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Mary Anne Evans was born and educated in Warwickshire. She left school aged 16 when her mother died and became her father's housekeeper for several years. In her early 20s she met Charles and Cara Bray and their freethinking, progressive and radical friends; her reading and social contacts led her to reject the evangelical Christian faith of her upbringing and schooling and adversely affected her relationships with her father and her brother Isaac. Following her father's death Marian (as she began to spell her name) moved to London to become a journalist, where she became close friends with the publisher John Chapman and the sociologist Herbert Spencer. Her most important relationship, however, was with the critic George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived as his partner between 1853 and his death in 1878; their love affair was controversial not only because Lewes was married to (but separated from) another woman, but because they were living 'in sin' openly. Marian began writing fiction in the late 1850s; over the next 20 years she became recognized as one of Britain's greatest novelists and is still considered as such today. Her works included Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Middlemarch.

Marian used several different names during the course of her life: she was born Mary Anne Evans, but adopted the spelling Mary Ann in early adulthood, before deciding to call herself Marian Evans (the most commonly cited form of her name) in 1850; despite not being married to Lewes, she often used his surname whilst they they lived together. To her readers, however, she is George Eliot, a pseudonym she chose so that her writing would not be prejudged as that of a woman (particularly not that of the notoriously 'immoral' Marian Evans Lewes). Her final name change came late in life when a few months before her death she became Mary Ann Cross on her marriage to John Walter Cross. Although a great writer, her personal history and lack of Christian faith made a burial in Westminster Abbey unsuitable, and she was buried beside Lewes in Highgate cemetery.

The author was surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital from 1826 to the time of his death. He had been elected F.R.S. in 1836, and was an original Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843.

Manufacturers of chutneys, pickles, marmalades, jams, vinegars, piccalillis, canned goods and related products.

Previously known as West and Wyatt and founded in 1706, the company originally traded as oilmen at 11 King Street, Soho, Westminster. In 1829 Wyatt retired and the firm was purchased for £600 in 1830 by Edmund Crosse (1804-1862) and Thomas Blackwell (1804-1879) (who had entered the firm as apprentices in 1819) despite objections from the Blackwell family using funds from the sale of farms at Bushey.

The firm's name changed to Crosse and Blackwell in 1838 and was later incorporated in 1892. In 1837 the firm received royal appointment. Capital increased to £25,000 in 1844 and to seven and a quarter million pounds in 1928 where the decision was taken to decrease the amount by half. Medals were awarded at Vienna Universal Exhibition in 1873. The firm also exhibited at the Empire Exhibition, Wembley in 1924.

The firm acquired several companies including: Gamble and Son (1864), E Lazenby and Son Limited (1919), James Keiller and Son Limited (1919), Alexander Cairns and Sons of Paisley, Scotland (1920); British Vinegars Limited (1982) and was associated with Allards Wharf Limited.

PREMISES:

Crosse and Blackwell acquired 21 Soho Square, Soho, Westminster in 1838 (and moved there in 1839 where they remained until 1925). The original factory remained at the King Street premises after 1839. In 1844 'a great fire' took place at the rear of the Soho Square premises.

Further premises acquired included Dean Street (1840), Denmark Street (1851), George Yard (1859), Falconberg factory (1860), with extension to 21 Soho Square developed at 20 Soho Square (Falconberg House), Victoria Wharf, Thames Street, City of London (1862); a Vinegar Brewery at Caledonian Road (1876); Stacey Street acquired in 1876 for factory for Export Pickles (1878) which was later converted for manufacture of Candied Peel (1884); Soho Wharf, Belvedere Road at the south end of Westminster Bridge was established for Export Pickles (1884) and later sold to London County Council for £100,00 for County Hall in 1906; Charing Cross Road premises built (1887); Victoria Wharf, Millwall for Imports (1888); Imperial Wharf, Nine Elms Lane, Battersea built (1907); Collingwood Street, Bethnal Green (1916); Branston factory acquired with cottages (1920).

By 1920 premises included: Soho Square, Charing Cross Road, Brewery Road, Islington; Imperial Wharf, Battersea; Victoria Wharf, Millwall; Tay Wharf, Silvertown; Broad Street, Ratcliff; Albert Square, Dundee; East Dock Street, Maryfield, Dundee; Wisbech; Blairgowie; Sittingbourne; Faversham, Surrey; Paisley; Farleigh; Peterhead; Cork.

During the 1920s the following changes occurred: Rock House, Burton acquired (1921); 112 Charing Cross Road (1921); move to Branston in circa 1921 and move back in 1924; demolition of 20 Soho Square (1924); new factory erected at Crimscott Street (1924); showroom at Eastcheap, City of London (1924); offices were all housed at 21 Soho Square (1924)

OVERSEAS:

A Provision Factory was established at Morrison's Quay, Cork, Ireland in 1864 initially specialised in the canning of salmon from the Shannon. A new warehouse was built at Morrison's Quay in 1902. In 1927 sales in United States of America were supported by the foundation of Crosse and Blackwell Company, Baltimore where factories were built. Allied companies were established in Cape Town, South Africa, as Crosse and Blackwell (South Africa) Limited (1930), and Australia (1958) with factories in Pakenham, Melbourne and Sydney.

STAFF:

In 1832 the chef Qualliotti was working for the company. E & T Pink at Staple Street, Borough (1904); Works Manager at Soho Square: H W Bell (1920) Works Manager at Branston: T H Mattinson (1920); Company Secretary: J Ashton Burton (1920); Chief Engineer: Rollo Appleyard (1920); Frank Blackwell retired from active management (1921); Bernard Lazenby in charge of all manufacturing (1924); Crimscott Street manager: Mr Gray (1924); Silvertown manager: Mr Denholm (1924); Sunrise Preserving formed (1928).

A Sports Club was established and had a site at The Square Sports Field, Pinner (1920).

POST-1960:

The company and all the shares of Crosse and Blackwell (Holdings) Limited were purchased by Nestlé in 1960. This brought to Nestlé Group 11 factories (6 in United Kingdom). In 1960 Crosse and Blackwell Group's head office was Soho Square, Westminster; with factories at Crimscott Street, Bermondsey and Silvertown, London; Peterhead, Scotland; Albert Square and Maryfield, Dundee, Scotland (two factories of subsidiary James Keiller and Son Limited) and Stenhousemuir, Edinburgh, Scotland (factory of A McCowan and Sons Limited, a subsidiary of James Keiller and Son Limited).

Crosse and Blackwell was divested in 2002 by Nestlé and the brand divided between Premier International Foods, in Europe and The J.M. Smucker Company, in North America.

Born 1877; educated at Radley College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regt), 1897; Lt, 1899; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1902; Battle of Colenso, 1899; relief of Ladysmith, 1900; awarded DSO, 1902; Capt, 1904; service in Ireland and the UK, 1904-1907; Adjutant, 2 Bn, West Yorkshire Regt, 1904-1907; Instructor and Commanding Officer, Company of Gentleman Cadets, Royal Military College, Sandhurst, 1908-1912; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Staff Officer to International Force, Albania, 1913-1914; Staff Capt, 21 Infantry Bde, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1914-1915; Maj, 1915; transferred to Northamptonshire Regt, 1915; Bde Maj, 21 Infantry Bde, British Armies in France, 1915-1916; awarded CMG, 1916; General Staff Officer 2, 30 Div, Western Front, 1916-1917; General Staff Officer 2, 7 Corps, France, 1917; General Staff Officer 1, Headquarters, Royal Flying Corps, 1917-1918; temporary Lt Col, 1917-1919; served with Air Ministry, 1918; General Staff Officer 1, 59 Div, British Armies in France, 1918; General Staff Officer 1, No 1 Tank Group, 1918-1919; General Staff Officer 1, General Headquarters, British Armies in France, 1919; General Staff Officer 2, Northern Air Defences, 1919-1922; Lt Col, 1925; Col, 1929; commanded 133 (Sussex and Kent) Infantry Bde, 44 (Home Counties) Div, Territorial Army, 1930-1934; retired 1934; died 1947.

Born 7 March 1947; lifelong Labour activist; openly gay member of the Labour party at a young age; moved to Manchester in 1970s to attend the Polytechnic; during this time became local Councillor in Altrincham, Greater Manchester. Later moved to Islington, where he was elected Councillor in 1982; represented Highview, Gillespie and Highbury wards. As Councillor fought for development of better housing and local education services; represented Islington on Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) from 1983, serving as Chair of the Equal Opportunities Committee; Mayor of Islington 1986-1987. Leader in gay community; founder and Chairman of the Islington Lesbian and Gay Committee; fought against injustice and discrimination toward gay men and lesbians; during 1980s worked as equal opportunities advisor for Education Department of Haringey Council. Member of London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard, Gay Man Fighting Aids, National Aids Helpline, Food Chain, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (from 1960), Labour Movement Campaign for Palestine and National Anti-Racist Movement in Education (NAME); founder member of Gay Labour Group (later renamed the Labour Campaign for Lesbian and Gay Rights. Provided training for men on business and motivation; died 21 October 1996.

Born 1893; educated Rochester Grammar School for Girls; obtained Kent County Major Scholarship, 1912; gained degree in English, Royal Holloway College, University of London, 1915; Assistant Mistress, The Kerri School, Reigate, 1916; Assistant Mistress, Junior House, Reodean School, Brighton, 1916-1921; Assistant Mistress, 1921-1926, and Second Mistress, 1926-1929, The High School, North Brink, Wisbech; Assistant Mistress, Wheelright Grammar School for Girls, Dewsbury, 1929-1932; Assistant Mistress, County School for Girls, East Sheen, London; Assistant Mistress, Richmond and East Sheen County School for Girls, 1939-1941; Assistant Mistress, Rosebery County School, Epsom, 1941-1955; retired 1955; died 1994.

Guy Pascoe Crowden was born in 1894 and brought up in Wisbech, where his father was in general practice. Crowden's medical studies at University College London were interrupted by World War One. He served in France with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, where experience with the Gas Brigade at Ypres, Somme and Passchendale shaped a growing interest in the physiology of work and stress.

Assistant in the University College Physiology Department, 1924; appointed Lecturer in Applied Physiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1929. His research interests ranged from fatigue and recovery in muscular work to the effects of heat and cold in nutrition. In 1934 he became Reader in Industrial Physiology at the School and finally, after service in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War Two, he was appointed Professor of Applied Physiology in 1946. He retired in 1952. His connections with firms interested in industrial welfare work were to prove a link to the School's later involvement with occupational health. Crowden died in 1966.

Michael Crowder was born in London on 9 June 1934 and educated at Mill Hill School. During his national service he was seconded to the Nigeria Regiment (1953-1954). He gained a 1st class honours degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics (PPE) at Hertford College, Oxford University in 1957. He returned to Lagos to become first Editor of Nigeria Magazine, 1959-1962, and then Secretary at the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ibadan. In 1964-1965 he was Visiting Lecturer in African History at the University of California, Berkeley, and in 1965-1967 was Director of the Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone.
From 1968 to 1978 he was based in Nigeria again, first as Research Professor and Director of the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ife, then from 1971 as Professor of History at the Ahmadu Bello University (also becoming Director of its Centre for Nigerian Cultural Studies, 1972-1975) and finally as Research Professor in History at the Centre for Cultural Studies at the University of Lagos, 1975-1978. He returned to London in 1979 to become editor of the British magazine History Today and is credited with making a significant contribution to the survival and then success of the magazine as it now is. He remained a Consultant Editor up to his death.
He returned to the academic world as Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the LSE, 1981-82, and then as Professor of History at the University of Botswana, 1982-85. From 1985 until his death he was Joint Editor of the Journal of African History. In 1986 he became Visiting Professor in Black Studies at Amherst College, Massachusetts, USA and Honorary Professorial Fellow and General Editor of the British Documents on the End of Empire Project at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies (ICS). His death on 14 August 1988 was marked by obituaries in the four major daily London newspapers and in many academic journals.
For a bibliography [incomplete] of Crowder's works, see J.F. Ade Ajayi & John D.Y. Peel (eds.), People and Empires in African History: Essays in Memory of Michael Crowder (London, Longman 1992) pp.x-xiv. His major publications include: The Story of Nigeria (1962, 4ed. 1977); West Africa under Colonial Rule (London, Hutchinson 1968); jt.ed., The History of West Africa (London, Longman 2 vols 1971-74, 2 ed. 1985-87); West African Resistance (London, Hutchinson 1971); Nigeria: an Introduction to its History (London, Longman 1979); ed. Cambridge History of Africa, vol. VIII (CUP 1984);'I want to be taught how to govern, not to be taught how to be governed': Tshekedi Khama and the opposition to the British administration in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1926-30 (University of Malawi 1984); The Flogging of Phinehas McIntosh: a tale of colonial folly and injustice - Bechuanaland, 1933 (New Haven, Yale University Press 1988); with N. Parsons, eds., Monarch of All I Survey: Bechuanaland Diaries, 1929-37 by Sir Charles Rey (Gaborone and New York 1988).

Mary Beatrice Crowle (1874- fl 1930) was born in Brisbane in 1874, the daughter of Mr WE Finucane. In her lifetime she was a suffragist, voluntary worker, health practitioner, holder of public office and broadcaster. After her marriage to the naval officer Captain Crowle, she began a series of travels that would eventually end in her settling in England. Crowle was active in the suffrage movement in the pre-war period, becoming a member of the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association by 1913 and the honorary secretary of the Plymouth branch in the following year. During the first year of the First World War she worked with the Red Cross as a nurse and established a Ladies Rifle Club in the naval town. The following year, she was one of the first members of the local branch of the Women's Police Force and began lecturing on the role of her native Australia in the war. In the post-1918 period when women had been given a vote, she became a member of the committee of the Bath and District Women Citizens' Association and was elected to the Bath Union Board of Guardians. During the 1920s she became involved with broadcasting and became a Selborne Society Lecturer, following this activity in the 1930s by joining the League of Nations Union. Towards the end of her life, she became concerned with issues of vivisection and homeopathic medicine.

John Crowley, Citizen and Draper and Alderman of London, made a large fortune from his business as a dealer in iron goods. When he died in 1728, his widow Theodosia continued the business which was known in 1757 as Crowley and Company. Theodosia's daughter Elizabeth married the Earl of Ashburnham.

No biographical information has been found for J P Crowley.

The Crown Life Assurance Company was established in 1825. It traded from 33 New Bridge Street, 1825-1866, and 188 Fleet Street, 1866-1892. It was acquired in 1892 by the Law Union Fire and Life Insurance Company, which was subsequently re-named the Law Union and Crown Fire and Life Insurance Company.

In 1899 a large number of wallpaper firms came together under the umbrella title of Wallpaper Manufacturers' (WPM) and subsequently some of their products were sold under the trademarkCrown'. The archive therefore consists largely of wallpaper pattern books by a variety of manufacturers, collected as part of the group's working records.

Community Health Councils were established in England and Wales in 1974 "to represent the interests in the health service of the public in its district" (National Health Service Reorganisation Act, 1973). Often referred to as 'the patient’s voice in the NHS', each Community Health Council (CHC) served the public and patients in its local area by representing their interests to National Health Service (NHS) authorities and by monitoring the provision of health services to their communities.

CHCs were independent statutory bodies with certain legal powers. CHCs were entitled to receive information about local health services, to be consulted about changes to health service provision, and to carry out monitoring visits to NHS facilities. They also had the power to refer decisions about proposed closures of NHS facilities to the Secretary of State for Health. For this reason, CHCs were sometimes known as the ‘watchdogs’ of the NHS. The co-ordinated monitoring of waiting times in Accident and Emergency departments led to ‘Casualty Watch’ which gained national press coverage. Locally, many CHCs represented patients’ views by campaigning for improved quality of care and better access to NHS services, and by responding to local issues such as proposed hospital closures.

Each CHC had around 20 voluntary members from the local area. Half were appointed the local authority, a third were elected from voluntary bodies and the remainder were appointed by the Secretary of State for Health. Members met every month to six weeks and meetings were usually open to the general public. Guest speakers or guest attendees were often invited, particularly when a specific topic or issue was under discussion.

All CHCs employed a small number of paid office staff and some had shop-front offices, often on the high street, where members of the public could go for advice and information about local NHS services. CHCs published leaflets and guidance on a wide variety of topics from ‘how to find a GP’ to ‘how to make a complaint’.

Within the guiding principles and statutory duties of the legislation, CHCs developed organically in response to the needs of the communities they served and for this reason considerable variation can be found in the records of different CHCs.

Croydon Community Health Council was set up in late 1974 with 15 members appointed by Croydon Local Authority, 10 members elected by voluntary bodies and 5 by South West Thames Regional Health Authority. After meeting initially in local hospitals, the CHC had premises at 28 Lennard Road before establishing a permanent office in 1985 at 90 London Road which remained the CHC’s base until abolition in 2003. Croydon’s slogan was "Contact us for advice / Have your say on NHS matters / Consider and suggest improvements", the first letters of each sentence spelling ‘CHC’.

Community Health Councils in England were abolished in 2003 as part of the ‘NHS Plan (2000)’.

The North London Kinship Survey was run by Sir Raymond Firth at the London School of Economics in the early-mid 1960s. Dorothy Crozier worked as the Survey's historian, researching the historical background of the area being studied.

Adrian Francis Cruft, born Mitcham, 10 Feb 1921; educated Westminster Abbey Choir School and Westminster School; studied composition and double bass at Royal College of Music, 1938-1940 and 1946-1947; war service, 1940-1945; played with major London orchestras, 1947-1969; appointed teacher of harmony (composition), Royal College of Music, Jan 1962; Chairman of the Composers' Guild, 1966, and instrumental in the foundation of the British Music Information Centre, 1967; compositions include four cantatas, settings of anthems, canticles and carols, chamber music and orchestral works; died 20 Feb 1987.

48th Middlesex Rifle Volunteers was a Temperance Corps, composed of men who had pledged not to drink any alcohol. The 48th Middlesex were originally the 24th Surrey Rifle Volunteers, but were refounded as a Middlesex battalion in 1862.

George Cruikshank was a graphic artist well known for his political and social caricatures and his collaboration with Charles Dickens on Sketches by Boz. From around 1847 Cruikshank was a supporter of the temperance movement, producing propaganda for this cause, speaking at meetings and sitting on the boards of organisations such as the London Temperance League. In 1859 the threat of a French invasion let to the formation of volunteer corps. Cruikshank supported these corps in a pamphlet published in 1860 entitled A Pop-Gun. He joined the 48th Middlesex corps and rose to become their lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer. However the corps encountered many problems, primarily from lack of money, discipline and motivation; and Cruikshank resigned in September 1868.

For more information on Cruikshank see Robert L. Patten, 'Cruikshank, George (1792-1878)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004.

Cruikshank and Company, a firm of stockbrokers, was formed in 1929. In 1936 its partners consisted of RG Cruikshank, J C Bonnar, ACH Bull, and VS Butler. They were based at Pinners Hall, Austin Friars. In 1946 the firm merged with James Capel and Company.

Born 1903; educated at The Oratory and the Royal Military Academy; commissioned into Royal Artillery as 2 Lieutenant, 1923; Lieutenant, 1925; Indian Signal Corps, 1926-1930; Adjutant, 1935-1938; Captain, 1936; Brigade Major, Anti Aircraft Corps, Territorial Army, 1938-1940; Major, 1940; Lieutenant Colonel, 1941; secretary of the Venezia Giulia Boundary Commission, 1946; secretary of the Four Power Commission, Italian Colonies, 1947; Colonel, 1947; chief secretary to Control Commission, Germany, 1948; military attaché, Greece, 1949-1951; Brigade Commander, 1951-1955; Queen's Messenger, 1955-1960; died 1980.

The Crystal Palace District Gas Company served Norwood, Dulwich, Streatham, Brixton, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Beckenham, Bromley, Croydon, Lambeth and Anerley.

History:

Deed of settlement, 10 March 1854, registered 1854 under Joint Stock Companies Act. By deed of demise from Sydenham Gas and Coke Company, 16 August 1854, acquired that company's works. Incorporated by Act of Parliament, 1858. Name changed to South Suburban Gas Company from 1 August 1904. Nationalised in 1949 and placed under the control of the South Eastern Gas Board.

The Crystal Palace of the 1851 Exhibition in Hyde Park was re-erected, with considerable enlargements, at Sydenham in 1852-4 by a private company. By 1911 the company was in difficulties and public subscriptions were raised to save the palace and park. Under the Crystal Palace Act, 1914 (4 Geo.5, c.5 local) their entire control and management "as a place for education and recreation and for the promotion of industry commerce and art", was vested in Trustees, of whom 23 were representatives of local authorities, six being nominated by the Council. The palace was burnt down in 1936 and available funds were insufficient for its re-erection prior to the outbreak of the war of 1939-45. A scheme to use the site for the celebration of the centenary of the 1851 Exhibition fell through and under the London County Council (Crystal Palace) Act, 1951, the Council took over all the assets and responsibilities of the Trustees as from 1 January 1952.

CSU was established in 1972 to support the work of Higher Education Careers Services throughout the UK and Eire. Working in conjunction with the Association of Graduate Careers Advisory Services (AGCAS), CSU also publish career guides and profiles for almost every possible area of work, as well as computer aided careers guidance systems and software. CSU is a registered charity which benefits Higher Education through supporting the work of careers advisory services in higher education and is an agency of Universities UK (formerly the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals (CVCP)), and the Standing Conference of Principals of Colleges and Institutions of Higher Education in the UK (SCOP). CSU consists of a publishing arm, which manages the Prospects Series of employer and postgraduate recruitment directories and vacancy publications, all of which are also online at www.prospects.ac.uk; and a Guidance and Information Services (GIS), which develops and manages information and software for careers services. It works in partnership with univeristy careers advisers to ensure careers information is widely distributed throughout the higher education system and online at www.prospects.ac.uk.

Daniel Cubitt Nichols was the surveyor to Lord Kensington from 1877, before starting his architectural firm Cubitt Nichols, Sons and Chuter, based at 3 Howard Street, Strand.

Glasshouse Street, Brewer Street and Air Street form a triangle. They are situated in Piccadilly, behind Regent Street.

Cull and Company Limited was established in 1921 as a private banking and financial house, was converted into a private unlimited company in the following year, then in 1935 was registered as a private limited company. In 1943 Morgan Grenfell and Company agreed to take over the business of Cull and Company and in 1944 put the company into voluntary liquidation. The company's registered offices, 1922-44, were 11 Throgmorton Ave, EC.

Born, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1710; educated, Glasgow University, and became pupil of a physician; surgeon to a merchant ship, 1729; apothecary's assistant, London; practised at Auchinlee, near Hamilton, 1731-1732; student, Edinburgh Medical School, 1734-1736; practised as a surgeon in Hamilton, 1736-1744; Chief Magistrate of Hamilton, 1739-1740; graduated MD, Glasgow, 1740; practised in Glasgow, 1744-; founded a medical school, lecturing on medicine and several other subjects; made some discoveries on the evolution of heat in chemical combinations and the cooling of solutions; Professor of Medicine, Glasgow University, 1751; joint Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University; began to give clinical lectures in the infirmary, 1757; delivered a course of lectures on materia medica, continuing his chemistry course, 1760-1761; Professor of the 'Institutes' or theory of physic, Edinburgh University, 1766-1773; lectured in alternate years on the theory and the practice of medicine with John Gregory; Professor of the Practice of Physic, Edinburgh University, 1773-1789; President, Edinburgh College of Physicians, 1773-1775; helped prepare the new edition of the 'Edinburgh Pharmacopeia', 1774; foreign associate of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, 1776; Fellow, Royal Society of London, 1777; died, 1790.

Born, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1710; educated, Glasgow University, and became pupil of a physician; surgeon to a merchant ship, 1729; apothecary's assistant, London; practiced at Auchinlee, near Hamilton, 1731-1732; student, Edinburgh Medical School, 1734-1736; practiced as a surgeon in Hamilton, 1736-1744; chief magistrate of Hamilton, 1739-1740; graduated MD, Glasgow, 1740; practiced in Glasgow, 1744-; founded a medical school, lecturing on medicine and several other subjects; made some discoveries on the evolution of heat in chemical combinations and the cooling of solutions; Professor of Medicine, Glasgow University, 1751; joint Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University; began to give clinical lectures in the infirmary, 1757; delivered a course of lectures on materia medica, continuing his chemistry course, 1760-1761; Professor of the 'Institutes' or theory of physic, Edinburgh University, 1766-1773; lectured in alternate years on the theory and the practice of medicine with John Gregory; Professor of the Practice of Physic, Edinburgh University, 1773-1789; President, Edinburgh College of Physicians, 1773-1775; helped prepare the new edition of the 'Edinburgh Pharmacopeia', 1774; foreign associate of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, 1776; Fellow, Royal Society of London, 1777; died, 1790.

Publications include: Lectures on the Materia Medica, etc (T Lowndes, London, 1773); A Letter to Lord Cathcart ... concerning the recovery of persons drowned and seemingly dead (J Murray, London, 1776); Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids, and of some other means of producing cold (1777); Institutions of Medicine. Part I. Physiology. For the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition (W Creech, Edinburgh, 1677 [1777]); First Lines of the Practice of Physic, for the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition 4 volumes (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1778-1784); The Substance of Nine Lectures on Vegetation and Agriculture, delivered to a private audience in the year 1768 (1796); Clinical Lectures delivered in the years 1765 and 1766 (Lee & Hurst, London, 1797); Nosology: or, a Systematic arrangement of diseases, by classes, orders, genera, and species; with the distinguishing characters of each, and outlines of the systems of Sauvages, Linnæus, Vogel, Sagar, and Macbride. Translated from the Latin of W Cullen (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1800); The Works of William Cullen ... Containing his Physiology, Nosology and First Lines of the Practice of Physic: with numerous extracts from his manuscript papers, and from his Treatise of the Materia Medica Edited by John Thomson 2 volumes (William Blackwood, Edinburgh; T & G Underwood, London, 1827).

William Cullen was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, in 1710. He was educated at Glasgow University before moving to London. He became a surgeon on a merchant ship travelling to the West Indies, in 1729. He returned to London in 1730, and assisted an apothecary, before returning to Scotland in c 1732. He went on to study under Alexander Monro, primus, at Edinburgh Medical School in 1734-1736. He began to practice as a surgeon in Hamilton, in 1736. William Hunter was his resident pupil from 1737-1740. Cullen graduated from Glasgow in 1740. He was appointed Professor of Medicine at Glasgow University, in 1751, and Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh Medical School, in 1756. Cullen was President of Edinburgh College of Physicians from 1773-1775, and was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, in 1777. He died in 1790.

Sue Cullinan was born in South Africa in 1956. She worked as a journalist and researcher in South Africa until 1985. In 1985 she went to Namibia to help launch the Namibian newspaper in Windhoek, Namibia. The newspaper was launched with the intent to be: "an independent newspaper committed to independence for Namibia. The newspaper will follow an independent editorial policy and will strive to achieve a greater flow of information and open debate...". While in Namibia, Sue Cullinan also pursued research for a Master's degree on the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO). This was based partially on primary interviews with people involved in the organisation. Her studies were broken abruptly (and not completed) when her fiancé was expelled from South Africa in 1987 by the government of PW Botha. Sue Cullinan lived in a number of cities in Africa and Europe and continued to work as journalist.

Winifred Cullis (1875-1956) was born in Gloucester and educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham and Newnham College, Cambridge where she studied Natural Sciences. In 1901 she became a demonstrator of physiology at the London School of Medicine for Women (Royal Free Hospital), becoming head of the department in 1912. In 1919 she was made Professor of Physiology at the University of London and as such was the first woman to hold a professorial chair at a medical school. A committed feminist, Cullis toured the world giving public lectures. During the First World War she was sent by the Colonial Office to lecture to troops in Gibraltar and Malta, and in the Second World War she lectured in the Far East, the Middle East and the USA on the subject of British women's war work. Cullis was president of both the British Federation of University Women (1925-1929) and the International Federation of University Women (1929-1932). During her retirement she continued to work for the Royal Free Hospital through her committee-work and as a governor. She died in 1956.

The Institution assisted old and needy Cumbrians resident in London. Meetings were held at the Albion Hotel, Aldersgate Street.

Pryce-Cumby entered the Navy in 1784 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1792. Between 1795 and 1798 he served in the ASTREA and then in the THALIA, being present at the battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797. Following three years as Flag-Lieutenant to Vice-Admiral Alexander Graeme (d 1818) at the NORE, he was appointed to command the SWIFT in the North Sea between 1803 and 1804. In 1804 he was appointed to the BELLEROPHON and, when the captain was killed at Trafalgar, took command of the ship. He was promoted to captain in 1806 and in the following year was appointed to the DRYAD on the Irish Station. From 1808 to 1811 he was Captain of the POLYPHEMUS, having command of a squadron at San Domingo in 1809, and from 1811 to 1815 of the HYPERION. In 1812 he was ordered to Davis Strait to protect the whale fishery and in 1813 was on convoy duty in the Atlantic. From 1814 to 1815 he was in the Channel. Pryce-Cumby had no further service until 1837, when he was appointed Superintendent of Pembroke Dockyard; he died in the same year.

Born in Edinburgh. Son of James Cumming of Duthil, Inverness-shire. Taken into service by Lord Milton on account of his precocious mechanical skill. Member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Working in Inverary, Argyll as watchmaker and enrolled as burgess by 1752. With his brother John employed by Duke fo Argyll in making a new organ for his castle at Inverary, and a long case clock for the castle. Argyll's family connections with John Stuart, third Earl of Bute and tutor to George III led to patronage and Cumming's establishment in New Bond Street London. His reputation led him to be appointed a member of the commission to adjudicate on John Harrisons's 'timekeeper for discovering the longitude at sea'. One of those who insisted that a second timekeeper be made according to Harrison's principles to prove he had both fully disclosed his methods and had invented a reliable means of checking longitude. His essay 'Elements of Clock and Watch Work Adapted to Practice' printed in 1766 where he outlined his ideas about clockwork and included one fo the earliest designf for a gravity escarpment, seemingly arose when he was appointed to the commission on Harrison's timekeeper, and he deposited it with the Philosophicle Society of Edinburgh to protect himself against the possibility of charges of plagiarism after he had heard Harrison's explanation.

He was especially interested in the measurement of air pressure and the ideas outlined by Robert Hooke for recording barometer readings, in 1765 making a special clock for George III which recorded on a chart the changes in barometer readings over a year. This is considered to be the first effective recording barograph, and he was paid £15 per year to maintain it. The next year he made a slightly different version for his own use, which after his death was bought by Luke Howard, who used it for the observations that formed the basis of his pioneering work ' The Climate of London'. He made two gold stopwatches for William Hamilton FRS 1766 at Naples, and in 1769 a watch for Charles Blagden FRS 1772, on whose behalf he ordered an electifying machine from Jesse Ramsden FRS 1786.

No further information available at present.

Born 1873; educated at St Faughnan's College, Roscarbery and Queen's College, Cork; entered Royal Army Medical Corps, 1897; employed with Egyptian Army, 1899-1909; took part in Nile Expedition, 1898; served in the Sudan, 1900-1904; awarded the Ottoman Imperial Order of Osmanieh, 1907; worked as Professor, Royal Army Medical College, Feb-Aug 1914; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 16 Division, British Armies in France, Jul-Sep 1917; Assistant Director of Medical Services, British Armies in Italy, Oct 1917-Apr 1918; Professor of Pathology, Royal Army Medical College, Jul 1919; retired from Army, 1921; David Davies Professor of Tuberculosis, Welsh National School of Medicine, 1921-1938; died May 1949.

Born 1919; RAF College, Cranwell, 1937-1938; Pilot Officer 1938; School of Air Navigation, Manston, Jan-Apr 1939; 75 (Bomber) Squadron, Apr-Jul 1939; Met Flight, Mildenhall, Jul-Sep 1939; School of Air Navigation, St Athan, Glamorgan, Sep 1939-Jul 1940; Flying Officer 1940; BAT & DU, WIDU & 109 Squadron, Boscombe Down Wilts, Jul 1940-Aug 1941; Flight Lt 1941; Acting Sqn Ldr 1941; Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Jan 1942-Apr 1943; AFC 1942; 109 Squadron, Wyton, Apr-Jun 1943; Sqn Ldr 1943; Acting Wg Cdr 1943; commanded 105 Squadron, Marham & Bourn, June 1943-Sep 1944; DFC 1943; Acting Gp Capt 1944; DSO 1944; RAF Staff College 1944; Air Headquarters, India, 1945-1946; Officer Commanding RAF Agra, 1946-1947; Headquarters, Flying Training Command, 1948-1950; Officer Commanding Flying, Hullavington, 1950-1952; Wg Cdr 1950; Air Ministry, 1953-1955; Officer Commanding BCDU, Wittering, 1955-1956; Gp Capt 1957; Gp Capt Ops HQ Middle East Air Force, 1957-1959; Officer Commanding 24 AD Wing, Watton, 1960-1961; CBE 1960; retired 1961; died, 29 Dec 2001.

Born in 1898; studied chemistry at King's College London, 1915-1917, 1919-1920; served in Royal Naval Air Service and RAF, 1917-1918; postgraduate, King's College London, 1920-1922; researcher at British Cotton Industries Research Association, 1922; died in 1992.

Born in 1914; commanded F Troop, 112 Field Battery, 30 Field Regt, Royal Artillery in France, 1940; died in 1986.

Cunningham entered the Navy in 1898. He became a lieutenant in 1904, a commander in 1915, captain in 1919, rear-admiral in 1934, vice-admiral in 1936, admiral in 1941 and Admiral of the Fleet in 1943. He was Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, 1938 to 1939, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1939 to 1942 and 1943, naval Commander-in-Chief, Expeditionary Force, North Africa, 1942, and First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff, 1943 to 1946. He was created a viscount in 1946. See Cunningham's autobiography, A Sailor's Odyssey, (London, 1951) and Oliver Warner, Cunningham of Hyndhope, Admiral of the Fleet, (London, 1967).

Cunningham entered the Navy from the merchant service in 1775 and served in the West Indies throughout the American War. He was made lieutenant in 1782 and commanded the Admiral Barrington brig in that year. In 1788 he went to the East Indies and in 1790 was made commander of the ARIEL. He became a captain in 1793 and went to the Mediterranean, returning with Lord Hood's (q.v.) despatches. His next appointment was in 1796 to the CLYDE which was refitting at the Nore at the outbreak of the mutiny: he acted decisively and after seventeen days managed to bring his ship safely away. He was appointed, in 1803, a Commissioner of Victualling and, in 1806, Commissioner of Deptford and Woolwich dockyards. In 1823 he went to Chatham dockyard and retired with the rank of rear-admiral in 1829. In this year he published A Narrative of... the Mutiny at the Nore (Chatham, 1829).

Unknown

Born 2 June 1923; Christ's College Cambridge, 1941-1943; MA, 1943; temporary Officer at the Admiralty Signal Establishment, Witley, 1943-1946; Honorary Scholar of Natural Science, Christ's College Cambridge, 1946-1950; Lecturer in Physics, King's College London, 1950; Sub-Dean of Natural Science, King's College London, 1969; Senior Lecturer, King's College London, 1972-1985; died 3 December 1993.

Joined RN 1876; R Adm, Home Fleet, Portsmouth and President of Submarine Committee 1913; served World War One, 1914-1918; Commanding 5 Battle Sqn, Channel Fleet 1914-1915; Senior Naval Officer in charge of Gibraltar 1915; retired 1919.

Born 1862; educated at Malvern College; joined Royal Navy, 1876; served on HMS DUKE OF WELLINGTON, flagship of Adm Sir George Elliot, 1876-1877; Midshipman, 1877; served on HMS ALEXANDRA, flagship of V Adm Geoffrey T Phipps Hornby, Mediterranean Fleet, 1877-1878; served on HMS CRUISER, 1878; Sub Lt, 1881; served on HMS TEMERAIRE, Egyptian War, 1882; landed with Naval Bde and present at Battle of Tel el Kebir, 1882; Lt, 1882; Cdr, 1895; served on HMS BLAKE, 1901; Capt, 1901; commanded HMS GOOD HOPE, Flagship of R Adm Edmund Samuel Poe, 1 Cruiser Sqn, Channel Fleet, 1904-1906; commanded HMS BLACK PRINCE, 1906; Assistant Director of Torpedoes, 1906-1908; Aide de Camp to King Edward VII, 1909-1910; R Adm, 1911; Aide de Camp to HM King George V, 1910-1911; R Adm, Home Fleet, Portsmouth, and President of Submarine Committee, 1913; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commanded 5 Battle Sqn, Channel Fleet, Flagship HMS PRINCE OF WALES, 1914-1915; Senior Naval Officer in charge, Gibraltar, 1915; V Adm, 1916; retired 1919; died 1936.

William Currie (fl 1768-1805) graduated MD Edinburgh on September 12, 1770, with a thesis 'De Phthisi Pulmonali', and became in the same year a Member of the Medical Society of Edinburgh. In the Medical Register for 1780 he is given as one of the three Physicians to the Chester General Infirmary; the other two being Drs Denton and John Haygarth. He is not to be confused with William Currie (1754-1829), of Philadelphia.

No biographical information relating to James Curry or Mr Thorburn was available at the time of compilation.

Alexander Monro, secundus, was born in Edinburgh in 1733. He was the third son of Alexander Monro, primus, (1697-1767), Professor of Medicine and Anatomy at Edinburgh University. From an early age Alexander was designated as his father's successor as Professor of Medicine and his father took his education very seriously. Monro secundus' name first appears on his father's anatomy class list in 1744. The following year he matriculated in the faculty of arts at Edinburgh University. He began attending medical lectures in 1750. In 1753, still a student, he took over the teaching of his father's summer anatomy class and at his father's instigation was named joint professor of medicine and anatomy in 1754. He graduated MD in 1755, and then went on an anatomical grand tour, studying in London with William Hunter, and in Berlin with Johann Friedrick Meckel. He matriculated on 17 Sep at Leiden University and became friends with Albinus. His tour was interrupted when his father's recurring illness brought him home to take up the duties of the professorship in 1758. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1759. In the 50 years he taught at Edinburgh University Monro secundus became the most influential anatomy professor in the English speaking world, lecturing daily from 1 to 3pm, in the 6-month winter session. He spent every morning preparing for his class anatomical specimens from his own extensive collection. When the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh attempted to institute a professorship of surgery Monro acted vigorously to protect his chair, protesting to the town council against such a step. He succeeded in 1777 in having the title of his own professorship formally changed to the chair of medicine, anatomy and surgery, preventing the establishment of a course of surgery in Edinburgh for thirty years. The anatomical research which secured Monro's posthumous medical reputation was his description of the communication between the lateral ventricles of the brain, now known as the foramen of Monro. He first noted it in a paper read before the Philosophical Scoiety of Edinburgh in 1764. Monro was a member of the Harveian Society (a medical supper club), secretary to the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, a manager of the Royal Infirmary, and district commissioner for the city of Edinburgh. He married Katherine Inglis on 25 September 1762, and they had two daughters and three sons. The eldest son Alexander Monro tertius (1773-1859), succeeded his father as Professor of Medicine, Anatomy and Surgery. Monro secundus died in 1817.

The company was founded in Leicester in 1884 by Henry Curry as H.Curry and Sons and was carried on in partnership until 1922 when Currys Limited was registered as a private company. In 1927, it was incorporated under the Companies Acts, 1908 to 1917, as a limited company called Currys (1927) Limited. It was renamed Currys Limited in 1930, and in 1981 was re-registered under the Companies Act 1980 as a public company and renamed Currys Group plc.

The business began as the manufacture and retail through high street shops of bicycles and related items. The first shop was opened in Leicester in 1888. The company rapidly expanded by opening more shops and, in 1927, it acquired the Campion Cycle Company Limited. By this date, it had opened 134 shops throughout the South of England, the Midlands and the Eastern counties and had also made rapid progress in the manufacture and sale of gramophones, wirelesses and other electrical goods. The company acquired other subsidiary companies and continued its expansion especially in its electrical sections. This side of the business eventually became dominant.

Acquisitions made by the company: 1927 Campion Cycle Company Limited: At the date of acquisition, the company had been established for more than 40 years. It had 20 branches in the Midlands for the retail trade of bicycles, motorcycles and accessories. In 1930, it ceased retail trade (which was taken over by Currys Ltd.) and became a finance company to finance hire-purchase business done by Currys Ltd. At this time, it was renamed Basinghall Finance Company Limited and in 1933 was renamed Basinghall Industrial Services Limited. 1927 Belcher (Radio Services) Limited: This trade and repair service company was acquired as an existing subsidiary of the Campion Cycle Company Limited. It was renamed Belcher Electronic Services Limited in 1963, Currys Group Service Limited in 1972 and CGS Limited in 1981. 1935 H.B. Rogers Limited: The company was formed in 1934 as an importer and wholesaler of electrical goods. In 1935 it was acquired by Basinghall Industrial Services Limited. It was renamed Currys Micro-Systems Limited in 1979. 1937 Ideal Rental Services Limited: The company was formed in 1937 to handle the renting of wirelesses, and was acquired in the same year by Basinghall Industrial Services Limited. It was renamed Carousel Colourhire Limited in 1980. 1948 Triumph Holdings Limited: The company was formed in 1948 and in the same year became an associated company of Currys Limited. It was renamed Phoebus Holdings Limited in 1954 and Starbond Limited in 1970. 1957 T Bridger and Son Limited: The company was formed in 1953 for the retail of domestic electrical appliances, television and radio. It was renamed Bridgers Discount Limited in 1981. 1976 R W Proffitt Limited: The company, concerned with the retail of domestic electrical appliances, television, radio and audio equipment, was previously part of the retail chain of Loyds Retailers Limited, a subsidiary of Philips Electronic and Associated Industries Limited. 1979 W.R. Stott (Shopfitters) Limited: In 1979 Currys Limited acquired 49% of the share capital of the company.

Curtain Road Arts was an artist-run project housed in an old furniture warehouse in Shoreditch, London, which functioned as a studio and an art project space. It was a centre for a great deal of activity in the 90s, and included artists such as Glenn Brown, Alex Landrum, Dermot O'Brien, Anya Gallaccio, Cornelia Parker, Angela Bulloch, Dan Hays and Michael Stubbs. Curtain Road Arts also housed The Agency Gallery. Curtain Road Arts ended in 1999, due to rising rents in the now very fashionable Hoxton area. A number of the artists founded a similar smaller project called Mellow Birds, which ran until 2002.

No information available at present.

This collection of correspondence and papers relates to the experience of a former Jewish pupil of a secondary school in Stade, Lower Saxony. The papers relate to three separate projects: an invitation by the city of Stade to Dinah Ruth Curtis, the former school pupil, along with all other surviving Jewish former residents of the city for a special reunion; a request by a historian at the city archives for biographical information relating to her persecution by the Nazis and a request by her former school to contribute material towards an exhibition on the subject of girls' education in Stade to mark the 125th anniversary of the school.