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Pastoral head in an Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) comprehensive school; ILEA co-ordinator of the Schools' Council's Sex Differentiation Project; advisory teacher, director of the SCDC/EOC Equal Opportunities Project; senior inspector in the London Borough of Ealing; project Manager of the Schools Make A Difference (SMAD) project; in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham; Professor of Professional Development in Education, University of Keele; Associate Director of the International School Effectiveness and Improvement Centre, Institute of Education, University of London. Senior Associate of The Leadership for Learning Network at the University of Cambridge and adviser for The London Challenge.

Nicholas Hans (1888-1969) was born in Russia and studied, and later lectured, in the Faculty of Philology at the University of Odessa during the turbulent decades following 1905. He participated in political life in Odessa during and after the 1917 Revolution, serving as a member of the City Council from 1918. In 1919 Hans left Russia for England and took up studies in the Department of Education, King's College, London. In the 1920s he began to work on the Year Book of Education, continuing this work until the outbreak of World War Two. During the War he worked as a civil servant in the Censorship Department of the Ministry of Information. In 1946 he was appointed as lecturer at King's College, becoming a Reader in Comparative Education in 1948. During this time he collaborated with Joseph Lauwerys at the Institute of Education in supervising higher degree students and arranging overseas trips, and he continued these activities after his retirement in 1953. He wrote and published on a wide range of topics, including comparative education, educational policy in Russia, and the history of Russian and eighteenth century education.

Nathan Isaacs (1895-1966) was a metallurgist and was awarded the OBE for the contribution he made to this field during World War Two. However, he also took a scholarly interest in the fields of philosophy, psychology and metaphysics, and was particularly interested in the work of Jean Piaget and in theories of child development and of the teaching of science to children. He lectured and wrote widely on these topics. He married the psychologist and educator Susan Fairhurst in 1922 and was closely involved with her work in the Malting House school experiment. After her death in 1948 he married Evelyn Lawrence, who had also worked at the Malting House School, Cambridge. They were both deeply involved with the National Froebel Foundation, an organisation devoted to promoting the ideas of the educationist, Friedrich Froebel.

Born, 1930; Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith; national service in the Royal Signals; attended St Catherine's College Cambridge, 1953-1956; tutor at Wandsworth School, 1956-1968 (Senior Geography Master, 1967-1968); Director of the Thameside Research and Development Group, Institution of Community Studies, 1968-1969; Housemaster at Elliot School, Putney, 1969-1970; Chairman of the Barons Court Labour Party, 1961-1963; contested Warwick and Leamington as a Labour candidate,1964; sat on the Hammersmith Local Government Committee of the Labour Party, 1966-1968; co-opted member of the Greater London Council (GLC) Planning and Transport Committees, 1966-1973; elected MP for Acton, 1970-1974 and Newham South, 1974-1997; Secretary of the Parliamentary Labour Party Education Group, 1971-1974.

The Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain was founded in 1964 under the presidency of Professor Louis Arnaud Reid. Its aim was 'to promote the development and teaching of the rigorous philosophical study of educational questions'. The Society is still active at the time of writing. It holds an annual three-day conference at New College, Oxford, as well as a variety of local branch meetings and conferences. The Society publishes the Journal of Philosophy of Education and IMPACT, a series of policy-related pamphlets.

R T Smith was an HMI in Wiltshire.

Founded in 1968, the Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment (STOPP) was a pressure group which campaigned for the abolition of corporal punishment in schools and other institutions in the United Kingdom. It lobbied government officials, parliament, the churches, local education authorities, teachers' organisations and other bodies, wrote constantly to the press and published surveys and reports. It also investigated individual cases and supported families taking cases to the European Court of Human Rights. After corporal punishment was abolished in all state-supported education in the UK in 1986, the Society wound up its affairs. The Children's Legal Centre carried on its remaining casework and the residue of its funds were transferred to the group End Physical Punishment of Children (EPOCH).

The Textbook Colloquium was founded by Christopher Stray and Ian Michael in 1988 to promote the interdisciplinary study of textbooks,especially from a historical perspective. It was affiliated with the Institute of English Studies, University of London and had members in Britain, Europe, North America and Australasia.

Members of the Board included: John Fauvel, Ian Michael, Jean Russell-Gebbett, Chris Stray and John Wilkes.

Their interests ranged from printing and publishing history to the history of education; from particular school subjects to the writing of textbooks; from collecting books to the sociology of the classroom. The group held three Colloquia a year and published its own journal Paradigm, the last issue of which came out in Autumn 2007. The Colloquium closed in 2008.

A distinguished social and economic historian, Richard Henry Tawney (1880-1962) was educated at Rubgy School and Balliol College, Oxford, from where he graduated in 1903. He lived and worked at the University Settlement, Toynbee Hall, in the East End of London and then lectured at Glasgow University from 1906-1908. Tawney joined the Executive Committee of the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) in 1905, serving for over forty years, and between 1908 and 1913 was a WEA class tutor in Lancashire. He was appointed Director of the Ratan Tata Foundation for the Study of Poverty at the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1913. He moved from LSE to Balliol College, Oxford University, in 1918, where he was a Fellow, returning again in 1919 as a Reader in economic history. He was Professor of Economic History at the London School of Economics, 1931-1949. Tawney served on the Consultative Committee of the Board of Education, 1912-1931, and on the University Grants Committee, 1943-1948. He was also a Christian Socialist and proponent of democratic education. Tawney took an active part in discussions on educational reform and exercised influence on policy-making in the area of education. His publications on the topic include: Secondary Education for All (1922) and Education: the Socialist Policy (1924). As an economic historian he is best known for The Acquisitive Society (1921) and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926).

In 1864, Louisa Makin (1836-1912) married Robert White (1825-1887). He had two surviving children by his first wife, Elizabeth (1827-1855), a daughter Fanny Alicia White (1853-1922 - later married to Dr Julian Willis) and a son Robert Hornby White (1850-1888). Robert and Louisa White had several children. After their first child, a son, was still-born in 1865, Louisa went on to have Mary Louisa (Louie) White (1866-1935); Lucy Winifred (Winnie) White (1869-1962); Jessie Gertrude (1871-[1941]; and Agnes Sarah (1873-1882). Winnie married Charles Henry Nicholls (1866-1938) in 1902. Their daughter, born after the death of a first child) was Agnes Margaret (Poppy) Nicholls (1907-1993). All three daughters were educated at Sheffield High School and worked as teachers.

Winnie Nicholls worked for two years for the London University matriculation, but gave up her studies when her father died. She worked as a private governess (1888-1892) and then as a staff and form mistress at Kensington High School (1892-1901). During this period she trained in elocution at the Guildhall School of Music, and between 1902 and 1917 she taught elocution and history of art at various local schools including St Margaret's, Harrow, Kensington High School, Putney High School, Croyden High School and Leinster House School. In 1916-1917 she founded and was Head of The Garden School, which was based on principles of love, freedom, brotherhood, cooperation and service. The school moved from London to Ballinger, Great Missenden in 1921, and in 1928 to Lane End, near High Wycombe, 'where open air and contact with great natural beauty played an important part in the lives of pupils and staff. While academic subjects were given their due importance in the curriculum, music, rhythmic movement, drama, art and handicrafts were considered equally essential. All forms of original expression were encouraged'. Winnie Nicholls retired in 1937, though the school continued for another 10 years. She was also heavily involved with the New Education Fellowship, which held conferences at the Garden School.

Mary Louisa (Louie) White worked as a music teacher. She was also a composer and pianist of some skill, and invented the 'Letterless Method' of teaching music to beginners.

Jessie Gertrude White appears to have been a music teacher.

The Hands family consisted of William Joseph (b 1865) and his three children, Mary Constance (b 1889), Wilma Sybil (b 1890) and William Joseph George (b 1892). Mary Ann Walker was probably his wife and mother of the children. William Joseph Hands trained as a teacher at Battersea St John's Training College (1884-1885), and seems to have specialised in science and art. Upon qualification, he worked for a time at Wheathampstead National School, Hertfordshire (at least 1885-1890). Mary and Sybil Hands also trained as teachers at Salisbury Training College. William Joseph George Hands studied mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge, 1910-1914. Although it is not known where he trained as a teacher, he later became His Majesty's Divisional Inspector of Schools for Derby (c.1920s). He was instrumental in the organisation of the Board of Education Exhibition which took place in connection with the Imperial Education Conference, 1923. He also helped to found the International Educational Society which was formed for the purpose of circulating lectures by scholars in literature, science, art and music on gramophone record for use in schools, adult education classes and at home.

Ronald (Ronnie) Haig Wilson (1917-2005) was a prominent educationalist who devoted his life to the advancement of international adult education in UK and Europe.

Born 1917; studied German and French at St Andrew's University, 1935-1938; part of an exchange scholarship to Germany from 1938-1939, where he had first-hand experience of the Third Reich regime and Nazi propaganda. Joined the army after completing his MA , 1940, Royal Artillery; volunteered for the intelligence corps and was based at Fort William, where he was responsible for military security and counter intelligence. In the last months of the War he was stationed in Germany; after the war he was in a unit which gathered intelligence necessary for the aims of the occupation to be carried out and was seconded to carry out work for Education Control; discharged, 1946; worked for the 'Education Branch of the Internal Affairs and Communication Division, Control Commission for Germany (British Element)'; posted to Rhineland/Westphalia, 1947; moved to the adult education section; worked for the Education Branch (Control Commission for Germany), later the Cultural Department of the British High Commission, 1947-1958, moving to Berlin in 1950, and Bonn in 1956; part of the Cultural Relations Group, Berlin; helped found the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband (DVV), a German adult education association, 1953. In 1957 the British Government closed the Education branch and Wilson returned to the UK. Senior Adult Tutor at Ivanhoe Community College in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. 1958-1962; served on Leicestershire County Council (1958-1962); Educational Organiser (Further Education) for Huddersfield, 1962-1964; served on the Huddersfield Education Authority (1962-1964); head of Manchester's College of Adult Education, 1964-1980; retired, 1980; President of the Educational Centres Association, 1994-1996; died 2005.

The British National Antarctic or Discovery Expedition of 1901-1904
was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since James Clark Ross's voyage, 1839-1843. It was organised by a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and it aimed to carry out scientific research and geographical exploration. Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology, zoology, geology, meteorology and magnetism and King Edward VII Land, and the Polar Plateau via the western mountains route were discovered. The expedition did not make a serious attempt on the South Pole, its principal southern journey reaching a Furthest South at 82°17'S.

The African Association (whose full title was the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa) was founded in London in 1788. It offered patronage to many explorers of Africa, among them Mungo Park, John Lewis Burkhardt and Frederick Hornemann. In 1831 the Association merged with the newly formed Royal Geographical Society of London.

Explored the Mustagh Pass in the Karakoram Himalayas with E Honigmann, 1903; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1907-1959.

Born, 1850; educated at Rugby; Ceylon Civil Service, 1871-1875; joined the Hakluyt Society, 1877; called to the Bar, 1879; Council of the Hakluyt Society, 1887; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1892-1928; Chancellor of the Diocese of Ely, 1894; Counsel of the Chairman of Committees at the House of Lords, 1896-1922; President of the Hakluyt Society, 1908-1926; member of the RGS Council, 1912; Inner Temple Bencher, 1914; died,1928.

Publications: The Voyage of François Pyrard de Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil translated by Albert Grey, assisted by H.C.P. Bell (1888)

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). Since 1831 the Society has published a Journal, initially containing the principal papers read at the Society's evening meetings and abstracts of Geographical works published elsewhere, it is now a refereed academic publication. The journal has appeared under various titles: Journal of the RGS (JRGS) 1831-1880; Proceedings of the RGS (PRGS) 1857-1878; Proceedings of the RGS (New Series) (PRGS (NS)) 1879-1892; Supplementary Papers (1882-1893); and the Geographical Journal (GJ) 1893 onwards. At first edited by the Secretary of the Society, the preparation and editing of these journals is currently carried out by the Geographical Journal Office.

The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). The RGS has a board of trustees known as the Council, who are responsible for the Society's governance. The Council also has committees that consider matters of strategy and implementation relating to their specific areas of expertise and which advise the Council and Society staff. These committees change over the years. The committees at the time of writing are: Finance, Education, Expeditions and Fieldwork, Information Services, and Research and Higher Education.

Born in Berlin, 1769; educated, Freiberg Academy of Mines under the famous geologist A.G. Werner; hiked around Europe with George Forester, Captain James Cook's scientific illustrator from his second voyage; government mines inspector in Franconia, Prussia, 1792-1800; expedition with botanist Aime Bonpland in South America, 1800-1803; lived in France, 1804-1827; King of Prussia's advisor, 1827-; invited to make geographical explorations of Russia by the tsar: discovered permafrost and recommended that Russia establish weather observatories across the country which were set up in 1835; gave public lectures in Berlin, 1827-1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1859, died, 1859.

Publications: Kosmos (1845)

Born 1926; educated at Haileybury College and Clare College, Cambridge University; served in the British Army, 1945-1948, where he gained a commission in the Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 1946, and became Military Assistant to the Deputy Commander of the Allied Commission for Austria, 1947-1948; Research Fellow, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, collecting economic evidence for the Guillebaud Committee, 1953-1955; Assistant Lecturer, 1955-1957, and Lecturer, 1957-1961, in Social Science, London School of Economics; Reader in Social Administration, University of London, 1961; Associate Professor, Yale Law School, Yale University, USA, 1961; Professor of Social Administration, London School of Economics, 1965-1991; Consultant and expert advisor to the World Health Organisation on costs of medical care, 1957-; Consultant to the Social Affairs Division of the United Nations, 1959, and the International Labour Organisation, 1967 and 1981-1983; Special Advisor to the Secretary of State for Social Services, 1968-1970 and 1974-1978, and the Secretary of State for the Environment, 1978-1979; Advisor to the Commissioner for Social Affairs, European Economic Community, 1977-1980; Member of the South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, 1956-1963, the Central Health Services Council Sub-Committee on Prescribing Statistics, 1960-1964, the Sainsbury Committee, 1965-1967, the Long Term Study Group (on the development of the NHS), 1965-1968, the Hunter Committee, 1970-1972, and the Fisher Committee, 1971-1973; Chairman, Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee, 1961-1962; Governor of St Thomas' Hospital, 1957-1968, and Maudsley Hospital and the Institute of Psychiatry, 1963-1967; died 1996.
Publications: Health insurance in developing countries (International Labour Office, Geneva, 1990); Introduction to health policy, planning and financing (Longman, London, 1994); Cost containment and new priorities in health care: a study of the European Community (Avebury, Aldershot, 1992); Cost containment in health care: the experience of 12 European countries, 1977-83 (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1984); Planning the finances of the health sector: a manual for developing Countries (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1983); Child poverty (Family Service Units, London, [1976]); Marriage, parenthood and social policy (Liverpool University Press, 1982); Value for money in health services a comparative study (Heinemann, London, 1976); A history of the nursing profession (Heinemann Educational, London, 1975); National Health Service: the first thirty years (H.M.S.O., London, 1978); Report of Professor Brian Abel-Smith and Mr. Tony Lynes on a National Pension Scheme for Mauritius (Government Printer, Port Louis, 1976); Social policies and population growth in Mauritus: report to the Governor of Mauritius (Methuen, London, 1961); Poverty, development and health policy (World Health Organization, Geneva; H.M.S.O., London, 1978).

The Association of the Mission Homes for English and American Women in Paris, later known (from 1924) as the British and American Ada Leigh Homes and Hostels in Paris, were set up by Miss Ada Leigh (Mrs Travers Lewis) in 1876. The aims of the Association were to provide homes, free of charge, for women and children of, and connected with, the United Kingdom and its colonies, and the United States of America. The first hostel was at 77 Avenue Wagram, Paris, with others later being provided at Bineau Avenue and Washington House, Rue de Milan. The Association also built an Anglican church called Christchurch at Neuilly-sur-Seine, and actively promoted Anglicanism. During the German occupation of Paris during World War Two, Ada Leigh Homes was forced to cease operations, the Chaplain fled to Britain and the hostels were closed. After the war, activities were resumed, though on a smaller scale.

Born 1903; educated at Tonbridge School and City and Guilds College (Imperial College of Science and Technology); Works Manager, Aladdin Industries, Greenford, 1930-1946; Deputy President, Governmental Sub-Commission, Control Commission Germany, 1946-1947; Deputy Director, British Institute of Management, 1948; Labour MP for Edmonton, 1948-1974; Minister of State, Department of Economic Affairs, 1965-1967; Fellow of City and Guilds College and Imperial College; Chartered Engineer: died 1994.

The Andrew Shonfield Association was set up in 1987 in memory of Sir Andrew Akiba Shonfield (1917-1981), in order to 'perpetuate and develop that particular search for understanding in the political and social fields which characterised his work, with its emphasis on ideas about the mixed economy, individual and collective action, markets and the state: and the thinking about policy to which these lead'. The original Steering Committee consisted of Bernard Cazes, William Diebold, Ron Dore, Professor Jean Paul Samuel Fitoussi, Wolfgang Hager, Sir Arthur Knight, Arrigo Levi and John Pinder. The Association was wound up in 1994.

Lieutenant Commander Brian Ashmore was a member of the Liberal Party, and a parliamentary candidate for Carlisle in 1964.

The Coefficients dining club was founded at a dinner given by Beatrice and Sidney Webb in September 1902.

The National Society of Children's Nurseries (NSCN), originally known as the National Society of Day Nurseries, was founded in 1906 (the name was changed in 1942). Until 1928 it was closely linked with the National League for Physical Education and Improvement (known from 1918 until its dissolution in 1928 as the National League for Health, Maternity and Child Welfare). The Nursery School Association of Great Britain and Ireland (NSA) was founded in 1923. In 1973, it merged with the NSCN to form the British Association for Early Childhood Education (BAECE).

Born 1949; educated Sedgehill School, Polytechnic of North London (BA), Institute of Education (PGCE), and University of Sussex (MA); worked in educational publishing, 1974; Schoolmaster, 1976-1985; Conservative Councillor, London Borough of Lewisham, 1974-1982; contested St Pancreas North, 1973, Greenwich by-election, 1974, and GLC elections (Hackney Council), 1979; Member of Education Committee, Inner London Education Authority, 1978-1981; Conservative MP for Pembroke, 1987-1992; Member, Select Committee on Welsh Affairs, 1987-1990, and the Select Committee on Procedure, 1988-1990; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Minister of State, Department of Transport, 1990; Vice Chairman (Wales), Conservative Backbench Party Organisation Committee, 1990; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Welsh Office, 1990-1992; contested Pembroke, 1992, and Reading West, 1997; Member, Further Education Funding Council for England (FEFCE), 1992-1997; Advisor on public affairs, Price Waterhouse, 1993-1998; JP, South West Division, Inner London; Chief Executive, Association of Consulting Engineers, 1998-present.

John Desmond Bernal, 1901-1971, was born in Nenagh, Ireland and educated at Bedford School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He embarked on a career in crystallography, becoming a lecturer and later Assistant Director of Research in Crystallography at Cambridge, 1934-1937, Professor of Physics at Birkbeck College, 1937-1963, and Professor of Crystallography at Birkbeck 1963-1968. He was made Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1965, and Fellow of Birkbeck College in 1969. He was also interested in the role that science could play in society and published books and pamphlets on this subject. He was a founder member of the World Peace Council, holding the presidency 1958-1965, and was awarded the Lenin Prize for Peace in 1958.

Elspeth Burn, was the youngest daughter of William Beveridge's wife, Janet Mair. She was responsible for the upkeep of the Master's Lodgings at University College, Oxford. Elspeth Burn was also part of a small 'technical committee' formed by Beveridge in 1943 to investigate full employment funded by a group of progressive businessmen.

Sir William Henry Beveridge was Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1925-1926. For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

The price and wages material was collected by Beveridge and his research assistants for a proposed four volume history which was never completed. The first volume was printed in 1939, following which work was halted by World War Two. A grant from the Nuffield Foundation in 1954 allowed research work to resume, though nothing was published, perhaps due to Beveridge's death in 1963. For a biography, see the Beveridge personal papers (Ref: Beveridge).

BOAPAH was a pilot project conducted by the British Library of Political and Economic Science in 1979-1980, and financed by a Social Science Research Council grant. The aim of the project was to collect a systematic oral archive of interviews with key figures from politics, the civil service and the armed forces. Interviewees were selected predominantly from former Permanent Secretaries or former Cabinet Ministers, and were asked questions relating to the whole period of their official life, concentrating on the post-war years. Day to day administration and interviewing was carried out by Andrew Seldon. A detailed methodology is available in the bound catalogue.

Dr Anne M Bohm obtained a PhD at Berlin University in 1935. She was Assistant to the Dean of Postgraduate Studies, London School of Economics, 1941-1950; Dean and Registrar of the Graduate School, 1950-1977; and, External Relations Consultant, 1978-1985. An Anne Bohm Fund for postgraduate students was launched in summer 2000.

Born 1920; educated London School of Economics (BSc, MSc); served British Army, 1943-1947, as part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment); Staff Capt, General Headquarters, India, 1945-1946; Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, University of Paris, 1951-1952; Reader in Sociology, London School of Economics, 1952-1964; Editor, Current Sociology, 1953-1962; English Editor, European Journal of Sociology, 1960-1973; Professor of Sociology and Head of the Department of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1965-1967; Professor of Sociology, University of Sussex, 1968-1985; Emeritus Professor, 1985-1992; Executive Secretary, 1953-1959, Vice-President, 1970-1974, and President, 1974-1978, International Sociological Association; President, British Sociological Association, 1969-1971; retired, 1985; British Language Editor, Socialism in the Future; died 1992.
Publications: translator of German Sociology (William Heinemann, London, 1957); Classes in modern society (Ampersand, London, 1955); Critics of society: radical thought in North America (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1967); Élites and society (Watts and Co, London, 1964); Sociology: a guide to problems and literature (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1962); Sociology as social criticism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1975); translator and editor of Marx's Early writings (Watts and Co, London, 1963); editor Selected writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1963); Citizenship and social class (Pluto Press, London, 1992); A history of sociological analysis (Heinemann Educational, London, 1979); Marxist Sociology (Macmillan, London, 1975); editor Readings in Marxist Sociology (Clarendon, Oxford, 1983); translator and editor Austro-Marxism (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978); Theories of modern capitalism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1985); editor Max Weber and Karl Marx (Allen and Unwin, London, 1982); editor Karl Marx (Blackwood, Oxford, 1979); The Frankfurt School (Horwood, Chichester, 1984); editor Crisis and contention in sociology (Sage, London, 1975); editor Sociology, the state of the art (Sage, London, 1982); Sociology and socialism (Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1984); translator The philosophy of money (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Finance capital: a study of the latest phase of capitalist development (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Modern interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1981); editor A dictionary of Marxist thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1983); Between marginalism and Marxism (St Martins, New York, 1992); Political sociology (Pluto, London, 1993); editor The Blackwell dictionary of twentieth century social thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); Economic Sociology of J A Schumpter (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1992); The socialist economy; theory and practice (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990); editor The capitalist class; an international study (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989); editor Interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988).

The British Sociological Association was founded in 1951, following several meetings held in London, on the initiative of a number of university Professors, including A M Carr-Saunders, D V Glass, V G Childe, Raymond Firth and M Fortes. The Association was aimed at 'promoting interest in sociology, and advancing its study and application in this country, and at encouraging contact and co-operation between workers in all relevant fields of inquiry', bringing together those who were interested in the sociological aspect of their own field of study. The membership of the Association continues to be drawn from a wide range of interest groups, including research, teaching, postgraduates, undergraduates, and practitioners in many professional fields. The BSA promotes the exchange of ideas and information both through it's publications, most notably the journal 'Sociology', and through study groups, Summer Schools and the Postgraduate Forum (a network for postgraduate students). It actively promotes professional standards, advising individuals and institutions, and producing guidelines. It also contributes to policy development in related areas of research and training.

Edwin Cannan, 1861-1935, was born in Funchal, Madeira, and educated at Clifton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Due to an illness which necessitated a long voyage he did not take an honours degree but took political economy as one of his subjects in the pass school. On the strength of his early writings he was invited to lecture on economics at the London School of Economics when it was founded in 1895. He became the effective head of the economics department although he was not created Professor of Political Economy by the University of London until 1907. He also held the position of Dean of the Faculty of Economics in the University of London from 1900 to 1904. He retired in 1926 and spent his time preparing his book A Review of Economic Theory (1929) which embodied the substance of his 60 lecture course on the principles of economics. Cannan was also interested in the practicality of economics. For many years he reviewed current government publications for the Economic Review and he served a term of office on the Oxford City Council. His large knowledge of local government history is shown in his publication History of Local Rates in England. He was also president of Section F of the British Association in 1902 and 1931 and president of the Royal Economic Society 1932 - 1934. The publications for which he is best known are his definitive version of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1904) and his edition of Smith's Glasgow lectures in jurisprudence (1896).

No information available at present.

Hugh Chevins, 1898-1975, grew up in Retford, Nottinghamshire. He worked on a number of papers before joining the Daily Telegraph in 1934, where he remained until his retirement in 1960, working as news editor for a short time, and later as industrial and labour correspondent. He was one of a group of industrial and labour correspondents who raised the profile of industrial journalism during the 1930s, and a founder member of the Labour and Industrial Correspondents' Group.

At a conference in Zurich in 1912, the International Association of Labour Legislation requested that the national sections of the organisation should draw up reports on the subject of child labour in their respective countries, for presentation to an international Commission specially appointed to discuss the problem. The British section of the IALL appointed a sub-committee to draw up a report on child labour in the United Kingdom, consisting of Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Constance Smith, Mary Phillips, Sophy Sanger, and Frederick Keeling, who acted as Chairman of the sub-committee and drafted the report.
This collection contains the material from which the report was drafted. It was gathered by the committee members specially for the report, and consists of correspondence, memoranda, transcriptions of personal interviews, newspaper cuttings, and questionnaires circulated by the committee to local authorities responsible for the administration of the Employment of Children Act (1903). It also contains various official documents, including a collection of all bye-laws regarding street trading and/or child labour made by UK local authorities. The scope of the Report was limited to the examination of the regulation of child labour in relation to the Employment of Children Act (1903), in occupations which were not covered by the Factory and Mines Acts, and its aim was to suggest practical ways of dealing with the problem, rather than studying its effects. Consideration was also given to the definition of 'juvenile' labour, and to the administration of the law as it stood at the time, with particular reference to the inadequacies of the Education Act as a means of restricting the employment of children.
In the years immediately preceding the drafting of the Report, there had been several unsuccessful attempts by campaigners to amend the Employment of Children Act (1903), along the lines recommended by a Departmental Committee on street trading set up by the Government in 1909. Organised opposition from the Press helped to block the first private member's Bill to amend the Act, introduced into the House of Lords in 1911 by Lord Shaftesbury, and the following year, another Bill proposed by Beck and Denman was similarly unsuccessful. In 1913, the Government itself introduced a watered-down version of Beck and Denman's Bill, but again, the difficulty of securing its passage led to its abandonment. The report of the IALL's sub-committee on child labour was one of many investigations into the subject by local authorities, private societies and individuals, but it is distinguished by the amount of fresh information gathered by committee members, particularly the statistics on the condition of wage-earning children in occupations which had been hitherto ignored by other studies. The report was published in 1914, with the hope that it would be 'a means of bringing to the notice both of Parliament and of local authorities the urgent necessity of raising the standard of protection' of working children.

Bell Brothers, South Brancepeth Colliery and Clarence Iron Works: Bell Brothers was formed in 1884 by Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell to operate an iron works. Clarence Works was added in 1854. Later the company gained control of ironstone and coal mines. In 1899 Bell Brothers became a public company and Droman Long a steel company took a 50% interest. In 1902 the two companies merged although a complete amalgamation did not take place until 1923.

No further information available.

William Beveridge, 1879-1963: William Beveridge was educated at Charterhouse and Balliol College, Oxford. He was sub-warden of Toynbee Hall 1903-1905, and leader-writer on "social problems" for the "Morning Post" 1906-1908. From 1905 to 1908 Beveridge was a member of the Central (Unemployed) Body for London, and was also the first Chairman of the Employment Exchanges Committee. He was a member of the Board of Trade 1908-1916 and Director of Labour Exchanges 1909-1916. During World War I he was Assistant General Secretary of the Ministry of Munitions (1915 - 1916) and Second Secretary in the Ministry of Food (1916-1918). In 1919 Beveridge became Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Food. In the same year he was knighted. He then retired from the civil service and was appointed director of the London School of Economics (1919-1937). He then moved on to be Master of University College, Oxford (1937-1944). During World War II he was Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Labour (1940) and was Chairman of the Social Service Inquiry (1941-1942) he produced "Social Insurance and Allied Services", a report prepared for government which proposed a social system "from the cradle to the grave" for British citizens. This report became known as the "Beveridge Report" and became the blueprint for the welfare-state legislation of 1944-1948. Beveridge was Liberal MP for Berwick on Tweed 1944-1945, and was made 1st Baron Beveridge of Tuggal in 1946.
His publications include: Unemployment: A problem of industry (1909); Prices and Wages in England from the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century (1939); Social Insurance and Allied Services (1942) (Beveridge Report); Full Employment in a Free Society (1944); The Economics of Full Employment (1944); Report on the Methods of Social Advance (1948); Voluntary Action (1948); A Defence of Free Learning (1959).

Beatrice Webb, 1858-1943, was born Martha Beatrice Potter at Standish House near Gloucester, she was the eighth daughter of the railway and industrial magnate Richard Potter (1817-1892). Beatrice was educated privately and became a business associate of her father after her mother's death in 1882. She became interested in reform and began to do social work in London. In January 1885 Beatrice became a rent collector and manager for Katharine Buildings in the East End of London. She worked alongside Ella Pycroft, a physician's daughter from Devon. Pycroft had arrived in London in 1883 and spent 5 years working at Katharine Buildings. The property was owned by the East End Dwelling Company and situated in Aldgate. The tenants were casual labourers, dock-workers, porters, hawkers and coster-mongers. Beatrice's task was to collect rents and choose the tenants, replacing them if she felt it to be necessary.

Beatrice investigated working-class conditions as part of the survey 'Life and Labour of the People in London' (1891-1903), directed by her cousin Charles Booth (1840-1916). In 1892 she married Sidney Webb (1859-1947), later Baron Passfield, a member of the socialist Fabian Society. Sidney and Beatrice Webb served on many royal commissions and wrote widely on economic problems. In 1895 they founded the London School of Economics and Political Science. After a tour of the United States and the Dominions in 1898, they embarked on their massive ten-volume work, 'English Local Government' (1906-1929). Beatrice Webb also served on the Poor Law Commission (1906-1909) and was joint author of its minority report. During World War I Beatrice Webb was a member of the War Cabinet committee on women in industry (1918-1919) and served on the Lord Chancellor's advisory committee for women justices (1919-1920), being a justice of the peace herself from 1919 to 1927.

Sidney Webb became an MP in 1922 and held ministerial office in both the early Labour governments. In 1932, after he had left office, the Webbs visited the Soviet Union. They recorded their views in 'Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation' (1935). The Webbs retired to their home in Hampshire in 1928. Beatrice Webb produced two volumes of autobiography: 'My Apprenticeship' (1926) and 'Our Partnership' (1948), which was published after her death. Her publications include: 'The co-operative movement in Great Britain' (1891); 'The history of trade unionism' (1894) (co-author with Sidney Webb); 'The case for the Factory Acts' (1901); 'English Local Government' (1906) (co-author with Sidney Webb); 'The charter of the poor' (1909); 'The break-up of the Poor Law: being part one of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission' (1909); 'The coming of a unified county medical service and how it will affect the voluntary hospital' (1910); 'Complete national provision for sickness: how to amend the insurance acts' (1912); 'The abolition of the Poor Law' (1918); 'Wages of men and women-should they be equal?' (1919); 'A constitution for the socialist commonwealth of Great Britain' (1920); 'Decay of capitalist civilisation' (1923) Co-author with Sidney Webb; 'My apprenticeship' (1926); 'Soviet Communism: a new civilisation' (1935); 'Our partnership' (1948).