William Birmingham Costello was born in Dublin in 1800. He was educated locally and moved to London as a consulting surgeon in c 1832. He became a medical superintendant of Wyke House Asylum, near Isleworth. He was a member of the Royal College of Physicians, London and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. He was the editor of the Cyclopedia of Surgery published in London, in twelve parts from 1841-1843. He was also the editor of Pinel's 'Lectures on Insanity', Medical Times, 1845. Costello spent the latter part of his life in Paris, where he died in 1867.
Costin was born in Lewisham, South-East London in 1913. He became a journalist, working briefly for the local paper the Lewisham Journal and Kent Mercury before becoming assistant editor for Health for All magazine in 1930. During the Second World War he saw service in West Africa and North West Europe. After leaving the army in 1946 he became a writer for Style for Men and Style Weekly, and wrote for many specialist magazines in Europe. From 1982 to 1995 he was editor of The Glover, the magazine of the Worshipful Company of Glovers.
Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
Brentford Poor Law Union was formed in June 1836. The Brentford Union Workhouse was constructed on Twickenham Road in 1837. A separate school, called Percy House, was built on the same site in 1883.
Alice von Cotta (1842-1931) was born in Freiburg, Saxony in 1842. Her father was Bernhard von Cotta, the geologist. In 1876 she started studying at Newnham College and was granted the Clothworker's scholarship for the year 1877-1878. During her final year, in 1878, Alice and her friend, Penelope Lawrence, spent their time together at Newnham. Penelope had been a childhood friend as their families already knew one another from a trip the Lawrence family had taken in Freiburg in 1864. In Jul 1878 Alice was appointed to the post of Mistress of Studies at Bedford College. She was paid a salary of £75.00. In Oct 1878, she also spent time at the North London Collegiate School. Her resignation to Bedford College was tendered in Jul 1880. From 1884-1912, Alice von Cotta was Principal of the Victoria-Lyceum in Berlin. This school had been established by crown princess Victoria, wife of Frederick I. Its aim was to provide a higher education for German women, principally teachers, before a university education was available to them. Alice von Cotta died in Hanover in 1931.
Arthur Disbrowe Cotton was born on 15th January, 1879 in London. He was educated at King's College School, London, which is where he began to develop his interest in plants. Cotton attended a 3 year course in horticulture directly after school before embarking on a 3 year course on botany at the Royal College of Science, London. It was here that Cotton became attracted to and then specialised in fungi, algae and lichens. His first professional post came in 1902 when he was appointed as Demonstrator and Assistant lecturer at the University of Manchester, where he specialised in lichens and marine algae. It was also at this time he became a member of the British Mycological Society; a membership that lasted the rest of his life. In 1904, Cotton accepted a post at Kew in the Cryptogamic section under Dr George Massee, where he remained for the rest of his career, save for 2 years during the First World War, which was spent under the Board of Agriculture, undertaking research in plant pathology to assist the Food Production Department in the protection of food crops, particularly potatoes, against fungus diseases. Before this appointment, from 1904 to 1915, Cotton concentrated on marine algae from a taxonomic and ecological perspective. This culminated in seven separate trips between 1910 and 1911 to Clare Island, a small island off the west coast of Ireland, from which Cotton published his findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy in 1912.
It was on 1st March 1922 that Arthur Cotton succeeded Otto Von Stapf to become Keeper of the Herbarium and Library at Kew, where he remained until his retirement on 31st January 1946. Cotton was interested cultivated species, such as the tree Senecios, which were found by Cotton during his trip to Mount Kilimanjaro, East Africa in 1929-1930 and of which some samples of the tree were collected to be planted at Kew. Cotton's ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro, 1929-1930, with Dr A S Hitchcock, the US Agrostologist was one of a number of trips Cotton made as Keeper at Kew. Many of this trips included making acquaintances with botanical institutions on the Continent, including Berlin (1927, 1931), Copenhagen (1931), Paris (1935), Prague (1927) and Vienna (1927). Cotton attained the Keepership at Kew at a time when there was a revival of interest in plant taxonomy and plant-nomenclature, which meant many undeveloped countries called on Kew for assistance in naming botanical specimens. Another consequence of these renewed interests, meant enormous amounts of un-mounted and unclassified material, some hundreds of thousands specimens, had accumulated in the Herbarium during the previous 50 years before Cotton's appointment. Credit needs to be paid to Cotton, in that during his tenure as Keeper at Kew, he managed to add 900,000 sheets of specimens to the collections, through the careful guidance and gentle encouragement Cotton paid to his staff.
Cotton was also an active member of many societies and committees outside his work at Kew, which included; joint vice-chairman of the Lily Group Committee of the RHS 1935 to 1962; a member of the Lily Group's editorial committee 1953-1962; the British Mycological Society; a Fellow of the Linnaean Society 1960-1962; president of Linnaean Society 1943-46, Vice-President 1927-28 and 1946-47; Council member of Association of Applied Biologists 1917-21; Vice-President from1923-24; member of the British Ecological Society and President of the Kew Guild, 1940-41. During his life, Cotton was also awarded with the Lyttel Lily Cup in honour of his valuable contributions to the knowledge of the genus Lilium in 1944 by the Council of the PHS; the Victoria Medal of Honour by the RHS for Cotton's services to botany and horticulture and an OBE in 1934 for his contributions to botany. After the death of his wife Enid Mary Jesson, he lived with his daughter, where he died on 27th December 1962.
William Bensley Cotton was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1921-1944.
John William Couchman acted as surveyor and agent to the lords of the manors of Tottenham and Edmonton. He was a civil engineer (in particular of waterworks). Harold Seymour Couchman was his successor.
Couldrey Motors Limited was based at 24-28 High Street, Clapham and its related company, the Couldrey Commercial Motor Company traded from 36 Station Road, Camberwell Green. The former company operated several garages in South London at a time when the motor trade was expanding rapidly.
William M Coulthard, organist, assembled this collection.
Sir Walter Galpin Alcock (1861-1947) was an English cathedral organist and also taught at the RCM.
George Dorrington Cunningham (1878-1948) was City of Birmingham organist, 1924-1948) and conducted the City of Birmingham Choir.
Basil Harwood (1859-1949) was an English organist and composer.
John Nicholson Ireland (1879-1962) was a composer, and organist and choirmaster of St Luke's Chelsea, 1904-1926.
F J Livesey was organist at St Bees Priory, 1887-1934.
Cecil Clutton (b 1909) is an English writer on the history and design of the organ.
Percy William Whitlock (1903-1946) was an English organist and composer.
Henry Willis (1821-1901) was an English organ builder.
George Dixon (1870-1950) was an English organ designer and writer on organs, and collaborated with the firm of Harrison and Harrison.
The Council for German Jewry was established in 1936, in the aftermath of the Nuremberg race laws, with the objective of assisting German Jews to leave Germany through coordinated emigration. It succeeded the Central British Fund for the Relief of German Jewry, which was founded in 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power.
An agreement was reached between Zionists and non-Zionists for an emigration plan and in January 1936 a delegation of leading British Jews went to the United States in order to establish a partnership with American Jewry to raise $15 million to assist in the emigration of 100,000 German Jews aged 17 to 35. Whilst they succeeded to a certain extent, a number of factors combined to impede their efforts including British immigration policy in Palestine, emigration obstacles in Germany and the growing impoverishment of German Jewry. After the war the organisation became known as the Central British Fund for Relief and Rehabilitation.
This collection of documents and images came about as the consequence of an appeal made in the May 1962 issue of the AJR Information, by the Council for Jews from Germany, for memorabilia and documents of Germany Jewry, of historical and artistic value, for the Memorial Hall to German Jewry at the Wiener Library.
The Council for Science and Society was established in 1972 as an independent organization with the stated objectives 'to promote the study of and research into the social effects of science and technology: and to disseminate the results thereof to the public'.
The Council for the Promotion of the Higher Training of Midwives was formed in February 1904 after a series of preliminary meetings in 1903. Its object was to found a national training school for district midwives. Rather than amalgamating with an existing hospital, it was decided to open a new maternity hospital in Woolwich, at this time a part of London with an expanding population and very little hospital provision. The Home for Mothers and Babies was opened in Wood Street, Woolwich on 11 May 1905. The Council appointed an Executive Committee to manage the hospital. All matters of outside policy respecting growth of the hospital or those in any way arising from its work as a National Training School for District Midwives were to be reserved for the Council.
When the British Lying-In Hospital amalgamated with the Home for Mothers and Babies, the Charity Commission Scheme of 29 January 1915 established a new constitution for the hospital. This laid down that six out of the fourteen members of the Managing Committee were to be appointed by the Council for the Promotion of the Higher Training of Midwives on condition that the Council provided the hospital with not less than £400 a year. Miss Gregory described the special mission of the six Council members on the Committee as being:- "(a) to safeguard the higher training of midwives, zealously opposing any lowering of the standard, (b) to demand that the training school was used primarily for those intending to work among the poor rather than the rich - even if higher fees were obtainable from the latter and (c) to resist any effort that might be made in the future to admit medical students as pupils since the training of midwife pupils would infallibly suffer in consequence".
In 1938 the Council decided to terminate its existence. It had failed to raise £400 for the hospital for the last nine years and it felt that its aims and objects were identical with those of the hospital.
The Council of Legal Education (CLE) was established by Resolutions of the Inns of Court in 1852, following the recommendation that year of a Legal Education Committee of the Four Inns. The CLE, consisting of eight members under the Chairmanship of Richard Bethell QC (later Lord Westbury), was entrusted with the power and duty of superintending the education and examination of students who had been admitted to the Inns and was to consist of an equal number of Benchers appointed by each of the Inns. Five Readerships or Professorships were set up, to each deliver three courses of lectures per year. Students were required to attend a certain number of lectures and to pass public examinations. The examinations were held thrice yearly, in Michaelmas, Hilary and Trinity terms. The CLE was given the power to grant dispensations to students unable to attend all required lectures. In 1872 membership of the Council was increased from eight to twenty and a compulsory examination for Call to the Bar was introduced. A further recommendation was made that the Council appoint a Committee of its members to be called the Committee of Education and Examination; this Committee later became the Board of Studies. A Director of Legal Studies was appointed in 1905. The constant increase in the number of students and consequent growth in the CLE's activities led to the Council's decision in 1915 to appoint a permanent Finance (later Finance and Administration) Committee for the regulation of its expenditure and in 1916 to create the post of Council Secretary. The CLE initially met in the Library of Lincoln's Inn. In 1903 it moved to 15 Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, where it remained until 1947. The CLE then moved to 7 Stone Buildings, where it was able to provide lecture rooms, common and reading room accommodation and canteen facilities for students. In 1964 the CLE gained the first home for law teaching with premises in Gray's Inn, donated by the Inn. In 1967 the Inns of Court School of Law (ICSL) was formally established on the site; it became an incorporated body in 1996. In 1967, as a consequence of the institution of the Senate of the Inns of Court as a central body to represent the Inns, the CLE was reconstituted under regulation of the Senate, which now appointed the Chairman and five other representatives of Council, and which had general policy-making powers. For the first time the CLE had representatives from the Bar Council as well as from the Inns. A new system of education and training, drawn up by the CLE in 1967, was approved by the Senate, to take effect from 1969. This included the appointment of a professional law teacher as Dean of Faculty (later retitled Dean of ICSL), replacing the old position of Director of Legal Studies, and the inauguration of new practical training programmes. In 1974, following the recommendations of the Pearce and Templeman Committee, a new body, the Senate of the Inns of Court and the Bar, was set up. The CLE was reconstituted under the Regulations of the new Senate, and its membership and functions redefined. During the 1970s the CLE faced the major task of implementing the recommendations of the Ormrod Report (of the Lord Chancellor's Committee on Legal Education) and the Cross Committee (Advisory Committee on Legal Education) relating to graduate entry to the profession, and the transfer of Part 1 teaching to the universities and polytechnics. The CLE continued to oversee legal education for the Bar until 1997. In that year the CLE transferred most of its responsibilities and assets to the ICSL. Its responsibility for supporting education and training for the Bar was passed to a new body, the Inns of Court and Bar Educational Trust (ICBET), while its regulatory function was passed to the General Council of the Bar. In 1997 the CLE ceased to operate.
See the corporate history for Council of Married Women; 1952-1969
The Council of Married Women (1952-1969) was established in 1952 as a result of disagreements within the Married Women's Association. The Council's president (Helena Normanton), Chair (Doreen Gorsky), Deputy Chair (Lady Helen Nutting) and Hon. Secretary (Evelyn Hamilton) left identical positions in the older organisation over the issue of certain members opposition to Normanton's draft evidence to the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce. The new group's aims were to support the institution of marriage and the principle of equality between the two partners at the same time as promoting legislation for equal economic and legal status for wives', mothers and widows, especially in the case of separation or divorce. Membership was open to women who were or had been married. After the Royal Commission had taken place, their main action was focused on attempting to have a Private Members Bill passed to give a wife a statutory right to a portion of the family income after all expenses had been paid. Through the 1960s the Council encountered financial difficulties and the organisation's work largely devolved upon Lady Nutting alone. The organisation was wound up in 1969.
The Council of State was set up by Parliamentary ordinance on 13 February 1649 as a successor to the Derby House Committee which had taken over much of the Privy Council's executive role in the State. It was annually renewed by Parliament and insisted on choosing its own President. From May 1649 it was housed at Whitehall. Membership was reduced from 41 to 15 in 1653 when it became the Protector's Council. By 1656 it was being styled the Privy Council. After Richard Cromwell's abdication in 1659 the Council of State was revived and remodelled twice before it relapsed into a Privy Council. It spawned committees, both standing and ad hoc; the former included the Admiralty Committee, set up in 1649.
At the second meeting of the Society in December 1807, a Committee of Trustees was appointed to draw up the rules for the regulation of the fledgling body and instructions to the honorary members to accompany notice of their election. Proposals by this Committee and the various sub-committees which were in existence at the time, were submitted to its Members for discussion at the regular Ordinary General Meetings. However in 1810 it was decided to replace the Committee of Trustees with a more formal Council, leaving the OGMs solely for the discussion of papers and the election of new members. The first members of Council were appointed on 1 June 1810, holding their inaugural meeting two weeks later on the 14 June.
Council is still responsible for the management and direction of all the affairs of the Society.
The Council of Women Civil Servants (1920-1958) was founded in 1920, after a major reorganisation of the Civil Service took place. Grades that had been structured around each department were now merged across the entire service to form four basic bands. Additionally, efforts to introduce arbitration and militated for what would become Whitley Councils for the negotiation of pay and conditions had taken place in which most of the women's civil service trades unions had been involved. However, despite the statement of the Sex Disqualification Act of 1920 that 'women should have equal opportunity with men in all branches of the Civil Service and Local Authorities', the report presented by the official Joint Reorganisation Committee maintained there should be a separate selection process for women which did not involve the traditional examination, lower wages for women working in the same grades as men and the bar against married women should remain. In this situation, the Council of Women Civil Servants was established in 1920. Their purpose was, unlike other female trades unions, to represent all women in the administrative, professional and executive grades of the Civil Service and achieve equality of opportunity for them throughout the sector. In the 1920s and 1930s they were closely involved with the campaign for equal pay and consequently had close links with the London and National Society for Women's Service. In the early thirties they were responsible for a number of public rallies and meetings on the issue as well as presenting evidence to the Royal Commission on the Civil Service in 1929-1931. In addition, they took part in action to open the diplomatic service to women candidates and supported the introduction of family allowances. After the Second World War they continued their activities around equal pay and the marriage bar and affiliated to the British Federation of Business and Professional Women. The group was dissolved in Dec 1958 after equal pay and conditions were put in place throughout the Civil service. The organisations assets were passed to the Fawcett Society.
The Council on Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament was founded in the early 1960s as a response to the Cold War; it arose from the Institute of Strategic Studies, founded in 1957, and was intended to be a separate but parallel body for discussion of the ethical problems of nuclear deterrence. Originally called the Conference on Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament', early members included Sir Anthony Buzzard, Sir Kenneth Grubb, Alan Booth, Sydney Bailey and the Bishop of Chichester, George Bell. To enforce the connection between the organisations Alastair Buchan, Director of the Institute of Strategic Studies, became the first CCADD Vice-President. The first CCADD conference was held at Lambeth Palace and Fulham Palace, London, in 1963. On 20 September 1965 it became incorporated as a company limited by guarantee, and shortly afterwards changed its name to theCouncil on Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament'. During the 1960s CCADD became the advisory body on defence and disarmament to the British Council of Churches, and began to publish research and hold regular discussion meetings, as well as an annual international conference. Following the end of the Cold War in 1989, the CCADD has expanded its topics of concern to include humanitarian intervention, peacekeeping, the role of the UN, the arms trade, biological and chemical weapons, torture and terrorism.
CCADD publishes a number of conference papers, reports, discussion papers and studies. Studies published since 1992 include: Retaliation: A Political and Strategic Option under Moral and Religious Scrutiny (Methodist Publishing House, 1992); Profit Without Honour? Ethics and the Arms Trade (Methodist Publishing House, 1992); Some Corner of a Foreign Field: Intervention and World Order (Macmillan, 1998); The Crescent and the Cross: Muslim and Christian Approaches to War and Peace (Macmillan, 1998); Demanding Peace: Christian Responses to War and Violence (SCM Press, 1999); Witnesses to Faith?: The Concept of Martyrdom in Christianity and Islam (Ashgate, 2005); Britain's Bomb: What Next? (SCM-Canterbury Press, 2006).
In 1883, the Countess of Dufferin arrived in India with her husband, who had been created Viceroy. She had been asked to take an interest in the medical relief of Indian women by Queen Victoria, who had been upset by the accounts of Mary Scharlieb and Elizabeth Bielby (both graduates of the London School of Medicine for Women), regarding their experience of this matter. Strict purdah was kept at this time by Muslim, but also some Hindu women, with the result that many suffered and died unnecessarily through lack of medical care. The Countess of Dufferin's Fund was established in 1885, to provide financial support for a "National Association for the Supplying of Female Medical Aid to the Women of India". This Association, which was formally registered in 1888, aimed to train women as doctors, nurses and midwives, to provide female wards in existing hospitals, and to endow hospitals for women and children. The Association consisted of a Central Committee which acted as a link between a number of local branches based in India. These branches were expected to contribute financially to the central fund, and to adhere to the objects of the National Association, but were otherwise independent. The Association celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1935.
The County Annuity Association was another venture by John Thomas Barber Beaumont (1774-1841), founder of insurance offices the Provident Life Office and the County Fire Office. No other records are known.
The County Fire Office was founded in 1807 by John Thomas Barber (from 1812 John Thomas Barber Beaumont) to conduct fire insurance business in county areas, specifically country-house and farming risks. It was originally established by 'an association of noblemen and gentlemen' from the counties of Bedford, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Middlesex, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire and Yorkshire.
Each county (Yorkshire was treated as three counties) was allocated 250 shares at £100 each. No individual was allowed to hold more than ten shares. Five people were elected in each county as directors from holders of not less than five shares each; one retired annually to be replaced by another elected by ballot at annual county meetings.
A unique feature of the company was that each person who continued a policy for seven years, whether annual or septennial, was entitled to share in the profits of the concern without being liable to any losses. J T Barber was appointed the first managing director and upon his death in 1841 was succeeded by his son John Augustus Barber Beaumont. He retired in 1877 and was replaced by his son, Seymour Augustus Beaumont, until his suicide in 1906.
The County Fire Office was originally administered under a Deed of Settlement of 25 February 1808 and later amendments. It was registered as a limited company on 1 August 1905 and the business was acquired by the Alliance Assurance Company in 1906, but the name of the County Fire Office was retained.
The Company started business from the residence of J T Barber Beaumont at 25 Southampton Street, Covent Garden. On 1 Decemder 1819 it moved to 50 Regent Street, which remained its head office until 1970, except for a short period between October 1924 and June 1927 during the rebuilding of 50 Regent Street, when it moved to York House, 15 Regent Street. During the Second World War the business was conducted from Hindhead, Surrey. The name disappears from the London Directories after 1970.
Business was conducted through agents, and offices were gradually opened in major towns and cities throughout the U.K. Its offices in the City of London were at 2 Royal Exchange Buildings, 1849-1855; 78 Lombard Street, 1857-[1867]; 14 Cornhill, 1856-1909; and 4 Lombard Street, 1909-1941.
County associations came into being under 7 Edw.VII, C.9, 1907 - 'An Act to provide for the reorganisation of his Majesty's military forces and to authorise the establishment of County Associations, and the raising and maintenance of a Territorial Force'. Such associations were to be in accordance with schemes made by the Army Council, through which they were to be financed. Each association was to organise and administer its local Territorial Force and, except during actual training or military service, to provide training facilities and horses, and accommodation for arms and equipment.
The County of Middlesex Education Society was founded in 1887 on the initiative of G. Armine Willis, one of H.M. Inspectors, to promote "educational efficiency and general sociability". It was the first society in the country where School Inspectors and School Teachers could meet on equal terms and, at a time when the system of "payment by results" with its "consequent suspicion and subterfuge on every side" was in force, it was regarded as a novel and even hazardous experiment.
When the Society was finally wound up in 1957, it was resolved that its records should be "deposited in the archives of the Education Office, 10, Great George Street, S.W.I." (the offices of the Middlesex Education Committee).
The County Secondary School Clapham, also known as Clapham County School, was situated on Broomwood Road, SW11. It was a girls' school that opened in September 1909 and was maintained by the London County Council. In 1978 it became 'Walsingham School', which changed in 1993 to 'Thomas' Preparatory School'. The building is Grade II listed.
The origins of the Justices of the Peace lie in the temporary appointments of 'conservators' or 'keepers' of the peace made at various times of unrest between the late twelfth century and the fourteenth century. In 1361 the 'Custodis Pacis' were merged with the Justices of Labourers, and given the title Justices of the Peace and a commission (see MJP).
The Commission (of the Peace) gave them the power to try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions, appointed them to conserve the peace within a stated area, and to enquire on the oaths of "good and lawfull men" into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances, abuses of weights and measures" and many other things, and to "chastise and punish" anyone who had offended against laws made in order to keep the peace. During the sixteenth century the work of the Quarter Sessions and the justices was extended to include administrative functions for the counties. These were wide ranging and included maintenance of structures such as bridges, gaols and asylums; regulating weights, measures, prices and wages, and, probably one of their biggest tasks, enforcing the Poor Law.
The dependence of the justices on officials like the sheriff, the constables, and the Clerk of the Peace to help them carry out their functions (both judicial and administrative) cannot be underestimated. As their workload grew, particularly during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, more help was needed and there was an increase in the number of officers appointed for specific tasks, and committees for specific purposes were set up.
The County Surveyor, sometimes known as the Bridgemaster, was appointed to oversee the maintenance of those roads and bridges which were the county's responsibility. He was a salaried official but the post was not always filled. Esther Moir in her study of the Justices of the Peace (1969, p118) believes that it was only with great reluctance that the Justices admitted "the necessity of a permanent and professional skilled architect or engineer in the place of their old habit" of giving such jobs to local workmen as they came up. The first County Surveyor appointed for Middlesex was Thomas Rogers (c1773-1802), followed by William Wickings (1805-1815), Robert Sibley (c1820-1829) and William Moseley (1829-1846). Frederick Hyde Pownall was appointed in 1847 and continued as surveyor following the creation of the Middlesex County Council in 1888, until 1898, and thereafter as consulting architect and surveyor until 1907. Following Pownall, four more county surveyors were appointed for Middlesex until the abolition of the county in 1965 - Henry Wakelam (1898-1920), Alfred Dryland (1920-1932), William Morgan (1932-1949), and Henry Stuart Andrew (1949-1965).
Courage and Barclay Limited, Anchor Terrace, Southwark, was formed in 1955 upon the merger of Barclay Perkins and Company Limited and Courage and Company Limited.
Took over Charles Kinloch and Reffells Bexley Brewery in 1957 and Yardley's London and Provincial Stores and Santovin in 1959. Nicholson and Sons Limited was a wholly owned subsidiary by 1959.
Joined with H. and G. Simonds and Company Limited to form Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited in 1960.
Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited (see ACC/2305/26) name was changed to Courage Limited in 1970. The Company was based at Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road, London. In 1972 the firm was acquired by Imperial Tobacco Group Limited for £320 million, changed name to Imperial Brewing and Leisure Limited. In 1986 Imperial Group acquired by Hanson Trust plc, which sold Courage Limited as a separate concern to Elders IXL, the Australian conglomerate.
John Courage of Aberdeen bought a brewhouse in Southwark in 1787. After his death it was managed by his wife Harriet and then the senior clerk John Donaldson. It was known as Courage and Donaldson from about 1800 until 1851, when John Courage junior and his sons removed the Donaldsons from management. The company was incorporated as Courage and Company Limited in 1888. Managed The Anchor Brewery, Horselydown, Southwark.
Acquired:
- Alton Brewery Co, Hants, 1903
- G Hall and Co Ltd, Alton Brewery, Alton, Hants (Alton Brewery had been bought by Henry Hall in 1841. After it was acquired by Courage and Co, it continued to brew until 1969 when it became a canning and kegging plant);
- Camden Brewery Co Ltd, Camden, 1923;
- Farnham United Breweries, Surrey, 1927;
- Noakes and Co Ltd, Bermondsey, 1927;
- C N Kidd and Son Ltd, Dartford, 1937;
-
Hodgson's Kingston Brewery Co Ltd, Surrey, 1943.
Courage merged with Barclay Perkins and Company Limited in 1955, and ceased to trade in 1957. Courage and Barclay Limited and H and G Simonds Limited merged in 1960, forming Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited.
Courage (Central) Limited was incorporated in 1962 to be responsible for Courage Barclay and Simonds Limited's production, management and trading in central southern England. It was based in Reading, Berkshire. The company ceased to operate in 1984.
Courage (Eastern) Limited of Medway Brewery, Maidstone, Kent, and Anchor Brewhouse, Southwark. Incorporated in 1962 to be responsible for Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited's production, management and trading in eastern England. The company was based in Kent. It ceased to operate in 1984.
Courage (Export) Limited, of Anchor Brewhouse, Southwark, was probably incorporated in 1963 to consolidate export functions and supervise overseas interest of the Courage Group. The company was based in London. It probably ceased to operate in 1984.
The Anchor Brewery in Southwark was established in 1616 by James Monger and taken over later by James Monger junior. It was bought by James (or Josiah) Child by 1670; who was joined by his son-in-law Edmund Halsey in 1693. Halsey became sole proprietor on Child's death. The brewery was bought in 1729 by Ralph Thrale, Halsey's nephew, and passed to his son Henry in 1758. It was sold on Henry Thrale's death in 1781 to David Barclay, Robert Barclay, Sylvanus Bevan and John Perkins. The name was later changed from "Thrale and Company" (later "H. Thrale and Company") to "Barclay Perkins and Company" on 1 Jan 1798. The company was incorporated as "Barclay Perkins and Company Limited" in 1896. Barclay Perkins took over Style and Winch with the Dartford Brewery Company and the Royal Brewery Brentford in 1929. In 1951 the company began to establish the Blue Nile Brewery in Khartoum.
John Courage of Aberdeen bought a brewhouse in Southwark in 1787. After his death it was managed by his wife Harriet and then the senior clerk John Donaldson. It was known as Courage and Donaldson from about 1800 until 1851, when John Courage junior and his sons removed the Donaldsons from management. The company was incorporated as Courage and Company Limited in 1888.
The Brewery was founded in Reading in 1768 by William Simonds. The brewery moved to Broad Street in 1782 and Bridge Street in 1790. By late nineteenth century the brewery had established overseas branches to supply army garrisons. The business was incorporated in November 1885 as H and G Simonds Limited.
Courage and Barclay Limited was formed in 1955 upon the merger of Barclay Perkins and Company Limited and Courage and Company Limited. Took over Charles Kinloch and Reffells Bexley Brewery in 1957 and Yardley's London and Provincial Stores and Santovin in 1959. Nicholson and Sons Limited was a wholly owned subsidiary by 1959.
Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited was created by the merger of Courage and Barclay Limited and H and G Simonds Limited in 1960. Courage Barclay and Simonds Limited changed its name to Courage Limited in 1970. In 1972 the firm was acquired by Imperial Tobacco Group Limited for £320 million, changed name to Imperial Brewing and Leisure Limited. In 1986 Imperial Group acquired by Hanson Trust plc, which sold Courage Limited as a separate concern to Elders IXL, the Australian conglomerate.
1787: John Courage, a shipping agent, purchased a brewery at Horsleydown, Southwark, London
1800: firm carried on after John Courage died by his senior clerk, John Donaldson, and is known as Courage and Donaldson
1851: Donaldson family withdrew from management and John Courage junior and his sons Robert and John take over the business
1887: output exceeded 300,000 barrels a year
1888: Courage and Company registered as a limited liability company
1903-1943: followed policy of expansion, acquiring 7 breweries and their associated licensed public houses
1955: merged with another Southwark brewery, Barclay, Perkins and Company Ltd, forming a new company, Courage and Barclay Ltd
1960: acquired H and G Simonds Ltd of Reading, Berkshire and changed name to Courage, Barclay and Simonds Ltd
1956-1970: continued to expand, acquiring 14 other breweries
1970: changed name to Courage Ltd
1972: acquired by Imperial Tobacco Group Ltd for £320 million, changed name to Imperial Brewing and Leisure Ltd.
1986: Imperial Group aquired by Hanson Trust plc, which sold Courage Ltd as a separate concern to Elders IXL, the Australian conglomerate.
Courage (Western) Limited was incorporated in March 1962 as Courage, Barclay and Simonds (Western) Limited, to be responsible for production, management and trading in south-west England and south Wales for Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited. The company was based on Bath Street, Bristol. The name was changed to Courage (Western) Limited in February 1963. It absorbed Courage (PB), formerly Plymouth Breweries Ltd, in 1973; but ceased to operate in 1984.
Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited was created by the merger of Courage and Barclay Ltd and H and G Simonds Ltd in 1960.
In 1961 the company acquired the Bristol Brewery Georges Ltd, Bristol. In 1962 they took over Harmans Uxbridge Brewery Ltd and Clinch and Co Ltd, Eagle Brewery, Witney, and in 1963 Charles Beasley Ltd, North Kent Brewery, Plumstead. In the late 1960's they acquired James Hole and Co Ltd of Newark-upon-Trent and in 1970 Plymouth Breweries Ltd, Devon. That year John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery joined the group.
Courage, Barclay and Simonds Limited name was changed to Courage Limited in 1970. The Company was based at Anchor Terrace, Southwark Bridge Road, London. In 1972 the firm was acquired by Imperial Tobacco Group Limited for £320 million, changed name to Imperial Brewing and Leisure Limited. In 1986 Imperial Group acquired by Hanson Trust plc, which sold Courage Limited as a separate concern to Elders IXL, the Australian conglomerate.
Laon is the capital city of the Aisne département in the Picardie région of France. During the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Laon changed hands a number of times but was finally retaken by the French king.
The court leet was a criminal court for the punishment of small offences, under the jurisdiction of the lord of the surrounding area. It was held twice a year under the presidency of the lord's steward, who was usually a professional lawyer.
The office of Alderman (like that of Sheriff) predates the Norman Conquest but the first mention of an Alderman of London by name is not until 1111 while the place-name Aldermanbury appears in 1128. Each Alderman was responsible for administration of a Ward, and was elected by their Ward. The position of Alderman was held for life. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Wards in the City of London are still mainly identified by the name of their Alderman although the first full list of Wards under permanent names such as Dowgate or Cornhill is dated 1285. The roots of municipal government in the City of London are thus found in the activities of the Aldermen in their Wards which in the medieval period provided such public services as existed. Working individually, or in co-operation, the power of the Aldermen grew as the corporate unity of the City of London developed and they exercised both administrative and judicial functions in what became the Court of Aldermen.
The main administrative work of the City is recorded in the proceedings of the Court of Aldermen until the latter half of the 17th century. Civic control of trade and industry, of the police and prisons, of hospitals and poor relief, of citizenship, the companies and the Freedom, of markets and the Thames, and of water supply, sanitation and building, was exercised largely by the Aldermen. In modern times the activities of the Court have been confined mainly to the regulation of the City Livery Companies, Freedom through the Companies, and the administration of justice and elections.
William Sherington, brother of Dame Mary Luckyn, was possessed of manors and lands in Hampshire, Middlesex, Essex and Yorkshire, and of houses in Thames Street in the City of London. He died in July 1711 and was buried on 20 July at St Peter upon Cornhill, leaving £20 to the churchwardens of the parish for the benefit of the poor.
The case concerned Richard Paternoster's claim for damages after he was seized and certified as a lunatic in 1838. Witnesses included Edward James Seymour, Commissioner in Lunacy, Benjamin Hawes, MP, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Richard Paternoster went on to publish, in 1841, The madhouse system, a pamphlet attacking 'the absurdities of the Lunacy Act'.
An estreat was a true extract or copy of an original writing or record, in particular of fines, entered on the rolls of a court, which were to be collected by the bailiff or other court officer.
The Court of Common Pleas was founded by King Henry II to hear common pleas (matters between subject and subject). It was the only Court where personal actions of account, covenant, debt and detinue could be heard. The Court also had jurisdiction to review and change the decisions of older courts. From 1187 the Court sat at Westminster. The Court was headed by a Chief Justice, working with a team of lesser justices (between three and eight in number at various times) and a large number of clerks. The Court was abolished in 1875.
The Court of Common Pleas was founded by King Henry II to hear common pleas (matters between subject and subject). It was the only Court where personal actions of account, covenant, debt and detinue could be heard. The Court also had jurisdiction to review and change the decisions of older courts. From 1187 the Court sat at Westminster. The Court was headed by a Chief Justice, working with a team of lesser justices (between three and eight in number at various times) and a large number of clerks. The Court was abolished in 1875.
The Court of Common Pleas was founded by King Henry II to hear common pleas (matters between subject and subject). It was the only Court where personal actions of account, covenant, debt and detinue could be heard. The Court also had jurisdiction to review and change the decisions of older courts. From 1187 the Court sat at Westminster. The Court was headed by a Chief Justice, working with a team of lesser justices (between three and eight in number at various times) and a large number of clerks. The Court was abolished in 1875.
The Palace Court was a court of record for the trial of all those personal pleas and actions arising within twelve miles of the palace of Westminster which did not fall within the jurisdiction of the city of London or other liberties. It became in practice mainly a court for the recovery of small debts and was abolished from 1 August 1849 by Act 12 and 13 Victoria c101 (from the "Guide to the Contents of the Public Records Office").
The club met at the Cheshire Cheese, Wine Office Court, Fleet Street, and subsequently at the Belle Sauvage, Ludgate Hill; for the holding of mock courts and the placing of wagers between its members.
The Court of Exchequer originated after the Norman Conquest as a financial committee of the Curia Regis (the King's Court). By the reign of Henry II it had become separate, and was responsible for the collection of the king's revenue as well as for judging cases affecting the revenue. By the 13th century the court proper and the exchequer or treasury began to separate. The court's jurisdiction over common pleas now steadily increased, to include, for example, money disputes between private litigants. A second Court of Exchequer Chamber was set up in 1585 to amend errors of the Court of the King's Bench. These were amalgamated in 1830 when a single Court of Exchequer emerged as a court of appeal intermediate between the common-law courts and the House of Lords. In 1875 the Court of Exchequer became, by the Judicature Act of 1873, part of the High Court of Justice, and in 1880 was combined with the Court of Common Pleas (source of information: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008).
The Court of King's Bench was founded circa 1200 to hear common pleas, although it came to specialise in pleas of special interest and concern to the king, such as those which involved his own property interests, or breach of his peace, or an error of judgment by another royal court. By 1675 the King's Bench was the highest court of common law in England and Wales, with jurisdiction over both civil and criminal actions. Civil business was conducted on the 'Plea Side' and criminal business on the 'Crown Side'. It was absorbed into the High Court in 1875.
Source: The National Archives Research Guides "Legal Records Information 34" and "Legal Records Information 36"
The Court of King's Bench was founded circa 1200 to hear common pleas, although it came to specialise in pleas of special interest and concern to the king, such as those which involved his own property interests, or breach of his peace, or an error of judgment by another royal court. By 1675 the King's Bench was the highest court of common law in England and Wales, with jurisdiction over both civil and criminal actions. Civil business was conducted on the 'Plea Side' and criminal business on the 'Crown Side'. It was absorbed into the High Court in 1875.
Source: The National Archives Research Guides "Legal Records Information 34" and "Legal Records Information 36"
The Court of King's Bench (or Queen's Bench, depending on the monarch) was founded circa 1200 to hear common pleas, although it came to specialise in pleas of special interest and concern to the king, such as those which involved his own property interests, or breach of his peace, or an error of judgment by another royal court. By 1675 the King's Bench was the highest court of common law in England and Wales, with jurisdiction over both civil and criminal actions. Civil business was conducted on the 'Plea Side' and criminal business on the 'Crown Side'. It was absorbed into the High Court in 1875 (source of information: The National Archives Research Guides Legal Records Information 34 and Legal Records Information 36).