Poland; found guilty, 1 Oct 1946, of 'crimes against humanity' for his deportation of the Viennese Jews. He was sentenced and served 20 years as a prisoner in Spandau Prison; released 1966; died 1974.
Oskar Schindler's list documents the Jewish workers who were employed by Schindler at the concentration camp Gross Rosen and the work camp Brünnlitz. Inclusion on the list was a guarantee of safety. The list includes the names of 297 women and 800 men, the women's names being listed alphabetically. The list is thought to be a jumble of inaccuracies, false birth dates, and altered identities. Some of the mistakes are intentional; others apparently resulting from confusion or disinformation, or simply typos.
Louis Christian Schiller (1895-1976), a former HMI and and important promoter of progressive ideals and child-centred teaching in primary education, was born on 20th September 1895 in New Barnet, London. He attended Tyttenhanger Lodge Preparatory School, near St. Albans as a boarder (1907-1909) and then moved to Greshams School, Holt, Norfolk (1909-1914) where he became head boy, a sprinting champion of the school and won a mathematics scholarship to attend Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University. Before Schiller went up to Cambridge, World War One broke out and he volunteered and was commissioned in the Lincolnshire Regiment. He fought at Mons and had a long spell at the front. He was wounded in action in 1917 and was awarded the Military Cross. After the war he went Cambridge and studied for his Maths degree (1919-1920).
Schiller went on to teach Maths at Rendcomb School in Gloucestershire (1920-1923) a progressive secondary school run by one of his former teachers, Mr. J. H. Simpson. During this time he also carried out original work in the teaching of Geometry and was invited to join the Committee of the Mathematical Association dealing with the teaching of Geometry in Preparatory Schools and contributed to their report. He took on voluntary, part time teaching and gained experience of handicraft work and of teaching in elementary and central schools. Schiller attended the London Day Training College (1923-1924) and studied for his Teachers Diploma under Dr. T. Percy Nunn who became a very influential figure in Schiller's life. He passed with distinction. It was at this time that Schiller met his future wife who was also studying for her Teachers' Diploma. Schiller was appointed as an Assistant Inspector by the Board of Education in 1924 and spent some time in the office of the Board in Whitehall gaining administrative experience. In August 1925 he moved to Liverpool where he eventually became District Inspector. On 19 August 1925 Christian Schiller married Lyndall Handover and whilst in Liverpool their three daughters, Gerda, Meryl and Lyris were born. In 1937 Schiller was transferred to Worcestershire where the family remained until 1946 and it was during this period that the Schillers' son Russell was born. HMI organised national refresher courses for teachers and Schiller was involved in running residential courses for teachers at this time. In 1946 Schiller was appointed as the first Staff Inspector for Primary Education, following the reorganisation brought about by the 1944 Education Act. This brought him back to London and the family moved to Hadley Wood, near Barnet. Schiller spent time pursuing his interest in the primary teaching of maths and his enthusiasm for art and movement in education grew. He continued to run courses for teachers, often with the collaboration of Robin Tanner, who became a good friend, where he promoted progressive ideals and practice. Whilst at the Ministry of Education Schiller was called upon to recommend someone to run a new course for Primary Heads at the University of London Institute of Education. Schiller said he was interested himself and in 1955 he retired from the Ministry and took up the post of senior lecturer. The one year course ran between 1956 and 1963 and many of those who attended it would go on to become influential figures in the field of primary education themselves, such as Leonard Marsh, John Coe, Connie Rosen and Arthur Razzell. Schiller left the Institute of Education in 1963 but remained actively involved in education lecturing, advising, visiting schools and acting as an external examiner and assessor. He was an influential figure in the establishment and development of Goldsmiths' College's Postgraduate Primary Course and Plowden Course. At Goldsmiths College he also sat on the Plowden Committee. Schiller continued to work right up until his death on 11 February 1976 at his home in Kenton, London. Schiller had several articles published and worked on a book about numbers (which was never completed), but it was through his lectures and his involvement in courses for teachers that Schiller reached his audience and made an impact.
Lyndall Schiller, wife of Christian Schiller, was born on 18 April 1900 in Acton, London to Fredrick and Ada Handover. She was educated at Godolphin and Latymer School and went on to read English at Royal Holloway College, University of London, where she graduated with a first. She attended the London Day Training College (1923-1924) to study for her Teachers' Diploma and it was here that she met Christian Schiller. She taught English and French at Twickenham [and later at Clitheroe]. As was usual for most women at the time, on her marriage Lyndall gave up teaching. She married Christian Schiller on 19 August 1925.
Unknown
Dr Josef Fadenhecht was a Bulgarian Jewish teacher and lawyer.
This collection of documentation was generated as a result of the efforts made by the former mayor of Wertheim, Karl-Josef Scheuermann, to trace the fate of the town's Jewish population, to organise a gathering of survivors and to erect a memorial. Included is a memoir of former Jewish residents.
Victor Scheuer was a Belgian physician based at Spa, where he attended the Princes d'Orléans and other European nobility. He was a collector of autographs and his professional correspondence, involving contact with various notables, contributed to his collection.
Born in Zurich, Switzerland, 1672; Research Fields: Medicine, natural history, mathematics, geology, geophysics; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1703; died, 1733.
Stephen Schenk as he is known in many of his papers actually had the initials R.S Schenk but it is unclear as to what the "R" represented; born, 29th July 1921 and was awarded a BSc. in Sociology; began teaching on a temporary basis at Bedford College in 1962 as a visiting lecturer before in 1966 taking up a permanent lectureship; died 1987.
Mary Ann Dacomb Scharlieb (née Bird) was one of the first generation of British women doctors, from the first class of students at the London School of Medicine for Women. She was at that time already married and a mother, her husband being a barrister in Madras. Scharlieb's initial aim in acquiring a medical education (she had already obtained medical qualification at the Madras Medical School) was in order to alleviate the sufferings of purdah women in India who could not be treated by male doctors, by bringing them the benefits of modern western medicine in place of native midwives. Returning to London in 1887 on health grounds, she had a long and distinguished career, recognised as being an accomplished gynaecological surgeon, and took part in public life: for example, she sat on the Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases 1913-1916 and was a pillar of the Social Purity movement. Her son Herbert also became a doctor, specialising in anaesthesia.
Isaac Schapera was born in 1905 in Garies in Little Namaqualand, south of the Orange River in the Northwestern Cape. Here he acquired a fluency in Afrikaans and an interest in the peoples around him. He enrolled at the University of Cape Town where he intended to study law, but after attending a course of lectures by A R Radcliffe-Brown, he changed to anthropology. After completing his masters degree in 1925, Schapera was accepted as a doctoral candidate at the London School of Economics. He joined Malinowski's seminar and was for a time his research assistant. His supervisor was C G Seligman. He held an assistant lectureship at LSE for a year, 1928-1929, and then returned to South Africa. He lectured for a year at the University of Witwatersrand and then returned to the University of Cape Town, where he was made Professor in 1935.In 1950, he returned to the LSE where he accepted a chair in anthropology. He retired from teaching in 1969. Over the years, Schapera made many trips to Botswana and had a deep interest in the history of the Tswana people. As part of his historical research, he made a study of missionary records, and undertook the editing of Robert Moffat's journals and letters and the unpublished writings of David Livingstone.
Kitty Marion (1871-1944) was born Katherina Maria Schafer in Westphalia in 1871. Her mother died when she was two years old and when she was fifteen went to live with her aunt in England. She learnt English and it became clear that her ambition was to become a music hall actress, which she achieved three years later in 1889 when she was cast in a pantomime in Glasgow. She joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in around 1908, taking part in their marches on parliament and selling copies of their journal 'Votes for Women' in the street. When the Actress' Franchise League began in 1909, she was one of the first members. That same year she was arrested for the first time. The second arrest came in Newcastle a few months later when she threw a stone through the window of a post office, an offence for which she received a month's prison sentence. In Holloway jail she was force fed and reacted by setting her cell on fire. Further attacks on property ranging from breaking windows (Mar 1912) and a fire alarm (late 1912) to burning properties (Levetleigh House in Sussex in Apr 1913, the Grand Stand at Hurst Park racecourse in Jun 1913, various houses in Liverpool in Aug 1913 and Manchester in Nov 1913). These incidents resulted in a series of further terms of imprisonment during which force-feeding occurred followed by release under the Cat and Mouse Act. Fellow WSPU workers finally took her to Paris in May 1914. At the outbreak of war in Aug 1914, Marion's position became doubly uncertain: firstly, there was some question, soon dropped, of returning the suffragette prisoners to jail to serve the rest of their term; secondly Marion was a German by birth and therefore suspect. Despite briefly resuming her career on the stage, she was finally deported, going to America in 1915 where she would spend most of her remaining years. There she quickly became active in the family planning movement and after 1917, she began working with the Birth Control Review published by New York Women's Publishing Company under Margaret Sanger. Marion, with her experience selling 'Votes for Women', became a street hawker, selling the Review in New York for 13 years. She was arrested several times for violating obscenity laws, and was imprisoned for 30 days in 1918. She was granted US citizenship in 1924. She returned to London in 1930 to attend the unveiling of the statue to Mrs Pankhurst and began work in the Birth Control International Centre under Edith How Martyn. However, she finally returned to New York where she worked in Sanger's office once more before retiring to the Margaret Sanger Home in New York State where she died in 1944.
Ernst Schaefer, born 1891, was a Jewish lawyer employed by Osram, until 30 June 1938, when, by verbal agreement he officially left the employment but was to be retained as an 'adviser' until 30 June 1941. Schaefer came to England in May 1939 shortly after his two daughters (from his second marriage to a non-Jew) arrived on the Kindertransport. His young son and wife remained in Germany.
Thomas Scattergood was a distinguished surgeon and physician of Leeds, and lectured on chemistry and forensic medicine at the Medical School. In 1884 he became the first Dean of the Medical Faculty when the Yorkshire College was amalgamated with the Medical School, a post which he retained for the rest of his life. [Cf. BMJ, 1900, i, p. 547].
No information was available at the time of compilation.
During the weekend of 10-12th April 1981 serious civil disorder occurred in the Brixton area of south London: 279 policemen were injured, 45 members of the public are known to have been injured and 28 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire. As a result the Secretary of State for the Home Office appointed Lord Scarman to inquire urgently into the serious disorder in Brixton and to report with the power to make recommendations.
Baron Abinger, of Abinger in the County of Surrey and of the City of Norwich, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 12 Jan 1835 for the prominent lawyer and politician Sir James Scarlett, the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.
Frances Mary Scarlett: Born 1828, daughter of Robert Campbell Scarlett, 2nd Lord Abinger; married Rev Sydney Lidderdale Smith, 1857; died 1920.
Robert Astley Scarlett was the son of Frances Mary Scarlett, born 1865, died 1955.
John Plomer inherited the Clarke estates from his great uncle, Richard Clarke, and added the surname to his own in 1774. John Plomer Clarke his son (d.1826) was High Sheriff in 1814 and commanded the West Northants Militia.
Born, 1615; educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (BA, 1637, MA, 1640) and Merton College, Oxford (MD, 1646); Physician to Charles II, 1660-1683; Physician to James II and William and Mary; Member of Parliament for Camelford in Cornwall, 1685-1687; died, 1694.
Born London, 1907; Physician, Brompton Hospital 1939-1972; Physician, Hammersmith Hospital, Royal Postgraduate Medical School 1946-1972; Dean, Institute of Diseases of the Chest, London 1946-1960, Director of Studies 1950-1962, Professor of Medicine 1962-1972 (Emeritus); Editor, Thorax 1946-1959; Honorary Consultant in Diseases of the Chest to the Army 1953-1972; President, British Tuberculosis Association 1959-1961; President, Thoracic Society 1971-1972; died Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, 1999.
consultant physician at the British (now Royal) Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, 1935; physician to the Brompton Chest Hospital, 1939; served as Lieutenant-Colonel in charge of a medical division in Egypt, Second World War; founder member of a Medical Research Council Committee set up to study recently discovered drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, 1946; first Dean and Director of Studies at the Institute of Diseases of the Chest at London University, 1947;
Professor of Medicine at London University;