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The compiler was lecturer on chemistry at Bedford College from 1881 to 1888, and was elected FRS in 1890: he was later Director of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm.
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Stated by the booksellers to have been written by Carmelo Recupero of Catania. No other information given on him.
Rodati is described in MS.4235 as 'Lettore di Patologia nella Pontificia Universita di Bologna'.
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The author qualified at Leeds University in 1924, and was pathologist at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford. His signature is found inside the upper cover of the 1935 volume.
The author collaborated with Pierre Curie on radiology in 1902, and discovered corpuscular (electronic) secondary radiation.
Unknown
Heinrich von Laufenberg was born, 1391; priest in Freiburg (Breisgau), and later dean of the cathedral; entered the cloister of the Knights of St. John, 1445; died, 1460.
The author is mainly distinguished for his association with the Wiener medicinisches Doctoren- Collegium, of which he became the head. He was later raised to the nobility and became K.K. Ober- Sanitätsrath and K.K. Medicinalrath. His chief publication was the Arzneimittellehre ... des Kindlicher Alters (Vienna, 1857).
Thomas Hookham Silvester (1799-1877) MD, was founder of the Clapham General Dispensary. He was a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper, and after studying in Paris set up practice at Clapham in 1835, where he founded the Clapham General Dispensary. He retired in 1863.
Paul de Hookham Silvester (1827-?) Rector of St Levan Cornwall, was the older son of T.H. Silvester (1799-1877).
Henry Robert Silvester (1828-1908) MD, physician to the Royal Humane Society, was the younger son of T.H. Silvester (1799-1877). He qualified in London in 1885, and was later physician to the Clapham Hospital and the Royal Humane Society.
The author, who was an enthusiastic medical historian obtained his MD at Edinburgh in 1902, and practised in Sheffield. [Cf BMJ 1933, i. p. 939].
Peter Taylor was a chemist and pharmacist of 18 Park Road, London. These premises were demolished in 1964.
André Thoüin (1747-1824), head of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, also elected a Member of the Academie des Sciences in 1795; André's 3 younger brothers: Jacques Thoüin (1751-1836); Gabriel Thoüin (d 1829); Jean Thoüin (d 1827); Their nephew Oscar Leclerc [Thoüin] (1798-1845). Oscar was the son of their sister Louise Thoüin (b.c.1764) and the writer and Revolutionary activist Jean-Baptiste Leclerc (1756-1826).
All were linked with the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and the worlds of botany and agriculture in some capacity and the papers reflect this as their main concern; for more details on the various individuals see Le jardin des plantes á la croisée des chemins avec Andre Thoüin, 1747-1824, edited by Yvonne Letouzey (Paris, 1989).
Pierre Chirac was the most celebrated physician of his day; he obtained his MD at Montpellier in 1683, and by 1687 was Professor of Medicine. He was elected a Member of the Académie des Sciences in 1716, became head of the Jardin du Roi in 1718, and Physician to Louis XV in 1731.
Luca Tozzi obtained his MD at Naples in 1661, and was Professor of Medicine and Mathematics. He was later appointed Physician to the Kingdom of Naples, and in 1695 succeeded Malpighi as Papal Physician. He was a follower of the chemiatric theories of Van Helmont and Sylvius.
Gabriel François Venel was an eminent physician and chemist. He obtained his MD at Montpellier in 1742, took up the study of chemistry, and in 1757 was appointed professor of materia medica and chemistry at his old university, a post which he held until his death in 1775.
Unknown
The author who was an eminent naturalist, studied at Giessen and worked with Agassiz. He had a medical degree, and in 1847 was lecturer at his old University. His activities in the events of 1848 in Germany forced him to flee to Switzerland, and in 1852 he was professor of zoology and geology at Geneva, where later he became a Swiss national.
Alfred Bostock Hill (1854-1932) was Professor of Hygiene and Public Health at Birmingham University.
The Batt Family were Surgeon Apothecaries, of Witney, Oxon.
St Bartholomew's Hospital was founded, with the Priory of St Bartholomew, in 1123 by Rahere, a former courtier of Henry I. A vow made while sick on a pilgrimage to Rome, and a vision of St Bartholomew, inspired Rahere to found a priory and a hospital for the sick poor at Smithfield in London. Rahere was the first Prior of the Priory of Austin Canons in Smithfield and supervised the Hospital House. In 1170 a layman Adam the Mercer was given charge of the Hospital as the first Proctor and a certain amount of independence from the Priory was achieved. After 1170 grants were received by the Hospital, which attracted valuable endowments of property.
However, relations with the Priory remained problematic throughout the medieval period. There were conflicts over several issues, including the admittance of brethren, lay-brethren and sisters who cared for the sick in the early medieval period. Gradually the Hospital became independent, and was using a distinctive seal from about 1200. By 1300 the title of Proctor used for the head of the Hospital was dropped in favour of Master. By 1420 the two institutions had become entirely separate. As well as caring for patients from the City of London and the country the brethren looked after small children and babies from Newgate Prison, and orphans. By the 15th century a school had been formed with a latin master, and a night shelter for pilgrims and travellers was provided.
The Priory of St Bartholomew was closed during Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries in 1539, and although the Hospital was allowed to continue, its future was uncertain as it had no income. The citizens of London, concerned about the disappearance of provision for the sick poor and the possibility of plague, petitioned the King in 1538 for the grant of four hospitals in the City including St Bartholomew's. In 1546-1547 St Bartholomew's Hospital was refounded as a secular institution and a Master and Vice-Master, Curate, Hospitaller and Visitor of Newgate Prison were appointed. Henry issued a signed agreement dated December 1546 granting the Hospital to the City of London, and Letters Patent of January 1547 endowing it with properties and income, comprising most of its medieval property. Along with Bethlem, Bridewell and St Thomas', St Bartholomew's became one of four Royal Hospitals administered by the City.
In 1546 four Aldermen and eight Common Councillors of the City of London became the first Governors of the Hospital. They administered the Hospital and appointed paid officials, including a Renter-Clerk, Steward, Porter and eight Beadles. The Board of Governors also divided work amongst themselves. Four were Almoners with responsibility for admitting and discharging patients, ordering stock and checking bills. They worked closely with the Treasurer, responsible for Hospital finances. The weekly meetings of the Treasurer and Almoners developed into an executive committee in the 19th century, reporting to General Courts of the Governors, and became the Executive and Finance Committee in 1948. Other Governors were Surveyors of the Hospital buildings and property. The first professional Surveyor was appointed in 1748. Some Governors had responsibility for inspecting financial statements, and worked closely with the Treasurer and Almoners. Their meetings developed into the House Committee in the 18th century, dealing with leases, appointments and reports of the Hospital Surveyor. The House Committee met frequently and eventually came to manage the routine running of the Hospital. The General Courts of Governors were held two or three times a year. The basic constitution of the Hospital remained the same until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. The Medical Council was formed in 1842 to give expert advice to the Governors, and comprised all physicians and surgeons serving the Hospital.
The nursing staff on the Hospital's re-foundation consisted of a Matron and twelve Sisters, and there were also three Surgeons who had to attend the poor daily. Nurses, or "Sisters' helpers", were first recorded in 1647. Although a Physician had been provided for in the Agreement of 1546, the first Physician was not appointed until 1562. A Medical School was gradually established from the end of the 18th century, but its foundation is generally attributed to the efforts of the surgeon and lecturer John Abernethy, who in 1822 persuaded the Hospital Governors to pass a resolution giving formal recognition to the School. Bart's was one of the first hospitals in the 19th century to encourage the use of anaesthetics, making a great many more kinds of operation possible. Understanding of infection and the importance of antiseptic procedures in surgery were only gradually accepted at Bart's, but once adopted did a great deal to reduce patient mortality. The development of medical science, particularly in pathology and bacteriology, led to an increased knowledge of disease. X-rays were first used in the Hospital in 1896 and by the end of the century the first specialised departments had been established. A School of Nursing at St Bartholomew's was founded in 1877. A notable early Matron was Ethel Gordon Manson, better known as Mrs Bedford Fenwick, who encouraged a high standard of training and campaigned for the state registration of nurses.
All the medieval hospital buildings were demolished during the 18th century rebuilding programme, carried out to the designs of architect James Gibbs. The staircase leading to the Great Hall in the North Wing is decorated with two huge paintings by the artist William Hogarth. Other buildings have continued to be added as the need has arisen, including Medical College buildings, nurses' accommodation and new ward blocks.
The Hospital remained open throughout the World Wars, although during World War Two many services were evacuated to Hertfordshire and Middlesex. In 1954 it became the first hospital in the country to offer mega-voltage radiotherapy for cancer patients. Cancer services remain a speciality today. Other notable medical specialities are endocrinology and immunology (particularly HIV/AIDS), while a Day Surgery Unit and state-of-the-art operating theatres were opened in 1991 and 1993.
In 1948 St Bartholomew's became part of the National Health Service, and following re-organisation in 1974 became the teaching hospital for the newly-formed City and Hackney Health District, which included several other hospitals. In the late 1980s, Bart's was planning to set up a self-governing hospital trust when its future was called into question by the publication in 1992 of the Tomlinson Report of the Inquiry into the London Health Service. Bart's was not regarded as a viable hospital and its closure was recommended. The Government's response to this report (Making London Better, 1993), laid out three possible options for Bart's: closure, retention as a small specialist hospital, or merger with the Royal London Hospital and the London Chest Hospital. This produced an intense public debate and a campaign to save the Hospital on its Smithfield site. The result was St Bartholomew's remained open, and joined with the Royal London and the London Chest to form the Royal Hospitals NHS Trust in 1994, which became Barts and The London NHS Trust in 1999. St Bartholomew's Hospital now provides specialist cardiac and cancer care. The Medical Colleges of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital merged with Queen Mary, University of London in 1989, to form the Central and East London Confederation (CELC). Following the recommendations of the Tomlinson Report (1992) and the governmental response to it (Making London Better, 1993), the colleges united with Queen Mary and Westfield College in December 1995, to become known as Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.
Born, Aberdeen, 1736; educated, school at Fouran, University of Aberdeen; trained with his his uncle, Dr John Fordyce of Uppingham, [1851-1855]; medical student, University of Edinburgh, 1855; M D, 1758; studied anatomy under Albinus at Leyden, 1759; commenced a course of lectures on chemistry, 1759; added courses on materia medica and the practice of physic, 1764, and continued to teach for nearly thirty years; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1765; Physician, St Thomas's Hospital, 1770-1802; Fellow, Royal Society, 1776; 'speciali gratia' fellow of the College of Physicians, 1787; important part in compiling the new 'Pharmacopeia Londinensis,' issued 1788. assisted in forming a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, 1793; died, 1802.
Born, 1825; his father was a partner in Allen and Hanbury's, an old-established Quaker chemist and druggist, Daniel joined the family business in 1841; qualified as a pharmaceutical chemist at the Pharmaceutical Society, 1857; Daniel became devoted to the study of pharmacognosy, or the knowledge of drugs, which at that time meant a close study of their botanical and geographical origins; retired from the family business to concentrate on research, 1870; died, 1875.
Publications: Pharmacographia (1874)
Founded in 1828 by A J Kempe (1785?-1846) and Thomas Crofton Croker (1798-1854), the Society was a convivial club composed of members of the Society of Antiquaries of London. It was dedicated to archaeology and to 'sciences comical and gastronomical'. Other members included Robert Lemon (1779-1835), William Jerdan (1782-1869), John Bowyer Nichols (1779-1863), John Bruce (1802-1869), and Samuel Cowper Brown, MRCS, 'physician in ordinary to the Society'.
The Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research was formed at the time of the passing of the Cruelty to Animals Act 'when a sudden hindrance was thrown in the way of physiological and pathological investigators' (British Medical Journal, v.2(1594); Jul 18, 1891)
[Jonas] Henrik Kellgren (1837-1916) was a practitioner of Swedish medical gymnastics and helped to disseminate the technique beyond Sweden. He was born in Alingsas, southern Sweden, matriculated in 1855 and became an officer in the Swedish Army in 1858. In 1863-1865 he trained at the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm (founded 1813 by Per Henrik Ling, the pioneer of medical gymnastics), gaining the institute's diploma, and took up the post of teacher of pedagogical gymnastics at Lidköping. Following the death of his wife and son, however, he left Sweden and settled in Germany, setting up the Schwedisches Heilgymnastisches Institut in Gotha. In the early 1870s his health broke down and he retired from full-time work, taking up residence in London. Here he founded the Swedish Institution for the Cure of Diseases by Manual Treatment. An expanding practice was reflected in the foundation of further institutes in the German resorts of Norderney (1877) and Baden-Baden (1883), and in Paris (1884); in summer he took patients to Sanna, near Jönköping in Sweden, leading to the foundation of a sanatorium there. He became the director of the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm. His son-in-law, Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax, who took up residence in London, was also an important figure in the spread of Kellgren's techniques of Swedish remedial gymnastics and massage to the United Kingdom.
The firm of Corbyn and Co., wholesale, retail and manufacturing chemists and druggists, was founded by Thomas Corbyn (1711-1791), who used his connections as a member of the Society of Friends to build up an extensive overseas trade. After successive changes of name, the firm became known as Corbyn, Stacey and Co. It was liquidated in 1927.
Dionysius Lardner was a scientific writer who popularised science and technology, and edited the, 133-volume, Cabinet Cyclopedia. He was chair of natural philosophy at the London University, 1827-1831.
The Hunterian Society was founded in 1819 as a general medical society for physicians, surgeons and general practitioners, serving the City and eastern districts of London. Many of its prominent members were based at the London Hospital, or at Guy's or St Thomas's Hospital.
Manor House Asylum was a private lunatic asylum (metropolitan licensed house) founded by Edward Francis Tuke (c 1776-1846) and continued by the Tuke family. The Asylum moved to Chiswick House in 1893 and was later known as Chiswick House Asylum.
Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875) obstetric physician, physician accoucheur to Queen Victoria. Revd Alfred Henry Locock (1829-1922) (son of Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875)) and his wife Anna Maria Charles Dealtry Locock (1862-1946) (son of Revd Alfred Henry Locock (1829-1922)).
Born, 1816; Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy, Guy's Hospital, 1846-1856; Physician to Guy's Hospital, 1858-1868; President of the Clinical Society, 1871-1872; Physician to the Prince of Wales, 1871; Physician in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1887-1890; died, 1890.
Born, Colchester, Essex, 1816; educated privately; assistant in a school at Lewes; student at Guy's Hospital, in 1837; M D, London University, 1846; medical tutor, [1841], Lecturer on Natural Philosophy, 1843-1847, Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy, 1846-1856, Guy's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Physicians, 1848; Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1847-1849; Assistant Physician, 1851, Physician, 1856-1868, joint Lecturer on Medicine, 1856-1865, Consulting Physician to Guy's Hospital, 1868-1890; member of the London University Senate; censor of the College of Physicians, 1859-1861, 1872-1873; Fellow, Royal Society, 1869; member, General Medical Council, 1871-1883, 1886-1887; Physician to the Prince of Wales, 1871; created a baronet, 1872; Physician Extraordinary, 1872, Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, 1887-1890; died, 1890.
Publications include: An oration delivered before the Hunterian Society (London, 1861); Clinical Observation in relation to Medicine in modern times (1869); The Harveian Oration delivered at the Royal College of Physicians (J Churchill and Sons, London, [1870]); 'Alcohol as a Medicine and as a Beverage. Extracts from the evidence given by Sir W. G. ... before the Peers' Select Committee on Intemperance (London, [1878]); A Collection of the Published Writings of W. W. Gull, Edited and arranged by T D Acland, 2 volumes (London, 1894, 1896); many papers in Guy's Hospital Reports.
John Temperley Gray was ship's surgeon to the P and O Company.
James Brocklehurst (fl 1835-1845) was a chemist and druggist in Hyde, Cheshire.
Henry VII founded the Savoy Hospital for poor, needy people, in 1505 on the south side of the Strand. It was opened in 1512. It closed in 1702 and in the 19th century the old hospital buildings were demolished.
William Hoffman was in the service of Henry Morton Stanley 1884-1888 (including on the Emin Pasha relief expedition during 1887) and worked as an interpreter for the Congo Free State from 1891. See Hoffman's entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for full biographical details.
Victor Horsley was born in Kensington, London, and educated at Cranbrook School in Kent and at University College London, where he studied medicine under John Burdon Sanderson and G D Thane. In 1880 he was appointed House Surgeon at University College Hospital where he experimented with anaesthetics. Horsley studied at postgraduate level in Berlin in 1881 and in 1882 was appointed Surgical Registrar at University College Hospital. From 1884 to 1890 Horsley was Professor-Superintendent of the Brown Institute, where he did experiments on localization of brain function (with Charles Beevor), on the pituitary gland, on the relation of the larynx to the nervous system (with Felix Semon), and on the thyroid gland, myxoedema and cachexia strumipriva. In 1885 he was promoted to assistant surgeon. In 1886 he took the position of Assistant Professor of Surgery at the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, Queen Square, where he performed operations on the brain and spinal cord. In 1886 he was appointed secretary of the Local Government Board Commission on Hydrophobia, and also studied Pasteur's anti-rabies vaccine. In the same year he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
From 1887 to 1896 Horsley was Professor of Pathology at University College London. He married Eldred, daughter of Sir Frederick Bramwell, in 1887, and the couple had two sons and one daughter. Horsley was elected President of the Medical Defence Union in 1893 and the British Medical Temperance Association in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed to the Senate of the University of London and elected to the General Medical Council. From 1899 to 1902 he was Professor of Clinical Surgery at University College London. In 1902 he was knighted for his work in medicine. In 1907 he published Alcohol and the Human Body with Dr Mary Sturge. Towards the end of his life he stood as a Liberal candidate in London but later resigned; he was also rejected by Leicester. In 1915 and 1916 he travelled extensively in a medical capacity, performing surgery on the war field. He died at Amara from heatstroke and pyrexia in July 1916.
John Ward was vicar of Stratford-on-Avon and a medical practitioner.
T Burden and Co were dispensing chemists, of 41 Store Street, Bedford Square, London.
Lyon Falkener (1867-1947), MRCS, LRCP; nd locum tenens at Claybury Asylum and the Western Fever Hospital, Fulham; nd Assistant House Surgeon at the Metropolitan Hospital, London and nd General Practitioner at Icart, Guernsey.