The European Collaborative Hospitals (from 1983, Health Services) Survey came into being as a result of a suggestion by Professor R Logan of the LSHTM at the bi-annual meeting of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region in 1977, that the time was appropriate for a joint research project comparing the input and outcome of Health Services in different European centres. An initial 8 centres were involved: Limerick, Eire; Colchester, Great Britain; Londonderry, Northern Ireland; Uelzen, Germany; Viana do Castello, Portugal; Mostar, Yugoslavia; Mikkeli, Finland; and Nor Trondelag, Norway. Norway and Northern Ireland subsequently dropped out (in 1979 and 1983 respectively) but Almelo (The Netherlands) and Skovde (Sweden) were added in 1979 and 1982. The project was to consist of a small fairly informal network meeting in regular workshops with no formal funding structure. From 1980 until 1992 regular spring and autumn workshops were held at the various centres. Some short-term and conference funding was obtained from the WHO and the EEC but no regular source of funds was forthcoming and the final workshop was held in 1992. A brief chronology of the activities of ECHSS follows on page 2.
The Eclectic Book Society met at members' private residences, both within and without the City of London. The society acted as a private circulating library with members suggesting (often religious) titles for purchase.
The Economic History Society was inaugurated at a general meeting held at the London School of Economics on 14 July 1926. R H Tawney took the chair and, after the resolution to form the Society had been carried unanimously, the meeting discussed the constitution and aims of the Society and proceeded to elect its first officers, with Sir William Ashley as the first President. The publication of the Economic History Review was also discussed and R H Tawney and Mr Lipson were appointed as joint editors. The aims of the Society are:
- To promote the study of economic history.
- To issue the Economic History Review.
- to publish and sponsor other publications in the fields of economic and social history.
- To establish closer relations between students and teachers of economic and social history.
- To hold an annual conference and to hold or participate in any other conference or meeting as may be deemed expedient in accordance with the objects of the Society.
6.To co-operate with other organisations having kindred purposes.
The promotion of economic history has mainly been effected through the publication of the Economic History Review and the holding of annual conferences. The Society has also liased with academic funding councils about support for economic history teaching and research and has sought to encourage schools to promote the teaching of economic history.
The Economic Life Assurance Society was established in 1823 in premises at 34 Bridge Street, Blackfriars. By 1850 the company was at 6 New Bridge Street where it remained until it was acquired by the Alliance Assurance Company in 1913. Alliance Assurance appear to have retained separate series for Economic Life for some years after the takeover. Alliance Assurance itself merged with the Sun Insurance Company in 1960 to form the Sun Alliance Insurance Company.
William Eden was born in 1744. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and subsequently trained as a lawyer; he was called to the bar in 1768. He had a strong interest in the philosophy of jurisprudence and believed firmly in legal reform. In the 1770s, as an under-secretary of state and later MP for New Woodstock, he was able to effect some changes to the legal and penal system. He also published several legal and political works. In the 1880s and early 1890s Eden was a diplomat in France and Spain. He was given an Irish peerage in 1789 and a British peerage in 1793.
Born Rotherham, Kent, 1908; serving as Boy on the HMS IMPREGNABLE, 1924; HMS AJAX, 1924-25; HMS CALYPSO, 1925-1927; Ordinary Seaman, 1926; Able Seaman, 1927; HMS PEMBROKE I, 1927-1928; invalided out 1929.
Edensor Rubber Estate Limited was registered in 1927 to acquire the Edensor estate in Patang, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) replaced Bright and Galbraith as agents and secretaries of the company in 1952. Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited (CLC/B/112-071) acted as local agents from 1953. In 1984 Edensor Rubber Estate Limited was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080) and the company became resident in Malaysia for tax purposes.
Born 1913; educated Croydon High School for Boys, the London School of Economics (Honorary Fellow, 1986); Chartered Accountant, 1935; Commander, Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, 1940-1946; Lecturer in Accounting and Finance, LSE, 1949-55; Reader in Accounting, University of London, 1955-62; Member, UK Advisory Council on Education for Management, 1961-1965; Professor of Accounting, LSE, 1962-1980; Pro-Director, LSE, 1967-70; Member, Academic Planning Board for London Graduate School of Business Studies, and Governor, 1965-71; Chairman, 1965-1971, and Member of Council, 1965-1973, Arts and Social Studies Committee, CNAA; Chairman, Board of Studies in Economics, University of London, 1966-1971; Member of the Senate, University of London, 1975-80; Member of the Council, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, 1969-80; Honorary Freeman, 1981, and Honorary Liveryman, 1986, Company of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales; Honorary Professor, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1980-95; Patron, University of Buckingham, 1984-; Bard of the Cornish Gorsedd, 1933; Chartered Accountants Founding Society's Centenary Award, 1987; retired 1980.
Publications: Accounting records and the smaller company (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London, 1992); editor Modern financial management (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1969); Business Budgets and Accounts (Hutchinson, London, 1959); Introduction to Accounting (Hutchinson, London, 1963); National Income and Social Accounting (Hutchinson's University Library, London, 1954); editor Debits, credits, finance and profits (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1974); Accounting in England and Scotland: 1543-1800: double entry in exposition and practice (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1963).
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.
Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Edgar Quinet (1803-1875) was a French historian and radical. There are several schools named after him in Paris.
The Greater London Group's research on the life and work of the London Residuary Body began in 1990 and was completed with the final report in November 1992.
The London Residuary Body was formed in 1985 to dispose of the assets (including County Hall) of the Greater London Council, which had been abolished.
The Greater London Group is a research unit based at the London School of Economics.
Edgell was promoted to lieutenant in 1828, to commander in 1837 and to captain in 1846. He was appointed to command the TRIBUNE in 1855 when she was in the Crimea. During this commission she went to the Pacific and finally to China. In 1857 Edgell was the Senior Naval Officer at Hong Kong and he transferred into the BITTERN tender commanding the gun boats on the Canton River during the hostilities with the Chinese. In 1858 be was given command of the squadron in Indian waters, during which time he commanded the CHESAPEAKE and later the RETRIBUTION. The latter returned to England and was paid off in 1860. Edgell had no further active employment and was promoted on the retired list, reaching the rank of vice-admiral in 1871.
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth was born in Ireland and read Classics and Trinity College Dublin and Balliol College, Oxford. He subsequently studied law and mathematics in London; he was called to the Bar in 1877 but never practised. He learnt economics from his friend and neighbour William Stanley Jevons and published an influential book, Mathematical Psychics, on the subject in 1881. He held chairs in economics at King's College London (1888-1891) and All Souls College, Oxford (1891-1922) and published widely in economics and statistics.
The Edgware and Hampstead Railway Company was founded in 1902 with the intention of constructing an underground railway between Edgware and Hampstead. They aimed to connect with the underground railway at Golders Green then being constructed by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway station.
In 1903 the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway took over the Edgware and Hampstead Railway Company with the intention of integrating their work, although the latter company retained some independent existence. However, progress on the Golders Green to Edgware section of the railway was hampered by financial problems and a brief partnership with the Watford and Edgware Railway Company, which wanted to extend the line from Edgware up to Watford. Work was not begun until 1922 and the line was finally opened in 1924. It now forms part of the Northern Line.
The parish of Edgware lay on the northern boundary of Middlesex, bordered on the north by Elstree, on the west by Little Stanmore, and on the east by Hendon. The parish of Little Stanmore was bounded on the north by Bushey Heath, on the east by Watling Street, separating Little Stanmore from Edgware and Hendon, on the south by Kingsbury and on the west by Great Stanmore.
Parish officers were elected annually and were responsible for various aspects of local administration. Because of their proximity Little Stanmore and Edgware always shared their main areas of settlement. The north of both parishes included parts of the village of Elstree. This closeness meant that the two parishes formed various joint administrative bodies and shared some staff and facilities. For example in 1767 a punishment cage was built and used jointly by Edgware and Little Stanmore.
Edgware General Hospital was originally known as Redhill Hospital and was built by Hendon Board of Guardians. Rather than extending the old Redhill Infirmary, in the 1920's Hendon Board of Guardians decided to build a new hospital of 175 beds on 20 acres of land at Burnt Oak. Work began in 1924 and Redhill Hospital opened in December 1927. It was taken over by Middlesex County Council on 1 April 1930 who renamed it Redhill County Hospital. Between 1936 and 1938, the Middlesex County Council built extensive additions to the hospital including a 60 bed maternity unit and a 329 bed medical unit. In January 1938 the Middlesex County Maternity Hospital opened in Bushey. This was administered from Redhill County Hospital. The hospital became part of the National Health Service in 1948 and came under the control of the North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board and Hendon Group Hospital Management Committee. Its name was changed the same year to Edgware General Hospital. It now forms part of Barnet Health Authority.
In 1929 the Edgware Synagogue, a constituent of the United Synagogue, was founded, using a temporary building in Mowbray Road. The congregation expanded rapidly towards the end of the Second World War and in 1957 a large building in Edgware Way was built. The synagogue became a District Synagogue in 1937, and a Constituent Synagogue in 1954.
From: 'Edgware: Jews', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 167 (available online).
The Edible Oil Association was established by the Ministry of Food (Oil and Fats Control) in 1939 to oversee the creation of a national pool of edible oil and fats by all manufacturers. This was the first step towards wartime rationing. The Association was the forerunner of the National Edible Oil Distributors Federation, formed in 1946.
The Edinburgh Assurance Company Limited was established as the Edinburgh Life Assurance Company in 1823. By 1882 the London office was at 11 King William Street. The company became a subsidiary of Commercial Union Assurance in 1918 and changed its name to Edinburgh Assurance Company in 1919 when it expanded into general insurance.
In 1846 the council unanimously agreed to petition Parliament for the formation of a public water supply company - the Edinburgh and Leith Water Company - in order to ensure an adequate supply of water to the inhabitants. The situation was so bad that people were talking about water famine. During 1850 the first water pipes were laid not by a new water company as the council had initially wanted, but by the Edinburgh Water Company. The first water began to flow in January of 1847.
Mr J R Edmonds worked at Woolwich Arsenal and read papers to Woolwich Polytechnic Engineering Society.
Sir Archibald Edmonstone was created a Baronet of Great Britain in 1774. Between the years of 1761-1795 he sat in Parliament for the county of Dumbarton and the Ayr and Irvine burghs. He died in 1807.
Edmonton and Tottenham Hebrew congregation began as meetings held at 53 Lansdowne Road. In 1934 a Victorian house at 41 Lansdowne Road was converted for worship. This synagogue was admitted as an Affiliated member of the United Synagogue in 1938. The building was enlarged in 1956, while a hall and annexe were built in 1964.
From: 'Tottenham: Judaism', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 364 (available online).
The County Courts as they now exist have their origins in the County Courts Act 1846 with modifications etc under the County Courts Acts of 1888 and 1934. The area of jurisdiction of each court is set from time to time by the Lord Chancellor.
The original jurisdiction of the courts included claims of debt or for damages (except for libel, slander, seduction and breach of promise) not exceeding £400; claims for recovery of land (less than £100 rateable value); claims for the administration of estates, execution of trusts, foreclosure, redemption of mortgages; matters regarding the maintenance of infants, dissolution of partnerships, relief against fraud or mistake where the value of the estates or property etc was not more than £500; contentious business in probate and administration matters where the estate was less than £1000.
The courts have had varied and extensive jurisdictions under numerous Acts including questions between husband and wife under the Married Women's Property Act 1882 and compensation for injured workmen by employers under the Workmen's Compensation Acts 1897 and 1925.
More recent decisions and judgements of County Courts can be found at the Registrar for County Court Judgements, Cleveland Street, London W1.
Address of Edmonton County Court: 59 Fore Street, Edmonton, N18.
District of Court: Bowes Park, Winchmore Hill, Cockfosters, Clay Hill, Cooper's Lane, Edmonton, Enfield, Forty Hill, Palmers Green, Ponders End, Stoke Newington, Southgate, New Southgate, Tottenham, West Green and Wood Green. Please see Post Office Directories (available in the LMA History Library) for lists of County Courts existing at any one time together with an account of the area covered by each court.
This Committee was established by the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board in June 1948 to carry out work under the National Health Service Act in anticipation of the creation of the National Health Service in July 1948.
The Group consisted of North Middlesex Hospital, St. David's Hospital and Edmonton Chest Clinic. The Committee reported to the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board.
In 1966 the Edmonton Group ceased to exist as a separate Committe following the decision by the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board to amalgamate the Edmonton and Enfield Groups. The hospitals formerly administered by the Edmonton Group fell under the new (amalgamated) Enfield Group Hospital Management Committee.
For most of the 19th century local government in Edmonton was divided among several bodies, although membership often overlapped. At the time of the cholera outbreak in 1853, the vestry appointed a committee to consider the sanitary state of the parish. There was a watching and lighting committee, presumably set up after the Act of 1833, and the overseers collected a lighting rate. A board of the surveyors of the highway was responsible for the roads in the parish by 1841. In 1837 Edmonton parish became a medical district within the poor law union and in 1842 it was divided into three, each with its own medical officer.
Edmonton local board of health was set up in 1850 under the Public Health Act of 1848. It immediately replaced the highway board and took over responsibility for street lighting under the Local Government Act of 1858. It consisted of 12 members who met twice a month at the watch-house in Church Street. Its salaried officials were a clerk, a combined inspector of nuisances and surveyor, and a collector of rates, who later received a percentage of the collected rates in place of a salary. The board was financed by a general district rate, although sometimes there was a separate highway-rate. Expenditure on highways was nearly always considerably greater than on sanitary improvements.
There were many complaints about sewerage, especially from Southgate, where in 1879 a petition for separation from Edmonton was drawn up by the leading landholders and signed by more than 500 people. In 1881 Southgate was granted its own local board (under the Edmonton Local Board (Division of District) Act 1881) and Edmonton local board was reduced to 9 members. Although the loss of the large houses in Southgate deprived it of valuable rates, the Edmonton board seems to have been more active after the separation. Jerry-builders were vigorously prosecuted during the 1880s. During the 1880s and 1890s there were committees for the town hall, cemetery, works, finance, farms, engines, sanitation, and the library. A town hall 'in municipal Perpendicular' was built facing Fore Street in 1884 and enlarged in 1903.
Southgate local board had 9 members, whose first chairman was John Walker of Arnos Grove. The board met twice a month in Ash Lodge and in the village hall until 1893, when council offices were erected to a design by A. Rowland Barker, a Southgate resident; they were enlarged in 1914. Salaried officials were a clerk, treasurer, rate collector, sanitary inspector, medical officer of health, and a combined surveyor and engineer.
Under the Act of 1894 the two local boards became urban districts (U.D.). Edmonton local board of health had used the traditional wards of Bury Street, Church Street, and Fore Street. There had been proposals to add two new wards, Angel Road and Silver Street, and the new U.D. was organized accordingly, with three councillors for each of the five wards. After an inquiry in 1903 the district again consisted of three wards, with nine councillors each. In 1933 the area was divided into Bury Street, Church Street, Angel Road, and Silver Street wards, with seven councillors for each. Southgate U.D. had nine councillors in 1894 and twelve from 1900. In 1906 it was divided into four wards: Middle, South, North-east, and Northwest. Swimming baths and a refuse destructor were erected but the most important achievement was control over the development of the area. Although the number of houses increased eightfold between 1881 and 1931, Southgate remained one of the 'most agreeable of the northern suburbs', largely because of the council's regulations and its acquisition of 287 acres of park-land.
Southgate was incorporated in 1933, retaining its four wards. The council, consisting of a mayor, 7 aldermen, and 21 councillors, was enlarged. Edmonton was incorporated in 1937, after which it had four wards, a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24 councillors. Southgate Borough Council was consistently dominated by opponents of the Labour party, while Edmonton, at least after the Second World War, was controlled by Labour councillors.
In 1965 Edmonton and Southgate were united in Enfield London Borough, created under the London Government Act of 1963. The names of three Edmonton wards, Angel Road, Church Street, and Silver Street, survived among the 30 wards of the new authority. Edmonton and Southgate town halls were retained to house the borough treasurer, architect, engineer and surveyor, area housing and town planning offices. The education department was housed in Church Street, Edmonton.
From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 175-179.
An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establih fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.
Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.
In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.
Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.
The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.
In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.
The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.
Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.
Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.
The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
Edmonton Poor Law Union was formed in February 1837. It had 7 constituent parishes spanning 3 counties: from Middlesex: Edmonton, Enfield, Hampstead, Hornsey (including Highgate) and Tottenham; from Essex: Waltham Abbey and from Hertfordshire: Cheshunt. In 1894 Southgate and Wood Green parishes were added, while Hampstead separated from the Union.
There were several workhouses already existing in these areas but most of them were too dilapidated for use. The Union constructed a new workhouse at Tanners End in Edmonton. This later became the North Middlesex Hospital. The old Enfield workhouse was converted into a school, but proved inadequate. New school buildings were constructed at Chase Farm, which later became Chase Farm Hospital.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
A national system of marriage registration introduced in 1837 by the Registration of Births and Marriages Act. Local registration was managed by the Poor Law Boards of Guardians until 1929, after this date it was managed by local government. The General Registry Office was in overall charge of the collection and collation of the data.
Originally founded 1764 by Joseph Fry (who also founded the chocolate making business in Bristol which became known as Fry and Hunt, later J S Fry and Sons from 1822) and William Pine, and later known as J Fry and Company. Joseph Fry's sons Edmund (1754-1837) and Henry Fry joined partnership in 1782. Name changed to Edmund Fry and Company upon Joseph Fry's retirement in 1787. Isaac Steele joined in 1794 and the named changed to Edmund Fry and Isaac Steele, styled as 'letter-founders to the Prince of Wales'. The named changed again to Fry, Steele and Company upon George Knowles' admission to the partnership in 1799, and in circa 1808 to Fry and Steele.
In 1816 a 'Specimen of Printing Types by Edmund Fry, Letter Founder to the King and Prince Regent' was published. In the same year the firm became Edmund Fry and Son when Edmund Fry's son Windover Fry was admitted to the partnership. In 1828 Edmund Fry sold the business to William Thorowgood of Fann Street Foundry. Windover died 1835. Edmund died 1837. The business passed to Thorowgood and Besley, then R Besley and Company, and finally Sir Charles Reed and Sons before closing in early 20th century.
Premises: 1764-1768 Bristol; moved to City of London 1768; in 1788 the firm moved to new premises known as 'Type Street Foundry' in Type Street, Chiswell Street, City of London. The foundry was later known as Polygot Foundry (in 1824) and continued at that site until at least 1835.
Edmund Schluter and Company were general merchants (particularly in rubber, tea and coffee) with trading links in France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, Austria, Poland, and the United States and Brazil. The business was founded in 1858. In 1988 the company moved to Switzerland, and the London office was renamed E.D.M. and Company. (London) Ltd. It was based at 35 Mincing Lane (1858-9), 24 Mark Lane (1860-1941), 4 Cullum Street (1942-1955), 15/18 Lime Street (1956), 30 Mincing Lane (1957-60), 37 Mincing Lane (1961-1975), and 20 Eastcheap (1976-).
Born, 17 April 1874; educated, Medical Department, King's College London; awarded the University of London Exhibition in Zoology, 1893; University Scholarship in Physiology, 1895; awarded Exhibition and Gold Medal in Physiology, and First class honours in Materia Medica, 1898; House Surgeon, King's College Hospital, 1901; Assistant Demonstrator, King's College London, 1902-1904, and Demonstrator, 1904-1905; Sambrooke Surgical Registrar, King's, 1902-1906, and Senior Surgical Registrar and Tutor, 1910-1912; Assistant Surgeon, King's, 1912; Surgeon, King's, 1919; Senior Surgeon and Lecturer in Surgery, King's; Fellow of King's College, 1931; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1926 and 1933; Surgeon-Rear-Admiral and Consulting Surgeon, Royal Navy; retired from King's College, 1934; appointed Consulting Surgeon, King's College Hospital, and Emeritus Lecturer on Surgery to the Medical School; died 29 November 1945.
Publications: Glandular enlargement and other diseases of the lymphatic system (1908); part author of A manual of surgical treatment (Longmans & Co, London, 1912).
The Education in Human Rights Network was established in January 1987 to 'enable and encourage communication between people working in a variety of educational settings in promoting an awareness and understanding of human rights', as it was considered that human rights education was receiving little Government and DES support.
The Network acted as a channel for communication between organisations and those people working in education, especially teacher education. Its aims were:
1) To promote an understanding of human rights and responsibilities as fundamental values in a pluralist democracy and for the world community. To encourage knowledge of both the protection of human rights and abuses of human rights in the UK, in Europe and in other areas of the world. To affirm the importance of human rights as basic values in education, at work and in society.
2) To ensure that the spirit and the content of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and other major rights documents are known to teachers and to young people in schools.
3) To help implement in the UK the Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe 'On teaching and learning about human rights in schools'.
4) To work through education to combat racism and sexism and make an educational contribution to the ending of discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth, age, disability or sexual orientation.
5) To help develop good practice and strategies in education which will futher the aims above.
6) To establish and maintain links with projects and networks in Europe and in other countries and to publish a termly bulletin to facilitate this.
The first major project of the Network was to organise the Human Rights Education Forum and Fair to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1988. Funding for this was secured from the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, whilst the employment of a professional co-ordinator was supported by the European Human Rights Foundation.
Following this, the Network worked hard to influence the work of the National Curriculum Council during the development of the National Curriculum, and it sponsored a major curriculum development programme.
Aside from this work, the Network held an annual summer conference, produced some books on English, History and Foreign Languages in the curriculum. Summer schools followed in the late 1990s. Money secured from Europe also meant that the Network had to formalise and draw up a constitution.
The Network boasted members such as Hugh Starkey, Margherita Rendel and Audrey Osler. Eventually, after long periods of inactivity, the Network came to an end in 2005.
Educational Certificates
Edward Eleazer Pool was born to parents Samuel and Marie Anne Van Cleef Pool in London in 1851 the eldest son (he had four siblings). His parents were from Holland and Samuel was an importer and salesman of Cattle who was granted naturalization in 1854. Samuel remained a cattle dealer until his death on 18 December 1886. Edward must have joined his father in the trade and the first evidence of him trading at Smithfield Meat Market appears in an entry in the London Post Office Directory of 1875 as a meat salesman of 32 Central Avenue. By 1880 he had moved to number 158 and in 1881 the tenancy registers of the market show him renting both 157 and 158 at a weekly rent of nine pounds three shillings and four pence.
The market tenancy registers show a partnership with other meat salesmen, Arthur Curnick and William Godsell Curnick in the later 1880s and early 1890s. In 1891 Edward took over the business of 'Lambert and Sons' at 91 Central Avenue. The business would remain at number 91 until the 1960s. In 1900 the partnership with the Curnicks was dissolved and Edward became the sole tenant of number 91. The trade directories also show that he carried on business at the Foreign Cattle Market in Deptford.
In 1873 Edward Pool married Phoebe Bernstien at the Willis Rooms in King Street, Westminster. The couple had five children. It was under his only son, Gordon Desmond (born 21 April 1882) that the business continued following Edward's death in 1915.
Gordon Desmond can be seen in the market tenancy registers becoming the joint tenant of number 91 with his father in 1911. Gordon continued the business at Smithfield Market, expanding into number 54 and also into trade at 48 and 49 Aldgate Street, an area known informally as 'butchers' row.'
Gordon Desmond had two sons. His eldest Peter was killed in action in the Second World War so the business fell to his youngest son, Edward Gordon (who received a military cross for his part in the Normandy landings sustaining injuries which meant he lost his left foot), he also had three daughters including Phoebe Pool (art historian). Edward Gordon was married four times and it was during his second marriage to the sculptress Elizabeth Frith that he sold the business.
The last entry for the business in the London Post Office Directories is in 1964.
Edward Grace and Company, later Grace and Jepson, brokers and merchants, traded in slaves, oil and other commodities, in Gambia, Senegal and the West Indies. The firm had premises at 27 Exchange Alley, Cornhill and later, as Grace and Jepson, at 8 Park Cross Street, Leeds.
The Howard de Walden Estate dates from 1715 when Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford, began the development of Cavendish Square and the streets around it. This land had previously formed part of the Marylebone Estate of the Dukes of Newcastle. It had passed from Margaret Holles, nee Cavendish, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Newcastle, to her daughter Henrietta Cavendish Harley. At the death of Henrietta's husband, Edward Harley, in 1741, this new Harley Estate passed to his only daughter, Margaret Cavendish Harley, who in 1734 had married William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland. It was subsequently known as the Portland Estate, and was handed down to successive Dukes of Portland. In 1879, the 5th Duke of Portland died without issue and his estates were divided between his sisters, (according to the terms of the 4th Duke's will), and his cousin, who succeeded him as the sixth Duke. The Portland Estate eventually passed to the last surviving sister, Lucy Joan Ellis, who was the widow of the 6th Lord Howard de Walden, and has remained in this family since then.
The Estate's first business trust, General Real Estates Investment and Trust Limited (GREIT), was formed in 1918, changing its name to Howard de Walden Estates Limited (HDWEL) in 1953.
The company was incorporated in its present form in 1963, but the estate is still owned by the family.
During the twentieth century two major portions of the Estate were sold: in 1914 Portland Town, an area east of St John's Wood High Street around 60 acres in extent, and in 1925 another 40 acres, much of it along Oxford Street, south of Cavendish Square and east of Great Portland Street.
Edward Johnston & Company Ltd was a Brazilian coffee exporting house based in Santos. It was founded in 1842 by Edward Johnston who had an expert knowledge of Brazil. It became one of the leading firms in the coffee trade and is now Brazilian owned.
Edward Moore and Sons: The company was formed by Edward Moore who began to practice as a "public accountant" at East India Chambers, Leadenhall Street from 1866 as 'Moore and Wallis's Mercantile Agency'. In 1880 Edward Cecil Moore was made a partner and the new partnership 'Edward Moore and Son' moved to offices at 3 Crosby Square. Another son was made a partner in 1890 and the style of the firm duly changed to 'Edward Moore and Sons'. In 1922 the company moved to 3 Thames House, Queen Street Place, in 1968 to 4 Chiswell Street and in 1988 to Clifford's Inn, Fetter Lane. The firm expanded in the 1970s opening a number of branch offices throughout England and Scotland. Edward Moore and Sons amalgamated with a number of practices in the 1970s and 1980s, most notably with Rowland Nevill of New Broad Street in 1985 to form the new company Moores and Rowland (from 1989 Moores Rowland).
Sewell, Hutchinson and Company: The company was formed in 1914 from C F Burton and Sewell and Company (itself formed in 1906) and acted as accountants until 1965 when the company was merged to form the group Rowland, Goodman, Sewell, Hutchinson and Sheen. It was based successively at Copthall Avenue (1914-15), Broad Street Place (1915-24) and Finsbury Pavement House, Moorgate (1925-65).
Waissen Wilson: The firm of chartered accountants Waissen Wilson was founded by H Waissen Wilson at 5 Guildhall Chambers c.1888. It moved to 12 Trinity Square (1890-1911), 40 Trinity Square (1911-1918), 2 Fenchurch Avenue (1918-39), 13 Fenchurch Avenue (1939-40), 20 Copthall Avenue (c 1940-64) and 137 Victoria Street (1964-72). On Wilson's death in 1915, Henry and James Holmes took over the running of the practice, having previously acted independently from 60 Coleman Street. In 1972 Waissen Wilson merged with Westcott, Maskall and Company to form Westcott Wilson, based at 24 Grosvenor Gardens (1973), 1 Vincent Square (1974-9) and 87 Vincent Square (1980-1). This firm was taken over by Blakemore Elgar and Company in 1981, who merged with Moores Rowland in c.1995.
Westcott, Maskall and Company: William Westcott began practising ca.1853 and by 1872 had formed Bagshaw, Westcott and Johnson, chartered accountants, at 35 Coleman Street. In 1875 this practice became William Westcott and Company Limited. It became Westcott, Maskall and Company when Thomas Maskall was admitted as partner in 1899. The practice moved to 99 Gresham Street (1888-1905); 29 and 30 Broad Street Avenue (1905-51); and 33 Catherine Place (1951-72). In 1972 they merged with Waissen Wilson to form Westcott Wilson, based at 24 Grosvenor Square (1973); 1 Vincent Square (1974-9) and 87 Vincent Square (1980-1). In 1981 this firm was taken over by Blakemore Elgar and Company, who merged with Moores Rowland c 1995.
The nunnery of Saint Helen was founded in the early part of the thirteenth century by William son of William the goldsmith, in the place where a church of Saint Helen had already existed in the reign of Henry II. Edward I gave to the priory in 1285 a piece of the True Cross which he had brought from Wales, and went on foot accompanied by earls, barons, and bishops to present the relic. The nuns about this time seem to have been in need of financial help. They petitioned the king to examine their charters and allow them to hold in frankalmoign henceforth, and it was no doubt in consequence of the inquiry he had ordered that he gave them the right to hold a market and fair at Brentford.
The manor of Boston had a common boundary with the township of New Brentford. The manor is recorded in 1157 as belonging to the abbot of Westminster. By 1179 the vill had been subinfeudated to Ralph Brito, whose son Robert had granted it by 1194 to Geoffrey Blund. After 1216 he granted a quitrent from it to his son-inlaw Henry, son of Rainier, who later held Boston. By 1294 it was held by the prioress of Saint Helen's, Bishopsgate, as tenant of Westminster, which claimed Boston as part of its liberty.
From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 123-128 and A History of the County of London: Volume 1: London within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark (1909), pp. 457-461 (both available online).
By 1959 Edwards worked for British Railways as the Superintendent of Waterloo station, London.
Amelia Edwards was born in London on 7 June 1831 and educated at home, chiefly by her mother. As a child she was good at art, writing and music, and some of her poems and stories were published. As an adult she earned her living by writing. She wrote eight novels and many articles. She became interested in Egyptology and after a visit she paid to Egypt in 1873-1874 she abandoned all her literary interests. She formally founded the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1882, to carry out scientific excavation, and devoted herself to its work. She contributed many articles to journals on Egyptology. In 1889-1890 she went to the United States of America on a lecturing tour which was a great success. Edwards died in Weston-Super-Mare on 15 April 1892. She bequeathed her Egyptology library and collection of Egyptian antiquities to University College London. She also founded a Chair of Egyptology there and destined the first occupant to be Professor W M Flinders Petrie.
EDWARDS, Arthur Tudor (1890-1946). M.R.C.S. 13 November 1915; FR.C.S. 9 December 1915; M.B., B.Ch. Cambridge 1913; M.Ch. 1915; L.R.C.P. 1915; Hon. Ph.D. Grenoble and Oslo.
Born 7 March 1890, the elder son of William Edwards of Langlands Glamorgan, Chairman of Edwards Limited, and his wife Mary Griffith Thomas. He was educated at Mill Hill School and St John's College Cambridge. He took his clinical training at the Middlesex Hospital, when Sir John Bland-Sutton was senior surgeon, and served as dresser and house surgeon to Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor; he was awarded a University scholarship in the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. After serving as surgical registrar at the hospital he was commissioned in the R.A.M.C. on the outbreak of the war in 1914. He worked in France at No.6 casualty clearing station at Barlin under Sir Cuthbert Wallace, and at Wimereux under Maurice Sinclair; he attained the rank of major.
On returning to London practice he became assistant surgeon to Westminster Hospital, and to the Brompton Hospital. At Brompton he played a pioneer part in applying to civilian illnesses the surgical intervention into the thorax which Pierre Delbet, G. E. Gask and others had successfully demonstrated in the treatment of war injuries. He explored successively the surgery of pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis tumours of the mediastinum, tumours of the lung both malignant and simple. In all this work he was ably supported by his physician-colleague R. A. Young and his anaesthetist Ivan Magill. In ten years he established thoracic surgery as a necessary speciality and himself as its recognised leader.
In 1936 he gave up his general surgical work at the Westminster Hospital on appointment as first Director of the Department of Thoracic Surgery at the London Hospital. He was a consulting surgeon to King Edward VII's Sanatorium at Midhurst and to Queen Alexandra's Hospital, Millbank. As surgeon under the Ministry of Pensions to Queen Mary's Hospital at Roehampton he did valuable work in the repair of the aftermath of war-time gastric operations. He also supervised the London County Council's Thoracic Clinic at St Mary Abbott's Hospital, Kensington. During the war of 1939-45 Tudor Edwards, who had already under gone two severe illnesses in 1938 and 1939, was a civilian consultant with the Royal Air Force, adviser for thoracic casualties to the Ministry of Health and Civilian adviser to the War Office. He organised the reception centres for thoracic casualties under the Emergency Medical Service. He was an excellent teacher and did much to establish a school of thoracic surgeons in Great Britain. During the years of war he provided intensive courses of instruction for service thoracic units, and was assiduous in visiting these units all over the country. He was elected to the Council of the College in 1943, but died before he had completed three years as a councillor.
He was an Honorary Fellow of the American Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and President of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons at home. In the last years of his life he was elected first president of the new Association for the Study of Diseases of the Chest, and contributed a survey of one thousand operations for bronchial carcinoma to the first number of its journal Thorax.
Edwards married on 13 April 1920 Evelyn Imelda Chichester Hoskin, daughter of Theophilus Hoskin, M.R.C.S., of London and Cornwall. He practised at 139 Harley Street, but died suddenly while taking his holiday at St Enodoc, C9rnwall, on 25 August 1946, aged 56. He was buried at St Enodoc Church. At a memorial service in London Lord Horder delivered an obituary oration. Mrs Tudor Edwards survived him, but without children; she died on 13 May 1951, and left £5,000 to the College for the promotion of surgical science. Tudor Edwards was of medium height, handsome and youthful in appearance with thick dark hair.
Born 13 August 1888, Eve was the third daughter of the Reverend John Edwards. After completing her studies at Redbrook College, Camborne, Islington College and a preparatory course at the St Colm's Missionary College, Edinburgh, she travelled to China where she enrolled at the Peking Language School to study Chinese. Two years later in 1915, she was appointed Principal of the Women's Normal College in Mukden - a training College for Chinese teachers. Continuing her studies during this time she attained the diploma in Chinese (Mandarin and Classical) from the Peking Language School in 1918.
Returning to England at the end of the First World War, she accepted a lectureship at the School Of Oriental and African Studies in 1921. Combining work and study, she obtained a BA Hons in Chinese (1924) and MA in Chinese (with distinction) (1925) from the University of London. In 1931 the University conferred on her the degree Doctor of Literature for her work on T'ang fiction. She was also appointed Reader in Chinese, a position she held until 1939 when she became Professor of Chinese. From 1937-1939 she was Acting Head of the Far East Department, then Head and Chair of Chinese until 1953. In 1951 she was also appointed Acting Head of the Percival David Foundation, a post she held until her retirement from the School in 1955. For many years she served on the council of the China Society (1925-1944). After the close of the war she visited the Far East, South East Asia and Pacific in order to follow up those in the armed services who had received training from the School. She died in 1957.
She published a number of works including Chinese prose and literature of the T'ang period (2 vols, London 1937-38), Confucius (1940), and two anthologies Dragon Book (1938) and Bamboo, Lotus and Palm (1948). She contributed articles to the Bulletin, and Asia Major, a British journal of Far Eastern Studies, as well as serving on its Editorial Board from 1941 - 1955. She also contributed reviews to the Bulletin and the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. She translated M. Granet's Festivals and Songs of Ancient China (London, 1932) into English, and jointly published A Chinese vocabulary of Malacca Malay words and phrases (BSOS, vi, 3, 1931) and A Chinese vocabulary of Cham words and phrases (BSOS, x,1,1939) with Prof. C O Blagden.
Born 1899; educated at University College, Cardiff, and King's College Hospital London from which he was awarded his MB BS in 1923; Sambrooke Surgical Registrar, 1924; Senior Surgical Tutor, 1927; Assistant Surgeon, 1928; Surgeon, 1934; Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, 1934; Royal Army Medical Corps, 1941-1946; Dean of the King's Medical School, 1948; Emeritus Professor and Director of the Department of Surgery in the Medical School, 1956-1970; Consulting Surgeon to King Edward VII Hospital for Officers, 1956-1970; President of the British Society of Gastroenterology, 1961; died 1989. Publications: Diverticula and diverticulitis of the intestine. Their pathology, diagnosis, and treatment (Bristol, 1939); Surgical emergencies in children (1936); Recent advances in surgery (London, 1948).
Sir Ronald Edwards was Assistant Lecturer, then Lecturer, in Business Administration with special reference to Accounting at the London School of Economics (LSE), 1935-1940. During World War Two, he worked in the Ministry of Aircraft Production. In 1946 he returned to LSE as Sir Ernest Cassel Reader in Commerce, becoming a Professor in 1949. He was Deputy Chairman (1957-1961), then Chairman (1962-1968) of the Electricity Council; Chairman (1968-1975), then President (1975-1976) of Beecham Group Ltd; Director, ICI Ltd, 1969-1976; Director, Hill Samuel Group, 1974-1976; and, Chairman of British Leyland Ltd, 1975-1976. He was a member of several other bodies too, including the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1949-1954; the University Grants Committee, 1955-1964; the National Economic Development Council, 1964-1968; and, the British Airways Board, 1971-1976. He chaired the Government committee of inquiry into the civil air transport industry, 1967-1969. He was a Governor of LSE, 1968-1976.
Edwin Ashdown Limited took over the earlier output of smaller music publishing firms including Enoch and Sons (1927) and was based at 19 Hanover Square, W1.
EF Marchant Limited were a Billingsgate company taken over by H Barber and Sons Limited in 1964.
Born, 11 October 1886; fourth son of Colonel Sir Alfred Mordaunt Egerton, KCVO, and the Hon Mary Georgina Ormsby-Gore, eldest daughter of the 2nd Baron Harlech; known from childhood as Jack; attended Eton College, from 1900; his science master was Thomas Cunningham Porter and while at the school Egerton was encouraged to found the Eton College Scientific Society; continued his studies at University College, London, from 1904; read Chemistry under Sir William Ramsey and graduated with first class honours, 1908; his research field was Thermodynamics; worked under Professor Ganz at Nancy University, 1909; Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1909-1913; worked with W H Nernst in Berlin, 1913; Department of Explosives Supply, Ministry of Munitions, 1914-1918; Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 1918-1935; appointed Reader in Thermodynamics, Oxford University, 1923; elected Fellow of The Royal Society, 1926; served on Council of The Royal Society, 1931-1933; Chair of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Technology and Applied Physical Chemistry, Imperial College, 1936-1952; Physical Secretary of The Royal Society, 1938-1948; research on fuel, fire-raising and fire protection, 1939-1945; member of War Cabinet Scientific Advisory Committee; chairman of the Fuel and Propulsion Committee of the Admiralty; ex-officio member of committees connected with The Royal Society; travelled to the USA to reorganise the work of the British Central Scientific Office and to improve scientific liaison between London and Washington, 1942; knighted, 1943; Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Ministry of Fuel and Power, 1948; closely involved in the organization of the Royal Society Scientific Information Conference, London, 1948; travelled abroad, with a special interest in India, which he visited, 1948, 1954; appointed chairman of a committee to review the working and development of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; Director, Salters Institute of Industrial Chemistry, 1949-1959; Emeritus Professor of Chemical Technology, University of London, 1953-1959; Chairman, Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, India, 1954; Adviser to the Tobacco Manufacturers' Standing Committee, 1956; undertook a tour of the Middle East (Beirut, Baghdad and Teheran), 1957; received various Fellowships, honours and awards; Fellow of University College, London, Imperial College and City and Guilds College; honorary degrees from Birmingham, Cairo, Nancy and Helsinki; Honorary President of Combustion Institute; Honorary Editor of Fuel and also of Combustion and Flame; British Coal Utilization Research Associations: Coal Science Lecturer, 1952; Institution of Mechanical Engineers: George Stephenson Research Prize, Herbert Akroyd Stuart Prize, and Thomas Hawkesley Lecturer for 1940; Institution of Civil Engineers: the Telford Premium, 1942; The Royal Society: Rumford Medal, 1946; Institution of Chemical Engineers: Hinchley Memorial Medal, 1954; Institute of Fuel: Melchett Medal, 1956; Combustion Institute: Egerton Medal, 1958; married the Hon Ruth Cripps, 1912; adopted Francis, the posthumous younger son of Egerton's brother Louis who had been killed in the First World War; a keen watercolourist, with an exhibition of his paintings held at the Chenil Galleries, 1957; died in France, in the Alpes-Maritimes, 7 September 1959. Publications: The 1939 Callendar Steam Tables with G S Callendar (E Arnold & Co, London, 1939); Editor of Fuel; lectures and papers largely relating to combustion and utilization of energy.
Born, 1886; educated at Eton, University College London; Reader in Thermodynamics, Oxford University, 1921-1936; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1923; Professor of Chemical Technology, Imperial College, 1936-1952; Secretary, Royal Society, 1938-1948; Knighted, 1943; Rumford medal of the Royal Society, 1946; Chairman of Scientific Advisory Council to Minister of Fuel and Power, 1948-1953; Director, Salters Institute of Industrial Chemistry, 1949-1959; Emeritus Professor of Chemical Technology, University of London, 1953-1959; Chairman, Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, India, 1954; died, 1959.
Publications: The 1939 Callendar Steam Tables with G S Callendar (E Arnold & Co, London, 1939); editor of Fuel; lectures and papers largely relating to combustion and utilization of energy.