James Robert Talbot (1726-1790) was the brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury, and is chiefly known for having been the last priest to be indicted in the public courts for saying Mass. In 1759, he was consecrated coadjutor bishop to Dr. Challoner, and during his episcopate was twice brought to trial, in 1769 and 1771 respectively. In each case he was acquitted for want of evidence. On the death of Bishop Challoner in 1781, Bishop James Talbot became Vicar Apostolic of the London District, which he ruled until his death 9 years later. He lived a retired life at Hammersmith, his chief work during these years being the completion of the purchase of a property at Old Hall, Hertfordshire, where he had a preparatory academy which afterwards developed into St Edmund's College. The penal law against Catholic schools still existed, and Bishop Talbot was again threatened with imprisonment; but he contrived to evade punishment. Talbot died at Hammersmith in 1790.
No information available at present.
The Cornish tin industry became so important during the Middle Ages that the Cornish tin miners were granted special privileges and were placed by the crown under the separate legal jurisdiction of the stannary (tin mine) courts. Cormwall had four stannaries: Foymore, Blackmore, Tywarnhaile and Penwith and Kerrier.Thomas Pearce, in his work on The Laws and customes of the stannaries (1725) records a convocation of the stannators of Cornwall held at Truro in 1703. A Thomas Hawkins and a John Hill are both to be found in A list of all the Adventurers in the Mine Adventure, 1700.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Henry Fauntleroy (1784-1824) succeeded his father as managing partner in the banking house of Marsh, Stracey, Fauntleroy and Graham, situated in Berners Street, London. Fauntleroy speculated on the stock market, suffered heavy losses, and committed forgery to cover his losses. He was arrested in September 1824, tried and found guilty of forging with intent to defraud the Bank of England and other parties of around £20,000, and after unsuccessful appeals was hanged at Newgate on 30 Nov 1824.
Sandbach, Tinné and Co. were Liverpool importers and exporters, shipping and estate agents mainly concerned with trade in slaves, sugar, coffee, molasses and rum.
Lanarkshire is a county of south-west Scotland.
Tithes were a tax of a tenth of the income from the agricultural yield of the land and livestock, which was paid to the etablished church for the support of the clergy, or for religious and charitable uses.
The Bank of Scotland was established by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland in 1695, and the Royal Bank of Scotland was founded as a corporation by grant of a Royal Charter under the Great Seal of Scotland, May 1727.
The decretals are canonical epistles, written by the pope alone, or by the pope and cardinals, at the instance or suit of some one or more persons, for the ordering and determining some matter in controversy, and have the authority of a law in themselves. Pope Gregory IX (1143-1241) ordered the first complete and authoritative collection of papal decretals, the Corpus Iuris Canonici.
Anne Rushout was the daughter of John, 1st Baron Northwick of Northwick Park, Worcestershire.
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members.
The Vagrancy Act of 1531 made a distinction between those found begging although able to labour, and those incapable of work. Magistrates were allowed to give licences to beggars allowing certain kinds of begging.
Henry Temple was born on 4 December 1739. From 1762 to 1768 he represented the Cornish borough of East Looe in the House of Commons. He also represented the constituencies of Southampton, 1768-1774, Hastings 1774-1780 and 1780-1784, Boroughbridge in Yorkshire, 1784-1790, Newport Isle of Wight 1790-1796 and Winchester 1796 to his death on 16 April 1802. Temple was appointed to the Board of Trade in 1765, was Lord of the Admiralty, 1766-1777 and Lord of the Treasury 1777-1782.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Richard Flatter was born in Vienna in 1891. He was well-known as a translator of Shakespearean sonnets and plays, and was the author of several works on the subject. Flatter emigrated to England in 1938, and was later deported to Australia, where he was held in an internment camp. Following the end of World War Two, Flatter lived in the USA before returning to Vienna in 1953. He died in 1960.
The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies was created by an Act of the Scottish Parliament in Jun 1695. Under this act the Company was granted exclusive privilege of trade between Scotland and America, and perpetual monopoly of trade with Asia and Africa. The Company undertook two disastrous voyages to the Darien Isthmus, Panama, in 1698-1699, where it hoped to establish a Scottish colony named Caledonia. The attempt failed and the colony was abandoned by 1700. The Company was dissolved in 1707.
Daniel Larratt died intestate on or about 11 May 1848, leaving his eldest son, also named Daniel Larratt, his heir at law. On 19 June 1848 letters of administration were granted to his widow, Eliza Downing.
A tontine is an investment plan in which participants buy shares in a common fund and receive an annuity that increases every time a participant dies, with the entire fund going to the final survivor or to those who survive after a specified time.
Stephen Drew, formerly of the island of Jamaica but then of Stoketon, near Saltash, Cornwall, was the agent of the tontine on the Dry Sugar Work Estate (1435 acres), in St Catherine's parish on the Rio Cobre River, one mile from Spanish Town. The tontine was to begin in May or June 1805, but Drew did not reach Jamaica until November 1805. In December 1806 the trustees gave power of attorney to Messrs Pinnock & Shand of Jamaica, to proceed against Drew, as his management was unsatisfactory. By September 1808 the estate was in the hands of a receiver; in November 1808 Pinnock estimated the value of negroes and stock at £10,800, exclusive of the freehold. Probably by about that time Drew had received £18-19,000, the trustees retaining little more than £1000. From 1809 Pinnock & Shand acted as managers of the estate, being occupied in selling the negroes, and trying to sell the land. In 1821 the tontine was still not wound up, and a bill was pending in Chancery against the trustees, for an account of the estate.
Robert Owen was born in Newtown, Wales in 1771. He was apprenticed to a draper in Stamford, Northamptonshire at the age of 10, and continued his working education in London from the ages of 13 to 16. In 1787 Owen moved to Manchester, where he set up a small cotton-spinning establishment, and also produced spinning mules for the textile industry. Following this success, he became a manager for several large mills and factories in Manchester. In 1794 he formed the Chorlton Twist Company with several partners, and in the course of business met the Scots businessman David Dale. In 1799, Owen and his partners purchased Dale's mills in New Lanark, and Owen married Dale's daughter. At New Lanark, Owen began to act out his belief that individuals were formed by the effects of their environment by drastically improving the working conditions of the mill employees. This included preventing the employment of children and building schools and educational establishments. Owen set out his ideas for model communities in speeches and pamphlets, and attempted to spread his message by converting prominent members of British society. His detailed proposals were considered by Parliament in the framing of the Factories Act of 1819. Disillusioned with Britain, Owen purchased a settlement in Indiana in 1825, naming it New Harmony and attempting to create a society based upon his socialist ideas. Though several members of his family remained in America, the community had failed by 1828. Owen returned to England, and spent the remainder of his life and fortune helping various reform groups, most notably those attempting to form trade unions. He played a role in the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, 1834, and the Association of All Classes and All Nations, 1835. Owen died in 1858.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Sir Patience Ward (1629-1696) was Lord Mayor of London, 1681; a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1681; and a Lieutenant of the City of London, 1690.
Joseph Yorke, younger son of Philip, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, was born in 1724. He entered the military, where he served under the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontency, 1745. In 1749 Yorke was appointed Secretary to William Anne, 2nd Earl of Albermarle, then the ambassador extraordinary to France, and later later (1751) the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United Provinces. In 1761, Yorke himself was appointed ambassador extraordinary to the United Provinces, a post which he held until 1780, when he resigned due to the breakdown of diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Holland (caused by the latter giving aid to the US colonists during the War of Independence). During this period he was also elected MP for Dover in 1761 and 1768, and for Grampound, Cornwall, in 1774. He was created a General in 1777 and Baron Dover in 1788. Yorke died in 1792.
From the 16th century onwards, Justices of the Peace dealt with the administration of the Poor Law, and, following the Poor Law Act in 1601, had responsibility for appointing the overseers for each parish. Overseers of the poor were appointed annually and were responsible to ensure the sick, needy poor and aged were assisted either in money or in kind, distribution of which took place in the Vestry of the Parish Church.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Possibly produced during the War of the Grand Alliance, 1689-1697, the third major war of King Louis XIV of France, in which his expansionist plans were blocked by an alliance led by England, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Austrian Habsburgs.
Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. He was probably born in 98 or 96 BC, though few other details of his life are known. Carus was said to have been driven mad by a love-philter, and to have finally committed suicide in 55BC. He left one work, the De Rerum Natura, a didactic poem in 6 books setting forth the Epicurean system of philosophy, especially relating to the origin of the world and operations of natural forces.
Richard Stroud was born in December 1799. He joined the excise service in 1827 and began his training in the Dorchester 2nd division. By December 1827, Stroud was qualified to survey brewers, victuallers, tanners, soapmakers and other dealers. His career was peripatetic and took him to Bristol, Andover, Campbeltown, Oxford, and the Isle of Wight amongst other places. He retired on grounds of ill health in 1853.
Aside from the poor rate, which was set by the overseers of the poor, much of the money for local poor relief came from various charities. The parish of Lutton was in the Thrapston Union of Northamptonshire for Poor Law administration.
The Russell family were a prominent English noble family, who played an important part in the government of England, especially from the reign of Henry VIII onwards, when John Russell (1486-1555) was created 1st Earl of Bedford.
Gough was born in London, 1735. He proved to be a scholastic child and, at the age of just 11, he wrote The History of the Bible, translated from the French, which was printed privately by his mother. In 1751 his father died, leaving him various properties and Gough went to study at Corpus Christi, Cambridge. While he was there some of his journals were included in the Gentlemen's Magazine, which he also contributed towards later in his life. Leaving Cambridge without a degree Gough travelled extensively throughout Britain compiling large amounts of notes and high quality sketches. In 1767 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in London and thirty years later became the Director of that society. He was also a fellow, 1775-95, of the Royal Society. The death of Gough's mother in 1774 brought him more land and the finances to fully pursue his interest as an antiquary. During this period of his life he embarked upon his most ambitious project, Camden's Britannica, 1789, the compilation and printing of which took sixteen years as well as many other topographical and historical publications. He died in 1809.
The East India Company (formally called the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (1600-1708) and the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1708-1873)), was an English company formed for the exploitation of the spice trade in East and Southeast Asia and India. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in December 1600.
Southampton is an important port in the south of England.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
No information available at present.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Penelope Baynes and her twin sister, Frances, were born on 25th February 1782. She died 10th September 1849 in Upper Weston, Bath. Her mother was Penelope Dove and her father William Baynes (1740-1827), who served as Rector of Rickinghall and Vicar of Sherborne. Her grandparents were Katherine Wogan, decendant of Ethelred Wogan, and Robert Baynes (1718-1782), Rector of Stonham, Suffolk.
Isabella Poyntz was the daughter of William Stephen Poyntz and Mary Elizabeth Montague. She married Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter in 1824.
No information available at present.
Hopton Haynes entered the Royal Mint as a clerk in 1687, and moved into the Comptrollers office for the great recoinage, 1696. He was successively Weigher and Teller, 1701, and the King's Assay Master, 1749. He was also a unitarian writer. Publications: A brief enquiry relating to the right of His Majesty's Royal Chapel, and the privilege of his servants within the Tower (London, 1728); The Scripture Account of the attributes and worship of God, and of the character and offices of Jesus Christ (London, 1790).
No information available at present.
From the 16th century onwards, each parish was required to appoint Surveyors of Highways as officers of the parish. These surveyors were empowered to call upon residents to work on the roads to prevent them becoming neglected.
Quincampoix is a parish in France, in the Rouen area, founded in 1215.
See J. Day, Bristol brass: the history of the industry (Newton Abbot, 1973).
No information available at present.
The Board of Trade began collecting annual agricultural returns in 1866. The returns of acreage and livestock were made by proprietors under the provisions of various Acts of Parliament, including the Agriculture Act of 1889 which set up a Board of Agriculture and transferred to it and its successors responsibility for the direction of the agricultural census.
Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass.
Born in 1652, Edward Northey was educated at St Paul's School, London, and Queen's College, Oxford University. He entered Middle Temple, London, as a barrister in 1674. He served as Attorney General of England, 1701-1707 and 1710-1718, was knighted in 1702, and acted as MP for Tiverton, 1710.
On the south side of the River Thames, in 1701, a wheel was constructed on the River Ravensbourne for the supply of water to Greenwich and Deptford, forming the Kent Water Works. The Works were incorporated in 1809.
Work on the Grand Junction Canal was begun in 1793, to provide a london link with the rest of the UK canal system. The construction was overssen by William Jessop as Chief Engineer, and the Chairman of the Company was William Praed. The Canal opened as a through route in 1805, though sections of it had been opened earlier. In 1929 the Grand Junction Canal merged with the Regent's Canal and the Warwick Canal to become the Grand Union Canal Company.