Queen Elizabeth College, which came into being with the granting of a Royal Charter in 1953, succeeded the Home Science and Economics classes of King's College Women's Department and King's College for Women, which started in 1908; the Household and Social Science Department of King's College for Women, which opened in 1915; and King's College of Household and Social Science, which operated from 1928. The amalgamation of the College with King's College London and Chelsea College was completed in 1985.
Queen Elizabeth College, which came into being with the granting of a Royal Charter in 1953, succeeded the Home Science and Economics classes of King's College Women's Department and King's College for Women, which started in 1908; the Household and Social Science Department of King's College for Women, which opened in 1915, and King's College of Household and Social Science, which operated from 1928. The amalgamation of the College with King's College London and Chelsea College was completed in 1985.
Born, 1875; educated at Guy's Hospital, MB 1901; on staff of the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital, South Africa, 1901; returned to Guy's Hospital as Assistant House Surgeon and Clinical Assistant, [1902-1904]; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1903; General Practitioner in West Kensington, 1904-1914; served on staff of Commander-in-Chief, Sir John French, 1914-1918; Assistant Director-General of the Army Medical Service; became interested in improving the teaching of domestic science and home economics and initiated a subscription campaign to provide for a hostel for such students in King's College for Women, 1911; a distinct department for women emerged in 1915; knighted (KCMG), 1919; became Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Department/College, 1922-1958; died, 1963.
Queen Elizabeth College, so called from 1953, succeeded the Home Science and Economics classes of King's College Women's Department and King's College for Women, which started in 1908; the Household and Social Science Department of King's College for Women, which opened in 1915; and King's College of Household and Social Science, which operated from 1928. The amalgamation of the College with King's College London and Chelsea College was completed in 1985.
The Environmental Research Group (ERG) is part of the School of Biomedical and Health Sciences at King's College London and is a leading provider of air quality information and research in the UK. In 1993, ERG created the London Air Quality Network (LAQN) in conjunction with the London Boroughs and Regional Health Authorities - this was the UK's first regional monitoring network. LAQN compiles information about air quality in and around Greater London. Measurements are collected either hourly or twice daily from continuous monitoring sites, processed and checked then placed on the LAQN website with an hourly update, which shows the latest pollution levels across the capital.
St Giles Hospital was founded as Camberwell Workhouse Infirmary in 1875. In 1913 it became Camberwell Parish Infirmary. In 1929 a Local Government Act transferred the care of Poor Law hospitals to the local County Councils, who were also given responsibility for the sick in their area. London County Council took over the parish of St Giles. In 1948, when the National Health Service Act came into operation, the St Giles Hospital, (as it had become), came under the administrative control of Camberwell Hospital Management Committee, which included St Francis and Dulwich Hospitals. In 1966 St Giles Hospital joined the King's College Teaching Hospital Group. This resulted in St Giles Hospital Nursing School being merged with King's College Hospital Nursing School.
St Saviour's Union Infirmary, Marlborough St, Southwark, was the parish workhouse of the St Saviour's Poor Law Union, Southwark, from 1834-1921. In 1869, the parishes of Southwark, St George the Martyr and Newington, St Mary were added to the St Saviour's Union, and in St Saviour's Union was renamed Southwark Union in 1901. In 1921 the Infirmary became known as Southwark Hospital and, ten years later, when London County Council took over the running of it, the Hospital was renamed Dulwich Hospital. In 1964, Dulwich Hospital joined King's College Hospital Group.
Born, 1896; educated at Malvern College; called to the Bar, Gray's Inn, 1923; joined Lincoln's Inn, 1931; Bencher, Gray's Inn, 1942; knighted, 1943; OBE, 1943; Chief Justice, High Court, Bombay, 1943-1947; President, Commission of Inquiry, Bombay Explosions, 1944; Queen's Counsel, 1948; Vice-Chancellor, County Palatine of Lancaster, 1948-1963; Treasurer, Gray's Inn, 1956; Chairman of Departmental Committee on Hallmarking, 1956-1958; died, 1978.
Born Gloucester, 1802; moved to London, 1806; school in Vere Street, London, 1813; placed with uncle Charles, musical instrument maker, Strand, London, 1816; worked under father, William, musical instrument maker, 1818-1823; early demonstrations of experiments into acoustics and the transmission of sound, 1821; first paper published on 'New experiments in sound', in Annals of philosophy, 1823; inherited musical instrument business belonging to uncle, Charles, 1823; relocated business to Conduit Street, London, 1829; invented kaleidophone, 1826-1827; Michael Faraday delivers first lecture on sound on behalf of Wheatstone, Royal Institution, London, 1828; Wheatstone announces invention of concertina, 1830; invents stereoscope, 1830-1832; experiments to measure velocity of electricity, 1830-1837; Professor of Experimental Philosophy, King's College London, 1834-1875; work on electricity generation, [1834-1850]; lectures on sound at King's College London, 1836; Fellow of Royal Society, 1836; invents constant cell battery, [1836]; first patent on electric telegraph with William Fothergill Cooke, 1837; first public demonstration of stereoscope, Royal Society, 1838; installs five needle telegraph, Paddington to West Drayton, London, 1838-1839; work on improvements to electric telegraph, [1840-1845]; high point of work on polarisation of light, [1840-1870]; 'Wheatstone Bridge' invented, 1843; conducts earliest submarine telegraph cable experiment in Swansea Bay, 1844; invents iron core galvanometer, 1845; assists work of parliamentary Select Committee on Ordnance concerning electrical detonation devices, 1855; perfects first practical ABC telegraph, 1858; establishes Universal Private Telegraph Company, 1861; with Carl Wilhelm Siemens invents self-excited generator, 1867; knighted, 1868; died 1875. Publications: The scientific papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone (London, 1879).
Born in London, 1886; educated at St Albans School and University College, London; joined Oxford University Press as a reader, 1908; remained a member of staff (as a literary advisor) until his death, working mainly in London; published his first book of verse, 1912; a prolific author, he continued to write and lecture until his death, producing anthologies, prefaces, reviews, and over thirty volumes of poetry, plays, literary criticism, fiction, biography and theological argument; associates included C S Lewis, T S Eliot and Dorothy Sayers; member of the Church of England; increasingly devoted his writings, particularly his novels, Arthurian poems, and literary and theological commentaries, to doctrines of romantic love (believing that the romantic approach could reveal objective truth) and the coinherence of all humans; abandoned the traditional form of his early verse; in recognition of two courses of lectures in wartime Oxford, awarded an honorary MA (University of Oxford), 1943; died at Oxford, 1945. See also C S Lewis's preface to Essays presented to Charles Williams (Oxford University Press, London, 1947). Publications: Poetry: The Silver Stair (1912); Poems of Conformity (1917); Divorce (1920); Windows of Night (1925); A Myth of Shakespeare (1929); Heroes and Kings (1930); Three Plays (1931); Thomas Cranmer of Canterbury (the Canterbury Festival play, 1936); Taliessin through Logres (1938); Judgement at Chelmsford (1939); The Region of the Summer Stars (1944). Prose: as editor, A Book of Victorian Narrative Verse (1927); Poetry at Present (1930); War in Heaven (1930); Introduction to Gerard Hopkins's Poems (2nd edition, 1930); Many Dimensions (1931); The Place of the Lion (1931); The Greater Trumps (1932); The English Poetic Mind (1932); Shadows of Ecstasy (1933); Bacon (1933); Reason and Beauty in the Poetic Mind (1933); James I (1934); Rochester (1935); Elizabeth (1936); New Book of English Verse (1935); Descent into Hell (1937); Henry VII (1937); He came down from Heaven (1937); Descent of the Dove (1939); Witchcraft (1941); The Forgiveness of Sins (1942); The Figure of Beatrice (1943); as editor, The Letters of Evelyn Underhill (1943); All Hallows' Eve (1944).
E K Hunt trained in nursing at King's College Hospital, 1920-1923, gaining General Nursing Council registration in Jun 1925. In 1940, she was resident at Hydon Heath, Godalming, Surrey.
Amy Katherine Bullock, trained at King's College Hospital, 1923-1927, gaining General Nursing Council registration in 1927.
Mary Jones was born in Tamworth, Staffordshire, 1813, the daughter of Robert Jones, cabinet maker. In 1853, she was elected as Superintendent of St John's House, London. Here she undertook to train and dispatch parties of Sisters and nurses to serve under Florence Nightingale in the Crimea. St John's flourished under her management, and in 1856, took over nursing at King's College Hospital, Sister Mary becoming the Sister-in-Charge. In 1866, St John's accepted a nursing contract with Charing Cross Hospital, London, and Sister Mary was also Sister-in-Charge there. In 1868, she resigned from St John's. With a number of other sisters, she founded a new Community known as the Sisterhood of St Mary and St John, located initially at 5 Mecklenberg St, moving to Percy House, Percy Circus, near King's Cross in 1868. In 1872/3, the sisterhood, with Mary as Mother Superior, moved to 30 Kensington Square, and founded the St Joseph's Hospital for Incurables. She contracted typhoid fever and died on 3 Jun 1887.
Phillips trained as a nurse at King's College Hospital, 1914-1917, gaining General Nursing Council registration in 1922.
Margaret Purkis trained as a nurse at King's College Hospital, 1927-1930, gaining General Nursing Council registration, Nov 1930.
Stagg trained as a nurse at King's College Hospital 1924-1927, gaining General Nursing Council registration in 1928. She was also Nurse Tutor at King's College Hospital.
Henry Cline: born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827.
Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
Percy Croad Brett of West Hampstead was a medical student, probably at St Mary's Hospital Paddington.
John Ernest Frazer was born, London, 1870; educated at Dulwich College; trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital; worked in London and provincial hospitals; health injured by post-mortem wound; took up anatomy as speciality, 1900; Demonstrator, St George's Hospital; transferred to King's College Hospital, 1905; Lecturer, St Mary's Hospital, 1911; acted as Out Patient Surgeon during World War One; Professor of Anatomy, University of London, 1914-1941; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1915-1916; Harveian Lecturer, 1924; Member of Council and President, Anatomical Society; Examiner, Universities of London, Durham, Oxford, and Cambridge; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons; Professor Emeritus, University of London, 1942; died, 1946.
Publications: The Anatomy of the Human Skeleton (J & A Churchill, London, 1914); Buchanan's Dissection Guide with Edward Barclay-Smith and R H Robbins (Bailliere & Co, London, 1930); A Manual of Embryology (Bailliere & Co, London, 1931); Manual of Practical Anatomy with Reginald Henry Robbins 2 volumes (Bailliere & Co, London, 1937); Buchanan's manual of anatomy including embryology sixth edition edited by J E Frazer (Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, 1937); numerous papers, mainly Embryological in Journal of Anatomy and other Journals.
Born at Camberwell on 19 Jan 1827, the son of John Syer Bristowe, a medical practitioner in Camberwell, and Mary Chesshyre his wife. He was educated at Enfield and King's College schools, and entered at St. Thomas's Hospital as a medical student in 1846. A distinguished student, he took the Treasurer's gold medal, in 1848, and in the same year he obtained the gold medal of the Apothecaries' Society for botany. In 1849 he was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and on 2 Aug. 1849 he received the licence of the Society of Apothecaries. In 1850 he took the degree of M.B. of the University of London, gaining the scholarship and medal in surgery and the medals in anatomy and materia medica; in 1852 he was admitted M.D. of the London University.
In 1849 he was house surgeon at St. Thomas's Hospital, and in the following year he was appointed curator of the museum and pathologist to the hospital. He was elected assistant physician in 1854, and during the next few years he held several teaching posts, being appointed lecturer on botany in 1859, on materia medica in 1860, on general anatomy and physiology in 1865, on pathology in 1870. In 1860 he was elected full physician, and in 1876 he became lecturer on medicine, a post which he held until his retirement in 1892, when he became consulting physician to the hospital.
He served many important offices at the Royal College of Physicians. Elected a fellow in 1858, he was an examiner in medicine in 1869 and 1870. In 1872 he was Croonian lecturer, choosing for his subject 'Disease and its Medical Treatment;' in 1879 he was Lumleian lecturer on 'The Pathological Relations of Voice and Speech.' He was censor in 1876, 1886, 1887, 1888, and senior censor in 1889. He was examiner in medicine at the universities of Oxford and London, at the Royal College of Surgeons, and at the war office. He was also medical officer of health for Camberwell (1856-95), physician to the Commercial Union Assurance Company, and to Westminster School.
In 1881 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him at the tercentenary of the Edinburgh University in 1884. He was president of the Pathological Society of London in 1885, of the Neurological Society in 1891, and of the Medical Society of London in 1893. In this year he delivered the Lettsomian lectures on 'Syphilitic Affections of the Nervous System.' He was also president of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, of the Hospitals Association, and of the metropolitan counties' branch of the British Medical Association. In 1887 his term of office as physician to St. Thomas's Hospital having expired, he was appointed for a further term of five years at the unanimous request of his colleagues.
Bristowe married, on 9 Oct. 1856, Miriam Isabelle Stearns of Dulwich. He died on 20 Aug. 1895 at Monmouth. A three-quarter-length portrait by his daughter, Miss Beatrice M. Bristowe, hangs in the committee-room at St. Thomas's Hospital.
He presented to the Public Health Department of the Privy Council a series of important reports 'On Phosphorus Poisoning in Match Manufacture' (1862), 'On Infection by Rags and Paper Works' (1865), 'On the Cattle Plague' (1866) in conjunction with Professor (Sir) J. Burdon Sanderson, and 'On the Hospitals of the United Kingdom' jointly with Mr. Timothy Holmes. He had considerable skill as a draughtsman, and many of the microscopical drawings to be found in his books were the work of his own hand. In particular his figures of trichina spiralis, a parasitic worm in the muscles of man, have been copied into many textbooks.
Publications: Poems, London, 1850; A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Medicine, London, 1876; Clinical Lectures and Essays on Diseases of the Nervous System, 1888; Annual Reports of the Medical Officer of Health to the Vestry of St. Giles, Camberwell, Surrey, L
Born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr. Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; frequently lectured for Joseph Else, then lecturer on anatomy; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; attended a course of John Hunter's lectures, and was much influenced by them, 1774; lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; Master of the College of Surgeons, 1815; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; President of the College of Surgeons, 1823; died, 1827.
Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
Born, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1710; educated, Glasgow University, and became pupil of a physician; surgeon to a merchant ship, 1729; apothecary's assistant, London; practiced at Auchinlee, near Hamilton, 1731-1732; student, Edinburgh Medical School, 1734-1736; practiced as a surgeon in Hamilton, 1736-1744; chief magistrate of Hamilton, 1739-1740; graduated MD, Glasgow, 1740; practiced in Glasgow, 1744-; founded a medical school, lecturing on medicine and several other subjects; made some discoveries on the evolution of heat in chemical combinations and the cooling of solutions; Professor of Medicine, Glasgow University, 1751; joint Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University; began to give clinical lectures in the infirmary, 1757; delivered a course of lectures on materia medica, continuing his chemistry course, 1760-1761; Professor of the 'Institutes' or theory of physic, Edinburgh University, 1766-1773; lectured in alternate years on the theory and the practice of medicine with John Gregory; Professor of the Practice of Physic, Edinburgh University, 1773-1789; President, Edinburgh College of Physicians, 1773-1775; helped prepare the new edition of the 'Edinburgh Pharmacopeia', 1774; foreign associate of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, 1776; Fellow, Royal Society of London, 1777; died, 1790.
Publications include: Lectures on the Materia Medica, etc (T Lowndes, London, 1773); A Letter to Lord Cathcart ... concerning the recovery of persons drowned and seemingly dead (J Murray, London, 1776); Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids, and of some other means of producing cold (1777); Institutions of Medicine. Part I. Physiology. For the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition (W Creech, Edinburgh, 1677 [1777]); First Lines of the Practice of Physic, for the use of students in the University of Edinburgh Second edition 4 volumes (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1778-1784); The Substance of Nine Lectures on Vegetation and Agriculture, delivered to a private audience in the year 1768 (1796); Clinical Lectures delivered in the years 1765 and 1766 (Lee & Hurst, London, 1797); Nosology: or, a Systematic arrangement of diseases, by classes, orders, genera, and species; with the distinguishing characters of each, and outlines of the systems of Sauvages, Linnæus, Vogel, Sagar, and Macbride. Translated from the Latin of W Cullen (William Creech, Edinburgh, 1800); The Works of William Cullen ... Containing his Physiology, Nosology and First Lines of the Practice of Physic: with numerous extracts from his manuscript papers, and from his Treatise of the Materia Medica Edited by John Thomson 2 volumes (William Blackwood, Edinburgh; T & G Underwood, London, 1827).
Unknown. Thought to have been the St Thoma's Hospital Medical School Librarian.
William Gruggen entered St Thomas's Hospital as a pupil on 8th October, 1809.
Astley Paston Cooper was born at Brooke Hall near Norwich, 1768; educated at home; apprenticed to his uncle, William Cooper, surgeon to Guy's Hospital, 1784; soon after transferred to Henry Cline, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital; Edinburgh Medical School, 1787-1788; Demonstrator of anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1789; joint lecturer with Cline in anatomy and surgery, 1791; lectured on anatomy at the College of Surgeons, 1793-1796; Surgeon, Guy's Hospital, 1800-1825; private practice rapidly increased; Fellow, Royal Society, 1802; made post-mortem examinations wherever possible, and was often in contact with 'resurrectionists'; a founder and first treasurer, 1805, President, 1819-1820, Medical and Chirurgical Society of London; Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, 1813; lectured, 1814-1815; performed a small operation on George IV, 1820; by the bestowal of a baronetcy; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1822; published his 'Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints', 1822; resigned his lectureship at St. Thomas's, 1825; instigator of the founding of a separate medical school at Guy's Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to Guy's Hospital; President, College of Surgeons, 1827, 1836; Sergeant-Surgeon to King William IV, 1828; Vice-President, Royal Society, 1830; died, 1841.
Publications include: The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Inguinal and Congenital Hernia (Crural and Umbilical Hernia) (printed for T Cox; sold by Messrs Johnson, etc, London, 1804); A Treatise on Dislocations, and on Fractures of the Joints (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown; E Cox & Son, London, 1822); The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., F.R.S. ... on the Principles and Practice of Surgery: with additional notes and cases, by Frederick Tyrrell 3 volumes (Thomas & George Underwood, London, 1824-1827); Illustrations of the Diseases of the Breast ... In two parts (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green: London, 1829; Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery Second edition (F C Westley, London, 1830); Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green; Highley & Underwood, London, 1830); The Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (Longman, Rees, Orme, Green & Brown, London, 1832).
John Haighton was born in Lancashire, in about 1755; pupil, St Thomas's Hospital; Surgeon to the Guards; Demonstrator of Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital; Lecturer in Physiology, [1788] and Midwifery, St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals; conducted numerous physiological experiments; silver medal, Medical Society of London, 1790; presided at meetings of the Physical Society, Guy's Hospital; joint editor of Medical Records and Researches, 1798; died, 1823.
Publications include: 'An Attempt to Ascertain the Powers concerned in the Act of Vomiting' in Memoirs of the Medical Society of London (ii. 250), (1789); 'An Experimental Inquiry concerning the Reproduction of Nerves' in Philosophical Transactions, 1795, and Medical Facts and Observations vol. vii; A case of Tic Douloureux ... successfully treated by a division of the affected nerve (1798); A syllabus of the Lectures on Midwifery delivered at Guy's Hospital and at Dr Lowder's and Dr Haighton's Theatre in ... Southwark (London, re-printed, 1799).
Thomas Byrdall Hugo of Newton Abbott, Devon, was admitted 24 Jan 1780 as pupil at St Thomas's Hospital. Died 1780.
Joseph Else was Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, London from 1768 to 1780. He was appointed Lecturer in Anatomy and Surgery in 1768 on the unification of the medical schools of St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals.
Publications: An essay on the cure of the hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis testis (London, 1770); The works of ... J. E., ... containing a treatise on the hydrocele, and other papers on different subjects in surgery. To which is added, an appendix, containing some cases of hydrocele ... by G Vaux (London, 1782); [An account of a successful method of treating sore legs.] Méthode avantageuse de traiter les ulcères des jambes in [Surgical tracts, containing a treatise upon ulcers of the legs.] Traité sur les ulcères des jambes, etc by Michael Underwood M D pp 217-228 (1744 [1784]).
William MacCormac was born in Belfast, 17 January 1836, the son of Henry MacCormac, MD and his wife Mary Newsham. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution, Queen's College, Belfast where he graduated BA, 1855, MA, 1858, MD, MCh, 1879 and DSc, 1882, winning the gold medal of the university. He also became MRCS (England) 1857, and FRCS (Ireland) 1864. After graduation MacCormac studied surgery in Berlin.
He practised as a surgeon in Belfast from 1864 to 1870, becoming successively surgeon, lecturer on clinical surgery, and consulting surgeon to the Royal Hospital. In 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco-German war, MacCormac volunteered for service. Appointed to hospital duties at Metz, he was treated on his arrival as a spy and returned to Paris, where he joined the Anglo-American association for the care of the wounded. Returning to London at the end of the Franco-German war, he became Assistant Surgeon at St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the Albert Embankment. He was made full surgeon in 1873 following the resignation of Frederick le Gros Clark (1811-1892), and he was for twenty years lecturer on surgery in the medical school. He was elected consulting surgeon to the hospital and emeritus lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical school on retiring from active work in 1893.
As honorary general secretary, he contributed largely to the success of the seventh International Medical Congress in London in 1881, the Transactions' of which he edited; he was knighted on 7 Dec. for these services. He was president of the Medical Society of London in 1880 and of the metropolitan counties branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. MacCormac was also surgeon to the French, the Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British lying-in hospitals. He was an examiner in surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Army, and Indian Medical Services. In 1897 he was created a baronet and was appointed surgeon in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII; on 27 Sept. 1898 he was appointed K.C.V.O. in recognition of professional services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England, MacCormac was elected a member of the council in 1883, and in 1887 of the court of examiners. He delivered the Bradshaw lecture in 1893, taking as the subjectSir Astley Cooper and his Surgical Work,' and he was Hunterian orator in 1899. He was elected president in 1896, and enjoyed the unique honour of re-election on four subsequent occasions, during the last of which he presided over the centenary meeting held on 26 July 1900. His war service was still further extended, and his great practical knowledge was utilised in the South African campaign of 1899-1900, when he was appointed `government consulting surgeon to the field force.' In this capacity he visited all the hospitals in Natal and Cape Colony, and went to the front on four occasions. In 1901 he became K.C.B. for his work in South Africa, and an honorary serjeant-surgeon to King Edward VII.
He married in 1861 Katharine Maria Charters of Belfast. He died at Bath on 4 December 1901.
Publications: Notes and Recollections of an Ambulance Surgeon, being an Account of Work done under the Red Cross during the Campaign of 1870, London 1871; Surgical Operations, part 1, 1885, part 2, 1889, Smith, Elder & Co.: London; An Address to the Students of St. Thomas's Hospital ... October 1st, 1874, J W Kolckmann: London, 1874; On Abdominal Section for the Treatment of Intraperitoneal Injury, 1887; Antiseptic Surgery: an address delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital, with the subsequent debate, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1880; The Hunterian Oration. Delivered ... February 14, 1899, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1899; An Address of Welcome on the Occasion of the Centenary Festival of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1900; with biographical accounts, often with portraits, of the sixty-one masters or presidents.; Transactions of the International Medical Congress. Seventh session held in London ... 1881. Prepared for publication under the direction of the Executive Committee by Sir William Mac Cormac ... assisted by George Henry Makins ... and the secretaries of the sections, J W Kolckmann: London, 1881.
Edward Barber entered St Thomas Hospital as dresser to Mr Whitfield in 1828.
Joseph Henry Green: Born, London, 1791; studied in Germany, [1806-1809]; apprenticed at the College of Surgeons to his uncle, Henry Cline; pupil at St Thomas's Hospital; demonstrator of anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1813; diploma of the College of Surgeons, 1815; private surgical practice in Lincoln's Inn Fields, 1815-1836; private course in philosophy in Berlin, 1817; Lecturer on anatomy and later surgery, St Thomas's Hospital, 1818-[1852]; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1820-1852; Professor of Anatomy, College of Surgeons, 1824; elected to the Royal Society, 1825; Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy, 1825-1852; Professor of Surgery, King's College, 1830-1837; close friend and was literary executor of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1834, becoming interested in systematising, developing, and establishing the doctrines of Coleridgean philosophy; life member, 1835, examiner, 1846, President, 1849-1850, 1858-1859, College of Surgeons; Hunterian orator, 1841, 1847; D.C.L., Oxford, 1853; College of Surgeons representative on the General Medical Council, 1858; president, General Medical Council, 1860-1863; died, 1863.
Publications include: A letter to Sir Astley Cooper ... on certain proceedings connected with the establishment of an anatomical and surgical school at Guy's Hospital (London, 1825); The dissector's manual (printed for the Author, London, 1820); Distinction without separation. A letter to the President of the College of Surgeons on the present state of the profession (London, 1831); An address delivered in King's College, London, at the commencement of the medical session, Octr. 1832 (London, 1832); Suggestions respecting the intended plan of medical reform (London, 1834); A Manual of Modern Surgery, founded upon the principles and practice lately taught by Sir Astley Cooper Bart. ... and Joseph Henry Green edited by T Castle, fifth edition (W Rushton & Co, Calcutta, 1839); The principles and practice of Ophthalmic Surgery: comprising the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the eye, with the treatment of its diseases by B Travers and J H Green, edited by Alexander Cooper Lee (London, 1839); Vital dynamics. The Hunterian oration (W Pickering: London, 1840); The touchstone of medical reform; in three letters addressed to Sir Robert Harry Inglis, Bart (London, 1841); Mental Dynamics, or Groundwork of a professional education. The Hunterian Oration (London, 1847); Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit, and some miscellaneous pieces, etc [With an introduction by Joseph H Green] Samuel Taylor Coleridge (William Pickering: London, 1849); Spiritual philosophy 2 volumes (London, Cambridge,1865).
George Henry Makins was born 3 November 1853, and was the son of G H Makins. He was educated at Gloucester; St Thomas's Hospital; and Halle, Vienna.
During his career he served as Consulting Surgeon South African Field Force, 1899-1900; served European War, 1914-1918; Chairman of Committee of Inquiry into Standard of Comfort and Accommodation in the Hospitals of British Troops in India, 1918; late Under-Secretary, International Medical Congress, London, 1881, and Treasurer, 1913; Lecturer on Surgery and Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School; President and Member of the Court of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons, England; Examiner for the Army and Indian Medical Services; President of the Board of Examiners for the Naval Medical Service, and Member of the Consultative Committee, Queen Alexandra Military Hospital.
He was Consulting Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital and to Evelina Hospital for Sick Children; Hon. Major General, Army Medical Services; Member of Council British Red Cross Society; Treasurer Imperial Cancer Research Fund. He was awarded GCMG, 1918; KCMG, 1915; CB 1900; LLD Cambridge. and Aberdeen; FRCS.
In 1885 he married Margaret Augusta nee Kirkland, (died 1931), widow of General Fellowes. Makins died on 2 November 1933.
Publications: Surgical Experiences in South Africa 1899-1900, Being mainly a clinical study of the nature and effects of injuries produced by bullets of small calibre Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1901; On Gunshot Injuries to the Blood-vessels, Founded on experience gained in France during the Great War, 1914-1918. J. Wright & Sons, Bristol, 1919; Gunshot Injuries of the Arteries, etc. (The Bradshaw Lecture.) Henry Frowde; Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1914; and papers on various medical subjects.
George Fletcher, was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, 29 Feb 1848, the son of Dr Fletcher and his wife Annie Stodgon. He was educated at Bromsgrove School, and Clare College Cambridge. Awarded MA, MD (Cantab), MRCS, LSA. He worked as a surgeon at St Thomas's Hospital, London.
Publications: The Life & Career of Dr. William Palmer of Rugeley, etc, T. Fisher Unwin: London, 1925); The Management of Athletics in Public Schools, a paper, H. K. Lewis: London, 1886.
Robert Cory, member of the medical staff of St Thomas's Hospital, 1875-1896.
Publications: Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Vaccination, Bailliere, Tindall & Cox: London, 1898; On the Relation of Cow-Pox and Horse-Pox to Smallpox. A thesis ... Reprinted from vol. IX. of the St. Thomas's Hospital Reports, J. E. Adlard: London, 1885
John Newton Tomkins was a medical student at St Thomas's Hospital in 1831-1834.
Jonathan Toogood was a surgeon, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and one of the founders of the Bridgewater Infirmary in 1813. He retired to Torquay in the 1860s and died in 1869.
Publications include: Hints to Mothers and other persons interested in the management of females at the age of puberty (London, 1845); Illustrations of the Fraud and Folly of Homeopathy (London, 1848); Medical Toogoodism and Homeopathy. Extracted from the British Journal of Homeopathy (London, 1849); Reminiscences of a Medical Life, with cases and practical illustrations (Taunton, 1853).
J William Valantines of Doncaster. Unknown.
Henry Cline: born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827. Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer and Co, London, 1805).
Born 1920; educated, University of London; Department of Education, Jamaica, 1954; University of Guyana; helped establish the College of the Bahamas; helped establish B.Ed and MA corses at the University of the West Indies; Professor of Education, Recife University, Brazil; consultant for the World Bank, Unesco and the Commonwealth Secretariat; died 2006. Publications: The Making of the West Indies with F R Augier, D G Hall and M Reckord (1960)
Sources of West Indian History with F R Augier (1962)
Century of West Indian Education (1963)
Reports and Repercussions in West Indian Education (1968)
God Almighty Make Me Free (1996)
Our Cause for His Glory (1998)
The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress (it changed its name to the ANC in 1923) with the aim of replacing tribal opposition to white rule with a united African force. At first its membership was narrow - its leaders drawn from among traditional chiefs and wealthy Africans, its aims were limited and its activities were law-abiding. An attempt by J.T. Gumede to create a mass anti-imperialist movement was defeated by the moderates in 1930, following which the ANC lapsed into inactivity.
With an enlarged membership, a new President-General, Dr A.P. Xuma, and the adoption in 1943 of a new constitution and political programme - calling for full political rights for the first time - the ANC began its transformation into mass movement. It began to co-operate with other organisations, like the Communist Party and the South African Indian Congress. The Congress Youth League, formed in 1944, played an increasingly powerful role within the ANC: in 1949, its Programme of Action, with mass opposition to apartheid at its heart, was adopted as ANC policy. The Defiance' campaign of 1952 was the result and, though eventually broken by the state forces, it did give the ANC a mass membership. Under the Presidency of Albert Lutuli and the leadership of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others, the ANC became the leading resistance force in South Africa. The alliances it developed with other organisations, including the South African Indian Congress and the Congress of Democrats, led to the formation of the Congress Alliance, whose delegates adopted the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in 1955. This was adopted as the ANC's programme in 1956. In the same year, the Charter was used as the basis of a charge of treason against 156 members of the Congress Alliance. All of the accused in the 'Treason Trials' were acquitted, but in April 1960 the ANC was forced underground when it was banned as anunlawful organisation' following the pass law campaign and the Sharpeville massacre.
Many leaders went into exile and an external mission under Oliver Tambo and a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), under Mandela were formed. After the arrest at Rivonia in 1963 of Mandela, Sisulu and other leaders and their imprisonment, ANC activities were for a while based mainly on the work of the external mission and the development of MK. However, following the rise of mass opposition among workers and students in the 1970s and 80s, the ANC's position as the leading anti-apartheid force was confirmed after the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and his and the ANC's subsequent victory in the election of 1994.
The South African Indian Congress was formed when the Natal, Transvaal and Cape Indian Congresses merged in 1920. Like the ANC, it was at first a moderate organisation until the rise of radical leaders like Dr Yusuf Dadoo and Dr G.M. Naicker in the 1940s. As well as organising passive resistance and strikes by Indian workers from 1946 onwards, they developed links with other resistance movements, first through the Non-European Unity Movement, then with the ANC. In 1947 Dadoo, Naicker and Xuma of the ANC agreed a pact for joint action by the South African Indian Congress and the ANC. The SA Indian Congress joined the Defiance Campaign in1952 and then the Congress Alliance in 1953. It had members among the Treason Trial defendants and in MK when it was formed in 1961. Though never banned, its leaders and membership were broken by state repression in the early 1960s. The Natal Indian Congress was revived in 1971 and the Transvaal Indian Congress in 1983. Both were prominent in the establishment of the United Democratic Front in the mid-1980s.
The first organised Trotskyist organisation on the Witwatersrand was an ephemeral Communist League of Africa, founded in 1932 by Thibedi, followed by a succession of small Trotskyist groups in Johannesburg. In the Western Cape, which was to become the historical stronghold of South African Trotskyism, the first organisation was the Lenin Club, which was formed in 1933. It split soon after, with its majority faction joining with Johannesburg-based groups to form the Workers' Party of South Africa in 1935, and the remainder forming the Communist League of South Africa. The South African Trotskyists were, from the start, characterised by centrifugal tendencies, and were also disunited in their response to the two-stage theory of the Communist Party of South Africa.
Proposals to introduce income tax to Kenya Colony and to the Straits Settlements were made in 1933 and 1940 respectively. In the case of Kenya there was strong opposition from colonists working in trade and commerce, who viewed the proposed legislation as detrimental to their economic viability and a removal of one of the material benefits of living and working in the colony. The petition was spearheaded by Lord Francis Scott, a son of the Duke of Buccleuch, and a Member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.
In the Straits Settlements, while an increase in taxation was accepted in principle because of the outbreak of war, the petitioners viewed income tax as a method impossible to implement efectively and fairly, because of widespread corruption in the colony. They suggested (but did not specify) an alternative method of taxation which would be self-assessing.
In Fiji, schools for the large Indian community provided (in accordance with legislation) teaching of and in the Indian language of Hindustani only, despite there being significant numbers speaking the languages of South India, namely Tamil, Telegu and Malayalam. There had been moves to widen the teaching to include these languages in the 1930s, instigated by the then Governor, Sir Arthur Richards. Following Sir Arthur's transfer from the Colony, the matter remained in abeyance, and the petitioners sought to reactify this by appealing directly to the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Australia held a year of celebrations in 1988 to mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of the country. Events were co-ordinated by the Australian Bicentennial Authority, with individual states, cities and other organisations mounting their own celebrations.
Jack Gallagher worked as a teacher and education adviser in Lesotho during the 1980s and 1990s. He accumulated this material during this time: some relates directly to his work and personal interests, while other items were collected by him. Gallagher donated a substantial Library to ICS as well as these archival items.
The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation (CTO) promotes, through collaborative projects, the growth of international telecommunications throughout the Commonwealth. The organisation endeavours to link its commitment to development and training to the benefits attached to the creation and extension of commercial opportunities.
Commonwealth collaboration in international telecommunications dates back to 1902. During this period the nature and scope of formal Commonwealth collaboration in this field has undergone profound change. In most respects, this change reflects technological development and, by extension, the commercial nature of the telecommunications business and, of course, the changing status and functions of the Commonwealth. The CTO is the present institutional manifestation of this wider evolution.
The earliest substantive example of Commonwealth collaboration was the establishment of the Pacific Cable Board (PCB). The first submarine telegraph cables linking Britain with the other commonwealth dominions of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand were laid by cable companies. These companies were unwilling to meet the expense of laying a cable across the Pacific from Canada to Australia. The Dominion governments considered that the link was necessary for the enhancement of imperial strategic security and imperial trade. The PCB was given the responsibility of constructing and managing the cable, which was laid in 1902. In subsequent years the board established and operated facilities in other parts of the Commonwealth.
The commercial development of long-distance radio transmission by the Marconi company led to the introduction in the 1920s of beam radiotelegraphy between Britain and Australia, Canada, India and South Africa. This new medium posed a threat to the commercial interests of British long-distance cable companies. In 1928 the inter-governmental Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference was convened to discuss the situation. This produced a report recommending, inter alia, the formation of a single communications company to take over and operate all the communications systems of all wireless and cable companies throughout the Commonwealth and Empire, including the British Post Office (BPO) and the Pacific Cable Board. This company (Imperial and International Communications Ltd) later became known as Cable and Wireless Limited. Since then, Cable and Wireless has continued to play an important commercial and training role in Commonwealth telecommunications.
The 1928 conference also led to the creation of the Imperial Communications Advisory Committee (ICAC), which the new company was required to consult on any questions of policy, including alterations in rates. Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Irish Free State, New Zealand and South Africa were represented on this committee. British committee members were usually drawn from British Dominion Office personnel and Dominion officials came from the respective high commissions in London. A Colonial Office official represented the British Colonies and Protectorates.
In making these arrangements the 1928 Conference was particularly concerned to ensure that the competing technologies of wireless and cable transmission was integrated and harmonised to maximise the benefits to the Commonwealth as a whole.
The Second World War had a considerable impact on Commonwealth telecommunications and in 1942 a Commonwealth Conference in Australia recommended that the advisory committee should be reconstituted. It was replaced by the Commonwealth Communications Council (CCC), with its members now being resident in their own countries. This change was effected in 1944 and the new council met in London on five occasions between 1944 and 1949. Much of its time and effort was devoted to devising ways and means of improving the central co-ordination of Commonwealth telecommunications, a matter which the governments regarded as essential for the consolidation and strengthening of the Commonwealth system.
In 1945 Lord Reith, at the request of the British Government, undertook a tour of the Dominions, including India, in order to discuss with the governments the new proposals put forward by London. This tour prepared the way for a Commonwealth Telecommunications Conference in London in that same year. The conference was attended by representatives of the Dominions, as well as Southern Rhodesia and India. The central recommendation was for the nationalisation of all overseas telecommunications in the Commonwealth and for the establishment of a strong central co-ordinating body. This new central body would replace the CCC and was to be known as the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board.
These recommendations were accepted and embodied in the Commonwealth Telegraphs Agreement, signed in London on 11 May 1948. Provision was included in the agreement for operating agreements to be signed between each partner government, its national (operating) body and the Commonwealth Telecommunications Board. (The 1948 Agreement was later modified by a Supplemental Agreement, dated 25 July 1963, which substituted a revised form of operating agreement). South Africa ceased to be a partner government in 1961 on leaving the Commonwealth. Similarly, Southern Rhodesia left in 1969.
The Commonwealth Telecommunications Board was incorporated in the United Kingdom on 31 May 1949 by the Commonwealth Telegraphs Act 1949. The board held its first meeting on 10 November 1949. It was composed of an independent Chairman (appointed jointly by all the partner governments), one member from each of the individual governments, and one member appointed by Britain to represent the colonies and protectorates. These members were normally resident in London and the board met regularly at fortnightly intervals.
The Board's functions, as originally specified in the CTA, was wide-ranging, but in practice the Board's efforts over the years were mainly consultative, coordinative and advisory, directed towards the efficient development and use of the Commonwealth telecommunications network. Associated with this objective was the important task of administering the Partners' joint financial arrangements known as the First Wayleave Scheme.
Under the Wayleave Scheme, which was in force until 1972/73, each national body kept its own net revenue (calculated by an agreed deduction from its gross receipts) and made such use of the Commonwealth 'common-user' system as it desired. The expenses incurred by each national body in maintaining and operating its part of the system were calculated in an agreed manner. The total expenses of the whole common-user system were then allocated among national bodies in proportion to the net revenue each received of the total net revenue of all national bodies. The resultant debits were set against the common-user expenses incurred by each national body and the differences settled as net Wayleave payments or receipts.
Reviews of these financial arrangements took place in 1952, 1958, 1964 and 1966, the first and the third being held under the auspices of the Board, the second and fourth in conjunction with Commonwealth Telecommunications Conferences.
Despite the post-war expansion of long-distance radio links and their increased operating efficiency, by 1956 it was apparent to the CTB that the growing demand for telecommunications facilities could not be adequately met by this means. The Board therefore drew up and recommended to partner governments plans for a round-the-world submarine telephone cable system to serve the trunk routes of the Commonwealth network. This cable system would employ the newly developed coaxial cable technique with submerged repeaters. A Commonwealth Telecommunications Conference was convened in London in 1958 to review the plans for the project. Because of the huge extra costs involved in the project it was recommended that separate financial arrangements should apply to all services carried by the new cable system. This resulted in a new Second Wayleave Scheme embodied in a new arrangement and based on the same principles as the First. The Second Wayleave Scheme added to the practical tasks of organising the installation and subsequent exploitation of the new cable system. In order to cope with the increased work load a new body, the Commonwealth Cable Management Committee (CCMC), was established by those Commonwealth countries that financed the project.
The expanding demand for broad band systems on some of the shorter Commonwealth routes (e.g. Caribbean) led to the employment of other media, notably tropospheric scatter and VHF radio systems.
The development of satellite technolgy in the early 1960s presented new opportunities in international telecommunications. It also posed new financial problems for the Commonwealth partnership. For these reasons a Commonwealth Telecommunications Conference was held in London, in 1965. In the light of these new technological developments the conference recognised the need to devise new collaborative financial arrangements, as well as review the existing arrangements for collaboration. Having arranged for a meeting of financial experts and a committee to review the organisation the conference adjourned. It reconvened in 1966 to consider the reports of these bodies and to frame recommendations to the member governments.
The 1966 Conference recommended that a new Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation (CTO) should be established. It would be made up of a council composed of representatives of partner governments and a bureau based in London to function under the control and direction of the council. It would hold Commonwealth conferences every three years.
The 1966 Conference also recommended the termination of the Commonwealth Telegraphs Agreements of 1948 and 1963 and the incorporation of all existing financial arrangements in a new single financial agreement. These recommendations were accepted by all the partner governments and the CTO came into being in 1967. The first meeting of the Council took place in April 1967 and the Bureau was established in 1968-9. Transfer of the old Board's functions to the organisation occurred in April 1969, following the signing of a new Financial Agreement, the Commonwealth Telecommunications Financial Arrangements (CTFA), and the termination of the old CTAs.
In 1973 a new unified accounting arrangement was introduced under the Commonwealth Telecommunications Financial Agreement. Throughout the 1970s, however, advances in technology were complicating accounting arrangements, and commercial pressures were creating dissatisfaction regarding some aspects of the arrangements, particularly among the more developed national bodies. Following the 1977 Conference, a Committee of Council for the Development of Financial Arrangements (CCDFA) recommended that the CTFA be replaced.
Alongside these developments, steps were being taken to terminate the Commonwealth cable system. Increasingly cables were laid in co-operation with non-Commonwealth administrations. In this case it was a straightforward matter to cancel the CTFA pooling arrangements and allow the cables to revert to the circuit allocations of each owner. For the older cables, the cable owners agreed to operate a simplified form of the cost-sharing scheme until the cables reached the end of their useful lives. The last of these cables was taken out of commission in 1986 and the Commonwealth Cable Management Committee was disbanded.
The 1982 Conference endorsed the scheme as proposed by Council and recommended to governments that the CTFA 1973 be terminated on 1 April 1983 and be replaced with a new agreement (CTOFA 1983) to operate from that date. The CTOFA had two functions. First, to provide a new accounting arrangement (CAA) for the member governments. Second, to provide start-up funding for collaborative projects, termed Non-Financial Collaborative Arrangements (NFCA). This later became known as the Programme for Development and Training (PDT). Funding under the CTOFA came in the form of annual pledges from national bodies. Members were organised into contribution groups with their annual contributions being based on their ability to pay.
Concurrent with the introduction of the CTOFA 1983, Council revised the machinery to deal with other collaborative arrangements. A management board (BOM) was established, comprising eight council representatives from developed and developing national bodies to oversee the disbursement of funds to both the CAA and the PDT. The Board was disbanded at the Twenty-fifth meeting of Council and its mandate was assumed by the Council. Four new bodies were constituted to assume direct control over specific aspects of the CTOFA. The Consultative Committee on Collaborative Arrangements (CCCA); the Operational and Development Group (ODG), the Accounting Arrangements Contact Officers Group (AACOG) were all composed of representatives from the national bodies. The fourth body was the Commonwealth Telecommunications Bureau. The Bureau is the secretariat of the organisation and works under the direction of the General Secretary . It provides administrative and logistical support to the Conference, the Council, its groups and committees.
In 1986, three years after the new financial arrangements were inaugurated, it was agreed at Conference that the division of funds between the CAA and the PDT should be altered. In three years, from 1986-9, the PDT's share of CTOFA funds would be increased from 10% to 50%. It was agreed that this would be effected through an increase in overall funding with a possible reduction in the amount given over to accounting arrangements. With this in mind Council undertook a survey in that year of the telecommunications needs of the developing national bodies, which resulted in a number of larger projects being undertaken, including significant rehabilitation exercises involving the loan of expertise and the provision of essential parts.
The spread of digital technology put a good deal of strain on relations within the organisation and, by extension, on its various functions. On the one hand the demand for international telecommunications throughout the 1980s continued to increase. Even during economic recessions the level of international telecommunications traffic continued to grow. Meeting this demand required a continuing expansion of broad band telecommunications transmission facilities. The CTO played an important role in ensuring a regular flow of information on future plans and their integration into the wider Commonwealth system. But at the same time two notable developments took place within the Commonwealth. First, many counties were extending the number of direct circuits with other non-commonwealth countries. There was, therefore, a declining need for a Commonwealth network. Second, the more developed countries adopted digital technology to extend their range of services. By 1992 two thirds of all
national bodies had digital satellite transmission facilities, much of this in the form of transglobal digital fibre optic cables. Unfortunately in Africa there were no plans to extend this system beyond French-speaking West Africa.
At the Commonwealth Telecommunications Conference in 1992, the governments agreed to Council's proposal that the CTO's preferential adjustments under the Commonwealth Accounting Arrangements should be terminated, while at the same time extending the scope and scale of the Programme for Development and Training (PDT). Cost constraints, along with privatisation and commercialisation, appear to have driven this decision. Even with these changes, some doubt existed over whether national bodies were prepared to fund the extension of the PDT. With funding a central issue, the CTO was directed by conference to establish a working group to investigate this issue. The issue of funding was important: administrative costs had risen from £0.94 to £0.99 million. Another issue at this time was outstanding debts carried over from the old CTFA liabilities.
By the following year major funding and organisational changes were anticipated, based on the findings of a CTO working party (the Genting Group). The working party's recommendations were endorsed by the 1992 Conference. The emphasis henceforth would be placed on training and the 'commercial interests of the service providers'. For some country members these changes did not go far enough. This issue, coupled with new proposals for contributions (switching from voluntary to mandatory contributions with a view to stabilising the CTO's funding) led to protests from New Zealand or Australia. These members gave notice that they were withdrawing their membership.
In early March 1993, Australia and New Zealand, still members, continued to express concerns regarding their contributions. Another working party, the Windsor Group, was appointed to investigate the future role of the bureau.
By 1995 the organisation had come through a difficult five year period of restructuring and policy reappraisal. This transitional period formally culminated in the approval by council at its thirty-fourth meeting of a new constitution. But these changes were not without their cost. Both New Zealand and Australia left the organisation in wrangles over unpaid contributions and moneys due from the CTFA funds. Moreover, Canada gave notice that it would withdraw its membership in 1996. This was later withdrawn, pending a revision of its contributions. In contrast, by mid-1997 there was a strong possibility that South Africa would rejoin the CTO.
Item CTO 4.2.5. is an undated and unattributed 'History of the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation, 1928-1969'
The Empire Press Union was founded by Harry Brittain in 1909, it became the Commonwealth Press Union in 1950. Members are newspapers of which there are currently over 700 from 50 countries in membership. These are represented by their proprietors, senior executives and editors. The Union's aim is to uphold the ideas and values of the Commonwealth and to promote, through the Press, understanding and goodwill among its members; to defend Press freedom; to support the interests of publishing bodies and individuals; to maintain a comprehensive training programme; to work forimproved facilities for reporting and transmitting news. The CPU provides training and defendsthe freedom of the Press. It organises training courses, seminars, workshops, exchanges and three fellowships: Harry Brittain fellowship, Gordon Fisher fellowship and the CPU fellowship in international journalism. Conferences are held every two years. It vigorously defends press freedom, making use of its close links with governments and also with other established Commonwealth bodies, with the shared aims including the pursuit of better education and the protection of human rights. It monitors and opposes all measures and proposals likely to affect the freedom of the press in any part of the Commonwealth.
Born Jamaica, 1917; member of the National Reform Association, 1937; member of Norman Manly's Commitee assisting W A Bustamente in the formation of trade unions, 1938; member of the People's National Party (PNP), 1938-1952, and a member of the Party's executive, 1941-1952; editor of the working class militant H C Buchanan's Jamaica Labour Weekly when Buchanan was in prison, Dec 1938-Apr 1939; co-founder and Chairman of the Jamaican Youth Movement, 1941; qualified as a solicitor, 1941; President of the Jamaica Government Railway Employees' Union (JGREU), 1942-1948; Assistant Secretary , Caribbean Labour Conference, 1945-1946, and General Secretary from 1947-1953; expelled from the People's National Party for 'communist' activity, 1952; Chairman of the People's Educational Association (PEO), and a member of the People's Freedom Movement, 1952-1962; member of the Committee for the formation of a Jamaican Federation of Trade Unions, 1953-1963; Legal Adviser to the [Jamaican] Sugar and
Agricultural Workers' Union, (SAWU) 1953-1957; Treasuer of the Socialist Party of Jamaica, 1962-1963; editor of the progressive newspaper The Mirror, Guyana, 1963-1965; resident in England from 1965.
Sir (William) Ivor Jennings, constitutional lawyer and educationalist, was born in Bristol on 16 May 1903 and died in Cambridge on 19 December 1965. Educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol Grammar School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, he had already begun a university career before he was called to the bar in 1928. His first academic appointment was as lecturer in law at Leeds University in 1925-1929, following which he taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), where he was first lecturer, (1929-1930) and then reader in English Law (1930-1940). His publications in this period included works on the poor law code, housing law, public health law, town and country planning law and laws relating to local government. He also wrote on constitutional matters in The Law and the Constitution (1933), Cabinet Government (1936) and Parliament (1939).
Appointed principal of University College, Ceylon in 1940, he was its first Vice-Chancellor (1942-1955) when it became the University of Ceylon. He described his life there in Road to Peradeniya, an unpublished autobiography (ref: C/14); see also Jennings' The Kandy Road (ed. H.A.I. Goonetileke, University of Peradeniya, 1993). He was frequently consulted on constitutional, educational and other matters and was Chairman of the Ceylon Social Services Commission (1944-1946), a member of the Commission on University Education in Malaya (1947), a member of the Commission on the Ceylon Constitution (1948), President of the Inter-University Board of India (1949-1950), Constitutional Adviser and Chief Draughtsman, Pakistan (1954-1955), a member of the Malayan Constitutional Commission (1956-1957), and Chairman of the Royal University of Malta Commission. He was also Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, in 1938-1939 and Visiting Professor, Australian National University in 1950.
As the colonial period ended, he became particularly interested in the Commonwealth and the newly independent nations and was valued as a commentator on the subject. He delivered the 1948-1949 Wayneflete lectures at Magdelen College, Oxford on The Commonwealth in Asia', the 1950 George Judah Cohen Memorial Lecture at the University of Sydney onThe Commonwealth of Nations', the 1957 Montague Burton lecture on International Relations at the University of Leeds on Nationalism, Colonialism and Neutralism' and a series onProblems of the New Commonwealth' at the Commonwealth Studies Center (now closed) at Duke University, South Carolina, USA in 1958. He re-published an earlier work on laws of the empire as Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth (3ed. 1956) and published The Approach to Self-Government (1956) and works on Ceylon and Pakistan.
In 1954 he became Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge and Downing Professor of the Laws of England in 1962, holding both posts until his death. In later life he returned to his study of the British constitution, with the publication of Party Politics (1960-62). He was knighted in 1948, made a QC in 1949, and awarded the KBE in 1955.
Matthew Goniwe was born in Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa, in 1947. He attended St James' Primary school and moved on to Sam Xhallie Secondary school, where he obtained his junior certificate.
After leaving school he obtained a teachers' diploma from Fort Hare University and returned to Sam Xhallie school to teach maths and science. In 1974 Goniwe left for a teaching post in Transkei and married Nyameka, a social worker. Matthew's political involvement in Transkei led to his arrest in 1977, when he was convicted under the Suppression of Communism Act and sentenced to four years in Umtata Prison. After his spell in prison, Goniwe returned to teaching in Graaff-Reinet and completed a BA degree through Unisa. He was then transferred to Cradock and appointed the headmaster of Sam Xhallie High. In 1983 Goniwe called a mass meeting to discuss how the community should respond to high rents, and in the same year the Department of Education and Training (DET) tried to transfer him to Graaff-Reinet. This caused teachers and pupils from Cradock's seven schools to embark on a 15-month class boycott - the longest in the country's history.
On 27 June 1985 Goniwe and three other activists, Fort Calata, Sparrow Mkonto and Sicelo Mhlauli were killed and mutilated by unnamed members of the Security Forces.
Jabavu is one of the townships making up the modern Soweto. The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886 caused an influx of thousands of people to the area, including black job-seekers. This growing population had to be housed. The townships of Kliptown, Sophiatown, and Western Native Township were established in and around Johannesburg for black and so-called Coloured people. The Native Urban Areas Act (1923) decreed that local councils had to provide housing for black people living in their areas. This led to the development of the larger townships of Klipspruit and Western and Eastern Townships closer to Johannesburg from 1927 to 1930. Demand for space and housing grew, prompting the Johannesburg Council to purchase land at Klipspruit on which Orlando East was established in 1930, the first township making up modern day Soweto.
The coming to power of the Nationalist Party in 1948 and the Group Areas Act of 1950 led to further racial segregation, controls on settlers, and separate development. During the 1950's, black people living in and around Johannesburg were forced to move to newly laid-out townships southwest of the city--Mofolo South, Moroka North, Jabavu, Molapo, and Moletsane.
Britain granted internal self-government to Uganda in 1961, with the first elections held on 1 March 1961. Benedicto Kiwanuka of the Democratic Party became the first Chief Minister. Uganda maintained its Commonwealth membership. In succeeding years, supporters of a centralized state vied with those in favor of a loose federation and a strong role for tribally based local kingdoms. Political manoeuvering climaxed in February 1966, when Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution, assumed all government powers, and removed the president and vice president. In September 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic, gave the president even greater powers, and abolished the traditional kingdoms. On 25 January 1971, Obote's government was ousted in a military coup led by armed forces commander Idi Amin Dada. Amin declared himself president, dissolved the parliament, and amended the constitution to give himself absolute power.Idi Amin's 8-year rule produced economic decline, social disintegration, and massive human rights violations. The Acholi and Langi tribes were particular objects of Amin's political persecution because Obote and many of his supporters belonged to those tribes and constituted the largest group in the army. In 1978, the International Commission of Jurists estimated that more than 100,000 Ugandans had been murdered during Amin's reign of terror; some authorities place the figure much higher. In October 1978, Tanzanian armed forces repulsed an incursion of Amin's troops into Tanzanian territory. The Tanzanian force, backed by Ugandan exiles, waged a war of liberation against Amin's troops and Libyan soldiers sent to help him. On 11 April 1979, Kampala was captured, and Amin fled with his remaining forces. After Amin's removal, the Uganda National Liberation Front formed an interim government with Yusuf Lule as president. This government adopted a ministerial system of administration and created a quasi-parliamentary organ known as the National Consultative Commission (NCC). The NCC and the Lule cabinet reflected widely differing political views. In June 1979, following a dispute over the extent of presidential powers, the NCC replaced President Lule with Godfrey Binaisa. In a continuing dispute over the powers of the interim presidency, Binaisa was removed in May 1980. Thereafter, Uganda was ruled by a military commission chaired by Paulo Muwanga. The December 1980 elections returned the UPC to power under the leadership of President Obote, with Muwanga serving as vice president. Under Obote, the security forces had one of the world's worst human rights records. In their efforts to stamp out an insurgency led by Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA), they laid waste to a substantial section of the country, especially in the Luwero area north of Kampala.Obote ruled until 27 Jul 1985, when an army brigade, composed mostly of Acholi troops and commanded by Lt. Gen. Basilio Olara-Okello, took Kampala and proclaimed a military government. Obote fled to exile in Zambia.
No 1 Company Indian and Malay Corps (No 101 South African Reserve Motor Transport Company was established in Natal in 1939, and left for South Africa for active service in Kenya, Sep 1940. The Company returned to South Africa in Dec 1940, and took part in the Somaliland Campaign in 1941.
The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress (it changed its name to the ANC in 1923) with the aim of replacing tribal opposition to white rule with a united African force. At first its membership was narrow - its leaders drawn from among traditional chiefs and wealthy Africans, its aims were limited and its activities were law-abiding. An attempt by J.T. Gumede to create a mass anti-imperialist movement was defeated by the moderates in 1930, following which the ANC lapsed into inactivity.
With an enlarged membership, a new President-General, Dr A.P. Xuma, and the adoption in 1943 of a new constitution and political programme - calling for full political rights for the first time - the ANC began its transformation into mass movement. It began to co-operate with other organisations, like the Communist Party and the South African Indian Congress. The Congress Youth League, formed in 1944, played an increasingly powerful role within the ANC: in 1949, its Programme of Action, with mass opposition to apartheid at its heart, was adopted as ANC policy. The Defiance' campaign of 1952 was the result and, though eventually broken by the state forces, it did give the ANC a mass membership. Under the Presidency of Albert Lutuli and the leadership of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others, the ANC became the leading resistance force in South Africa. The alliances it developed with other organisations, including the South African Indian Congress and the Congress of Democrats, led to the formation of the Congress Alliance, whose delegates adopted the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in 1955. This was adopted as the ANC's programme in 1956. In the same year, the Charter was used as the basis of a charge of treason against 156 members of the Congress Alliance. All of the accused in the 'Treason Trials' were acquitted, but in April 1960 the ANC was forced underground when it was banned as anunlawful organisation' following the pass law campaign and the Sharpeville massacre.
Many leaders went into exile and an external mission under Oliver Tambo and a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), under Mandela were formed. After the arrest at Rivonia in 1963 of Mandela, Sisulu and other leaders and their imprisonment, ANC activities were for a while based mainly on the work of the external mission and the development of MK. However, following the rise of mass opposition among workers and students in the 1970s and 80s, the ANC's position as the leading anti-apartheid force was confirmed after the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and his and the ANC's subsequent victory in the election of 1994.
Benjamin Turok, born Latvia, 1927; came with his family to South Africa, 1934; educated at the University of Cape Town; taught in London, 1950-1953; returned to South Africa, and became a full-time political activist; served with a banning order, 1955, and arrested for treason, 1956 (the charges were withdrawn in 1958); elected unopposed to represent Africans of the Western Cape on the Cape Provincial Council, 1957; during the 1960 emergency Turok evaded arrest, and went underground to help reestablish ANC organisation; in 1962 he was convicted under the Explosives Act, and sentenced to three years in prison; after his release he escaped via Botswana; resident in the UK from 1972; currently a member of the South African Parliament.
Argentine forces invaded the Falkland Islands on 2 April 1982. A British Task Force was despatched on 3 April, the first troops landing at San Carlos Bay on 21 May. Argentine forces surrendered on 14 June following fierce land, sea and air battles.
Marion Valerie Friedmann was born in 1918, and was a founder member of the Liberal Party of South Africa. The multiracial Liberal Party of South Africa was founded in 1954, and was forced to disband under the Prohibition of Political Interference Act of 1968.
Ruth Hayman was a lawyer in South Africa, and a campaigner for racial equality and justice. After she was banned for her work in South Africa, she settled in North London, and in 1969 set up the pioneering organisation, Neighbourhood English Classes, to help newly arrived immigrants settle into the UK. In 1977 she was a founding member, and honorary secretary of the National Association for the Teaching of English as a Second Language to Adults. After her death in 1981 the Ruth Hayman Trust was established in her memory.