Thomas Lloyd Humberstone (1876-1957) was a prominent member of the Convocation of the University of London. He gained a degree in science from the University of London in 1899, although his career as a schoolmaster had begun two years previously. He taught at a number of schools, including Dolgelley (1898-1900) and Highgate School (1903) before taking a job in 1904 in the Office of the Academic Register of the University of London. In the previous year, he had founded the reference book of secondary education, the Schoolmasters Yearbook and Directory. Humberstone was a prolific writer on education and on the University of London in particular: he was frequent contributor to journals such as The Journal of Education.
These materials were collected by Dr Harte for his book, The University of London, 1836-1986 - an illustrated history (1986, Athlone Press).
Brabant was a feudal duchy, centred in Louvain and Brussels. Famed for its democratic and constitutionalist tendencies, it was divided into two parts in the 17th century, the northern section remaining under Dutch control, and the southern eventually becoming part of Belgium. Limburg is a province in northeastern Belgium. It is bounded by the Netherlands on the north and east, where the Meuse River marks the frontier. Largely Flemish-speaking, it was formerly part of the feudal duchy of Limburg, which was divided between Belgium and the Netherlands in 1839.
The volume contains the bookplate of William Lee Antonie, who was a Member of Parliament, and an annotation (probably not in William's hand) which states that the writing of the manuscript appears to be either that of John or Richard Antonie, probably the latter.
No information available at present.
Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass. A permanent board of Excise for England and Wales was established in 1683 with separate boards for Ireland in 1682 and Scotland in 1707.
Cosimo de Medici, Duke of Florence from 1537 until his death in 1574, was head of the Florentine Republic, and was assisted in its government by the senate, the assembly and the council. Pisa, intermittently under Florentine control since 1406, was reconquered and occupied by them in 1509.
Rogers Ruding (1751-1820) was educated at Merton College Oxford University, and gained an MA in 1775. A well known numismatist, he was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Ruding held the living of Malden from 1793. Publications: A proposal for restoring the antient constitution of the mint, so far as relates to the expence of coinage. Together with the outline of a plan for the improvement of the money; and for increasing the difficulty of counterfeiting (London, 1799); Annals of the Coinage of Britain and its dependencies; from the earliest period to the end of the fiftieth year of the reign of his present Majesty (Nichols, Son, and Bentley: London, 1817-19).
Nassau William Senior (1790-1864) was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford University, gaining an MA in 1815. He became a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, London, in 1819. He held the position of Professor of Political Economy at Oxford, 1825-1830 and 1847-1852, and was a member of the Poor Law Commission in 1833, for which he wrote the report (1834). Senior was a Master in Chancery from 1836 to 1855. A list of his publications may be found in the British Library catalogue.
The royal household originated as the sovereign's retinue, and had a purely domestic function until the 12th century, after which it became a mainspring of government. The government departments of the Treasury, the Exchequer and the common law courts all originated there. In the 13th century, under Henry III and Edward I, the Royal Wardrobe became a major financial institution. Used as a war treasury, it acted as paymaster to the major military expeditions commanded by the king. It subsequently declined in importance, being replaced by the Chamber. Separate from the king's Wardrobe was the Great Wardrobe, for army clothing and military stores, peripatetic until 1361 and then at Baynard castle, and the Privy Wardrobe, for bows, arrows, pikes, and other weapons, in the Tower of London.
Petrus Blomevenna (1466-1536) was born at Leyden, and was Prior of the Carthusian monastery of Cologne for 29 years. He composed several religious treatises. Robert de Croy became Bishop of Cambrai in 1519 when his brother Guillaume, who was Bishop of Cambrai and of Toledo, resigned the former office in favour of Robert. Robert died in 1556.
King James VI of Scotland also became King of England in 1603.
In the latter half of the sixteenth century, the craftsmen of Glasgow possessed few governing privileges, most of which belonged exclusively to citizens of merchant rank. Their assertion of rights, however, grew more violent, until eventually the question was submitted to arbitration, the result of which was the award termed 'The Letter of Guildry', which was approved and sanctioned by the Town Council on 16 Feb 1605, and ratified by Parliament in 1672.
The Council of State was set up by Parliamentary ordinance on 13 February 1649 as a successor to the Derby House Committee which had taken over much of the Privy Council's executive role in the State. It was annually renewed by Parliament and insisted on choosing its own President. From May 1649 it was housed at Whitehall. Membership was reduced from 41 to 15 in 1653 when it became the Protector's Council. By 1656 it was being styled the Privy Council. After Richard Cromwell's abdication in 1659 the Council of State was revived and remodelled twice before it relapsed into a Privy Council. It spawned committees, both standing and ad hoc; the former included the Admiralty Committee, set up in 1649.
Early in his adult life Campbell was appointed by Parliament to be Captain of His Majesty's Foot Guards. In 1658 he was imprisoned for not swearing to a renunciation of the Stuarts. After a further sentence was rescinded in 1662 he was restored his grandfather's title of Earl of Argyll and to his estate. In 1664 he gained a place on the Scottish Privy Council, although he was not too concerned with public affairs, turning his attention instead to raising the fallen estate of the family. He faced more controversy and sentencing after disagreements concerning civil servants and clergy having to declare firm adherence to the Protestant religion. Escaping prison Campbell went on to spend some considerable time in Holland. On hearing of the death of Charles he returned to Scotland to attempt an uprising. He was captured and executed on old sentences of false oaths and treason, being beheaded on 30th June 1685.
The Exchequer was responsible for receiving and dispersing the public revenue. The lower Exchequer, or Exchequer of Receipt, closely connected with the permanent Treasury, was an office for the receipt and payment of money. The upper Exchequer was a court sitting twice a year to regulate accounts. The business of the ancient Exchequer was mainly financial, though some judicial business connected with accounts was also conducted. In time the upper Exchequer developed into the judicial system, while the lower Exchequer became the Treasury.
A sinking fund is a fund accumulated and set aside by a corporation or government agency for the purpose of periodically redeeming bonds, debentures, and preferred stocks. The fund is accumulated from earnings, and payments into the fund may be based on either a fixed percentage of the outstanding debt or a fixed percentage of profits. Sinking funds are administered separately from the corporation's working funds by a trust company or a sinking-fund trustee.
Jedburgh is a royal burgh in the Roxburgh district of Scotland.
The Hohenzollern dynasty was prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia (1415-1918) and of imperial Germany (1871-1918). Frederick II (1712-1768), also known as Frederick the Great, was King of Prussia from 1740. He was the eldest son of Frederick William I (1688-1740), the second King of Prussia.
The East India Company acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century.
Hermetic philosophy is based on a bundle of manuscript purported to have been written by or to report almost at first hand the activities of the legendary priest, prophet, and sage Hermes Trismegistos. These comprised works of revelation on occult, theological and philosophical subjects, most notably alchemy.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation. This work was published in 1836 by Longman.
Godfrey III (1133-1190) was known as the Duke of Lothier (i.e. Lower Lorraine). Territory in Lower Lorraine was contested by the rival houses of Limburg, with continued fighting until a peace in 1155 which split the duchy into Limburg and Brabant. On the death of Godfrey III, his son Henry I took the title of Duke of Brabant.
Secretary hand was a universal hand which could be written easily and read by all. It rose out of the cursive business hands, and became popular during the fifteenth century. Italic hand was another easily written cursive script. It had a distinctive lean, and could be written rapidly with the minimum number of pen lifts. Italic script came to prominence in the fifteenth century and its use continued into the seventeenth century.
Robert of Gloucester (fl 1260-1300) is only known through his vernacular chronicle of English history. It is thought that he may have been a monk of Gloucester.
The Justice of the Peace is a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases.
Thomas Park was born in 1759 and spent his early life training to be an engraver. In 1797 he changed his occupation, turning his total attention instead to literature and antiquities. In 1792 he published his first volume of verse. He went on to publish more verse but mainly he edited many historical and literary works. He died in 1834.
The Mappa Mundi is a thirteenth century map bearing the name of 'Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford', who some scholars have identified as Richard de Bello, Prebendary of Lafford, in the diocese of Lincoln. The map has been dated to around 1290.Drawn on a sheet of vellum, the Mappa Mundi depicts a world with Jerusalem at its centre , based on the writings of the fifth century scholar Orosius. It includes drawings and descriptions illustrating man's history, the marvels of the natural world, and the imagined inhabitants of distant lands, though in other respects is relatively geographically accurate.The map is held at Hereford Cathedral.
Enoch Arnold Bennett was born in Staffordshire on 27 May 1867. In 1885 he joined his father's office in order to finish preparing for matriculation at the University of London and to study for a law degree which he never completed. In 1888 he left Staffordshire to become a clerk at a firm of London solicitors. After working as a freelance journalist and writing several novels and short stories, Bennett in 1893 became the assistant editor, later editor (1896) of the weekly journal Woman. At the end of 1902 Bennett left England for Paris. While in Paris Bennett continued to write. He remained in Paris until 1912, when he returned to England.
During World War One, 1914-1918, Bennett became a public servant, serving on the War Memorials and Wounded Allies Relief Committee and head of propaganda in France. Whilst in France Bennett wrote on the conditions at the front. After the war Bennett published several novels and contributed articles to the Evening Standard newspaper. After a trip to France, he returned to London in January 1931, ill with typhoid fever. Bennett died on 27 March 1931.
Argenta is a town in the province of Ferrara, North-East Italy, situated on the Fiume Reno. Ferrara was a signoria run by the Este family from 1240 - in this period, Duke Nicolò III. In 1598 direct Papal rule was established in Ferrara.
John Stockdale was born in Cumberland in about 1749. Though trained as a blacksmith, he later became a porter in London to the publisher John Almon. When Almon's business was taken over by John Debrett, Stockdale set up his own publishing firm (c 1783). He became a well-known and successful publisher, bookseller and mapseller, with a shop in Picadilly, opposite the Burlington Arcade. He died in 1814.
Excise are inland duties levied on articles at the time of their manufacture, notably, alcoholic drinks, but has also included salt, paper and glass. In 1643 a Board of Excise was established by the Long Parliament, to organise the collection of duties in London and the provinces. Excise duty was settled by statute in 1660. A permanent board of Excise for England and Wales was established in 1683 with separate boards for Ireland in 1682 and Scotland in 1707.
Dixon was born in Manchester on 30 June 1821. He began contributing to magazines and journals in the early 1840s. In 1846 he moved to London, where he entered the Inner Temple. Dixon never practised law and decided instead to pursue a literary career. He contributed regularly to the Athenaeum and Daily News. He also published a series of articles on prisons and a book on the prison reformer John Howard. In 1850 Dixon published, The London Prisons. In 1853 Dixon became the editor of the Athenaeum, a post held until 1869. He also travelled widely in Europe, North Africa and North America and published books and articles on the countries he had visited. Dixon also served in public office as a deputy commissioner for the Great Exhibition 1851, Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster and as a member of the London School Board. He died on 26 December 1879.
Henry Arthur Jones (1851-1929), British dramatist, was born at Grandborough, Buckinghamshire, England. He began working for a draper at the age of twelve, and later earned his living as a commercial traveller. After attending the theatre in London, he was inspired to write one-act plays. His first play to be produced, Its Only Round the Corner, was staged at the Theatre Royal, Exeter, in 1878. His first London production, A Clerical Error, premiered the following year. The Silver King which opened at the Princess Theatre, London, in 1882, established Jones's name as a dramatist. During his long career he wrote numerous plays, among his most successful were The Middleman (1889), The Dancing Girl (1891), The Tempter (1893), The Triumph of the Philistines (1895), Michael and his Lost Angel (1896), The Liars (1897) and The Hypocrites (1906). Jones also wrote numerous books and essays on the function of theatre, such as The renaissance of the English drama, 1883-94 (1895). He died in 1929.
A formulary is a book or other list of stated and fixed forms.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
David Graham Drummond Ogilvy was born on 4 May 1826. He was a representative peer from 1850-1881 and Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland, 1872-1873.
George Grote was born on 17 November 1794. He was educated at a school in Sevenoaks, Kent and Charterhouse, where he remained for six years. At Charterhouse Grote received an entirely classical education with mathematics introduced after he had left the school. In 1810, Grote joined his father's bank and worked there until 1843. From 1832 to 1841 he was a member of parliament for the City of London. He wrote widely on the classics and Greek history. Between 1846 and 1856 he published History of Greece, which ran to twelve volumes. During the 1820s Grote was an advocate for the establishment of the London University (now University College London). In 1860 he became the University's treasurer and then its president in 1868. From 1862 until his death in 1871 he was the Vice Chancellor of the federal University of London.
The Court of Common Council forms part of the governing body of the City of London, along with the Court of Aldermen and the Court of Common Hall, and is responsible for local government and administration. Common councillors were first appointed during the reign of Edward I, and were formed into the Court of Common Council in 1384. The Court comprises the Lord Mayor, aldermen and councilmen, the latter two being elected from each ward of the city by local government electors.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Arnold Edward Trevor Bax was born in Streatham, London on 8 November 1883. He received his musical education from the Hampstead Conservatoire and the Royal Academy of Music. Whilst at the Academy he won the Battison Haynes prize for composition in 1902, and the MacFarren scholarship for composition, which he held until he left the Academy in 1905. He gave his first public appearance as a composer at St. James Hall in 1902. In 1910 Bax was elected an associate and in 1920 a fellow of the Academy.
Bax composed many works including, The Garden of Sand 1916, The Tale the Pine Trees Knew, 1931 and the Cello Concerto, 1932. Bax's reputation as a composer brought him many honours. He was knighted in 1937. He also received honorary degrees from Oxford University 1934, Durham 1935 and the National University of Ireland 1947. He died in Cork, Ireland on 3 October 1953.
Bridges was a wool-comber.
The Court Baron was the principal type of manorial court, and was the court of the chief tenants of the manor. It was responsible for the internal regulation of local affairs within the manor, and was attended by all those free tenants whose attendance at court was a condition of their tenure, and by customary tenants. Customary tenants held land by an agreement made at the manor court which was entered on its roll, a 'copy' of which was his regarded as proof of title.
The Manor of Westington was in the area around Hatfield in Hertfordshire.
No information available at present.
A jury is a group chosen from the citizenry of a district to try a question of fact. It is the standard jury used in civil and criminal trials.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Kingston upon Hull (also known as Hull) is a city in Yorkshire. In 1619, the merchants of Hull erected an Exchange in High Street, on the site now occupied by the Corn Exchange. This building was abandoned by the merchants about 1780, and was solely occupied by Customs authorities until 1855, when their lease expired. It was then pulled down and the present Corn Exchange erected.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.