Thomas Young was born in Milverton on 13 June 1773. He showed great learning ability from a young age and by the age of 18 was recognised as a classical scholar. In 1792 he started studying for the medical profession, and he was created a Doctor of Physic in July 1796. In 1797 he went to Emmanuel College Cambridge and by 1799 he was practising as a physician in London. In 1801 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered many lectures, which were published in 1807. He resigned the Professorship in July 1803 as his friends considered the duties interfered with Young's prospects as a physician. In 1802 he was appointed Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society, a position he held until his death. In 1808 he took the degree of MD at Cambridge and in 1809 became a Fellow of the College of Physicians. In January 1811 he was elected Physician to St George's Hospital in London, retaining the position until his death. In 1814 Young retired from the practice of a physician, having been appointed Inspector of Calculations to the Palladium Insurance Company. In the next two years he published several papers dealing with life assurance. Young died on 10 May 1829. Throughout his life he was interested in and contributed to medicine, science, languages, literature and Egyptology.
Augustus De Morgan was born in Madura in the Madras presidency, the son of a Colonel in the Indian army. Seven months after his birth his parents moved to England. The De Morgan children were brought up with the strict evangelical principles of their parents. Augustus was sent to various schools: he had a gift for drawing caricatures and for algebra. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College Cambridge to develop his already apparent mathematical ability, graduating in 1827. De Morgan had never definitely joined any church, and he refused to carry out his mother's wishes by taking orders. In the end he decided to become a barrister and he entered Lincoln's Inn. However, he did not take to the law. The new University College London was just being established and in February 1828 De Morgan was unanimously elected the first Professor of Mathematics there. He resigned this post in July 1831 in response to the Professor of Anatomy being dismissed without reason. In 1836 his successor was drowned and De Morgan offered himself as a temporary substitute. He was then invited to resume the Chair. The regulations concerning dismissal had been altered, so De Morgan accepted the post and was Professor for the next 30 years. He also sometimes took private pupils. Besides his professorial work, he served for a short period as an actuary and he often gave opinions on questions of insurance. He again resigned his Chair in November 1866 due to his view that personal religious belief of a candidate should not be taken into account in appointing a candidate for the vacant Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic: others did not agree. De Morgan had many children, some of whom died before him. De Morgan himself died on 18 March 1871. In 1828 De Morgan had been elected a fellow of the Astronomical Society and he was also a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, contributing a great number of articles to its publications. He also wrote on mathematical, philosophical and antiquarian points. After De Morgan's death, his library, which consisted of about three thousand volumes, was bought by Lord Overstone who presented it to the University of London.
Henry Morley was born in Hatton Garden, London, on 15 September 1822. He was sent to a Moravian school in Germany and then to King's College London from 1838 to 1843. Morley's father was a member of the Apothecaries' Company and Morley was therefore destined for the medical profession. He did study medicine and in 1843 commenced practice as a doctor's assistant. Soon afterwards he bought a partnership but his partner turned out to be dishonest and left Morley with large debts to pay off. Morley then decided to change his plan of life and become a teacher. In 1848 he set up a school in Manchester which later moved to Liverpool. He had always loved literature and writing. He wrote a set of ironical papers which were printed in the Journal of Public Health and later in the Examiner, which was edited by John Forster. These articles attracted much attention from eminent writers such as Dickens. In 1851 Morley was persuaded by Dickens to go to London and take part in the management of Household Words. Morley began publishing his works. In 1861 he became the editor of the Examiner. In 1857 he was appointed Lecturer in English Literature at the evening school of King's College London. From 1865 to 1889 he was Professor of English Language and Literature at University College London. In 1878 he was appointed Professor of English Language and Literature at Queen's College London. He was Principal of University Hall at Gordon Square, London, from 1882 to 1890. Morley then resigned his Professorships and retired to the Isle of Wight where he died on 14 May 1894.
Charlotte Stopes was born in Edinburgh, the daughter of Jas.F.Carmichael, a landscape painter. She was educated in Edinburgh and went to women's university classes (before Scottish universities opened to women in 1892). She took the highest certificates then possible, and a diploma in eight subjects including literature, philosophy and science, achieving a first class honours. She married in 1879 Henry Stopes, architect, civil engineer and anthropologist, and had two daughters, one of whom was Marie Stopes. After marriage, Charlotte travelled over Europe and up the Nile to the Cataracts. She then settled in Upper Norwood and founded a discussion society for ladies and a Shakespeare reading society, the Shakespeare Association. She also lectured in subjects relating to women and to Shakespeare. She received an Award of the British Academy for her 'Shakespeare's Industry' in 1916. In her early days she wrote some stories for Chambers's Juvenile Series, and later wrote many books and articles mostly related to Shakespeare.
Thomas Chalmers: born in Scotland, 1780; influential theologian, preacher and philanthropist; DD; held the Chair of moral philosophy in the University of St Andrews, 1823-1828; held the Chair of theology in the University of Edinburgh, 1828-1843; Principal and Professor of divinity in the New College (of the Free Church), Edinburgh; delivered an influential course of lectures in London, 1838; a reformer, advocating self-government in the Christian church, and engaged in controversy on the subject resulting in the formation of the Free Church in Scotland, of which Chalmers was elected first moderator; devised, as means of support for the disestablished church, the sustentation fund, based on a contribution from each member of a penny a week, which was successful; worked to address the many poor in Scottish cities who attended no church; died, 1847. Publications: various works on theology, Christinity, Scripture and philosophy published during his lifetime and posthumously.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at private school in Ealing. He then went to Oxford University and achieved a double first in classics and mathematics in 1826. From 1827 to 1828 he tutored in Dublin, Ireland, and here he met John Nelson Darby and attended non-conformist worship for the first time. In 1828 Newman returned to Oxford and helped in looking after the poor. Through Darby he met Anthony Norris Groves whom he followed to Bagdad in 1830 on a mission. He returned to England in 1833. In 1834 he became a classical scholar at Bristol College and he lectured on logic. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of Classical Literature at Manchester New College Oxford. In 1846 he was appointed to the Chair of Latin at University College London, where he translated books into Latin and also wrote on subjects of religion. He held the Chair till 1869, when he became Emeritus Professor. Newman had a keen interest in political questions especially those bearing on social problems. He was a friend of Mazzini and Kossuth and published 'Reminiscences of Kossuth and Pulszky' in 1888. Newman died in 1897 in Weston-Super-Mare. During his life he published many religious, social and political, historical, mathematical, and linguistic writings.
Carl Tancred Borenius was born and educated in Finland. He married in 1909 Anne-Marie Runeberg. He became a lecturer in History of Art in 1914. In 1918 he became secretary to the diplomatic mission notifying the independence of Finland to Great Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy and the Holy See. The following year he was temporary diplomatic representative of Finland in England. Borenius was Durning-Lawrence Professor of History of Art at University College London from 1922 to 1947. He published many books and articles mainly concerned with art and art history. He died in September 1948.
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson was born in December 1828 and educated at home. He went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine in 1847 and graduated MD in 1851 with a gold medal for his thesis. He then went to continue his studies in Paris. In 1853 he settled in London as a practising physician and was soon appointed Medical Registrar of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington. That same year he married Ghetal, eldest daughter of the Rev. Ridley Haim Herschell. In 1854 he served the medical school at St Mary's Hospital as a Lecturer, first in botany and then in medical jurisprudence. In 1856 he was appointed Medical Officer of Health for Paddington and during the eleven years of his tenure of the post, gave proof of his eminence. He greatly improved sanitary conditions of the district and in 1860 he was made an inspector under the Privy Council. Also in 1860, Burdon-Sanderson became a physician at the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and also at the Middlesex Hospital. He continued carrying out investigations. In 1867 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society and Croonian lecturer. In 1870 he gave up his hospital appointments and private practice in order to devote himself exclusively to scientific research. In 1871 he was appointed Professor Superintendent of the Brown Institution (University of London) and as Professor of Practical Physiology and Histology at University College London. In 1874 he became Jodrell Professor of Physiology at University College London. He became FRCP in 1871, was Harveian orator at the College of Physicians in 1878, and was awarded the Baly medal in 1880. In 1882 he was invited to Oxford as first Waynflete Professor of Physiology. The degree of MA was conferred on him in 1883 and that of DM in 1895. He remained Waynflete Professor until 1895, when he was appointed Regius Professor of Medicine in the University. He resigned the Regius Professorship in 1903. Burdon-Sanderson served on important commissions and many honours were given to him. He took part in the modern advance in pathology, and in physiology he was an acknowledged master. He wrote many papers in his lifetime. In August 1899 he was created a baronet. He died at Oxford in November 1905.
Samuel Gregory: born, 1802; London attorney and antiquary; died, 1858.
The Clothworkers' Company is one of the livery companies - craft or trade associations - of the City of London which once controlled the craft or trade indicated by its name. In the order of precedence settled under Henry VIII in the 16th century, the Clothworkers are twelfth among the first 'twelve great' companies. The present Clothworkers' Hall, which replaced the earlier hall destroyed in 1941, is at Dunster Court, Mincing Lane, London. The Company received its first Royal Charter in 1528.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
Rowena Lamy published, with Francis Albert Eley Crew, The Genetics of the Budgerigar (Watmoughs, Idle & London [1935]).
Eton College, a public school in Eton, Berkshire, was founded by Henry VI in 1440-1441 and largely educates boys from the upper classes. The precise background to this manuscript is unknown.
Vera Beaumont Wilkinson was a student of the Faculty of Arts at University College London from 1914 to 1918, 1920 to 1921, and 1932 to 1934.
Joshua Marshman was Professor of English Law at University College London from 1844 to 1849.
The landscape painter Robert Freebairn was articled to Philip Reinagle R.A. and sent his first picture to the Royal Academy from Reinagle's house in 1782. He exhibited landscapes up to 1786 when he appears to have gone to Italy. In 1789 and 1790 he was in Rome and sent views of Roman scenery to the Academy. In 1791 he returned to England. His stay in Italy formed his style and most of his productions were representations of Italian scenery. He occasionally painted views of Welsh and Lancashire scenery. Freebairn died in London on 23 January 1808.
William Ramsay studied at Glasgow University from 1866 to 1869. In 1870 he went to Heidelberg intending to study under R W von Bunsen, but early in 1871 moved to Rudolf Fittig's laboratory in Tübingen, where he was awarded a PhD for research on Toluic and nitro-toluic acids. In 1872 Ramsay returned to Glasgow as an Assistant in Young's laboratory of technical chemistry. In 1880 he became Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol and in the following year he was made Principal of the Unversity. He married Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In 1887 Ramsay succeeded Alexander William Williamson in the Chair of General Chemistry, University College London, which he held until his retirement in 1912. Ramsay discovered argon in 1894, helium in 1895 and krypton, neon and xenon (with Morris W Travers) in 1898. In 1900 he visited India to report on the proposed Indian University of Research. He worked with Dr Frederick Soddy on radium in 1903 and with Robert Whytlaw-Gray on radon in 1909-1912.
William Sharpey: entered Edinburgh University to study the humanities and natural philosophy, 1817; commenced medical studies, 1818; admitted as amember of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, 1821; graduated MD of Edinburgh, 1823; obtained the Fellowship of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1830; elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1834; appointed to the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology at University College London, 1836; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1839; appointed an Examiner in Anatomy at London University, 1840; a member of the Council of the Royal Society, 1844; appointed Secretary of the Royal Society in place of Thomas Bell, 1853; for 15 years from 1861, one of the members appointedby the Crown on the General Council of Medical Education and Registration; retired as Secretary due to failure of eyesight, 1871; died frombronchitis in London, 1880; buried at Arbroath.
Richard Quain: born at Fermoy, county Cork, Ireland, 1800; received his early education at Adair's school at Fermoy; served an apprenticeship to a surgeon in Ireland; went to London to pursue his professional studies at the Aldersgate school of medicine; went to Paris, where he attended the lectures of Richard Bennett, a private lecturer on anatomy and a friend of his father; when Bennett was appointed a demonstrator of anatomy in the newly constituted school of the University of London (later University College London), Quain assisted him, 1828; admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS), 1828; on Bennet's death, Quain became senior demonstrator of anatomy, 1830; Professor of descriptive anatomy, 1832-1850; appointed the first assistant surgeon to University College (or the North London) Hospital (UCH), 1834; selected Fellow when the fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons was established by royal charter and admitted, 1843; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1844; succeeded as full surgeon and special professor of clinical surgery, UCH, 1848; became a member of the council of the RCS, 1854; a member of the RCS court of examiners, 1865; resigned his post at UCH, 1866; appointed consulting surgeon to the hospital and Emeritus Professor of clinical surgery in its medical school; chairman of the RCS board of examiners in midwifery, 1867; elected President of the RCS, 1868; delivered the Hunterian oration, RCS, 1869; represented the RCS in the General Council of Education and Registration, 1870-1876; at his death, one of Queen Victoria's surgeons-extraordinary; died, 1887; buried at Finchley; left the bulk of his fortune, c£75,000, for promoting, in connection with University College London, general education in modern languages (especially English) and in natural science; the Quain professorship of English language and literature and the Quain studentships and prizes were founded accordingly. Publications: edited his brother Jones Quain's Elements of Anatomy (1848); The Anatomy of the Arteries of the Human Body, with its Applications to Pathology and Operative Surgery, in Lithographic Drawings with Practical Commentaries (London, 1844); The Diseases of the Rectum (London, 1854); Clinical Lectures (London, 1884).
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue.
Arthur Smith Woodward was born in Macclesfield on 23 May 1864 and educated in Macclesfield and at Owens College Manchester. He entered the British Museum in 1882, became Assistant Keeper of Geology in 1892, and was Keeper of the Geological Department from 1901 to 1924. He became occupied with researches into extinct vertebrata, especially fish, and travelled extensively to South America and Greece. He co-operated with Charles Dawson in the discovery and interpretation of the Piltdown skull, 1912-1914. Throughout his life, he received many medals from various societies. He was Secretary of the Palaeontographical Society, 1900-1934, President of the Geologists Association, 1904-1906, and President of the Geological Society, 1914-1916. He wrote many papers, mainly about fish and geological surveys. He was knighted in 1924 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1901. Smith Woodward died on 2 September 1944.
Born at Echuca, Victoria, Australia, 1899; educated at Kyneton High School; joined Melbourne University, Queen's College, where he read medicine, 1916; appointed Tutor in Physiology, Histology and Pathology at Queen's College, 1923; invited by C H Kellaway to succeed F M Burnet as his first assistant and Deputy Director, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, 1925; went to Europe, 1927; worked first under Ludwig Aschoff at the Pathological Institute at the University in Freiburg im Breslau, Germany, and later under A E Boycott at University College Hospital Medical School (UCHMS), London; at UCHMS, Graham Scholar in Pathology, 1928-1930; Beit Fellow, 1930-1933; spent a year as a pathologist at Queen Mary's Hospital, Stratford, London, 1933-1934; Reader in Pathology at UCHMS, 1934-1937; Assistant Editor of the Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1935-1955; Professor of Morbid Anatomy at UCHMS, 1937-1964; seconded to the Chemical Defence Experimental Station, Porton Down, Wiltshire, 1939-1945; at UCHMS, Director of the Graham Department of Pathology, 1946-1964; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1946; member of the Agricultural Research Council, 1947-1956; member of Council, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, from 1948; a member of the Medical Research Council, 1952-1956; knighted, 1957; Secretary of Advisory Council, Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research, 1959-1964; received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, 1960; Foundation President of the College of Pathologists, 1962; Cameron's research topics included the pathology of liver disease and of oedema of the lung, and he approved of bringing biochemical concepts into pathology; retired, 1964; Honorary Consulting Pathologist to University College Hospital, London, and Emeritus Professor of Morbid Anatomy, University of London, 1964; Honorary Fellow, University College London, 1965; died, 1966. See also C L Oakley's memoir in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol xiv (1968), pp 83-117. Publications include: Pathology of the Cell (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London, 1952); with W G Spector, The Chemistry of the Injured Cell (Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1961); with Hou Pao-Chang, Biliary Cirrhosis (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh and London, 1962); various papers in Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.
Following the outbreak of World War One in 1914, male English civilians living in Germany were interned at Ruhleben, a former race track situated between Berlin and Spandau. Within the prisoner of war camp an English 'colony' was created, including a school, dramatic and musical societies, library, sports leagues, shops, and an internal mail service.
No information on Matthew Prichard could be found at the time of compilation.
Heathcote was Reader in the History of Science Department at University College London from 1946 to 1973.
William Maddock Bayliss was born in Wolverhampton in 1860. He was apprenticed at Wolverhampton Hospital, in order to follow his interest in medicine, but did not complete the course there. Instead, in 1881, he entered University College London, where he came under the influence of Edwin Ray Lankester and John Burdon Sanderson. In 1885 he followed Burdon Sanderson to Wadham College, Oxford, where he gained first class honours in the school of natural science in 1888. After a short time teaching physiology at Oxford, he returned to University College London where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1912 a professorship of general physiology was created specially for him. He was for a long time a member of the Physiological Society, acting as secretary from 1900 to 1922 and treasurer from 1922 until his death in 1924. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1903 and was knighted in 1922. During his time at University College London, Bayliss studied electric currents in the salivary glands and collaborated with EH Starling on electric currents in the mammalian heart. He published on venous and capillary pressures in 1894 and innervation of the intestine in 1898-99. In 1902 he discovered secretin and he also studied the vascular system, enzyme action and the use of saline injections for the amelioration of surgical shock. His principal publications were 'The nature of enzyme action' (1908), 'Principles of general physiology' (1915) and 'The vaso-motor system' (1923). In 1893 he married Gertrude Ellen Starling, sister of EH Starling. They had three sons and one daughter. One of the sons was Leonard Ernest Bayliss.Leonard Bayliss took his degree and PhD in physiology at Trinity College Cambridge, but spent most of his working life at University College London. From 1925 to 1933 he worked under Starling in the physiology department, then after some work in America and in Plymouth, he lectured in physiology at Edinburgh University. During the second world war he worked for the air force and in 1945 returned to University College. He retired in 1950 but continued as Hononary Research Assistant. In 1955 he wrote an account of the Brown Dog case from the point of view of the College, a version of which he later published in 'Potential' the journal of the University College Physiological Society (no.2, Spring 1957). He was married to a fellow physiologist, Dr Grace Eggleton.
Robert Grant was born in Edinburgh on 11 November 1793. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and at the University of Edinburgh, graduating M.D. in 1814. From 1815 to 1820 Grant studied medicine and natural history in Paris and at many continental universities. He returned to Edinburgh in 1820 and devoted himself to natural history. In 1824 he gave lectures on comparative anatomy of the invertebrate for his friend Dr John Barclay, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He believed in the transformation of species and the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin was his intimate companion in study. Grant wrote numerous original papers during this period. In June 1827 he was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at University College London and became absorbed in teaching for the next 46 years. He also lectured at other institutions. In 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. Grant died on 23 August 1874 at the age of 80.
The classical archaeologist Bunnell Lewis was born and educated in London. He went to University College London, obtaining the university scholarship in classics: he graduated BA in 1843. He became a fellow of University College in 1847 and proceeded to take an MA in classics in 1849, taking the gold medal, then awarded for the first time. He was appointed, the same year, Professor of Latin at Queen's College Cork, an position he held until 1905. He held the office of examiner in Latin at Queen's University in Ireland, for 4 years. Lewis was elected a foreign corresponding associate of the National Society of Antiquaries of France in 1883. In 1873 to 1874 he delivered courses of lectures on classical archaeology at University College London, in connection with the Slade School of Art. He travelled in many countries for purposes of antiquarian research and worked to introduce studies of this kind as a part of university education. He published a series of papers in the 'Archaeological Journal' from 1875 to 1899. Lewis died and was buried in Cork in 1908.
Born near Southend, Essex, 1890; educated at Southend High School, 1902-1908; read physics and mathematics at University College London, 1908-1911; remained at University College London for a year's postgraduate research, 1911-1912; joined the staff of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire, to study the possibilities of applying physics to agriculture, with particular reference to soil, 1913; served in World War One in the Suffolk Regiment, Gallipoli and Palestine, 1914-1917; Research Department, Woolwich Arsenal, 1918; returned to Rothamsted to set up a soil physics laboratory, 1919; re-entered University College London, 1920-1921; became Assistant Director of Soil Physics Department at Rothamsted, 1924; later Head of Soil Physics Department; Editor of the Journal of Agricultural Science, 1924-1965; broadcast talks to schools on science of agriculture and gardening, 1928-1941; remained at Rothamsted until 1947; frequent secondments overseas included the Directorship of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research, Pusa, Bihar, India, 1929-1931; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1935; President of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1938-1939; Vice-President, Institute of Physics, 1941-1943; Cantor Lecturer, Royal Society of Arts, 1942; Scientific Adviser, Middle East Supply Centre, Cairo, 1943-1945; adviser on rural development, Palestine, 1946; Chairman of UK Government Mission to West Africa on production of vegetable oils and oil seeds, 1946; adviser to East African governments on agricultural policy and research needs, 1947; Director of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organisation, 1947-1954; member of the Scientific Council for Africa, 1950-1954; Chairman of Governors, East African Tea Research Institute, 1951-1954; knighted, 1952; Scientific Adviser, Baird and Tatlock (London) Ltd, 1955-1963; member of Scientific Panel, Colonial Development Corporation, 1955-1963; member of Forest Products Research Board, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1957-1959; travelled extensively in the USA, South Africa, India, East and West Africa, the Middle East, Bulgaria and Australia, to examine and report on the scientific, technical, and administrative problems in agriculture; Doctor of Science; Fellow of University College London; died, 1981. See also Sir Charles Pereira's memoir in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol xxviii (1982). Publications: The Physical Properties of the Soil (Longmans & Co, London, 1931); The Agricultural Development of the Middle East ... A report ... May, 1945 (HM Stationery Office, London, 1946); various papers in scientific and agricultural journals.
Marischal College, a Protestant college founded in 1593, was united with King's College in 1860 to form the University of Aberdeen, and remains one of its sites.
Born in London, 1885; educated at Prior Park College, Bath, 1898-1901; University College School, London, 1901-1903; attended University College London as a medical student, 1903-1910; BSc, 1908; MB, BS, 1910; held house appointments at University College Hospital, London, for a year; worked at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London as House Physician and Resident Medical Officer; MD, 1912; Member of the Royal College of Physicians, 1913; Consulting Neurologist to the British Forces in Egypt and the Middle East, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1915-1919; OBE, 1919; mentioned in dispatches; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1920; pioneered description and analysis of human reflexes in physiological terms, 1920-1930; appointed Honorary Physician, National Hospital, Queen Square, 1921; appointed Honorary Physician, University College Hospital, 1924; DSc, 1924; delivered the Oliver Sharpey Lecture, Royal College of Physicians, 1929; editor of Brain, 1937-1953; advised caution about some `miraculous' cures at Lourdes in the Catholic Medical Guardian, 1938-1939; published, mainly in the journal Brain, important papers on the function of the cerebral cortex in relation to movements, and on neural physiology in relation to the awareness of pain, 1940-1960; honorary doctorate, National University of Ireland, 1941; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1946; delivered the Harveian oration, Royal College of Physicians of London, 1948; President of the Association of Neurologists, 1950-1951; President of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1952-1954; Ferrier Lecturer, Royal Society, 1953; knighted, 1953; from 1953, increasingly absorbed in philosophical problems of the mind-brain relationship; honorary doctorate, University of Cincinnati, 1959; President of the Royal Society of Hygiene and Public Health, 1962-1964; Fellow of University College London, 1964; in a special issue of the journal Brain, summarised his experience during fifty years as a neurologist, 1965; died, 1973. See also C G Phillips' memoir in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol xx (1974). Publications include: with (Sir) Gordon Holmes and James Taylor, edited Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson (2 volumes, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1931-1932); neurological sections of Conybeare's (1936) and Price's (1937) Textbook of Medicine; Diseases of the Nervous System (E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1940, 11th edition 1970, and widely translated); Critical Studies in Neurology (E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1948); Further Critical Studies in Neurology (E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1965); The Structure of Medicine and its Place among the Sciences (The Harveian Oration, Royal College of Physicians, E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1948); Humanism, History, and Natural Science in Medicine (The Linacre Lecture, E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1950); papers on physiology and diseases of the nervous system.
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) married Louisa Jane Butler (d.1897) in 1853. Louisa's father was George Butler (1774-1853), dean of Peterborough and previously headmaster of Harrow School. Her mother was Sarah Maria Gray from Wembley Park, Middlesex. Louisa had many brothers and sisters, one of whom was Arthur Butler. She and Galton had no children.
Roger Kingdon was a writer on phonetics.
Born in Haddington, East Lothian, 1829; educated at the Haddington burgh schools, the Hill Street Institution, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh; graduated MD, 1850; acted for fifteen months as house surgeon and resident physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; spent two years in Paris, working in the physiological and chemical laboratories of Charles Dollfus, Verdeil, and Charles-Adolphe Wurtz; his many observations were recorded in the Chimie Anatomique, notably the recognition of iron as a constant constituent of the urine, and the observation that the cherry colour of normal human urine was due to urohaematin; worked in the physiological laboratory of the Collège de France, at first under François Magendie and then under Claude Bernard, whose publications led Harley to undertake research on the effects of stimulation of nerves on the production of sugar by the liver; during his two years in Paris, almost entirely occupied with physiological research; elected annual president of the Parisian Medical Society, 1853; spent time in Germany at the universities of Würzburg (under Rudolf Virchow), Giessen (under Justus von Liebig), Berlin, Vienna, and Heidelberg; while studying in Vienna, during the Crimean War, attempted to join the army of Omar Pasha as a civil surgeon but, travelling with an irregular passport, was arrested and narrowly escaped being shot as a spy; appointed lecturer on practical physiology and histology at University College London, 1855; also curator of the anatomical museum at University College London; started practice in Nottingham Place, 1856; elected a fellow of the Chemical Society and fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1858; read at the Leeds meeting of the British Association a paper showing that pure pancreatine was capable of digesting both starchy and albuminous substances; became Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at University College London, 1859; became editor of a new year-book on medicine and surgery brought out by the New Sydenham Society, aiming to keep an epitome of science applied to practical medicine, 1859; became physician to the University College Hospital, 1860; received the triennial prize of fifty guineas from the Royal College of Surgeons of England for research into the anatomy and physiology of the suprarenal bodies, 1862; elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1864; later examiner in anatomy and physiology in the Royal College of Physicians; active in the committee of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society appointed to study the subject of suspended animation by drowning, hanging, etc, with its experiments carried out in his laboratory at University College London, 1864; experiments for the Society's committee on chloroform were also carried out there, 1864; his research while studying in Robert Bunsen's laboratory at Heidelberg on the methods of gas analysis and, after his return to England, research on the chemistry of respiration, was instrumental in his election to the fellowship of the Royal Society, 1865; active in founding the British Institute of Preventive Medicine; conducted research into the action of various poisons, and was the first to demonstrate that strychnia and wourali (arrow-poison) reciprocally neutralise one another's toxic effects; corresponding member of numerous foreign scientific societies; invented a microscope which could be transformed from a monocular into a binocular or into a polarising instrument, of high or low power; tried to reform English orthography, and advocated the omission of redundant duplicated consonants from all words except personal names; died, 1896. See George Harley, FRS: the Life of a London Physician, ed Mrs Alec Tweedie (his daughter) (The Scientific Press, London, 1899). Publications include: Jaundice: its Pathology and Treatment (London, 1863); The Urine and its Derangements (London, 1872; reprinted in America and translated into French and Italian); The Simplification of English Spelling (London, 1877); A treatise on Diseases of the Liver (London, 1883; reprinted in Canada and America, and translated into German by Dr J Kraus); On sounding for gall-stones (London, 1884); Inflammations of the Liver (London, 1886); many scientific papers in various journals, most importantly on liver diseases. George T Brown's Histology (1868) was based on demonstrations given by Harley at University College London, the second edition edited by Harley himself.
Unknown.
Marie Stopes was the eldest daughter of the anthropologist Henry Stopes and Charlotte Stopes, the writer on sixteenth-century literature. Marie was educated in Edinburgh and London. She obtained a first class honours degree and was a gold medallist at University College London. She studied for her Ph.D. in Munich. Marie was the first woman to be appointed to the science staff of the University of Manchester in 1904. She went to Japan on a Scientific Mission in 1907, spent a year and a half at the Imperial University, Tokyo, and explored the country for fossils. She specialised in coal mines and fossil plants. She founded, jointly with H. V. Roe, the Mothers' Clinic for Constructive Birth-Control, 1921 (the first birth control clinic in the world). Marie was President of the Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress. She was also Fellow and sometime Lecturer in Palaeobotany at University College London and Lecturer in Palaeobotany at the University of Manchester. She published many books, mainly concerning botany and birth control.
C.F.Goodeve was born in Winnipeg Canada, son of Canon F.W.Goodeve. He was educated at the University of Manitoba and University College London. He was a lecturer in University College London's Chemistry Department from 1930 to 1938 and Reader in Physical Chemistry from 1938 to 1945. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1940 and received an OBE in 1941. He was Assistant and later Deputy Controller for Research and Development for the Admiralty from 1942 to 1945. He was a Consultant for British Steel Corporation from 1969 and a Director of the London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Company Limited from 1971. He was knighted in 1946. During his life, Goodeve published numerous articles in scientific journals.
Born, 1917; educated: Wyggeston Boys School; University College School London; Trinity College Cambridge, 1935-1942; Friends Relief Service, Second World War; Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, 1945; Assistant Lecturer, Galton Laboratory, University College London, 1946; Lecturer, University College London; Reader, University College London; Weldon Professor of Biometrics, University College London, 1964; President of the Biometric Society (British Region), 1971-1972; died, 2002.
The Club was established in November 1844 as an offshoot of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. It met to discuss science, literature and art. Its numbers were limited to 12.
John Hepburn was a student at University College London during the session 1846-1847.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
John Morris was born in London in 1872, the eldest son of Jas. Morris, MD. He married Annie Elizabeth Frances Macgregor in 1917. He was educated privately and at University College London. He became an assistant to Professor Fleming at University College London, 1894-1898; specialising in subjects connected with illumination and cathode ray oscillographs. From 1930 to 1938 he was Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of London. He was Honorary Research Associate in Electrical Engineering at University College London from 1939, and Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at the University of London from 1938. He was a fellow of University College and of Queen Mary College, London. He was the inventor of a portable direct reading anemometer. He published 'Cathode Ray Oscillography' with J.A.Henley in 1936; 'Sir Ambrose Fleming and the birth of the valve', in 1954; and numerous papers in scientific journals. He died on 18 March 1959.
Jon Poroarson Thoroddsen was a poet and author. Professor Dr Thorvald Thoroddsen, the writer on Icelandic geology and geography, was his son.
John Flint South was born in 1797. He was educated by Rev Samuel Hemming DD, at Hampton, Middlesex, in 1805-1813. He was apprenticed as an articled pupil to Henry Cline the younger, a Surgeon at the St Thomas' Hospital, in 1814. He attended Sir Astley Cooper's lectures on anatomy. He was admitted MRCS in 1819. He became Prosector to the Lecturers on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital, and was appointed Conservator of the Museum and Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy, in 1820. He was elected Demonstrator of Anatomy jointly with Bransby Cooper in 1823, and on the retirement of Sir Astley Cooper he was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy in 1825 in preference to Bransby Cooper, an event which brought to a head disagreements between the two Borough Hospitals and led to the separation of the Medical Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's. He was elected Assistant Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital in 1834, and full Surgeon in 1841. He resigned this post in 1863, having retired from the lectureship of surgery in 1860. At the Royal College of Surgeons, South was a Member of the Council from 1841-1873. He delivered the Hunterian Oration in 1844; he was Professor of Human Anatomy from 1845-1847; a Member of the Court of Examiners from 1849-1868; Chairman of the Midwifery Board in 1859; and a Member of the Dental Board from 1864-1868. He served as Vice-President during the years 1849, 1850, 1858, and 1859, and was elected President in 1851 and 1860. As Vice-President in 1859 he marked his year of office by getting the body of John Hunter re-buried in Westminster Abbey, and wrote the inscription for his monument. South died in 1882.
Sir Richard Owen was born in Lancaster, in 1804. He was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and then enlisted as a midshipman in the Royal Navy. He became interested in surgery He returned to Lancaster and became indentured to a local surgeon, in 1820. He entered the University of Edinburgh medical school, in 1824 and privately attended the lectures of Dr John Barclay. He moved to London and became apprentice to John Abernethy, surgeon, philosopher and President of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1825. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1826. He became Assistant Curator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1827, and commenced work cataloguing the collection. He set up a private practice in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He became lecturer on comparative anatomy at St Bartholomew's Hospital, in 1829. He met Georges Cuvier in 1830 and attended the 1831 debates between Cuvier and Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, in Paris. He worked in the dissecting rooms and public galleries of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1831. He published anatomical work on the cephalopod Nautilus, and started the Zoological Magazine, in 1833. He worked on the fossil vertebrates brought back by Darwin on the Beagle. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1834; Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, in 1836-1856; and gave his first series of Hunterian Lectures to the public, in 1837. He was awarded the Wollaston gold medal by the Geological Society, in 1838; helped found the Royal Microscopical Society, in 1839; and identified the extinct moa of New Zealand from a bone fragment, 1839. He refused a knighthood in 1842. He examined reptile-like fossil bones found in southern England which led him to identify "a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" he named Dinosauria, in 1842. He developed his concept of homology and of a common structural plan for all vertebrates or 'archetype'. He became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift, in 1842, and Conservator, in 1849. He was elected to 'The Club', founded by Dr Johnson, in 1845. He was a member of the government commission for inquiring into the health of London, in 1847, including Smithfield and other meat markets, in 1849. He described the anatomy of the newly discovered (in 1847) species of ape, the gorilla, [1865]. He engaged in a long running public debate with Thomas Henry Huxley on the evolution of humans from apes. He was a member of the preliminary Committee of organisation for the Great Exhibition of 1851. He was Superintendent of the natural history collections at the British Museum, in 1856, and began researches on the collections, publishing many papers on specimens. He was prosector for the London Zoo, dissecting and preserving any zoo animals that died in captivity. He taught natural history to Queen Victoria's children, in 1860. He reported on the first specimen of an unusual Jurassic bird fossil from Germany, Archaeopteryx lithographica, in 1863. He lectured on fossils at the Museum of Practical Geology, and he was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, during 1859-1861. His taxonomic work included a number of important discoveries, as he named and described a vast number of living and fossil vertebrates. He campaigned to make the natural history departments of the British Museum into a separate museum, leading to the construction of a new building in South Kensington to house the new British Museum (Natural History), opened in 1881; [now the Natural History Museum]. He was knighted in 1884. He died in Richmond in 1892.
Whitlock Nicholl was born in Treddington, Worcester, in 1786. He grew up with his uncle, the Reverend John Nicholl. He was placed with Mr Bevan in 1802, a medical practitioner at Cowbridge in Glamorganshire. He entered as a pupil at St George's hospital, in 1806. He attended the lectures of Mr Wilson, Dr Hooper, Dr Pearson, Dr John Clarke, and Sir Everard Home. He was appointed house surgeon at the Lock Hospital, in 1808, and admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1809. He returned to Cowbridge and entered into partnership with his former master, Mr Bevan, and then succeeded him as physician on his retirement. He was created Doctor of Medicine by Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1816, and was admitted an extra Licentiate of the College of Physicians, the same year. He was created Doctor of Medicine by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1817, through the interest of his relation Sir John Nicholl. He had a successful practice in Ludlow. He matriculated from Glasgow in 1825, and attained the M D in 1826. He then moved to London, where he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1836. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1830. He died in 1838.
William Clift was born in 1775. He was apprenticed to John Hunter in 1792 and had sole charge of his museum after his death. He made copies of many of Hunter's manuscripts before the destruction of the originals by his brother-in-law Sir Everard Home. Clift was then conservator of the Hunterian Museum after the collection was transferred to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800. He continued in this role for nearly 50 years compiling an osteological catalogue of the museum and researching the collections. He died in 1849.
Sir Richard Owen was born in 1804. He studied at the University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1824. He moved to London and became apprenticed to John Abernethy, in 1825. He was made Assistant Curator to the Hunterian Museum, in 1826. Owen engaged in private practice, lectured in comparative anatomy, worked with the collections in the museum, founded various societies, and made discoveries such as the identification of a sub-order of Saurian reptiles which he named Dinosauria. Owen became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift, in 1842. Owen worked on the natural history collections of the British Museum, and campaigned for them to form a separate museum, which was opened in 1881 (now the Natural History Museum). Owen was knighted in 1884 and died in 1892.
William Long was born in 1747. He became a member of the Corporation of Surgeons in 1769. He was appointed to the Court of Assistants in 1789 until his death, firstly with the Corporation of Surgeons, and also when it became the Royal College of Surgeons in London. He was a member of the Court of Examiners, during 1797-1810. He was elected the second Master of the College in 1800. He became a Governor (equivalent to a Vice-President) between 1800-1807. He was a member of the first Museum Committee set up in 1799. He was Chairman of the Building Committee for the new College building in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was elected Assistant Surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1784, and became Surgeon, in 1791. He resigned the post in 1807 when he was elected a Governor of the Hospital. He was also a surgeon to the Bluecoat School, 1790-1807. John Painter Vincent, President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1832 and 1840, was apprenticed to Long. Long became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, in 1792, and the Royal Society, in 1801. He died in 1818.
Eleanor Davies-Colley was born in 1874. Her father was John Neville Colley Davies-Colley, a surgeon at Guy's Hospital. On graduating in 1907, she became a house surgeon under Maud Chadburn at the New Hospital for Women, founded by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (renamed the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in 1917, it is now part of the University College London Hospitals). She then became demonstrator in anatomy at the London School of Medicine, and surgical registrar at the Royal Free Hospital. In addition to her work at the South London Hospital, she was also later a surgeon at the Marie Curie Cancer Hospital and senior obstetrician at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital.
Davies-Colley and her colleague Maud Chadburn began raising funds in 1911 for a new South London Hospital for Women and Children. Enough money was raised to open an outpatients' department in Newington Causeway in 1912. A purpose-built eighty-bed hospital on Clapham Common, staffed entirely by women, was opened by Queen Mary in 1916. Davies-Colley worked at the South London Hospital for Women and Children from its foundation until her death, holding various positions including senior surgeon. The hospital remained open until 1984. It was unusual in retaining the women-only staffing policy initiated by Davies-Colley and Chadburn right up until closure.
She became the first female fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1911.She was one of the founding members of the Medical Women's Federation, in 1917. She died in 1934. One of the lecture theatres at the Royal College of Surgeons of England was refurbished and dedicated in Eleanor Davies-Colley in 2004, with the aim of celebrating the role of women in surgery and encouraging more women to enter the profession.
Sir Herbert John Seddon was born in Derby, in 1903. He spent his childhood in Manchester and then entered St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College. He became MRCS (with the Conjoint Diploma) in 1925, and graduated in 1928 with honours, becoming FRCS in the same year. He was appointed instructor in surgery to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, in 1930. He then took up the appointment of resident surgeon at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, 1931-1939. He mostly worked with children suffering from bone and joint infections. There was an epidemic of poliomyelitis in 1938. He was appointed Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Oxford in 1939, and undertook work on peripheral nerve injuries. During the World War Two, he became concerned with the epidemic poliomyelitis in Malta and Mauritius, making observations on the mode of infection and developing a technique for simple splint design and manufacture. He became Director of Studies at the Institute of Orthopaedics in London in 1948. He subsequently became the first Professor of Orthopaedics in the University of London. He became a member of the Medical Research Council for 4 years, and was a member of the Advisory Medical Council of the Colonial Office, leading to extensive tours of Africa for which he was awarded the CMG in 1951. He was awarded the Robert Jones Medal and gave the Robert Jones lecture in 1960. He was Honorary Secretary, and later President of the British Orthopaedic Association. He was knighted in 1964. He planned and implemented the Medical Research Council's investigation into tuberculosis of the vertebral column, carried out in Bulawayo, Hong Kong, Korea and South Africa. He also carried out advisory work for the Lebanese Army. He died in 1977.
Lady Caroline Amelia Owen was born in 1801. She was the daughter of William Clift, Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Richard Owen began work at the Museum as Assistant Conservator in 1827. He became friends with Clift's son, William Home Clift, and also became engaged to Caroline Clift in 1827. Mrs Clift refused to give her permission for the two to marry until Owen was earning an adequate income. They were married on Owen's birthday in 1835. Their only child, William, was born in 1837 but committed suicide at the age of 48. Caroline Owen died in 1873.
John Menzies Campbell was born in Paisley, in 1887. He studied dentistry at St Mungo's College and the Glasgow Dental School. He then became a pupil of J G Angus, LDS. Following his graduation as LDS in 1911, he went to Toronto where he graduated DDS in 1912. He became a dental practitioner in Glasgow, where he practised for 42 years. He developed a great interest in dental history, collecting a unique collection of books, artefacts, pictures and advertisements. He bequeathed his collection of books and historic dental advertisements to the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1964, while he donated the pictures and artefacts to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He died in 1974.
Benjamin Thompson was born the son of Benjamin Thompson and Ruth Simonds, in Woburn, Massachusetts, North America, in 1753. He had little formal schooling and educated himself by reading books. Later, he attended lectures at Harvard University and became a school teacher. He moved to Concord, New Hampshire and in 1772, he married Sarah Walker Rolfe, a wealthy widow; they had one daughter. In 1775, they separated permanently. Thompson then became an active member of the Tory party and fled to London, England at the fall of Boston. He was given employment at the Colonial Office and occupied himself with various experiments such as the optimal position of firing vents in canons and the velocity of shot. In 1779 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1780 he was made under-secretary for the colonies and later returned to America as Lieutenant-Colonel in the American Dragoons of George III. In 1784 he was knighted. From 1784-1795, he joined the service of the court of the elector of Bavaria and became head of the Bavarian Army. In 1793, he was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and took the name of Count (von) Rumford. He continued his scientific work and showed that heat was lost through convection and as a result he made military cloth to be more insulating. He made soup a staple and nutritional diet for the poor. He also designed a drip-type coffee maker, the double boiler and pots and pans to be used on his `insulated box' more commonly known as a stove. He later designed more efficient fire places whereby the size of the throat was enlarged according to the size of the fire place in order to reduce the amount of smoke emissions. He studied light and made standard candles, and later used steam for efficient production in the manufacture of soap and dye and also in breweries. In 1796, he gave a large amount of money to the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Boston, America, for scientific research prizes into heat and light. In 1799, he helped found the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI) with the idea of making it into a museum for technology to educate the poor. He established lectures and gained money from the aristocracy in order to fund the RI, introducing Humphry Davy (later Sir) and Thomas Young as early professors. However, he lost interest in the running of the RI and went to Paris, France, where he married Marie-Anne, widow of Antoine Lavoisier. The marriage failed and he retired to Auteuil, France, where he later died in 1814. Many of his papers were reprinted, for example under S. C. Brown, The Nature of Heat, 1968; Practical Applications of Heat, 1969; Devices and Techniques, 1969; Light and Armament, 1970; Public Institutions, 1970.